Jundullah/Iranian Press Round up by Booz-Allen Persia House. Rigi Claims U.S. Assistance to Jundallah

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Jundullah/Iranian Press Round up by Booz-Allen Persia House. Rigi Claims U.S. Assistance to Jundallah Jundullah/Iranian Press Round up by Booz-Allen Persia House. Rigi Claims U.S. Assistance to Jundallah Aryan News - Summary translation by Persia House August 27, 2009 Abdolhamid Rigi, brother of Jundallah leader In an interview conducted on August 25 in Zahedan, Abdolhamid Rigi, the arrested brother of Jundullah’s Pakistan- based leader Abdolmalek Rigi, publicly remarked that during meetings Abdolmalek had held with a representative of the US government—in both Islamabad and Quetta—the US representative had promised Abdolmalek and Jundullah many types of assistance. This promised assistance included financial help and journalistic coverage via satellite television programs. Abdolhamid noted that parts of Jundullah’s budget had come from the US, and parts of it had been derived from hostage-taking activities and trafficking of narcotics. He identified himself as an uneducated and ignorant individual, who had been born in 1980 in Zahedan, Iran, and had committed numerous criminal acts in the course of his cooperation with Jundullah. With tearful eyes, he asked forgiveness from the families of people killed as a result of his terrorist activities. Abdolhamid commented that until 2004, the various ethnic minorities had lived in peace with each other in Sistan-Baluchestan province. But since then, there has been ethnic and religious fighting among different groups. While calling the US an “enemy of Muslims”, he blamed the US for the ongoing religious and ethnic fighting in the province that had left numerous people dead and injured. He also noted that the main aim of Jundullah was to create religious and ethnic rifts in the country. For the original article in Persian, click here . Persia House Note: Abdolhamid Rigi was arrested by Pakistani forces in 2008 and extradited to Iran. He has been sentenced to death by the Islamic Republic for his involvement in various insurgent activities. However, his death sentence has not yet been carried out due to his ongoing intelligence value to the Iranian government. His August 25 inter-view and public confessions are an attempt by the Iranian authorities to discredit Jundullah and blame the US for the group’s ongoing activities in the Sistan-Baluchistan province. Jundullah is a Sunni-based insurgent group that operates mainly in proximity to the Iran-Pakistan border. Its stated objective is to strengthen the status of the Baluch minority within the Islamic Republic. Persia House News Brief 28 Security Issues Arrest of Four-Man Jundallah Team In Zahedan (Fars News – Summary translation by Persia House) August 12 – The Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) announced that it has successfully arrested a four-man team from the terrorist organization Jundullah in Zahedan, and discovered a noticeable amount of arms and explosives in the process. The arrests were made possible by reports from private citizens, the expansion of intelligence networks, and the monitoring of the activities of suspected Jundullah members. According to the MOIS, this team was Official Banner of the MOIS planning to create rifts among the Sunnis and Shiites and carry out bombings in pre-designated locations. For the original article in Persian, click here Jundullah Chief Expresses Readiness to Negotiate with Iran (Farda News – Summary translation by Persia House) August 12 – In an interview with Al-Arabiya News Agency, the head of the Sunni-based Jundullah terrorist organization, Abdolmalek Rigi, noted his readiness to begin negotiations with Iran. As Jundullah’s highest-ranking member, he said that if the Iranian government were to identify and nominate a fully authorized official representative for starting a dialogue with the organization, he would welcome that opportunity. Jundullah is interested in establishing a formal dialogue [with Iran] in the presence of internationally recognized parties. Rigi also has asked Iran that, despite Jundullah’s longtime terrorist activities Head of Jundallah, Abdol-Malek Rigi [against Iranian interests], his organization be granted civil rights. Although he remarked, in response to a question concerning the establishment of an armed group [Jundullah] involved in the kidnapping and murder of the people, that “road to negotiations is open,” Rigi answered that the establishment of such an organization was certainly justified from a religious and rational perspective due to the lack of any other viable options. Although he entertained the idea of negotiations with Iran, Rigi also attacked the Iranian Revolution, labeling it an “ominous revolution.” While persisting on his attacks against the Iranian government, he asked it to recognize his organization as an official party. Rigi denied any cooperation between Jundullah and Al-Qaeda. He also emphasized the fact that Muslims in general—and Iran’s Sunni population in particular—detest the US due to its hypocritical policies. The issues related to the Sunni people do not have anything to do with the US, and there