SHIRE HANDBOOK CABOOLTURE

QUEENSLAND DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES

LIMITED DISTRIBUTION - GOV'T.i 1NSTRUHENTALITY OFFICERS ONLY CABOOLTURE

SHIRE HANDBOOK

compiled by G. J. Lukey, Dipl. Trop. Agric (Deventer)

Queensland Department of Primary Industries

October 1973.

The material in this publication is intended for government and institutional use only, and is not to be used in any court of law. 11

FOREWORD

A detailed knowledge and understanding of the environment and the pressures its many facets may exert are fundamental to those who work to improve agriculture, or to conserve or develop the rural environment.

A vast amount of information is accumulating concerning the physical resources and the farming and social systems as they exist in the state of Queensland. This information is coming from a number of sources and references and is scattered through numerous publications and unpublished reports.

Shire Handbooks, the first of which was published in February 1969, are an attempt to collate under one cover relevant information and references which will be helpful to the extension officer, the research and survey officer or those who are interested in industry or regional planning or in reconstruction.

A copy of each shire handbook is held for reference in each Division and in each Branch of the Department of Primary Industries in Brisbane. In addition Agriculture Branch holds at its Head Office and in each of its country centres, Shire Handbooks, Regional Technical Handbooks (notes on technical matters relevant to certain agricultural industries in the Shire) and monthly and annual reports which are a continuing record of the progress and problems in agriculture. It is suggested that the 3 sets of records are essential background material for the professional agriculturalist.

It is intended that the Handbook for each Shire should be reviewed and updated for republication every fifth year.

Mr. G. J. Lukey, Adviser with the Queensland Department of Primary Industries, has collated data and assembled material for this Handbook. The assistance provided by officers of this and other Departments both State and Federal is gratefully acknowledged. Miss Diana Beal, B. Econ. B. Com has edited the material for publication.

N.F. Fox DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE Ill

CONTENTS

Section

1. Introduction

1.01 Location 1.02 Exploration and Settlement 1.03 Topography 1.04 Geology

2. Climate

2.01 Preamble 2.02 Rainfall 2.03 Temperature and Frost 2.04 Relative Humidity 2.05 Cloudiness and Sunshine Hours 2.06 Evaporation 2.07 Winds 2.08 Climate in relation to pastoral, crop and forestry enterprises

3. Hydrology

3.01 Hydrology - General 3.02 Surface Supplies 3.03 Underground Supplies 3.04 Irrigation 3.05 Future Irrigation Development

4. Soils

4.01 Soil Types 4.02 Soil Conservation 4.03 Areas available for Pastoral and Agricultural Development

5. Vegetation & Fauna

5.01 Vegetation 5.02 Fauna

6. Farming Systems and Practices

6.01 Land Tenure 6.02 Land Valuation 6.03 Tobacco 6.04 Fruit and Vegetable Cropping 6.05 Dairying 6.06 Beef Cattle 6.07 Poultry 6.08 Pigs IV

Section

7. Crop, Pasture and Animal Performance

7.01 Crops 7.02 Pastures 7.03 Animals

8. Register of Research Projects

8.01 Pastures 8.02 Dairying 8.03 Horticulture 8.04 Agriculture 8.05 Fisheries 8.06 Cattle Ticks

9. Other Primary Industries

9.01 Forestry 9.02 Mining 9.03 Fishery 9.04 Beekeeping

10. Shire IStatistics

10.01 Primary Production - Holdings and Enterprises 10.02 Demography 10.03 Transport Services 10.04 Secondary Industries 10.05 Tertiary Services 10.06 Community Services 10.07 Associations and Societies 10.08 State Services to Primary Producers

11. Economics

11.01 Introduction 11.02 Fodder Crops 11.03 Pastures 11.04 Dairying 11.05 Beef 11.06 Pigs 11.07 Poultry 11.08 Horticulture - Fruit and Vegetables 11.09 Tobacco

12. Primary Producers (Rural Landholders) in the Shire.

Bibliography - References Acknowledgements Maps Map 1 Location Section 1 Map 2 Geology Section 1 Map 3 Streams Section 1 Map 4 Reserves Section 5

1-1

Section 1.

INTRODUCTION

1. 01 Location:

The Caboolture Shire covers an area of 1220km2. The Shire area lies between latitudes 26°48'S and 27°14'S, and longtitudes 152°40'E and 153°13'E. The Caboolture township is at a distance of about 50 km north of Brisbane.

The Shire is bounded on the east by Deception and Moreton Bays and the South Pacific Ocean along Bribie Island. On the west the Shire is bounded by Neurum and Mary Smokes Creeks. On the north-west the Shire boundary overlaps the Conondale Range, which is part of the Blackall Range, near Bellthorpe over a width of approximately 10 km. The boundary then runs in a south-easterly direction to the D'Aguilar Range and then follows this range to a point 10 km south of Mt. Beerwah. The boundary then runs in easterly direclion passing approximately 1 km south of Beerburrum, crossing Pumicestone Channel and the northern half of Bribie Island.

On the south the Shire boundary runs from Deception Bay township in a westerly direction to approximately 3 km north-east of Dayboro from where it continues north-west to Mt. Mee. South of Mt. Mee the boundary crosses the D'Aguilar Range and continues in westerly direction to join up with the boundary along Neurum Creek.

1. 02 Exploration and Settlement:

The earliest exploration in the present Caboolture Shire area was by Captain Matthew Flinders in the sloop "Norfolk" on the 16th July, 1799, when he landed on the southern tip of the island now called Bribie. This landing place Captain Flinders called Skirmish Point following a brief skirmish with some of the Aborigines in that area. There appears to be strong evidence that the historic landing of Capt. Flinders and the subsequ- ent skirmish took place on the inside part of the island, marked on present day maps as South Point, and not on the ocean side of the island. Flinders' own chart indicates the original location of Skirmish Point, which is confirmed by the report of John Oxley on his exploration in the area in 1823, and is also marked as such on the first original map of the Colony of Queensland. (Ref. Collected works of Thomas Welsby - Vol. II).

Captain M. Flinders explored part of Pumicestone Channel, or River as he thought it was, and beached his sloop for repairs at a point now known as the White Patch or Tarranggiri. This is on the Bribio side of Pumicestone Channel opposite Toorbul. The aboriginal name for Bribie Island was apparently "Yaroon" or "Yarun", as recorded by John Dunmore Lang, in his book "Queensland - Australia", 1861. Tom Petrie states "Yirin" to be the aboriginal name for mudcrab.

Captain Flinders found well-constructed aboriginal huts, measuring 3-4 m long on the island. 1-2

Apart from cannibalism which appeared to be common to the aboriginals in this area, mudcrabs and sea mullet were an important source of food, as well as oysters, dugong and turtle. Mullet was caught in a type of seine net.

The island was inhabited by the "Joondoburrie" or "Joondoobarrie people. The last member of this tribe was a woman by the name of Kalma- kuta, was passed away in 1897 and was buried near Toorbul Pt. A memorial carrying a plaque donated by Mr. Petrie was erected by the Caboolture Historical Society at the site in honour of Kalma-kuta and the Joondoobarrie people.

Ancient Bora grounds in the form of a large and a smaller ring, used for aboriginal ceremonies are located 2 km west of the Memorial on the road to Godwin's Beach.

The mainland area between Toorbul and Toorbul Pt. was inhabited by the Ninghi Ninghi (oyster) aboriginals.

On the 26th July 1799, Capt. Matthew Flinders accompanied by Bongaree an aboriginal from the Sydney area and two sailors explored the land west of Pumicestone Channel and climbed Mt. Beerburrum, which is Just north of the present Shire boundary.

In January 1822 Captain John Bingle on the cutter "Sally" appears to have been in the Bribie area as part of his commission to survey the Eastern Coast.

Richard Parsons, Thomas Pamphlet and John Finnegan were the next white men to arrive in the Toorbul-Bribie area. On the 21st March 1823, these three men left Sydney in an open sailing boat in search of cedar, for a group of islands 50 miles south of Port Jackson. A violent gale drove them out to sea and finally they were shipwrecked on Moreton Island. Imagining themselves still south of Sydney the three men crossed the southern part of Moreton Bay to reach the mainland and commenced to walk northwards along the coast. On approximately the 14th June 1823 they reached the southern bank of the present Brisbane River After some difficulties crossing this river they continued northwards via Redcliffe peninsula and finally reached the Toorbul area where they lived with the aboriginals for approximately four months.

John Oxley, Surveyor-General to the Government of New South Wales, on the cutter "Mermaid" anchored off Skirmish Point on the 29th day of November, 1823 and gound the two men Pamphlet and Finnegan living ashore with the aboriginals. Parsons had continued northwards and apparently lived for two years with aboriginals in the Mary River region before returning South.

John Oxley's journey north of Sydney was to survey suitable locations for convict penal establishments. On learning of the existence of a large river to the south John Oxley set out with Finnegan and on the 2nd and 3rd December 1823 explored a considerable part of the present Brisbane River which he named after Sir Thomas Brisbane, Governor of New South Wales.

The name Bribie originates from the period between 1825 to 1845 approximately when a prisoner convict named Bribie appears to have lived with the aboriginals on the island. 1 - 3

In 1839 surveyors were sent to the area north of the Brisbane River in preparation for opening the land for free settlement. This initial survey work was completed in 1842. The land around Moreton Bay was then named "The Northern District of New South Wales" and land wa« for sale at "12 shillings per acre" ($3/ha).

The name Caboolture was first applied by John Dunmore Lang, in 1848 to the bay into which the river (now called the Caboolture River) flows. The word Caboolture is derived from the aboriginal work "Kabultur" meaning "place of carpet snakes".

The first settler in the Caboolture area was Andrew Gregor who developed a grazing property in 1842 at what is now Upper Caboolture. In 1850 and his housekeeper Mary Shannon were murdered by a number of hostile aboriginals. Another source claims 1846 to be the year of this murder.

The old grazing property of Andrew Gregor has changed hands several times since and was during one period stocked with sheep. Other early settlers in the region followed in the Burpengary Creek and Bellmere districts, at Morayfield, in the Caboolture township area and surroundings and the Deception Bay area.

A survey of farmlands in the Caboolture area was completed on the 2nd February 1864.

One of the first farming operations was commenced at Moray- field south of the Caboolture River by the Caboolture Cotton Co. as a result of a shortage of cotton in England due to the Americal Civil War. Cotton and later sugar cane were grown in the area south of the Caboolture River by several of the original settlers, one of whom by the name of Captain Whish owned land along the southern bank of the Caboolturs River near the present township, which property he named "Oaklands". A small sugar mill was erected by Fountain Bros, on the southern side of the Caboolture River in about 1870, near the eastern part of the present township.

The sugar industry brought many of the original settlers to the district and descendants of these settlers still remain in the area.

The town of Caboolture was first settled in 1867 probably in conjunction with the discovery of gold at Gympie. The original owner of the townsite was a Mr. Roach. Also in 1867 Mr. James Newman took up the property where the modern War Veterans Home is now situated. Mr. M. Newman handed over the Historical Newman handed over the Historical Newman House, which was constructed partly of silky oak and walnut timber, to the Returned Soldiers League in 1947 to house war veterans from the Boer War and World War I.

Caboolture was used as a stop-over point on account of the plentiful water supply in the Caboolture River by the Cobb & Co. Coach Service between Brisbane-Gympie-Maryborough which commenced on the 23rd November 1868.

Mr. M. Battersby started a blacksmith business in 1870 on the site of the present Shire Council building, with a contract for shoeing horses of Cobb & Co. Coach Service. 1- 4

The first Post Office at Caboolture was opened on the 1st September 1869 in close proximity to the site of the present Post Office. The first Post Office was operated under the control of W.G. Geddes, who owned a large portion of the Caboolture town area at that time.

The C tboolture Shire Council was constituted on the 11th November, 1879 and was the first Shire on the North Coast stretching originally from the Redcliffe and Pine Rivers area to Maroochydore, including Landsborough and Kilcoy.

According to the 1886 census the population of the Caboolture township was 162 and the population of the entire Shire of Caboolture was 12373.

Apart from the sugar industry, the timber trade created a considerable degree of employment in this time. Large quantities of pine, red cedar and beech timber were cut in the upper reaches of the Caboolture River on the D'Aguilar Range, at Mr. Mee, in the Woodford area and on the Blackall Range near Bellthorpe.

Prior to the opening of the railway to Caboolture in June 1888, timber hauliers transported logs by means of bullock teams to the raft- ing ground at Caboolture, where it was rafted down the river and taken to Brisbane by boat.

In this time all transport of produce and supplies to and from Brisbane was by water.

The sawmilling industry in the area was pioneered by Mr. A. Johnson, followed by dhers at Lagoon Creek, at D'Aguilar, Villeneuve and at Woodford. Apart from pine, cedar and beech, these sawmills also cut blackbutt, tallow wood, ironbark, bluegum, stringybark, flooded gum, box, red gum and grey gum hardwoods.

Following the decline of the sugar industry in the area, maize and potatoes were grown extensively on the river alluvials, while dairy- ing commenced in the Caboolture and Woodford areas as well as at Mt. Mee, where first settlement took place in 1880-81. The Caboolture butter factory was established in 1907.

In later years bananas, pineapples and citrus growing developed into important rural industries in the Caboolture and Wamuran areas.

The settlement of the Woodford area begins with the develop- ment of Durundur Sheep Station by the Archer Bros, in September 1841. The whole upper Stanley River area west of the D'Aguilar Range and south of Bellthorpe on the Conondale Range was then part of the station. Dr. Ludwig Leichardt, famous explorer and botanist, is reported to have stayed for a period of 8 months with the Archer Bros, in 1842-43.