are no links between the Baluchi people and the US government. Nobody favors the presence of the US and its forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, and Jundullah does not support the way the US is trying to fight terrorism in the world. In case of a US invasion of Iran, Rigi noted that he would discuss that possibility with his people. However, their fight is not limited to armed struggle only. They have many demands, and it would be possible that they would make the same demands from the US. It would be good if the US guaranteed their rights. Otherwise, the “sword” would decide between them and the Americans. While conceding that Iran is undoubtedly an important power, Rigi supported the idea of “ends justifying the means.” Although he was located in Pakistan during the interview, he noted that they were trying, to the extent possible, not to cross the Pakistani border, and not to use the territories of any neighboring countries against Iran. He refuted the allegation of moving Iranian hostages to Pakistan, but confessed to training and deploying Jundullah members into Iran since the creation of his movement. He added that the majority of the Iranian people supported his group’s activities, which have led to the killing of many Iranians. The Iranian people’s support for Jundullah is based on their desire for the destruction of the Iranian system of government as well, he added. Al-Arabiya’s Islamabad Bureau Chief was able to interview Rigi, despite the latter’s being “wanted” by Iran for his terrorist activities, which have led to the killing of ordinary citizens in Iran. For the original article in Persian, click here . Persia House note : Jundullah is a Sunni-based insurgent group, operating mainly out of Iran’s Sistan and Baluchistan province, that the Islamic Republic has labeled a terrorist group. In recent years, Jundullah has conducted several deadly terrorist operations, mainly in Shiite sites, that have led to numerous deaths and injuries of both government officials and civilians. In response, the Iranian government has arrested a number of Jundullah members, including Abdolhamid Rigi, the brother of the organization’s leader Abdolmalek Rigi (who is now based in Pakistan’s Baluchistan region). Although the Iranian government has sentenced Abdolhamid to death, it has not yet carried out the sentence, likely due to his continuing intelligence value for Iranian officials. Despite the denial by the Chief of the Sistan and Baluchistan Judiciary (in the article below), Abdolmalek's decision to reach out to the Iranian government for negotiations is, in all likelihood, an attempt to save his brother's life. It also points to the possibility of a weakened Jundullah because the organization has, to date, never entertained the idea of negotiating with the Iranian government. Hamidi: Death Sentence Against Rigi’s Brother Will Not Be Overturned. (Fars News – Summary translation by Persia House) August 12 – In response to a recent interview by the Jundullah Chief, Abdolmalek Rigi, concerning his readiness to negotiate with Iran, the Chief of the Sistan- Baluchistan Judiciary, Abraham Hamidi, noted that negotiations would take place only if the other party were a recognized entity. The Iranian government does not recognize this individual [Rigi] and his terrorist organization. Abraham denied any possibility that the Chief of Sistan-Baluchestan Judiciary, Ebrahim death sentence against Rigi’s brother, who is in Iranian Hamidi custody, will be overturned. Abraham also does not think that by proposing negotiations, Rigi is trying to save his brother from being executed. For the original article in Persian, click here . Discovery of Several Bomb Plots in Sistan and Baluchestan Fars News Agency - Summary translation by Persia House July 22, 2009 According to Ebrahim Hamidi, the Head of the Judiciary in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iranian authorities have succeeded in discovering and neutralizing several bomb plots as a result of the confessions obtained from the arrested members of the Jundullah terrorist group. These confessions were instrumental in preventing several terrorist plans, and in disco-vering large amounts of explosives in addition to several of the group’s safe-houses. Hamidi added that, although they were prepared to carry out the death sentence against Abdulhamid Rigi—the brother of the Jundullah leader Abdulmalek Rigi—they were still interrogating Abdulhamid to obtain additional information on several ongoing cases and activities of this group. Hamidi noted that in recent weeks, 13 members of the terrorist group have been executed in the Zahedan jail. For the original article in Persian, click here . Persia House Note: Jundullah is a Sunni-based Iranian insurgent group with separatist aspirations, operating primarily in the Sistan and Baluchestan province of eastern Iran. The Islamic Republic considers it to be a terrorist organization. Abdulmalek Rigi, the group’s leader, is located in Pakistan, from where he directs terrorist operations inside Iran. Several weeks ago, this group claimed responsibility for the bombing of a Shiite mosque in Zahedan that resulted in the deaths and injuries of several worshippers.
Recommended publications
  • IRAN COUNTRY of ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service
    IRAN COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service Date 28 June 2011 IRAN JUNE 2011 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN IRAN FROM 14 MAY TO 21 JUNE Useful news sources for further information REPORTS ON IRAN PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 14 MAY AND 21 JUNE Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Maps ...................................................................................................................... 1.04 Iran ..................................................................................................................... 1.04 Tehran ................................................................................................................ 1.05 Calendar ................................................................................................................ 1.06 Public holidays ................................................................................................... 1.07 2. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 2.01 3. HISTORY .................................................................................................................. 3.01 Pre 1979: Rule of the Shah .................................................................................. 3.01 From 1979 to 1999: Islamic Revolution to first local government elections ... 3.04 From 2000 to 2008: Parliamentary elections
    [Show full text]
  • Iran: Ethnic and Religious Minorities
    Order Code RL34021 Iran: Ethnic and Religious Minorities Updated November 25, 2008 Hussein D. Hassan Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Iran: Ethnic and Religious Minorities Summary Iran is home to approximately 70.5 million people who are ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse. The central authority is dominated by Persians who constitute 51% of Iran’s population. Iranians speak diverse Indo-Iranian, Semitic, Armenian, and Turkic languages. The state religion is Shia, Islam. After installation by Ayatollah Khomeini of an Islamic regime in February 1979, treatment of ethnic and religious minorities grew worse. By summer of 1979, initial violent conflicts erupted between the central authority and members of several tribal, regional, and ethnic minority groups. This initial conflict dashed the hope and expectation of these minorities who were hoping for greater cultural autonomy under the newly created Islamic State. The U.S. State Department’s 2008 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, released September 19, 2008, cited Iran for widespread serious abuses, including unjust executions, politically motivated abductions by security forces, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, and arrests of women’s rights activists. According to the State Department’s 2007 Country Report on Human Rights (released on March 11, 2008), Iran’s poor human rights record worsened, and it continued to commit numerous, serious abuses. The government placed severe restrictions on freedom of religion. The report also cited violence and legal and societal discrimination against women, ethnic and religious minorities. Incitement to anti-Semitism also remained a problem. Members of the country’s non-Muslim religious minorities, particularly Baha’is, reported imprisonment, harassment, and intimidation based on their religious beliefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Onset of Sufism in Azerbaijan and the Influence of Zarathustra Thoughts on Its Fundamentals
    International Journal of Philosophy and Theology September 2014, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 93-106 ISSN: 2333-5750 (Print), 2333-5769 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). 2014. All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development DOI: 10.15640/ijpt.v2n3a7 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/ijpt.v2n3a7 Late Onset of Sufism in Azerbaijan and the Influence of Zarathustra Thoughts on its Fundamentals Parisa Ghorbannejad1 Abstract Islamic Sufism started in Azerbaijan later than other Islamic regions for some reasons.Early Sufis in this region had been inspired by mysterious beliefs of Zarathustra which played an important role in future path of Sufism in Iran the consequences of which can be seen in illumination theory. This research deals with the reason of the delay in the advent of Sufism in Azerbaijan compared with other regions in a descriptive analytic method. Studies show that the