The station proved tobe too wet for sheep which became apparent in the form of footrot problems. The Archer Bros, therefore brought cattle to the station in 1845.

The Durundur aboriginals were fairly peaceful and their chief Bucknor was a renowned figure in the area.

Durundur Station was sold in 1848 to J. & D. McConnel who 1-5 also grazed cattle as well as horses. The remains of the house built on the station by the McConnels are still present on the right bank of the Stanley River approximately 4 km from the Woodford Post Office.

Woodford is named after H. C. Wood who arrived at Durundur in 1864 and became a partner of J. McConnel.

In 1868 the Act for Closer Settlement came into force and as a result the original large holding of Durundur Station was reduced in size and portions resumed and taken up by new settlers.

Fishery enterprises were also an important feature during the time of early settlement. Dugong and turtle were processed in the early eighties by a man named Foster at a location at the southern end of Bribie Island opposite Toorbul Point. Net fishing was carried out extensively in the Pumicestone Channel and Deception Bay. A fish canning factory was built in 1898 on the Deception Bay side of Toorbul Point by Messrs. Charles Godwin and Day at a place called Godwin's Gutter.

Oysters were also obtained from several oyster banks which were located in the Pumicestone Channel and amongst others the Moreton Bay Oyster Co. operated from the oyster camp at Boonybrook in approximately 1900.

1.02 Topography:

The Caboolture Shire is approximately bisected by D'Aguilar Range which runs in a north-north easterly direction from Mt. Mee towards the town of Woodford. The Range forms the watershed between the coastal lowlands to the east and the Stanley River basin to the west and varies in height from 489 m at Mt. Mee to 144 m at the township of D'Aguilar.

The land east of the D'Aguilar Range changes from hilly, over 60 m with slopes of 1° and more, to large areas of undulating ridge country (15 to 45 m. , slopes 5° to 10°), while extensive flats occur near the coast in the vicinity of the Caboolture River and towards Pumicestone Passage. Bribie Island is gently undulating to flat with mas t of the areas on the island being below the 7 m contour level.

The coastal low lands in this part of the Shire include some of the southern-most Glasshouse Mts. , namely Mt. Tunbubudla (The Twins) - 289 m and 310 m near the northern Shire boundary, Mr. Miketee- bumulgray 196m. The Saddleback Mt. 127 m west of Elimbah, and Round Mt. - 67 m which is 5 km north-west of Caboolture.

The Caboolture Post & Telegraph Office is at a height of 13 m above average sea level. Elimbah and Burpengary at 23 m and Wamuran at 55 m.

The Conondale Range in the north-west and the D'Aguilar Range in the east form the watersheds for the Stanley River basin. The country at the Conondale Range, the D'Aguilar Range, the Mt. Mee area, Mt. Delaney south of Delaney Creek, Neurum Mt. between Delaney Creek and Stanley River, Mt. McLean in the upper reaches of Stoney Creek and Mt. Peachester near Hie northern shire boundary west of Stanley River can be regarded as mountainous (elevations between 300 and 600 m with 20° to 30° slopes).

The highest point in the shire is 639 m at Mt. Bellthorpe. 1-6

The lowest point in the Stanley River basin is approximately 105 m where the Stanley River crosses the Shire boundary east of Villeneuve.

A large part of the country in the Stanley River basin is otherwise hilly to undulating with slopes from 5° to 20°, while some areas of alluvial flats occur along the Stanley River and its tributaries.

The Woodford Post & Telegraph office is at a height of 118 m while Neurum township to the west is at a height of 109 m and D'Aguilar township to the east is at the height of 143 m.

1.04 Geology:

The geological history of the Caboolture Shire region is the following: -

(a) Mesozoic - Jurassic, Triassic - Landsborough Sandstone CR-Je) which is regarded as equivalent to Coastal Bundamba sandstone. This is present west of the North Coast railway line to an line from east of D'Aguilar - Wamuran - Upper Caboolture - Narangba - Deception Bay, as well as east of North Coast railway line where it is intermignled with alluvia.

(b) Cainozoic - Quaternary - alluvia, coastal dunes and sandrock. (Q)

(c) Rocksberg Greenstones (Pzlt) near Rocksberg and around Mt. Mee west of the D'Aguilar Range extending to the north of Delaney Creek halfway to Woodford, and the Rocksberg Greenstones - Bunya Phyllites transition (Pzlt) zone. These are located in the south west region of the Caboolture Shire, west of a line from D'Aguilar - Wamuran - Upper Caboolture to Narangba which line is considered a supposedly faulted junction between the Rocksberg Greenstones - Bunya Phyllites transition beds and the Mesozoic Landsborough Sandstone.

(d) Igneous Rock (gr) granite, granodiorite in the western region of the Caboolture Shire extending from the surroundings of D'Aguilar and Woodford to the area north and west of Woodford with alluvials (Q) and pockets of Durundur Shales (Pdu) along the Stanley River and tributaries.

(e) Bellthorpe Andesites along the Conondale Range - Palaeozoic - Perrao Carboniferous. (Pbe).

(f) Also on and along the Conondale Range are located some small areas of Tertiary Basalts (Tv) as well as some Bunya Phyllites. (Pzlb) Near. Mt. Mee on the D'Aguilar Range a four mile long stretch is located of Tertiary Basalt outcrops and weathered Basalt. (Tv). Tertiary alkaline trachyte (Ttr) in the form of denuded intrusive plugs are represented by Mr. Tunbubudla (The Twins), Mt. Miketeebumulgray, The Saddleback Mt. and Round Mr. north-west of Caboolture, and located in the Landsborough Sandstone Zone. Mt. Delaney near the western boundary of the Shire is also formed of alkaline trachyte rock. (Trh).

1-7

Note:

The Mesozoic - Triassic sedimentary sandstone referred to previously as Landsborough Sandstone consist of variable textured freshwater sediments ranging from conglomerates to fine-grained sandstones which are largely devoid of fossils. A substantial part of these sandstones are apparently equivalent to the Bundamba Group of Upper Triassic age and are overlain in extensive areas by the mantle of Quaternary siliceous sand.

Approximately 2 km north of Deception Bay township oloso to'the shore a shell bed about 3 m above the present sea level overlies a rock platform of Landsborough Sandstone. The shell bed was formed approximately 5000 years ago during the higher sea level of the post glacial thermal maximum.

(Sources: Geological Excursions in S. E. Qld. N.C. Stevens. Ecosystem of the Coastal Lowlands, S.E. Qld. J.E. Coaldrake) 2-1

Section 2.

CLIMATE

2.0t Preamble:

The climatic environment of the Caboolture Shire Region is considered to be humid sub-tropical.

The climate in the coastal lowlands east of the D'Aguilar Range is influenced by its proximity to the sea as somewhat higher air humidity and precipitation patterns than in the area west of the D'Aguilar Range. A wider variation between summer and winter maximum and minimum temperatures occurs also in the west.

The Shire area is located on the fringe of a region of acute thunderstorm activity, and as a result of this a great variability of rainfall exists in the Shire area from year to year.

The high elevation area on the D'Aguilar Range north and south of Mt. Mee has the highest average rainfall in the Shire and has a more temperate climate in which temperature fluctuations are somewhat less than at lower altitudes.

2.02 Rainfall:

The rainfall data recorded at two locations in the Shire at Caboolture (27°4'S, 152°57'E, 12m above sea level) and Woodford (26°55'S, 152°48'E, 118m a. s. 1.) can be regarded as being representative of the general rainfall pattern in the Shire.

The mean annual rainfall in the Shire increases from east to west from 1270mm on the coast to 1400mm on the D'Aguilar Range and decreases westward from there to 1000mm. The main rain-bearing influences are the south-east trade winds, thunderstorm activity, cyclonic disturbances and coastal instabilities.

Means of monthly rainfall totals are highest for January, February and March and lowest in August and Setpember.

Useful rains occasionally occur during winter, but in general 70% of the mean annual rainfall is received during the six month period October - March.

A high rainfall variability exists in the Shire with variations of more than 20% occurring in the monthly and even the annual average.

A large proportion of the summer rain is in the form of falls of high intensity associated with thunderstorms and cyclonic depressions. It is estimated that these two rain bearing influences contribute approximately 45% lo the total average annual rainfall in this area, with rain from cyclonic (lislrubancos being aboul half of that produced by thunderstorms (Rimmer, Hull and llossuek 1939). In some years cyclonic rainfall can make up 30% lo 60% of the annual rainfall. 2 - 2

The main cyclonic season is from mid-December to mid- April with the highest probability in February and March. Cyclonic rains are of low frequency but significant because of their high yield over short periods. Winter cyclones are of much lower frequency but can beequally high rain yielding as well as damaging to vegetation. The probability of no cyclone influencing the area is about 40% in any season.

Rainfall from slow moving widespread cloud systems such as produced by south-east trade winds and coastal instabilities is the most stable and effective form of precipitation in the area.

Thunderstorms supply the "opening rains" after a dry spring period and contribute substantially to the annual rainfall. This type of rainfall is generally not so effective due to the often high intensity result- ing in high run-off which can cause considerable erosion and flooding. Hail is frequently associated with thunderstorms, but this is generally not so severe on the coastal lowlands as further inland.

Table 1. Occurrence of Tropical Cyclones in the Shire (1911 - 1960)

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. In 50 Year Period

3 8 8 3 22

Table 2. Average Monthly & Yearly Rainfall (mm) & Average Number Rain Days

Station Caboolture (401) - 92 years Woodford (3951) - 81 years

Month % year Av. % year Av. Points Points Total Raindays Total Raindays

Jan. 196 15 11 186 14 11 Feb. 203 16 12 209 16 13 Mar. 201 15 13 204 16 14 Apr. 105 8 8 106 8 9 May. 50 6 7 74 6 7 Jun. 72 5 6 73 6 6 Jul. 62 5 6 60 5 6 Aug. 40 3 4 40 3 5 Sep. 46 3 5 48 4 5 Oct. 76 6 8 72 6 7 Nov. 89 7 9 81 . 6 8 Dec. 147 11 9 135 10 9

Annual 1308 100 98 1289 100 100 2 - 3

Table 3. Variability of Annual Rainfall

Years % Frequency Record Totals (& year) Station Normal of totals of (mm) Record over under 133 66 Highest Lowest normal normal (points) (points)

Caboolture 92 1303 11 11 2446 (1879) 425 (1902) Woodford 81 1289 10 9 3145 (1893) 659 (1957)

Table 4. Percentage Probability of Receiving Rainfall Equal to or Greater than Norm;JLl

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual C O Caboolture 40 23 42 39 C O 0 34 34 37 43 43 39 34 40 Woodford 40 32 41 35 30 36 33 43 41 37 38 41

Table 5.

Percentage Probability of Receiving Specified Amounts of Rain.

Monthly Jan Feb Mar Apr Maj Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec inches io % % % % % % % % % % %

0.5 99 99 98 95 86 79 75 75 82 95 95 99 1 98 99 96 89 78 71 63 55 67 86 86 95 2 93 88 85 70 55 49 40 27 38 64 70 84 3 85 77 75 51 36 35 29 16 23 46 50 75 4 77 65 70 40 26 24 20 5 7 28 34 59 6 51 43 54 22 14 12 11 2 1 5 18 33 8 40 29 42 12 9 8 7 2 X 2 10 18 10 26 25 28 9 4 5 5 1 X 1 1 14 15 11 16 13 2 2 1 X 1 X X X 4

x Did not occur in any year period analysed. 2-4 Caboolture

Two- Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov monthly Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

ii at % %• % % % % % % % % %

0. 5 + + + + 98 97 93 95 97 + + + 1 + + + + 98 93 89 88 88 98 98 99 2 99 + + 95 92 83 77 68 71 88 93 95 3 99 97 + 93 86 73 67 48 54 74 86 90 4 93 97 93 91 76 55 53 36 30 59 74 84 6 86 91 88 82 54 38 35 18 9 29 49 70 8 76 80 78 72 37 27 20 10 2 8 30 49 10 62 68 67 58 23 17 15 9 2 4 17 41 15 36 42 48 25 9 7 2 2 1 1 3 15

+ Occurred in each year of period analysed.

Table 6. Percentage Probability of Receiving Specified Amounts of Rain Woodford

Monthly Jan Feb Mar Apr Maj Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec inches % % % % % % % % % % % %

0.5 98 99 99 95 85 83 72 75 79 91 96 99 1 96 96 98 86 79 67 63 53 69 85 90 96 2 90 89 85 70 56 51 43 26 42 62 67 86 3 83 74 74 49 35 31 27 16 23 41 40 72 4 72 65 72 38 22 22 15 5 11 20 30 54 6 47 44 54 21 12 11 6 2 X 9 12 32 8 36 33 41 14 4 9 5 1 X 2 4 22 10 24 27 31 9 2 5 4 1 X 1 2 15 15 11 12 11 2 1 1 1 X X X X 2

+ Occurred in each year of period analysed. X Did not occur in any year of period analysed.

Woodford

Two - Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov monthly Jan Feb Mar Apr Maj Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

it % % % % % % % % % % % % 0. 5 + + + + 99 99 93 98 96 98 + + 1 + 99 + + 95 94 86 83 86 96 99 + 2 + 99 + 96 93 83 79 69 73 90 95 99 3 96 96 99 94 84 73 65 51 56 73 85 94 4 94 96 95 93 77 54 57 36 38 57 74 90 6 85 90 84 80 51 36 28 16 7 30 41 63 8 71 77 79 64 32 23 16 9 2 11 21 46 10 59 64 69 56 22 14 12 6 2 5 12 32 15 31 43 46 31 10 6 6 4 X X 1 16

+ Occurred in each year of period analysed. x Did not occur in any year of period analyses. 2-5

2. 03 Temperature and Frost:

Temperatures in the Shire region generally range between 29°C maximum and 19°C minimum in summer, and 20°C maximum and 7°C minimum in winter.