deficiency of conqueror Arabs, loyalty of ethnic people to Iranian religion and the influence of theosophical beliefs such as heart's eye, meeting the right, relation between body and soul and cross evidences in heart had important effects on ideas and thoughts of Azerbaijan's first Sufis such as Ebn-e-Yazdanyar. Investigating Arab victories and conducting case studies on early Sufis' thoughts and ideas, the author attains considerable results via this research. Keywords: Sufism, Azerbaijan, Zarathustra, Ebn-e-Yazdanyar, Islam Introduction Azerbaijan territory2 with its unique geography and history, was the cultural center of Iran for many years in Sasanian era and was very important for Zarathustra religion and Magi class. 1 PhD, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch,WestAzarbayjan, Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies
    Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies Updated May 8, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44017 SUMMARY R44017 Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies May 8, 2019 Iran’s national security policy is the product of many overlapping and sometimes competing factors such as the ideology of Iran’s Islamic revolution, perception of threats Kenneth Katzman to the regime and to the country, long-standing national interests, and the interaction of Specialist in Middle the Iranian regime’s factions and constituencies. Iran’s leadership: Eastern Affairs x Seeks to deter or thwart U.S. or other efforts to invade or intimidate Iran or to bring about a change of regime. x Has sought to take advantage of opportunities of regional conflicts to overturn a power structure in the Middle East that it asserts favors the United States, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and other Sunni Muslim Arab regimes. x Seeks to enhance its international prestige and restore a sense of “greatness” reminiscent of ancient Persian empires. x Advances its foreign policy goals, in part by providing material support to regional allied governments and armed factions. Iranian officials characterize the support as helping the region’s “oppressed” and assert that Saudi Arabia, in particular, is instigating sectarian tensions and trying to exclude Iran from regional affairs. x Sometimes disagrees on tactics and strategies. Supreme Leader Ali Khamene’i and key hardline institutions, such as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), oppose any compromises of Iran’s national security core goals. Iran’s elected president, Hassan Rouhani, and Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif support Iran’s integration into regional and international diplomacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Making the Most of Afghanistan's River Basins
    Making the Most of Afghanistan’s River Basins Opportunities for Regional Cooperation By Matthew King and Benjamin Sturtewagen www.ewi.info About the Authors Matthew King is an Associate at the EastWest Institute, where he manages Preventive Diplomacy Initiatives. Matthew’s main interest is on motivating preventive action and strengthening the in- ternational conflict prevention architecture. His current work focuses on Central and South Asia, including Afghanistan and Iran, and on advancing regional solutions to prevent violent conflict. He is the head of the secretariat to the Parliamentarians Network for Conflict Prevention and Human Security. He served in the same position for the International Task Force on Preventive Diplomacy (2007–2008). King has worked for EWI since 2004. Before then he worked in the legal profession in Ireland and in the private sector with the Ford Motor Company in the field of change management. He is the author or coauthor of numerous policy briefs and papers, including “New Initiatives on Conflict Prevention and Human Security” (2008), and a contributor to publications, including a chapter on peace in Richard Cuto’s Civic and Political Leadership (Sage, forthcoming). He received his law degree from the University of Wales and holds a master’s in peace and conflict resolution from the Centre for Conflict Resolution at the University of Bradford, in England. Benjamin Sturtewagen is a Project Coordinator at the EastWest Institute’s Regional Security Program. His work focuses on South Asia, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran, and on ways to promote regional security. Benjamin has worked for EWI since April 2006, starting as a Project Assistant in its Conflict Prevention Program and later as Project Coordinator in EWI’s Preventive Diplomacy Initiative.