Extremes in temperatures such as 38°C or 20°C occur occasionally but not once a year.

Differences between average minima and maxima normally do not exceed 11°C.

Frost incidence is of irregular occurrence but can be at times fairly severe in some years during July or early August in low lying areas, valleys and hill slopes with a southern aspect.

Table 7. Average and Extreme Temperatures

Years of Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ann Record

Crohamhurst 1 24 29 28 27 25 22 20 20 21 24 27 28 29 25 2 24 19 19 18 14 11 8 7 8 10 14 16 18 13 3 24 24 23 22 19 16 14 13 14 17 20 22 24 19 4 43 5 2 Brisbane 1 82 29 29 28 26 23 21 20 22 24 26 28 29 25 2 82 20 20 19 16 13 11 9 10 12 15 18 19 15 3 82 25 25 24 21 18 15 14 15 18 21 23 24 20 4 82 43 41 39 35 33 32 29 33 38 41 41 41 43 5 82 15 15 11 7 5 2 2 2 5 6 9 14 2

Line 1 Average Maximum Temperature (°C) Line 2 Average Minimum Temperature (°C) Line 3 Mean Temperature (°C) Av. Max. + Av. Min.

Line 4 Highest Temperature on record (°C) Line 5 Lowest Temperature on record (°C)

2. 04 Humidity:

The Shire region experiences high relative humidity which tends to be greater in summer than in winter.

Table 8. Index of Mean Monthly Relative Humidities. (Derived from the ratio of the average 9 a. m. vapour pressure to the saturation vapour pressure at the mean temperature). 2-6

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Crohamhursi 80 82 84 81 81 82 80 74 70 68 74 71 Brisbane 69 72 72 71 f>9 67 66 64 64 64 66 67

2. 05 Cloudiness and Sunshine Hours:

There is a high incidence of sunshine in the area, with monthly daily averages ranging between 6. 5 and 8. 3 hours.

Table 9. Cloudiness, Sunshine Hours, Fog (Brisbane)

Data Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Cloudiness 4. 6 4. 7 4 3 3. 6 3. 3 3. 3 2. 9 2, 6 2. 7 3. 4 3. 9 4. 2 3.6 1 (in /8 sky) Sunshine (hr/day) 7. 6 7 1 6 8 7 1 6. 9 6. 5 7. 1 7. 9 8. 3 8. 3 8. 2 8. 1 7. 5 Fog 0. 0. 1. 1 7 7 1. 0. 4 (days/mth) 5 6 3 2. 3 3. 3 3. 3. 2 3. 2. 2 0. 5

Source: Bureau of Meteorology. 2.06: Evaporation: As for temperature, humidity and sunshine hours the nearest point where reliable recordings of evaporation are taken is Brisbane. These recordings would be typical for most of the Shire region except for areas of high elevation in the Shire. Evaporation reaches its highest point of more than 178mm in December, while declining to less than 76mm in June.

Table 10. Average Monthly and Annual Evaporation (mm) (Brisbane)

Years of Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year. Record

36 178 137 132 112 89 73 76 99 120 150 170 187 1525

2.07 Winds: During January and February, winds are mostly from the east. During April and May, southeasterly and south-westerly winds are co-dominant. From late May to September, there is a clear westerly dominance, with a sub-dominance of southeasterly winds. During September, off-shore winds again become dominant with a northerly trend. Northeasterly and southwesterly winds are co-dominant during the period from October to December. 2-7

Table 11. Wind Speeds - Brisbane

Average Highest Daily Highest Gust lvi omn Daily Mean km/hr. km/hr. km/hr.

Jan 11.2 31.6 109 Feb 11.0 37.1 107 Mar 10.7 32. 5 106 Apr 10. 5 26.6 102 May 10.0 28. 5 79 Jun 10.0 30.4 94 Jul 9.7 35.2 111 Aug 10.0 23.7 97 Sep 10.4 25.8 101 Oct 11. 1 25.1 97 Nov 10.7 24.8 111 Dec 11.0 31. 2 119 Year 11. 1 37.1 119

Source: Bureau of Meteorology. Winds are normally light, however during thunderstorms or cyclones, gusts may exceed 96 - 102 km/hr.

Damage to property and crops can be expected under these conditions. Table 12. Prevalent Wind Direction and % Frequency for Speeds of 9. 25 km/hr or more (1956-60)

9 a.m. 3 p. m. Month Direction Frequency D F Direction Frequency D F % % % %

Jan SE 43 E 47 33 SE 29 Feb SW S 19 E 32 SE 24 Mar SW 46 E 31 67 SE 34 Apr SW SE 32 E 57 30 May SW W 30 SE 70 18 Jun SW W 22 SW 22 Jul SW 44 W 33 47 W Aug SW 40 NW 20 NE Sep 43 20 SW NE 29 E 27 Oct SW 25 W 22 NE 46 Nov SE 23 NE 49 Dec N 23 SW 21 NE 53 i Source: Bureau of Meteorology. 2 - 8

2.08 Climate in Relation to Pastoral, Crop and Forestry Enterprises:

The Caboolture Shire area has a milk subtropical climate with a marked dominance of summer rainfall and a small but significant winter rainfall.

The total annual rainfall seems high compared with that applying to the temperate zone. However the effectiveness of a considerable part of the rainfall is low by comparison. This is because of the often high intensity of precipitation which causes considerable loss by run-off once the perched water tables are raised. In agriculture and horticulture considerable erosion can occur as a result, while waterlogging and loss of plant nutrients through leaching are additional factors which present problems.

Much of the annual rainfall occurs at times when conditions immediately afterwards are conductive to high rates of evapo- transpiration.

The drought period of late winter and spring may be quite severe in several years. Such dry periods are commonly in conjunction with a fairly high frequency of frosts.

These conditions may lead to a situation of high grass and bushfire danger during this period.

During the first half of many summers the coincidence of high light intensity, high temperatures and adequate moisture can produce very rapid growth and is of advantage in crops, pastures, forest plantations and natural vegetation.

Normally winds in this region are of low strength.

However the two most outstanding seasonal effects of wind are firstly the severe drying out effect of westerly winds on pastures and crops during winter, and secondly the devastating effect of high velocity winds produced by thunderstorms of cyclones on crops, forest plantations and natural vegetation.

In general the climate in the region is characterised by a certain degree of unpredictability in the occurrence of periods of optimum growth and periods of water stress. These climatic changes can occur quite abruptly and fairly frequently. 3 - 1

Section 3.

HYDROLOGY

3. 01 Hydrology - General:

Water resources in Queensland are the responsibility of the Commissioner of Irrigation and Water Supply.

His mandate covers: (a) investigation and recording of the State's water resources and planning for efficient use, (b) licensing and control of water use, (c) supervision of stream improvement to control stream erosion and provide flood mitigation, (d) technical and financial assistance to farmers, (e) constitution and supervision of Boards for Rural Water Supply, Irrigation and Drainage.

Legislation governing these functions is administered by the Commissioner, subject to the Minister for Local Government and Conservation.

3. 02 Surface Supplies:

The D'Aguilar Range forms the watershed between the coastal lowlands to the east and the Stanley River Basin to the west. In the Stanley River Basin, drainage is received for a considerable part from the Conondale Range. The Stanley River has its source in the Conondale Range with numerous tributaries of this river draining the southern slopes of the Conondale Range and the western slopes of the D'Aguilar Range.

East of the D'Aguilar Range, the Caboolture River drains the Shire, with such creeks as Lagoon Creek, Burpengary Creek, Elimbah Creek, which frequently carry heavy run-offs. There are wide areas of poorly drained and swampy land near the coast as the gradient diminishes and also where streams become subject to tidal influences.

There are a considerable number of farm dams in the Shire. The Caboolture township watersupply is obtained from the Wararba Creek Weir, which creek is a tributary of the Caboolture River.

3.03 Underground Supplies:

Groundwater in the sub-coastal strip of sandy deposits is widespread, but the availability and quality of such water varies greatly. Contamination from drainage and from tidal influences nearer to the coast often occurs.

Relative small volumes satisfactory for stock and domestic supplies are widely available, but not in quantities suitable for irrigation or town water supplies.

Therefore very little underground water is exploited in the Caboolture Shire. Available supplies are mostly drawn from the alluvia 3-2 of the Caboolture River, Burpengary Creek and the Stanley River.

The post laterite tertiary basalt around Mt. Mee may yield varying supplies.

3.04 Irrigation:

Although the Shire has not a large area of crops, irrigation is relatively important to that area. The area of crops has ranged between 1 600 and 3 400 ha in the past 10 years. The irrigated area in that time has been 280 - 480 ha. (16 - 20%).

Tobacco is the most consistently irrigated crop with practically 100% irrigated to supplement rainfall.

About 200 ha of pastures are irrigated each year.

Table 13. A griculture and Horticulture Crops (ha)

Winter Summer Green Total Year Tobacco Fruit Veges Cereals Cereals Fodder Area of Crops

1962-63 14 112 164 488 732 132 1654 1963-64 10 82 160 514 802 138 1710 1964-65 20 62 146 568 788 134 1736 1965-66 18 68 180 612 902 228 2028 1966-67 34 46 216 526 896 172 1900 1967-68 12 56 220 80 222 112 1981 1968-69 8 40 240 570 1056 212 2140 1969-70 10 12 194 80 230 218 2446 1970-71 16 42 220 616 1192 218 2438 1971-72 250

Table 14. Irrigated Crops and Pastures (ha)

Fodder Total Pastures Year Cereals Tobacco Fruit Veges Crops Irrig Introd- Native uced 1966-67 32 216 16 46 24 336 134 32 1967-68 6 220 8 80 22 396 112 16 1968-69 18 240 30 90 74 454 126 28 1969-70 8 194 54 90 102 450 154 30 1970-71 46 220 32 106 102 506 158 34 1971-72 30 250 14 120. 74 490 188

Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics: 3 - 3

The irrigation water is mostly drawn from on-farm dams (70%) and creeks (30%). Very little groundwater is used. Pumping restrictions have been imposed by the I. W. S. occasionally on the creeks used for irrigation is the Shire.

Mary Smokes Creek, Stoney Creek, Stanley River, Caboolture River and Wararaba Creek. The drying-up of the upper reaches of these streams imposes a natural restriction at times.

Practically all water used for irrigation purposes is applied by spray irrigation.

Table 15. Sources of Irrigation Water

Surface % water applied No. Year Under- by spray Holdings ground Creeks Dams (ha) etc Irrigated

1966-67 6 4 34 90% 82 1967-68 _ 380 99. 5% 78 1968-69 14 204 332 99. 6% 109 1969-70 24 198 380 97. 9% 111 1970-71 38 210 382 98% 117 1971-72 16 162 372 98% 111

Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics

3. 05 Future Developments : No major water supply development is being considered by the I. W. S. at present. 4-1

Section 4.

SOILS

4. 01 Soil Type:

The Soils in the Caboolture Shire region have been mapped and described by R.F. Isbell, C.H. Thompson, G.D. Hubble, G.G. Beckmann and T. R. Patton, and collated by K. H. Northcote in the Atlas of Australian Soils and Explanatory Data as part of Sheet 4, printed by C.S.I.R.O.

The soil map units are associations of soils delineated by landscapes. The soils recorded for each map unit have been classified according to "A Factual Key for the Recognition of Australian Soils" (C.S.I.R.O. Aust. Div. Soils Divl. Rep. No. 2/65).

When compared with the respective geologicHmap of the region the strong influence of lithology on soils and their distribution is apparent.

Red Earth Residuals.

One particular group of soils is found to occur scattered within the soil units of podsolized soils east of the D'Aguilar Range and also to a limited extent west of the northern part of the D'Aguilar Range within the Caboolture Shire. This soil type is commonly named Red earth residual and is typified by a relatively great depth, a striking red colour, a loamy texture, the presence of a well-defined zone of ironstone nodules and the absence of any other sharp change in the profile, gradational texture profile, with a tendency to laterisation as a characteristic feature. The red earth residuals as did the proper Red earth soils are believed to have been formed under an earlier climate (Tertiary - Pliocene), considerably different from that operating at present and that mild podsolisation was superimposed on them by the current soil forming pro- cess. The mild podsolisation is the only slight similarity with the other soil units within which they occur, which are otherwise also of much lower agricultural value.

The Red Earth residuals commonly occupy a series of isolated flat-topped areas - miniature plateaux - with gentle scarps and these can be considered as remnants of a once continuous and relatively level surface out of which many of the present surface features have been carved.

An inherent lack of fertility is the general and common feature of the majority of the soils in the Caboolture Shire region, as most of these soils are derived from rocks poor in many of the elements important to plant growth. This includes trace element deficiencies. Some alluvials have a better fertility while some humic gley have a somewhat higher phosphate level.

The soils occurring East of the D'Aguilar Range in the Coastal Lowlands are red-yellow podsolics on rises gleyed podsolics on slopes to gley and humic gley soils on low areas of impeded drainage. Ground water podsols with a mantle of Quaternary sands with a strongly developed 4-2

hardpan are common in poorly drained areas. Acid bog and fen peats are common in areas receiving continual drainage from sandhills as at Bribie Island.

Nodular accumulation of iron, with alluminium in addition and a lower percentage of manganese nodules is widespread and massive on flats or very gentle slopes, strong on upper slopes and ridge tops and to a lesser degree on lower slopes. This nodular accumulation occurs in soils where the water table fluctuates rapidly and freely several times each wet season and occasionally at other times of the year. The layers of nodules vary in thickness from \S c««. to sometimes one. m*tore in light textured loamy sand or sandy loam A horizon overlying fairly impermeable B horizons of sandy clay or clay.

Physical differences between the podsolised soils and gley and humic gley soils in the lowlands appear to occur mainly on account of topographic control of perched watertables and the soil horizons in general conform to the present landscape.

The scattered rather frequent occurrences of Red Earth Residuals in contrast do not appear to conform to the present landscape. The sandy lateritic podsols around Caboolture appear to be a variant of red earth residuals with more bleached and sandy superficial horizons on the higher elevations of the rolling country.

Surface litter and organic matter are extremely low in most of these lowland soils, mainly due to regular and rapid destruction by fire. Appreciable quantities of organic matter are often present in the humic and humic gley soils on account of restricted drainage which suits dense stands of Paper bark Tea Trees which produces much litter. Long periods of inundations reduces decomposition and the rick of destruction by fire.

Drainage is generally good with regard to the higher elevations in the area although numerous small perched marshes and basins occur in which the water table may be close to the soil surface for the greater part of the wet season. Soils of drainage lines are poorly drained and subject to some flooding and perched water tables may exist in even the better drained soils for short periods following very heavy rains.

At elevations of 75"FK or less above average sealevel drainage is very poor except on coastal sand dunes. The country water-table is near or above the soil surface for most of the wet season, gradually receding during the dry part of the year. Sandy-natured soils dry out rapidly as the water-table falls. Some tru swamp country occurs in the eastern part of these lowlands.

The more fertile soils in the Caboolture Shire are mainly the red friable earths and red and dark grey loams (approx. 70%) in the Mt. Mee area on the D'Aguilar Range and adjacent country extending westward from Mt. Mee. Other occurrences of more fertile red loamy type soils are found in the Wamuran Basin area and at Bellthorpe on the Conondale Range.

Soils of intermediate fertility west of the D'Aguilar Range are represented by the alluvial black-grey and brown cracking clays along the Stanley River and tributaries and by isolated occurrences of soils which originally carried a scrub begetation was in the form of open forests. 4-3

Responses to phosphate, potash and nitrogen fertilizers are a common characteristic on these soils.

Much of the country east of Woodford is low lying and wet during the summer period of high rainfall due to restricted drainage.

The more fertile soils in the area such as at Mt. Mee are auitable for dairying with a carrying capacity of one beast per area, and one beast to two acres on river flats and alluvials.

The less fertile unimproved soils in the Shire are suitable for grazing rather than dairying with a carrying capacity of one beast to four acres down to one beast to six acres where the original vegetation was of the open forest type.

In relation to soil formation, the climate conditions of moderate temperatures and high summer rainfall promote intense weathering and leaching of permeable soil materials of the better drained areas. Flooding and prolonged periods of excess moisture have produced a range of strongly developed hydromorphic soils on the lower areas of the coastal lowlands. Slow drainage to the sea and the annual recession of the water-table have led to strong leaching of these soils.

(Sources: Ecosystem of the Coastal Lowlands, Sth. Qld. J.E. Coaldrake, C.S.I. R. O. Div. Soils Report 1/54 by G. D. Hubble. The Red Earths Residuals and Their Significance in S.E. Qld. by W. H. Bryan.) Soil Unit Soil Soil Description on basis of their properties Landscape and geological association Location in the Reaction Shire

PL 1 Acid Chief soils on moderate to steep slopes are hard- Hilly country of sandstones and intruded West and ad- setting loamy red and yellow soils with mottled intermediate and basic rock rising to jacent of north- Contrasting clayey soils in some localities containing mod- 180 mak°ve sea level ern section of Texture ular ironstone material. Bleached A2 horizon. D'Aguilar Range Minor soil occurrances are sands on steep slopes in the Shire. Profile associated with sandstones.

PL 4 Acid Chief soils are hard-setting loamy red soils with Hilly disected erosion scarp mainly in East of southern mottled clayey subsoil and bleached A2 horizon, phyllites but with some greenstone, section of Contrasting commonly called red podsolic soils. Associated granites and sandstones. Convex hills D'Aguilar Range Texture are skeletal soils on hill crests and nodular with narrow spurs and moderate to steep in the podsolic soils on lower hill slopes. Minor types slopes, V-valleys with narrow alluvial Shire. Profile are gleyed soils on flats, yellow podsolic soils flats and some low hilly areas along on granite and sandstone. eastern margin.

Mo 10 Neutral Chief soils are red friable earths highly Hilly to steep hilly land mainly on green Southern section Gradational structured, no A2 horizon, both shallow and -stones along the erosion scarp of the east of D'Aguilar deep variants on slopes, platforms and spurs. headwaters of coastal streams, steep Range in the Texture Some associated soils with acid reaction on to very steep side slopes to V-valleys, Shire, adjacent Profile phyllites and loamy soil underlain by weather- some cliffs with much rock outcrop. and west of unit ed country rock on phyllites. PL 4.

Mp 10 Acid Chief soils are red friable earths highly struct- Low hilly basaltic plateau more than 36ta East & some ured, no A2 horizon, commonly named krasno- above sea level with crests to <|3&nin places, west of Gradational zems as for MolO. Minor soils include low Smooth convex low hills with gentle slopes D'Aguilar R. Texture humic gleys in swampy drainage ways, dark to narrow swampy drainage ways are char- accent & scrub soils on plateau margins and nodular acteristics of the less dissected parts. Low extending Profile podsolic with yellow podsolic soils on phyllites. hilly areas with moderate slopes & some west of unit Mo hilly areas are included, some stonyknolls of 10 in the metamorphic rocks occur & some phyllites Mt. Mee £re excfosed. . 1 fc area. Soil Unit Soil Soil Description on basis of their properties Landscape and geological association Location in the Shire Reaction

Fu 3 non Chief soils on slopes are shallow loams darkened Steep hilly to mountainous terrain on South of Stanley River calcare- by organic material in the surface soil with metasediments and phyllites. Some less in Delaney Creek region Uniform ous weathered rock material below the bleached (A2) elevated sites and narrow terraced valleys and east of Neurum Ck. subsurface horizon and loams showing weak are included. Texture horizonation and with the tendency to pulberize Profile when dry. Associated in less elevated sites are acid reaction seasonally hard setting surface sandy loam or loam soils with red or yellow clayey sub- soils and shallow grey-brown sands usually under- lain by weathered rock with some acid reaction friable surface soils which do not set hard season- ally with red or yellow mottled clayey subsoils on included granites. Some red friable earths, acid I no A2 horizon on small basaltic residuals. Brown self mulching clays of unit MMq in narrow terraced valleys are included.

MMq variable Cracking clay soils mainly brown and grey self- Terraced valley plains with first, second Country adjacent to mulching (alluvials) on the third terrace with and third terraces, levee banks and lateralStanley River and Uniform acid red friable earth and no A2 horizon and with fans. Buried soils occur throughout. tributaries north, west hard setting sandy loam and loam soils having and south of Woodford. Texture mottled yellow clayey subsoil either acid or alkaline. Associated on second terrace red Profile friable earth without A2 horizon either acid or alkaline and on backslopes deep cracking dark clays underlain by grey or brown clays which can be mottled, country rock deeper than 60 in. Seasonally hard-setting sandy loam and loam soils with yellow clayey sub-soil of neutral reaction on sandv levees. Soil Unit Soil Reaction Soil Description on basis of their properties Landscape and geological association Location in the Shire Qd6 neutral Hard setting loamy soils with red clayey subsoils, Hills with rounded crests, smooth slopes North of Stanley River Contrasting Ln bleached A2 horizon. Chief soils are neutral red and few rock outcrops developed on granites alluvials. Texture high and yellow soils some with whole-coloured or and granidiorites. Profile elevations mottled subsoil. Narrow terraced valleys of alkaline I cracking clay soils (unit MMq) are included in in low places, elevations

Cd 4 No free Leached sands with weathered rock below the Mountainous land on granites and associated Bellthorpe area bleach. Chief soils are gritty leached sands with Uniform CaCO3 acid to intermediate plutonic rocks. south along Conon- in rock surface soil darkened by organic matter. dale Range. Texture Associated soils on lower slopes are friable Profile material mainly neutral, some acid soils with red or i yellow clayey subsoils. Small areas of friable red earth acid and without A2 horizon. Small valleys of cracking clays (unit MM 9) are included in places.

Mf 13 Acid Chief soils are yellow friable earths on phyllites Low hilly to hilly dissected plateau above Conondale Range area on all the gentle to moderate slopes without A2 420m to 480 m above sealevel with crests to near Bellthorpe. Gradational or unbleached A2 horizon. Associated are .720 m. Rocks are chiefly phyllites and friable earths on lower slopes with sporad- related metamorphics with some greenstones, Texture ically to conspicuously bleached A2 horizons and andesites and granites. seasonally hard setting sandy loam or loams with Profile mottled subsoil on some slopes which include minor occurrences on granite.

Wf 1 Acid Sandy soils with mottled yellow clayey subsoils, Erosion scarps cut in sandstone, scarp base D'Aguilar Range Contrasting unbleached A2 horizon, often shallow and at about 105 m above sealevel and crests at approx, north of Texture gravelly where directly underlain by weathered 165m - 180m. Slopes very steep & ridge tops Wamuran. Profile country rock. Also included shallow gravelly red narrow. earth residuals on some ridge platforms. i Soil Unit Soil Reaction Soil Description on basis of their properties Landscape and geological association Location in the Shire

Tb 82 Acid Chief soils are hard-setting loamy soils with Generally low hilly country on shelves with East of D'Aguilar mottled yellow clayey subsoil and related soils gentle to moderate side slopes to shallow Range. Contrasting on slopes and crests, bleached A2 horizon such open valleys with significant alluvial flats. as shallow loams darkened by organic matter in Texture surface soil with rock material below A2 horizon and seasonally hard-setting sandy loam and loams Profile over yellow clayey subsoils on lower slopes and flats. Other soils include sandy and loamy soils with unbleached A2 horizon on crests, alkaline seasonally hard-setting surface soils with dark c coloured clayey subsoils on flats and similar but brown and neutral soils & friable red earth resid- i uals on adnesitic dykes. East & adjacent to Unit PL 4. O3

Mf 11 Acid Chief soils are yellow friable earths with unble- Low hilly country on sandstone - probably Burpengary-Narangba ached A2 horizon on slopes and crests of hills. dissected old coastal plain with gentle to region, south of ijradational Associated are red earths with porous B horizon moderate slopes on elevations between 30m Caboolture. on flat topped crests. Small areas of many other and 54 m above sealevel. Texture soils. Small valleys of grey friable earths are Profile included. Adjacent and east of Unit PL 4.

Mf 12 Acid Chief soils are yellow feiable earths with unblea- Low hilly landscape on sandstone generally North of Wamuran ched A2 horizon and some with conspicuously below 90 m above sealevel & characteris- east of D'Aguilar Gradati onal belached A2 horizons on crests and slopes of ed by trachyte plugs rising abruptly to heights Range, and north convex hills and red and yellow brown earths on of 285 m with debris aprons between 90m& of Caboolture. Texture flat topped crests of hills and ridges. Assoc- 120rn and mostly vertical bare rock abov« iated are other types of yellow earths with aprons. Profile mottled subsoil on low platforms and terraces along streams. Other soils include leached sands, frinbie soils with mottled brown or yellow clayey subsoils on trachyte and sandstone hills. Soil Unit Soil Soil Description of basis of their properties Landscape and geological association Location in the Shire Reaction Kt 3 Acid Chief soils are yellow earths on ridge crests, Rolling weakly dissected coastal plain Surroundings of slopes and some stream terraces with porous with broad gently convex ridge crests Caboolture town and Gradational yellow subsoils and surface soils darkened by and gentle side slopes to flat wet valley extending south-east organic matter of sandy to sandy loam texture, bottoms, generally below 30m above to Deception Bay. Texture unbleached A2 horizon, mottled subsoil or with sealevel. Most of the leached earths bleached A2 horizon and porous yellow-brown soils contain moderate to large amounts Profile clayey subsoil. Associated are seasonally hard- of hard nodules and lumps of ironstone setting sandy loam or loams, belached A2 horizon 25mm to 50mm across. and yellow mottled clayey subsoil. Small areas of many other soils occur including red earths residuals. Distinct valleys of grey friable earth s are included as well as small areas of soils of adjacent soil units. I

Wa 17 Acid Chief soils are friable sandy yellow soils with Rolling to low hilly terrain on sandstones Mainly east of Elimbah, mottled yellow clayey subsoils with or without with gentle to moderate slopes, shallow Beerburrum & north- Contrasting bleached A 2 horizon, or with friable loamy open valleys with poorly defined drainage east of Caboolture in surface soil darkened by organic matter, con- ways, some sandstone inselbergs rise places extending to Texture spicuously bleached A2 horizon and mottled red above the general level. Pumicestone Passage. clayey subsoil on slopes. On saddles, mid & Profile lower slopes seasonally hard-setting sandy loam or loamy surface soil with yellow clayey subsoil which is mottled or not mottled. In swampy depressions friable and also season- ally hard-setting surface soils with mottley Gley clayey subsoils. Small areas of many other soils occur especially the earth (residual) types of adjacent units, ! ! Soil Soil Unit , Soil Description on basis of their properties Landscape and geological association Location in the Shire Reaction

Mf 4 Acid Chief soils are grey friable earths, surface soil Flat to very gentle undulating coastal South of Caboolture darkened by organic matter, mottled or whole plain less than 7. 5m above sealevel, River & east of Gradationa: coloured clayey subsoil, without A2 horizon or a few low sandy rises (planed off railway line. conspicuously bleached A2 horizon. Associated sandstone hills) are included. Texture are friable surface soils with mottled gley clayey subsoils and in some localities friable or sandy Profile surface soils with bleached A2 horizon and yellow clayey subsoil. Small areas of many other soils occur such as porous sandy to loamy yellow earths loamy grey earths underlain by pale fair- ly impermeable clayey subsoils in wet places on terraces and stream levees. Small areas of adjoining soil units are included.