    [Show full text]
  • The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan
    The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 George Fiske All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske This study examines the socioeconomics of state formation in medieval Afghanistan in historical and historiographic terms. It outlines the thousand year history of Ghaznavid historiography by treating primary and secondary sources as a continuum of perspectives, demonstrating the persistent problems of dynastic and political thinking across periods and cultures. It conceptualizes the geography of Ghaznavid origins by framing their rise within specific landscapes and histories of state formation, favoring time over space as much as possible and reintegrating their experience with the general histories of Iran, Central Asia, and India. Once the grand narrative is illustrated, the scope narrows to the dual process of monetization and urbanization in Samanid territory in order to approach Ghaznavid obstacles to state formation. The socioeconomic narrative then shifts to political and military specifics to demythologize the rise of the Ghaznavids in terms of the framing contexts described in the previous chapters. Finally, the study specifies the exact combination of culture and history which the Ghaznavids exemplified to show their particular and universal character and suggest future paths for research. The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan I. General Introduction II. Perspectives on the Ghaznavid Age History of the literature Entrance into western European discourse Reevaluations of the last century Historiographic rethinking Synopsis III.
    [Show full text]
  • Autochthonous Aryans? the Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts
    Michael Witzel Harvard University Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts. INTRODUCTION §1. Terminology § 2. Texts § 3. Dates §4. Indo-Aryans in the RV §5. Irano-Aryans in the Avesta §6. The Indo-Iranians §7. An ''Aryan'' Race? §8. Immigration §9. Remembrance of immigration §10. Linguistic and cultural acculturation THE AUTOCHTHONOUS ARYAN THEORY § 11. The ''Aryan Invasion'' and the "Out of India" theories LANGUAGE §12. Vedic, Iranian and Indo-European §13. Absence of Indian influences in Indo-Iranian §14. Date of Indo-Aryan innovations §15. Absence of retroflexes in Iranian §16. Absence of 'Indian' words in Iranian §17. Indo-European words in Indo-Iranian; Indo-European archaisms vs. Indian innovations §18. Absence of Indian influence in Mitanni Indo-Aryan Summary: Linguistics CHRONOLOGY §19. Lack of agreement of the autochthonous theory with the historical evidence: dating of kings and teachers ARCHAEOLOGY __________________________________________ Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 7-3 (EJVS) 2001(1-115) Autochthonous Aryans? 2 §20. Archaeology and texts §21. RV and the Indus civilization: horses and chariots §22. Absence of towns in the RV §23. Absence of wheat and rice in the RV §24. RV class society and the Indus civilization §25. The Sarasvatī and dating of the RV and the Bråhmaas §26. Harappan fire rituals? §27. Cultural continuity: pottery and the Indus script VEDIC TEXTS AND SCIENCE §28. The ''astronomical code of the RV'' §29. Astronomy: the equinoxes in ŚB §30. Astronomy: Jyotia Vedåga and the
    [Show full text]
  • Iran and Security Complex in the Persian Gulf
    Iran and Security Complex in the Persian Gulf Fatemeh Shayan Assistant Professor of Political Sciences and International Relations, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran ([email protected]) (Received: Aug. 13, 2018 Accepted: Jan. 22, 2019) Abstract This article enters into the debate on the link between security and identity by looking at the security context in the states surrounding the Persian Gulf, particularly Iran. Earlier scholarly works have approached security and identity separately, but lack a framework that connects them in a single account. The process tracing method offers a scientific approach to connect various notions in a single study, allowing the synthesis of diverse disciplines to establish links connecting them. Applying the method to the current security and identity issues of the regional states with Jundallah _a terrorist group in the eastern border of Iran_ has established a link between them and has thus enriched the current studies of the region. The main findings are that the Persian Gulf region is a heterogeneous security complex with diverse actors wielding power, and that societal threats have increased since the 2003 Iraq War. Since that year, a conflictual security complex has predominated in the region, which has destabilized the region more than before. Keywords: Heterogeneous security complex, Identity, Iran, Security threats, Terrorist groups1 Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies| Vol. 3| No. 1| January 2019| pp. 45-74 Web Page: https://wsps.ut.ac.ir//Email: [email protected] eISSN: 2588-3127 PrintISSN: 2588-3119 DOI: 10.22059/wsps.2019.276060.1094 Fatemeh Shayan 46 1. Introduction 2019 y The end of the Cold War has changed the face of international Januar | security, and after two decades, the security studies are still at the No.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran COI Compilation September 2013