Mf 5 Acid Soils are those for units Mf 4 and Mt 3 respect- Flat to very gently undulating coastal Deception Bay town- 00 ively grey griable earths and yellow earths with plain less than 7. 5m above sealevel as ship surroundings. Gradational the grey griable earths, darkened surface soil for Unit Mf 4 but with remnants of a by organic matter & whole coloured or mottled higher rolling dissected coastal plain Texture clayey subsoil dorminant, & either no A2 horizon as for UnitMt 3. Profile or conspicuously bleached A2 horizon. Nx 1 Alkaline Chief soils appear to be saline gley soils, hard- Flat to very gently sloping coastal plain Near river & creek setting loamy soils with gley clayey subsoil, un- with a few low dunes, tidal mud flats, & mouths at the shores Contrasting bleached A2 horizon, with mottled subsoil & saline marshes (elevations less than 3m of Deception Bay & saline grey muds and clays on the mangrove mud with some areas up to 7.5 mabove Pumicestone Passage Texture flats. Associated are grey friable earths in sal- sealevel.) & the Passage shore of ine marshes & soil with uniform texture profile Bribie Island. Profile in the form of calcareous sand and also leached sand, both types darkened by organic matter in surface soil on low dunes & respectively with deep colours below surface soil and mottled sand below surface soil. . Soil Soil Unit Soil Description on basis of their properties Landscape and geological association Location in the Shire Reaction Cb 35 Chief soils are leached sands darkened by organic Flat to very gently undulating coastal Beachmere, Toorbul matter in surface soil with bleached A2 horizon sub- plain less than 7. 5m above sealevel. Pt. & Toorbul coast- Uniform surface & below this compact, cemented single & al area. Texture double pan-like horizons. Also occurring are moder- Profile ate areas of soils units Ca 13, Nx 1 & Wa 17. Ca 11 Chief soils are deep leached sands darkened by organ- Old dune system parallel to the present Bribie Island ic matter in the surface soil with a coloured but not coastline with low broad dunes less than Uniform not compacted sand horizon below the bleached (A2) 7. 5m above sealevel, some swampy Texture horizon subsurface and with a water table often swales. between 5 & 0 ft. in depth. Associated are leached Profile sands with a single pan below the A2 horizon in swales & lower dune slopes. Other soils include peats in swampy swales other types of leached sands without a • pan & soil with acid mottled gley glayey subsoil in swales. Ca 13 Chief soils are leached siliceous sands darkened by or- Small low dunes less than 7. 5m above Bribie Island. ganic matter in surface soil without a compacted or pan- sealevel, modern coastal dunes with Uniform like layer below the bleach on dune crests & swales. swampy depressions behind them. Texture Associated are siliceous sands darkened by organic matter & pale colours below the surface soil on coastal Profile dunes and leached darksands with bleached A2 horizon & a single pan horizon below this on included old dunes Other soils include acid peats in swamps and soil with acid mottled gley clayey subsoil in swampy depressions. Z 6 Acid Chief soils are acid peats of the swamplands, some Low lying coastal plain consisting essent- Bribie Island & developed on sphagnum moss. Associated are siliceous ially of fresh water swampland behind the along mainland Organic & leached sands darkened by organic matter in surface modern beach dunes, mud flats, saline| coast li.ie. Profile soil, some with bleached A2 horizon & no compacted marshes. sand horizon below this.

Source: Atlas of Australian Soils - Sheet 4 and its Explanatory Data - C.S.I. R. O. Aust. Div. Soils. (Printed 1967.) 4-10 Dominant soil groups in Map Units (Previously used names)

(Dominance determined according to its occurrence in the group to the order of 60% or more)

Soil Commonly Used Name Other Names Used Unit

PI 1 Red podsolics - Soloths Soloths - Yellow podsolics PI 4 Red podsolics Soloths Mo 10 Red loams Krasnozems, red volcanics Mp 10 Krasnozems Red loams, red volcanics Fu 3 Skeletal soils Lithosols, podsolic loams MM 9 Brown soils of heavy texture Alluvial soils Grey soils of heavy texture Grumsols, cracking clays Qd 6 Solodic soils red podsolics Solodic soils solidized solonet« Cd 4 Skeletal soils Lithosols, podsolic lithosols Mf 13 Nodular podsolic soils Lateritic podsolic soils yellow earths, yellow-red latosols Mf 13 Nodular podsolic soils Lateritic podsolic soils yellow earths, yellow-red latosols Yellow earths yellow podsolics Yellow-red latosols Wf 1 yellow podsolic soils Soloths some skeletal soils Lithosols, podsolic lithosols some red podsolic soil

Tb 82 Soloths yellow podsolics Mf 11 Nodular podsolics Lateritic pqdsolics, yellow, red latosols, yellow podsolics Mf 12 Nodular podsolics Lateritic podsolics, yellow podsolics, yellow-red latosols Red earths Lateritic red earths, podsolic red earths Alluvials ! Mt 3 Nodular podsolics Lateritic podsolics, yellow podsolics, yellow earths Wa 17 Yellow podsolics, soloths soloths, yellow podsolics red podsolics Humic gley soils low humic gleys Mf 4 Low humic gleys yellow podsolics, gleyed podsolics meadow podsolics

Mf 5 Low humic gleys yellow podsolics, gleyed podsolics meadow podsolics Some nodular podsolics lateritic podsolics, yellow podsolics Nx 1 Mud flats gleyed soils, saline muds, hydromorphic soil, saline gley 4-11

Commonly Used Name Other Names Used

Cb 35 Ground-water podsol podsols some podsolic sands podsols some mudflats - some yellow podsolics - Ca 11 Podsolic sand, coastal podsols sand dunes some ground water podsols podsols Ca 13 Podsolic sands pldsols some coastal sand dunes regosols, sands some ground water podsol podsols Z 6 Peats _ some coastal sand dunes podsols some podsolized sands podsols some ground water podsols podsols ( Major Soils of adjacent units occur to a minor degree within most of the mapped units)

4. 02 Soil Conservation:

Only isolated soil conservation work has been undertaken is the Shire on some land established to pastures and in some row crop cultivations.

The cultivated annual area to crops of various kinds approx- imates 2 800 kg.

This is about 5% of the area of rural holdings in the Shire.

4. 03 Areas Available for Agricultural and Pastoral Development:

Large areas in the Shire in particular in the surroundings of Caboolture township have been planted to State or private forests. i Extension of the areas under improved pastures mayj be made on existing dairy or beef cattle properties, mainly in the western and south western part of the Shire.

New fruit and agriculture/horticulture crops may be under- taken to some extent on farms already operating in this type of primary industries.

Large scale development in the Shire appears to be limited. 5 - 1

Section 5.

VEGETATION

5.01 Vegetation:

The natural vegetation of the coastal lowlands in the CabooJturo Shire occurs in typical plant communities according to typical combinations of topography, drainage and soil.

(a) Layered and grassy forests and woodland, 10 to 25 m high, dominated by scribbly gum (Eucalyptus micrantha) is associated with the sandy lateritic podzol soils (variant of red earth residuals) in well drained situations of the rolling to low hilly country. Other trees occurring in this situation are rusty gum (or red gum) (Angophora lanceolata), Sheoak (Casuarina suberosa), bloodwood (Eucalyptus intermedia) and wattles (Acacia spp.). The ground cover is rather coarse and shrubby including Banksia integrifolia, bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), grass tree (Xanthorrhoea sp.) and some grass - Kangaroo grass (Themeda australis), cockatoo grass (Alloteropis semialata), and blady grass gmperata. cylindrica),

(b) Tea-tree forest, approximately 20 m high and dominated by the paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) occurs on poorly drained marshy sites (both perched and low level) in the rolling to low hilly country and is associated with strongly gleyed soils. Swamp oak (Casuarina glauca) is co-dominant in places. Other tree species of the sclerophyll forest community occur in perched marshes, particularly toward their margins where drainage is better. The ground cover consists mainly of coarse shrubby plants and some grass.

(c) Heath covers some areas of low lying, infertile sandy soils in the eastern half of the area. This type of plant community is only 0. 6 to 10 m high and dominated by Banksia robur with which is associated a wide range of proteaceous plants and sedges. There may be occasional trees - particularly tea-tree.

(d) Wallum community characterised by the dominance of the tree Banksia" aemula is associated with poorly-drained infertile sandy soils of extensive low-lying areas. Other trees, mainly Eucalyptus spp, are associated with the wallum forming a stand 3-7 m high. The ground cover consists of shrubs and heathy plants. In general the wallum communities consist of a mosaic of sedgelands, heath or low shrublands. open-scrubs or tall shrublands, and paperbarked tea-tree forests. Further inland wallum species may occur in the understorey of eucalypt open-forests.

(e) Low sand dunes along the coast carry a specialized strand vegetation with creeping sand binders, beach spinifex, goat's foot convulvus and several other prostrate and creeping plants.

On the first stabilised dune back from the sea such as on Bribie Island and at Beachmere a belt of low open-forest dominated by coastal she-oak is common. On bay shores with no dune development a narrow fringe of strand trees may be all that separates the land forests from the sea. 5-2

(i) Areas influenced by saline conditions support mangrove forests, that is, the areas between tidal limits in rivers, streams and the Pumicestone Passage. Mangroves help maintain existing waterways and are important habitats for fish and fauna.

On the landward side of the mangrove forests in areas still subject to inundation by flood tides or spring tides "saltmarsh" herbfield vegetation and marine couch grasslands occur. Adjacent to this swamp oak open-forest often occurs as the transition to eucalypt open-forest.

Fringing Forests

Fringing forests occupy the banks of many waterways through- out the region and these narrow belts of forest differ conspicuously from the surrounding vegetation, rarely extending far beyond creek and river banks.

In this community two distinct types, the fringing open- forest and fringing closed-forest occur with graduations between these.

Fringing open-forests

Fringing open-forests are common in eucalpyt open-forest communities. The fringing open-forests range from low open-forest to taller nearly closed forests, 8 - 10 m. high, with characteristic trees such as weeping red bottle brush, (Callist:eraon viminalis) , river or black tea-tree and river oak, (C. cunninghamiana). A grassy ground cover is often present. Grey mangrove and river mangrove also form a fringing low open-forest.

Fringing closed-forests

Fringing closed-forests vary from low closed-forests to closed-forests with characteristic trees such as weeping myrtle and black bean or Moreton Bay chestnut (Castanospermum australe) .

Some closed-forest species are often present as trees or shrubs. Ground cover is very sparse.

Closed Forests

In the western part of the Shire at higher altitudes the tall closed-forest (rain forest) conspicuous along water courses with trees such as flooded gum, (E. grandis) may be emergent. Scrub box (Tristan ia conferta) weeping satin ash and black bean is present, while species such as silky oak (Grevillia robusta) and white cedar may be present. Height of this type of community ranges from 15 to 30 m. Closed forest communities are confined mainly to the fertile soils on hills or mountain sides and in protected gullies. These may occur in isolated patches or as an extensive area, while the plant population density is related to the level of annual rainfall. Closed forests are generally quite complex botanically.

Open Forests

Eucalypt open forests predominate in large areas of the Shire on river and creek alluvia, on the flat and Undulating country and on to 5-3

various degrees of dissected foothills and coastal ranges. Heights of eucalypt open forests vary from 15 to 35 m.

This type of forest occurs over a wide range of soils, topography and climatic conditions and its distribution can be regarded as covering all areas in the Shire not occupied by wallum communities, saline and strand vegetation, fringing forests or closed forests.

There is often a sharp demarcation between eucalypt open- forests and closed-forests.

On the alluvial flats and flood plains blue gum (E. tereticarnis) is dominant in the eucalypt open forest with Moreton Bay ash (E. tessellaris). A grassy ground cover is usually the only understorey.

On elevated areas and sandy slopes and hills of the coastal lowlands eucalypt open-forests are various associations of scribbly gum, pink bolldwood, (E. intermedia), yellow stringybark, (E. acmenioides), blackbutt (E. pilularis), and rusty gum, while also blue gum and grey ironbark (E. drepanophylla) are often present. Eucalypt open-forests occur chiefly on soils of light texture, through a clayey subsoil may be present.

Eucalypt tall open-forests (wet sclerophyll forests to 50 m), occur sometimes on well drained, deep, moderately fertile loamy soil adjacent to closed forests on the high slopes of ranges of ten with a dense understorey of trees and shrubs. Common trees in this community are flooded gum, blackbutt, scrub box, swamp box, and tallow-wood (E. microcorys).

Large areas of natural vegetation communities in the Shire have been destroyed over the years due to clearing or partial clearing activities for cultivation, grazing and timber cutting, while burning has has a considerable influence on the presence and importance of species of understorey and ground layers of various vegetation communities in the Shire.

A large range of various weeds have invaded some areas in the Shire, of which the most obvious are groundsel, (Baccharis halimifolia), Ian tana, (Lantana camara), noogoora burr, (Xanthium pung«ns), stinking roger (Tagetes minima) and mistflower (Eupatorium riparium).

(References

1) Ecosystem of the Coastal Lowlands, Sth. Qld. 1961. byJ.E. Coaldrake. bulletin No. 283.

2) Moreton Region. Natural Environment, Brisbane, 1972. Co-ordinator-General's Department. Qld. )

5.02 Fauna:

Most species of native fauna are rather strictly habitat- depenclent. They have evolved filling a particular ecological system and depend upon certain climatic and environmental conditions or species of plants for survival. 5-4

Where a habitat is altered or destroyed the population of fauna species dependent on such a habitat is reduced or eliminated.