    Iran COI Compilation September 2013 ACCORD is co-funded by the European Refugee Fund, UNHCR and the Ministry of the Interior, Austria. Commissioned by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Division of International Protection. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author. ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation Iran COI Compilation September 2013 This report serves the specific purpose of collating legally relevant information on conditions in countries of origin pertinent to the assessment of claims for asylum. It is not intended to be a general report on human rights conditions. The report is prepared on the basis of publicly available information, studies and commentaries within a specified time frame. All sources are cited and fully referenced. This report is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed, or conclusive as to the merits of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Every effort has been made to compile information from reliable sources; users should refer to the full text of documents cited and assess the credibility, relevance and timeliness of source material with reference to the specific research concerns arising from individual applications. © Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD An electronic version of this report is available on www.ecoi.net. Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD Wiedner Hauptstraße 32 A- 1040 Vienna, Austria Phone: +43 1 58 900 – 582 E-Mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.redcross.at/accord ACCORD is co-funded by the European Refugee Fund, UNHCR and the Ministry of the Interior, Austria.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran: Sponsoring Or Combating Terrorism?
    This is a repository copy of Iran: Sponsoring or Combating Terrorism?. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/150747/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Malakoutikhah, Z orcid.org/0000-0001-7804-9881 (2020) Iran: Sponsoring or Combating Terrorism? Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43 (10). pp. 913-939. ISSN 1057-610X https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1506560 © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. This is an author produced version of an article published in Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Iran: Sponsoring or Combating Terrorism? Zeynab Malakoutikhah PhD, University of Leeds [email protected] Abstract Iran has a longstanding connection with terrorism, in particular after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. It has been recognised as both a victim and state sponsor of terrorism, but has predominantly been accused of supporting terrorism worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • 4 the Samanid State
    ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 THE SAMANID STATE 4 THE SAMANID STATE* N. N. Negmatov Contents The creation of the Samanid state ............................ 84 The system of government ............................... 86 The nature of political authority under the Samanids .................. 87 Agriculture ....................................... 88 Mining .......................................... 89 Crafts .......................................... 90 Domestic and external trade ............................... 90 Material culture ..................................... 92 Intellectual life ..................................... 93 Central Asia and the Ismacili movement ........................ 100 The ethnic composition of the Samanid state and the creation of an Eastern Persian- Tajik ethnic identity ................................ 101 By the tenth century, the majority of the various Iranian peoples of Khurasan, Transoxania and Khwarazm – Persians, Bactrians, Sogdians, Khwarazmians and others – were using the New Persian (Farsi-Dari) language as their spoken and written form of communication, although such Middle Iranian languages as Khwarazmian and Sogdian were still in use in certain regions – in the case of the former, for some four centuries subsequently. The terms Taz¯ ¯ık/g (Middle Persian) and Taz¯ ¯ı (New Persian), originally coined in western Persia to denote the conquering Arabs, now came in Khurasan and Transoxania to be applied to all the Muslims there (at this time, the majority were Persians), in distinction to the largely pagan
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Balancing Act in Afghanistan
    CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and EDUCATION AND THE ARTS decisionmaking through research and analysis. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service INFRASTRUCTURE AND of the RAND Corporation. TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY Support RAND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Browse Reports & Bookstore TERRORISM AND Make a charitable contribution HOMELAND SECURITY For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND National Defense Research Institute View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation occasional paper series. RAND occa- sional papers may include an informed perspective on a timely policy issue, a discussion of new research methodologies, essays, a paper presented at a conference, a conference summary, or a summary of work in progress. All RAND occasional papers undergo rigorous peer review to ensure that they meet high standards for research quality and objectivity.
    [Show full text]