Information on the previous status of most fauna species which occurred in the Shire region is fairly limited, as considerable areas of natural vegetation have been cleared during the past 100 years of European settlement.

Terrestrial Fauna

With regard to the terrestrial fauna many of the Australian families of birds and reptiles are represented in the area, while representative groups of marsupials also still occur in number.

The open-forest, woodland and coastal heathlands (Wallum) are the most extensive fauna habitats in the Shire supporting such obviously recognisable animals as magpies, honeyeaters, kookaburras, wallabies, possums, bandicoots, bearded dragons.

There is also a fairly typical representation of terrestrial invertebrate fauna such as protozoans, flat worms, nematodes earthworms, leeches, millipedes and centipedes, spiders, insects and molluscs.

Mangrove and tidal areas are important habitats in the Shire and these support a specialised fauna mainly of invertebrates and birds, the latter including large numbers of migratory waders.

Most types of habitat originally found in the area at European settlement still exist although in many cases at a considerably reduced scale, while most of the original fauna species are thought to be still present in these habitats.

Examples of habitats which have been greatly reduced are the closed forests and the coastal heathlands and wetlands. In this respect the State Forest areas have an important function in the preserv- ation of native wild life as all State Forests are fauna sanctuaries.

Marine and Aquatic Fauna

A fairly typical representation of most aquatic groups of fauna occurs in the Shire.

In marine habitats the range of animals includes protozoans, Jelly fish, flat worms, bristle worms, barnacles, crabs, prawrjs, mussels, sea slugs, squid, fishes, turtles and possibly still an odd dugong. The latter were apparently quite common a hundred years ago.

Siltation of creeks and rivers, pollution and destruction of habitats such as mangrove and swamp habitats appear to have resulted in reductions in the numbers of several marine fauna species.

The freshwater fauna includes animals such as protozoans, hydroids, rotifers, flatworms, leeches, insects, shrimps, crayfish, smails, mussels, frogs, fishes and tortoises.

The freshwater fauna has suffered from considerable habitat alteration since European settlement. 5-5

Siltation and pollution of streams have probably had detrimental effects on many species. Running water habitats have been altered by construction of farm dams and reservoirs and land clearing, which have reduced the available habitat areas for many species and interfering with breeding cycles in some cases.

For many species the habitat utilised may vary seasonally and at different stages of the life cycle. Some marine species of fishes and other animals also utilise freshwater habitats, such as the mullet in Juvenile stages. Freshwater runoff stimulates movements of some fish and runoff from swamps provides large amounts of organic matter. Mangrove swamps have an important role in the fish food chain, while seagrass beds are important in providing food, shelter and detritus.

Much remains to be learnt about habitat requirements and life cycles of even best known species such as fish, crabs and prawns of value to commercial fishing

Several types of aquatic habitats are present in the Shire area.

Freshwater

Standing water, such as swamps and holes or lagoons or creeks which flow only seasonally with variations in size, permanence and vegetation. (Lagoon Creek System is an example.

Running water of rivers and creeks with variations in depth, flow rate, turbulance, presence of snags etc. (Stanley and Caboolture River).

Marine

Open shores (for example open beach line on the eastern side of Bribie Island which is subject to considerable wave action).

Sheltered areas, such as are present in Deception Bay, Pumicestone Passage and estuarine areas of the lower reaches of the Caboolture River and several creeks in the eastern lowlands of the Caboolture Shire.

Several types of sheltered habitat areas occur, such as intertidal mangrove habitats as fringing mangroves on beaches ind as mangrove forests along streambanks, non-mangrove intertidal habitats consisting of beaches of sand or silt or loose rubble, upstream areas where appreciable dilution of seawater occurs, and permanently inundated habitats, such as mud-sand areas, seagrass beds associated with foreshores, and sea grass beds not associated with foreshores.

6 - 1

Section 6.

FARMING SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES

6.01 Land Tenure:

Most of the Shire is under freehold tenure. Approximately 20% of the Shire area is forestry reserve and vacant Crown land. Most of Bribie Island is under Special Lease to A. P.M. Pty. Ltd. , which also occupies considerable areas of freehold land within a 16 to 24 km radius of the Caboolture township.

6.02 Land Valuation:

It is difficult to determine actual land values anywhere in the Shire due to influence of land developers and land speculators who have been extremely active during the recent couple of years. Land prices in the proximity of town in the Shire range from $2 500 to $7 500 per ha.

6.03 Tobacco:

Tobacco is an important agricultural crop inthe Shire although it is grown on only 27 farms. The reason for this is the high production value of this crop. On some of these tobacco farms vegetables are grown in the off-season as a sideline while on four tobacco farms a few head of cattle are kept on spare land where tropical pastures have been established during the last few years.

The tobacco farms in the Shire are confined mainly tothe area surrounding the town of Caboolture a'nd towards Wamuran and Elimbah.

The area grown on each farm is fairly stable from season to season. This is so because of the Tobacco Production Sales Quota system under which the Tobacco Industry operates.

The average area grown per farm is 5. 2 ha with a range of 4 to 20 ha. The total area available on tobacco farms ranges from 16 to 48 ha.

Table 16.

Caboolture Shire Tobacco Quotas 1972

Tobacco Quota No. Farms kg 4 540 and less 1 6 350 - 6 800 8 6 800 - 7 260 5 7 260 - 8 240 5 8 240 - 9 600 3 9 600-11 400 3 11 400 and over 1 L5 900 and over 1 1 6-2

The climatic conditions and sandy to sandy-loam soils are suitable for the production of good quality tobacco leaf in this area. Yields however are at times adversely affected by hail and wind damage, and by blue mould disease during the spring when weather conditions at times can be cool and humid.

Labour requirements are normally met from casual workers in the area; however casual labour appears to become increasingly difficult to obtain from season to season. As a result several aspects in crop management and leaf handling have now been changed using chemical or mechanical means which have led to production cost savings. The total tobacco sales quota allocated to tobacco farms located in the Caboolture Shire is 215 000 kg which amounts to a value of approximately $540000 for every year of production.

6. 04 Fruit and Vegetable Cropping:

Fruit and vegetables are grown in much of eastern part of the shire, with the main centres of production being Elimbah (pineapples and citrus), Wamuran (pineapples and bananas), Caboolture (vegetables), Burpengary and Deception Bay (strawberries and vegetables).

Bananas and pineapples are the chief crops. Both are grown mainly as monocrops.

Pineapples

The area of pineapples grown on a holding where pine- apples is the main crop varies from 4 ha to in excess of 80 ha. The variety is grown almost exclusively. About 90% of production is sent to the "Golden Circle Cannery" for processing. The remainder is sold to fresh fruit markets in Queensland or interstate. Fruit for processing is dispatched to the cannery in crates holding about 1 000 kg of topless fruit. Fruit marketed as fresh fruit is dispatched top-on in cartons or cases.

Most growers fumigate the soil before planting to control nematodes which can drastically reduce yields. Top rot caused by the fungus sometimes cause losses and many growers drench after planting.

Bananas

There are about 200 banana growers in the Shire. However only about 50 derive most of their income from bananas. The remainder grow bananas as a spare time activity or as part of mixed farming.

The bananas are grown on steep hillsides of the D'Aguilar Range and associated foothills, in the area west of Narangba to west of Wamuran, with odd areas around Woodford.

These steep hillside plantations are sheltered from the west and south, but heavy losses occur from strong easterly winds.

The total area of bananas is about 650 ha of which tall growing cavendish strains constitute 75% of the area and lady fingers most of the remainder. 6-3

About 25% of the growers grow their bananas on land leased from graziers of A. P.M. forests.

Other Fruits

Other fruits grown in smaller quantities are: citrus, custard-apples, macadamia, papaws, passionfruit, avocadoes and strawberries.

Vegetables

Watermelon, pumpkins, tomatoes, peas, beans, cabbages, and cauliflowers, lettuce, cucumbers, capsicums, potatoes, eggfruit, zucchinis, sweet potatoes and ginger and grown commercial quantities in the shire.

Vegetables are grown mainly by full time growers with 4 - 12 ha under cultivation. These growers grow a variety of crops over the year. A typical rotation consists of tomatoes, capsicums, watermelons, pumpkins and cucumbers.

Various types of flowers are grown by a few specialist growers, gladiolo being the main crop.

Most vegetable growers are in the southern part of the shire in the Caboolture-Burpengary, Deception Bay area, where there has been considerable activity of subdividers and many farms have been purchased. This has led to a reduction in the number of full time vegetable growers and an increase in "weekend*1 growers.

6.05 Dairying:

Dairying enterprises are mainly located in the Mt. Mee area, Stanley River basin and Delaney Creek area, with less than ten in the surrounds of Caboolture.

Farms range from 24 to 640 ha in size. The common is however an area of 100 to 120 ha.

Dairy farms supply milk to the following factories: -

Woodford - cheddar and fancy cheeses and market milk for Caboolture ,

Caboolture - market milk, butter, cream and manufactured milk products such as yoghurt.

Paulte Brisbane is supplied directly by 12 farms.

Approximately 150 dairy dairy farms are left in the industry producing milk, while the number is still steadily decreasing. Bulk milk is supplied by 106 farmers, or 88. 5%.

The rate of decrease depends on trends in the industry, land developers activity and A. P.M. land purchase trends.

A range of 15 to 300 cows are run on farms, but the 6-4 average would be around 100 cows per farm. The three main dairy breeds are Friesian, Jersey and A.I. S. with Friesian apparently on the increase. The average production of herd-recordeu cows in 1972 was 1 960 kg of milk and 84 kg butter fat.

The number of dairy farms with subsidiary enterprises is very small and applies to beef only as a sideline. A.I. Services are available from Dayboro.

Farm feed programmes in the Shire are different in that the Mt. Mee dairy pastures are mainly based on Kikuyu grass, while in the Stanley River Basin irrigated pastures and oats are used extensively where no irrigation is available.

Pastures planted under the Dairy Pasture Subsidy Scheme has been made use of on 70% of the farms. In general areas of 4 to 20 ha of temperate or tripicals have been planted at a time.

Supplementary feeding is done using mainly grain and proprietary meals fed in the bails.

Weed taints are not common.

Farm buildings are in fair to good condition with dairies mostly of wooden walk-through types. The number of concrete block herringbone sheds is increasing.

Cattle ticks are present in the area and strategic dipping as a control measure is used.

Stock (cull cows and calves) is sold at Woodford where sales are held regularly, or consigned direct to Cannon Hill.

6.06 Beef Cattle:

Beef cattle holdings in the Shire are generally very small with areas between 100 and 160 ha. Some beef producers are in fact part-time farmers with a full time Job in the Caboolture Shire. Many of the small sized beef holdings were originally small dairy farms. To increase the available grazing forestry reserve land is leased mainly from A P.M.

There is a minority of larger beef holdings with areas of over 400 ha and one of about 1 600 ha near Bellthorpe owned by Brandon and one of 1 200 ha at D'Aguilar. Beef cattle holdings are found scattered throughout the Shire, that is Toorbul, Narangba, Woodford, Wamuran and Bellthorpe.

Beef breeding and fattening are two systems of equal importance, but not common as a mixed enterprise. Stock are mainly raised on native pasture.

' The number of holdings carrying beef cattle has increased by about 11 farms each year till 1970-71. Beef and vealer numbers have increased 138% over 7 years, while average herd size increased from 44 to 63.

Store cattle are purchased from Toogoolawah and Ipswich and bobby calves from Woodford. 6-5

Stock is mainly sold to Cannon Hill.

Stock is normally fattened to 400 kg L. W. at 3-4 years or at 2 years on good improved pastures. Vealers are fattened to 200 kg L.W. and sold at 9 to 12 months.

The most popular breeds are Brahman, Droughtmaster and Hereford bulls crossed with dairy cows, such as A.I.S. and Friesians and some Jersey. A.I. service is available from Dayboro.

The pregnancy rate ranges from 70 to 80%, and the branding rate from 70 - 80%. Losses suffered are due to dingoes, worms or blackleg.

The Shire is part of the tick infested region and therefore tick control through dipping is a major practice.

6.07 Poultry:

Poultry enterprises include both egg and broiler production. Producers generally have 2 to 300 ha of land, in areas close to communication routes. In 1972 there were 23 egg producers and 9 broiler growers.

The egg producers have 3 000 to 24 000 layers in cages.

The broiler growers grow batches of 8 000 to 85 000 birds each in 8 to 10 weeks.

About 50% of poultry farms have some subsidiary enterprise such as growing chokoes, pumpkins, watermelons, vealers, citrus, pineapples or tomatoes.

The by-product of poultry manure is used in the area to fertilize pastures or pumpkins.

Capital equipment costs about $1 per bird for broilers and $ 2 per bird for layers.

Eggs are sold to the E.M.B. or under licence elsewhere.

Broilers are grown under contract. There are 2 small processing works in the Shire. At present no contracts with new growers are made in the Shire.

All broiler feeds are produced by the integrated parent broiler processor in Brisbane. Egg producers either mixtieir own feeds or buy from Brisbane feed manufacturers.

6.08 Pigs:

Pig enterprises are of less importance in the Shire than Dairy or Beef enterprises.

In 1972 out of the total of 29 holdings with pigs, 17 were as a sideline to dairying, 5 as a sideline to beef production and 7 were sole- ly pig enterprises, the latter with a total number of pgs ranging from 100 to 450 per piggery. 7-1

Section 7.

CROPS, PASTURE AND ANIMAL PERFORMANCE

7.01 Crops:

Table 17. District Average Yields Agriculture Crops (March 1969)

Crop Average Yield/ha area lh»)

Tobacco 1 000 - 1 300 kg 240 Potatoes 10 - 15 tonne 4 Sweet Potatoes 7 12 tonne 10 Sorghum 2. 25 - 3. 0 tonne 20 Maize 2.25 tonne 25 Barley 2.5 tonne 8 Millet, Panicum) 1 tonne 2 Setaria )

Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics Tobacco growing is the most important agricultural enterprise in the Shire.

Table 18. Tobacco Production

Year Area Production Yield ha '000 kg kg/ha

1964-65 190 190 870 1965-66 180 200 1 005 1966-67 216 238 980 1967-68 220 261 1 150 1968-69 240 300 1 200 1969-70 190 244 1 230 1970-71 220 195 790 1971-72 248 340 1 320

Source: Department of Primary Industry Records Approximately 40 to 45% of the Moreton Region tobacco leaf is produced in the Caboolture Shire. The remainder is grown in the adjacent Shire of Landsborough.

Suitable sandy to loamy sand soil types and adequate air humidity during the main period of growth are favourable for the production of good quaJity tobacco leaf in th:s region. 7-2

Excessive wet weather conditions, wind and hail damage and the higher incidence of tobacco blue mould disease can at times result in rather servere yield fluctuations in this agricultural crop.

Table 19. District Average Yields Horticulture Crops

Fruit & Veges Average yield/ha

Bananas 1 830 x 13 kg cartons Pineapples 28 tonne Strawberries 28 tonne Pumpkin 8-22 tonne Cucumber 2 500 cartons Melons 30 tonne Tomatoes 37 cartons Chokoes 2 500 cartons

Source: Department of Primary Industries Records.

Table 20. Fruit and Veges Acreage and Production

Crop Area Production

Bananas (bearing) 344 ha 3 055 tonne Pineapples (bearing) 492 ha 663 419 doz. Pumpkins 184 ha 1 916 tonne Tomatoes 28 ha 2 930 tonne

Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics.

Watermelons, strawberries, tomatoes, cucumbers, zuchinis, peas, beans, capsicum, egg fruit, ginger, lettuce, cabbage, passionfruit and table grapes are some of the smaller scale fruit and vegetable enterprises Orchard fruit are usually grown as small sidelines, of which oragnes, lemons, mandarins and lately avocadoes make up the largest tree populations.

7.03 Animals:

Table 21. Stocknumbers - Caboolture Shire 7-3

Year Dairy- Beef Pigs Total Total '000 •000 Sows Total •000 •000

1962-63 23.0 4. 3 0.4 2.8 1963-64 23.0 5.2 0.4 2.6 1964-65 20.9 5. 3 0.4 2.8 1965-66 20.1 5.7 0.4 2.8 1966-67 17.1 5.8 0.4 2.5 1967-68 16.8 6.9 0. 3 3.2 1968-69 16.8 9.0 0.4 4. 5 1969-70 15.7 10.1 0.4 2.1 1970-71 15.5 11.3 0. 6 2.6

Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics

Table 22.

Year Dairy Beef Pigs Horses Sheep •000 •000 total total total

1972 14.3 10. 9 2 111 474 139

Source: Department of Primary Industries Reocrds.

Table 23. Number of Holdings According Type of Stock

Less 200 10-20 20-100 100-200 1972 than head & Total head head head 10 head over Dairy 29 10 88 58 4 189 Beef 21 17 96 29 5 168 Pigs 5 8 9 3 4 29 Horses 177 5 3 185 Sheep 6 1 2 9

Source: Department of Primary Industries Records.

Table 24. Animal Enterprise Farm Systems - 1972

Enterprise No. Farms

Dairy only 123 Dairy-Beef 49 Dairy-Pigs 17 Beef only 114 Beef-Pigs 5 Pigs only 7 8-1

Section 8.

REGISTER OF RESEARCH PROJECTS

8.01 Pastures: (D.P.I. - Agrostology Branch)

Tropical Species Nursery - Mt. Mee. Mo. - Frequency of Application Trial - Mt. Mee. Temperate Grasses with Siratro Trial - Mt. Mee. Ronpha grass and Australian Phalaris Trial - Mt. Mee. Safari and Ladino While Clovers sowing rates trial - Mt. Mee. Planting time of White Clover with tropical species mixture - Mt. Mee. White Clover varietal comparison - Mt. Mee. Evaluation of six White Clovers - Mt. Mee. Coderiocaly gyroides pilot plot - Marangba. White and Ladino White Clover Seed Covering Trial - Toorbul Point. Safari White Clover Observation - Cedarton.

8.02 Dairying: (D.P.I. - Dairy Field Services)

Effect Mastitis on Milk Composition. Milk quality and Composition (Protein, Butterfat and other quality factors).

8.03 Horticulture: (D.P.I. - Horticulture Branch)

Ca-Zn-Cu Banana Observation Trial. Foliar K and Mg uptake Pineapple Observation Trial. Weedicides in Cucurbits Observation Trial. (C.O.D. Experimental Farm-Beerwah). Nutrition, Pest and Disease Control Investigation in Pineapples. Propagation of Selected Pineapple Plant Material.

8.04 Agriculture: (D.P.I. - Agriculture Branch)

Sweet Potato Varietal Trial-Elimbah. Tobacco Plantbreeding for Blue Mould Resistance - Beerwah. Improving Leaf Quality of Existing Blue Mould Resistant Lines - Beerwah.

8.05 Fisheries: (D.P.I. - Department of Fisheries).

East Coast Prawn Project - Deception Bay.

Mangrove Habitat and Fauna Investigations - Deception Bay.

8.06 Cattle Ticks: (I.C.I. Cattle Tick R.S. Laboratory)

Chemical Tick Control - D'Aguilar. 9-1

Section 9.

OTHER PRIMARY INDUSTRIES

9.01 Forestry:

There are approximately 21 600 ha of State Forests and Timber Reserves in the Caboolture Shire.

State Forests and Timber Reserves by Parishes as follows:

Reserve No Parish Area (ha)

State Forests

SF 177 Durundur .. 22 3F 173 Durundur 3 832 3F 313 Durundur 720 3F 832 Durundur 1 332 3F 572 Durundur 112 3F 589 Beerwah 2 400 3F 611 ( Beerwah, Canning ) 3 600 ( Toorbul > 3F 60 Wararba 828 3F 893 Byron 2 000 3F 1152 Byron 600

Timber Reserves

TR 391 Durundur 300 TR 975 Byron 600

The State Forestry centre at Beerburrum, Just north of the Caboolture Shire boundary in the adjacent Shire of Landsborough, has through its reafforestation programme at present well in excess of 10 800 ha of coniferous plantations under its control of which total approximately 2 800 ha are located within the Caboolture Shire boundaries.

The two species of exotic conifers in these plantations are Pinus elliottii and Pinus taeda.

The Australian Paper Mill Pty. Ltd. has also a considerable area of softwood plantations within the Caboolture Shire boundaries which practically all consist of Pinus elliottii with a total acreage of 8 600 ha planted as at the end of 1972. A. P.M. Pty. Ltd. operates a chipping plant at Morayfield south of Caboolture, while its main paper mill for the region is located at Petrie in the Pine River Shire. There are about 13 sawmills operating in the Shire. 9-2

The State Forestry Department is responsible for the care of existing natural forests and timber reserves, the selected harvesting of timber from these forests, the preservation of natural parks, forestry research work, reafforestation programmes, fire protection of forests and planting of new areas.

There is an increasing demand for timber for the manufacture of paper products and for various types of hardboard and practicle board.

Reafforestation work has concentrated on the softwood type plantations in order to meet most of this type of demand.

Coniferous or softwood plantings provide a quicker way of producing timber in volume as timber thinnings from these plantations becomes available for use for either pulp and paper manufacture, particle board and other sawn timber around 12 to 15 years.

The full life cycle of a planting is completed in about 40 years.

9.02 Mining:

There are no actual mining activities in operation in the Shire.

Material for road construction is obtained from a privately operated quarry at moodlu and from a number of locations scattered throughout the shire which are under control of the Caboolture Shire Council.

Gravel and sand for building construction is produced at locations on the Caboolture River and Bribie Island.

9.03 Fishery:

A large variety of fish and crustaceans is present in the coastal waters of the Shire of Caboolture.

To protect and conserve the marine and fresh water fauna the Department of Fisheries has a range of restrictive measures in operation.

Commercial net-fishing is subject to close regulation and control and is constantly reviewed, particularly in areas where thie intensity of angling is high. So is net-fishing restricted to only part of the year in the Pumicestone Passage between Glasshouse Mts. Creek and the Bribie Island Traffic Bridge.

No nets whatsoever may be used in freshwater for catching fish.

A schedule of minimum sizes of fish and crabs taken is aimed at protecting the smaller specimens of aquatic fauna. Female crabs may not be taken at all.

Approximately 20 commercial fisherman are operating in and from the Caboolture coastal waters and these comprise netfisherman fishing for mullet, whiting and prawns and crabbers. 9-3

The main types of fish caught in the Pumicestone Passage and along the coast of Bribie Island and Deception Bay are whiting, bream, flathea, Jewfish, tailor, squire, dart and sweetlip.

There are two marine habitat reserves in the Shire of Caboolture. The first one has its southern boundary Just south of Glasshouse Mts. Creek on the mainland and "The Stockyards" on Bribie Island, but this habitat has most of its area covering the Pumicestone Passage and adjacent land in the neighbouring Shire of Landsborough.

The second marine habitat reserve covers a considerable area of the Deception Bay and adjacent wetlands north of the Deception Bay township and takes in as well the mouths of the Caboolture River and the Burpengary Creek.

In addition all coastal and stream areas occupied by any type of mangroves vegetation are now protected areas where any interference which changes its original state is prohibited by law.

The reason for this is because it has been discovered and increasingly understood that the various mangrove swamp habitats, adjacent wetland habitats and seagrass bed habitats have an important role in the aquatic fauna food chain, as feeding, breeding and sheltering grounds for aquatic fauna.

There is much that remains to be learnt about habits and life cycles of aquatic faune which concerns the fishing industry along the Queensland coast. Therefore the study of mangrove habitats carried out by the Department of Fisheries' Research Station at Deception Bay is investigational work of considerable importance.

Freshwater Fish Farming

Considering the large number of farm dams constructed as irrigation water reservoirs in the area during recent years, these have also created possibilities for a freshwater fish farming industry once suitable fish species are found for this type of aquatic environment. Some of the quite large farm dams that were constructed certainly appear to have the potential in this direction.

9. 04 Beekeeping in the Caboolture Shire:

Honeybees are maintained in the Caboolture Shire by migratory, part-time and hobbyist beekeepers. Originally it was one of Queensland's best honey producing areas but of recent years clearing of native floras for urban, agricultural, pastoral and pine forest developments has decreased its beekeeping value.

Over 4 000 beehives are maintained in the Shire these being managed by sever resident commercial apiarists, fifteen part-time and 26 hobbyists. Migratory beekeepers from elsewhere bring beehives into the Shire seasonally. The resident commercial apiarists migrate their honeybees to nectar and polen plants outside the Shire. 9-4

Honey and Pollen Flora

Common Name Botanical Name Flowering Period

Grey ironbark Eucalyptus drepanophylla July-December Brush box Tristania conferta December-January Paperbark tea-tree Melaleuca quinquenervia March-July Blue gum Eucalyptus tereticornis July-November Pink bloodwood Eucalyptus intermedia F ebruary-M ar ch White clover , Trifolium repens July-October Glycine and other Glycine wightii and others March-November tropical legumes River mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum October-November

The principal honey producing sections of the Shire are the wallum, (paperbark tea-tree, the irrigated flats of the Caboolture River and Stanley River basin (white clover) and the ranges and their lower slopes (grey ironbark and brush box). Tropical legume pastures and mangrove fringes also contribute.

Honeybees assist in the pollination of white clover, tropical legumes and particularly cucurbits such as pumpkins, watermelons and cucumbers.

Annual honey production by resident beekeepers is 110 tonnes, beeswax 1. 5 tonnes, queenbees sold 440, queenbees purchased from outside the Shire 438, including 10 from overseas.

The Shire of Caboolture is still reasonably important for beekeeping under the migratory system: in winter the wallum is useful as colonies of honeybees remain strong, produce honey and are maintained viable for the main honey producing season, which extends throughout spring on river flats and in summer in coastal ranges.

Equipment

The standard hive found in the Caboolture Shire is the 10-frame full-depth Landstroth, which is often used with only nine frames in honey supers and brood-chambers. Some beekeepers prefer the 8-frame size because it is lighter; a few use smaller hives known as "W.S. P. " Ideal" and "Half-depth".

Permanently sited honey houses are used for extracting the honey. These are equipped with power-driven multiple-frame extractors, all compactly arranged. Some large outfits couple two multiple-frame extractors in order to speed the process. Mechanical hive lifting diyices on trucks are a feature of their operation.

Management

Systems of management vary from the "let-alone" system of the smaller beekeepers to sophisticated methods used by the commercial 9-5 apiarists who manage colonies intensively in accordance with accepted bee husbandry techniques. These include migration, requeening, swarm control, disease and pest control, honey flora surveys, site selection and equipment maintenance.

Marketing

Honey may be sold locally by honey producers or transported to honey packers in 44 gallon drums for the intra - or interstate and overseas markets. Locally produced honey attracts a levy of 5£ per lb. which helps finance the activities of the Commonwealth Australian Honey Board, largely in relation to overseas export, research and sales promotion. Table 25. o Primary Production Miscellaneous Data ©

Rural Population on Holdings Male Tractors Gross Value of Primary Year Holdings Permanent on Production $'000 No. Male Female Total Workers Holdings "8 Agric, Pastoral Forestry Total Poultry Mining a 3 W w Dairyin I H 3 CO w 327 292 316 on 1962-63 543 1210 1040 2241 676 2738 3346 4 > r+ 518 964 2029 644 328 3266 433 272 3971 o 1963-64 1065 CO B I 523 953 637 344 3594 676 259 4529 1964-65 1068 2021 O 1965-66 502 n. a. n. a. n. a. 646 386 3973 580 135 4688 CO 1966-67 522 1078 941 2019 658 401 4579 531 184 5294 1967-68 610 1181 1035 2216 674 480 4990 662 357 6009 1968-69 620 1190 1032 2222 690 532 n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. 1969-70 628 1175 1033 2208 653 567 n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.

Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics. 10-2

10.02 Demography:

Table 26. Population Growth - Caboolture Shire

Year Males Females Total Caboolture Town

1933 2900 2416 5316 894 1947 3074 2642 5716 1133 1954 3769 3332 7101 1533 1961 4667 4210 8877 2068 1966 5268 4881 10149 2543 1971 12174 3240

Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics.

Table 27. Caboolture Shire - Moreton Statistics Division Age and Sex Structure - 1966

Age Male Female Total

0-4 252 231 483 5-9 299 267 566 10-14 291 282 573 15-19 217 187 404 20-24 133 106 219 25-29 92 112 204 30-34 136 127 263 35-39 149 . 144 293 40-44 150 169 319 45-49 163 121 284 50-54 140 129 269 55-59 119 105 224 60-64 117 135 252 65 + 332 270 6-2

Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics. 10 - 3

Table 28. Workforce Structure in Industries - 1966 (M. S.D.)

Industry Male Female Total

Fishing 18 1 19 Rural Industries 761 202 963 Forestry 101 - 101 Total 880 203 1083 Mining 6 6 12 Engineering 51 8 59 Vehicle Repairs 102 8 110 Yarns, Textiles 32 2 34 Clothing 2 71 73 Food, drink 113 37 150 Paper, printing 41 7 48 Other 152 11 163 Total Secondary Indus. 463 142 605 Electricity, water 55 - 55 Building construction 437 6 443 Transport 151 12 163 C ommuni cati on s 77 26 103 Finance 54 25 79 Commerce 373 176 549 Public Authority 40 14 54 Community Services 126 110 236 Hotels 60 88 148 Other 27 50 77 Total Work Force 2648 853 3501 ! Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics.

10.03 Transport Services: The Shire has 345 km of sealed roads, 358 km of formed roads, and 545 km of unformed roada. The Bruce Highway aw well as the main Northern Railway Line bisects the eastern half of the Shire.

The railway line branches off at Caboolture and terminates at Wamuran. This rail connection is maintained only for the purpose of pineapple transport to the Northgate Cannery.

10. 04 Secondary Industries: 10-4 Table 29. Secondary Industries

Deception Industry Caboolture Woodford Bay Other

Baker 3 1 _ - Builders 4 2 4 5 Blacksmiths 1 - - - Engineers 3 - - 1 Saw Mills 4 3 1 5 Caravan Factory 1 - - - Milk & Cheese Factory 1 1 - - Hatcheries 1 - - 1 Saddlers 2 - - 1 Soft Drink Factory 1 - - - Clothing Factories 2 - - - Chipping Plant AP. M. 1 - - - Brick & Concrete 1 - 1 - Quarry 1 - - - Banana Ripeners 1 - - 1 Newspaper Co. 1 - - - Tannery - - - 1 Butchers 4 3 1 4 Bacon Factory 1 - - -

10.05 Tertiary Services:

Table 30.

Services Caboolture Woodford Deception Other Bay

Auctioneers 2 1 1 2 Banks 3 2 - 3 C arriers-General 3 2 1 - Dentist 2 1 - - Doctors 3 1 - 1 Hotels 2 1 - 2 Newsagents 1 1 1 4 Vet. Surgeon 1 - - - Library 1 - - - Solicitors 2 - - - Bus. Services 1 - - 2 Agric. Machinery 1 1 - Produce Agencies Co-operatives 1 1 1 2

Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics. 10-5

10. 06 Community Services:

Health The nearest hospital facilities are at Redcliffe. Q. A. T. B. service is available at Caboolture and Bribie Island.

Education There are 16 schools in the Shire.

Table 31. School Pupils - Caboolture Shire

Totals estimated as at 1-8-69.

Pupils Male Female Total

Primary Government Schools 797 711 ) 1646 N on-Government 63 75 ) Secondary Government Schools 436 413 849 Non-Gevernment

The R.S.S.A.I.L.A. War Veterans' Home is located at Caboolture.

10.07 Associations:

Kindergarten Historical Society R.S.L. Masonic Lodge Apex Oddfellow Lodge Rotary Club P. A. & I. Society Q.C.W.A. R.O.A.B. Lodge Chamber of Commerce Red Cross Society

10. 08 State Services to Primary Producers:

Department of Primary Industries. Horticulture Branch Caboolture Agriculture Branch Caboolture Dairy Field Services Caboolture Poutlry Caboolture Veterinary Services Caboolture Soil Conservation Ipswich Plant Pathology & Entomology Brisbane or Nambour Economic Services Branch Brisbane Beef Cattle Husbandry Branch Brisbane Forestry Department Beer bur rum Irrigation & Water Supply Commission Brisbane Lands Department Brisbane. 11-1

Section 11.

ECONOMICS

Prepared by:- L.C. Hannah, Agricultural Economist. Brisbane.

11.01 Introduction:

Tobacco growing and horticulture are the principal farming activities in the Caboolture Shire. Dairying, poultry and beef are the principal livestock enterprises.

Gross Margins analysis and partial budgeting have been used in this economic assessment.

A gross margin in simply Gross Returns minus Variable Costs. There are two reasons for calculating a gross margin rather than the net profit.

(a) Variable, or operating costs, such as fuel, fertilizer, etc. are relatively easy to determine and can be precisely allocated to one particular crop or livestock enterprise.

(b) Fixed costs or overheads (e. g., depreciation, interest, rent, rates, taxes etc.) are sometimes difficult to accurately allocate to an enterprise.

The use of gross margins for the purposes of comparison suffers from the limiting assumption that the different farming activities are using the same amounts of fixed resources. It must also be remembered that the gross margin is not the profit but is generally related to profit.

Where there is a change in the basic combination of resources partial budgeting should be used to compare enterprises. For some enterprises preliminary estimates of directly attributable Variable costs, only, have been included. Particularly for horticultural crops this practice has been followed largely to discourage the casual quotation of a "normal" gross margin range of margins.

11.02 Fodder Crops:

In 1970-71 about 1 700 acres were devoted to fodder crops. Oats, millet, forage sorghums and lucerne are of greatest importance.

Estimates of the direct costs of production, that is the out-of- pocket expenses associated with growing a crop have been included for oats and millet. A summary of the other fodder crop growing costs have been included.

Full details of direct costs of production for the various fodder crops can be found by referring to the Kilcoy Shire Handbook, Section 11 "Economics". 11-2

I. Grazing Oats

Oats are grown principally as a winter supplementary grazing crop. The average area sown each year is about 1 100 acres. The main variety grown is Saia.

Direct Variable Costs/Acre Dryland Irrigated

Land Preparation $ $ Fuel and Oil 2 hrs @ 70 $ 1-40 Fuel and Oil 3 hrs @ 70 t* 2.10

Seed Saia: 1 bus @ $4. 40 4. 40 lj bus @ $4. 40 6. 60

or Bentland: 1 bus® $3.10 3.10 l\ bus @ $3.10 4. 65

Fertilizer 8 inches @ 60

TOTAL DIRECT VARIABLE COSTS/ACRE

Saia 9.20 21.80 or Bentland 7.90 19.85

Note: The cost structure will depend very heavily on the fertility of the soil, the available soil water and the rainfall during the growing and grazing period.

II. Millet

About 240 acres of millet was grown for use as green fodder in 1970-71. An additional 30 acres was harvested for grain.

Direct Variable Costs/Acre $

Land Preparation

Fuel and Oil etc. 2 hrs @ 70

5.80 11 - 3 III. Summary of Grazing Crops The following summary of the annual direct growing costs per acre of grazing crops is only meant to be a general guide. Any decisions regarding the growing of fodder crops will have to be based on the individual farm situation. Factors such as the fertility status of the soil, and available soil water will cause variations in the per acre costs of such things as fertilizer and seed.

Dryland Dryland Irrig. Dolichos Cow Crop Barley Mlet Sorghum Oats Oats Lab Lab Peas

Fuel and Oil* 1.75 1.40 1.40 2.10 0.70 0.70 1. 40 Seed 1.75 2.65 4. 40 6.60 3.60 1.52 1.00 (2) Fertilizer 3.40 3.40 3. 40 8.30 1.25 1.25 3.40 (3) Irrigation - - - 4.80 - - - Total 6. 90 7.45 9.20 21.80 5. 55 3.47 5.80

Note: (1) Tractor operating costs have been estimated on the basis of the following: -

30-40 D.B. Horsepower Diesel Tractor Fuel and oil 40«?/hr Repairs 20«?/hr Tyres 10c7hr

70«?/hr (2) Fertilizer costs are net of cartage. (3) Irrigation costs can vary from 20 cents to $1. 00 per hour depending on the power source.

11.03 Pastures:

Pasture recommendations will vary according to the soil type, rainfall and availability of water for irrigation, frost incidence, etc. For the purposes of summarizing the direct costs of pastures establishment, examples of general recommendations have been included for a range of soil types.

On average about 50 per cent of new pastures are established under the Dairy Pasture Subsidy Scheme which offers a maximum subisdy payment of $14 per acre. Generally, subsidy payments will cover the bulk of cash-out-of-pocket expenses associated with establishment of temperate pastures but not of the higher cost tropical species.

Pasture Establishment

The per acre costs of establishment have been estimated for the recommended pasture and fertilizer mixtures in the area. Pasture recommendations have been classified according to the situation with respect to the soil type. 11-4

I. Red Volcanic Soils

(a) 5i^?SiZ^l2X?£

Land Preparation and Planting $ Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hr @ 70

TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 17.50

(b) Oversowing with Clover

On steeper slopes where conventional land preparation is impossible or where weed infestation may result from disturbing the sward Kikuyu pastures can be improved by applying a heavy dressing of phosphatic fertilizer plus an improved strain of white clover

Seed 6 lb Ladino White Clover @ $1. 10/lb 6. 60 Fertilizer Fuel and oil etc. 1 hr @ 70£ . 70 6 cwt Super (. 02% Mo) @ $27/ton 8.10

TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 15.40

Note: Careful management and the initial heavy dressing of Super mean that clover can be maintained as a year round component of these pastures.

II. Wallum Soils

(a) Pangola Land preparation and planting $ Fuel and oil etc. 5 lirs @ 70

TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 24.75 11-5

(b) Namti jS£teriji_-jCrree D: 1 tM P— !L™2Q}^-^3dSilver_le&f Desmodium

Land preparation and planting $ Fuel and oil etc. 4 hours @ 10$ 2. 80 Seed 3 lb Nandi Setaria @ $1. 57/lb 4. 71 1 lb Greenleaf Desmodium @ $1. 72/lb 1. 72 2 lb Silverleaf Desmodium @ $2. 60/lb 5. 20 Fertilizer 5 cwt Dolomite @ $20/ton 5. 00 1 cwt Ammonium Nitrate @ $70/ton 3. 50 6 cwt Super (. o2% Mo) @ $27/ton 8.10 1 cwt Muriate of Potash @ $74/ton 3. 70

TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 34.73

Note: Development of Wallum areas in the Shire has principally been to pine forest by the AP.M.

III. Scrub Soils

(a) Frost Free Areas

Green Panic - Glycine - Siratro Land preparation Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hours @ 70c" 2. 80 Seed 4 lb Green Panic @ 65

TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 17.00

(b) ^z^j^jy^iiLtP-^^iiL Nandi Setaria - Greenleaf Desmodium - Siratro Land preparation Fuel Oil etc. 4 hours @ 70 cents 2.80 Seed 4 lb Mandi Setaria @ $1.57/lb 6. 28 11-6

2 lb Greenleaf Desmodium @ $1. 72/lb 3. 44 2 lb Siratro @ $2. 68/lb 5. 3C Fertilizer 4 cwt super (. 02%) Mo @ $27/ton 5. 40

TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 23.28

Note: The higher soil fertility levels of scrub soils are favourable to the Glycines. The lower seed costs mean that higher planting rates can be used. Other legumes may be included as a form of insurance against poor growth rate in the Glycine component.

IV. Forest Soils

(a) J^T -_g?od drainage

Nandi Setaria - Siratro - Greenleaf Desmodium Land preparation $ Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hours @ 70£ 2. 80 Seed 2 lb Nandi Setaria @ $1. 57/lb 3.14 2 lb Siratro @ $2. 68/lb 5.36 1 lb Greenleaf Desmodium @ $1. 72/lb 1. 72 Fertilizer 6 cwt Super (. 02% Mo) @ $27/ton 8.10

TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 21.12

(b) Poor Drainage

Paspalum Plicatulum - Clover Land Preparation Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hours @ 70

TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 18.40 11-7

V. Alluvial Soil

(a) ?Z?_.IL£!££.I_£}£X£r_ Raingrown Irrigated Land Preparation Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hrs @ 70<* 2. 80 2. 80 Seed 4 1bK. V. Rye @ 28(?/lb 1.12 8 lb K. V. Rye @ 28

TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 18.82 23.34

AVERAGE ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE/ ANNUM (4 years) 4. 70 5. 84

(b) Lu.9_e_Tn.e_ Land preparation Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hrs. @ 70£ 2.80 Seed 16 lb @ 38«?/lb 6.08 Fertilizer 6 cwt Super (. 02% Mo) @ $27/ton 8.10 Irrigation

6" @ 60

TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE 20. 58

ANNUAL COSTS/ACRE (4 years) 5. 15

Summary of Improved Pastures

The following is a summary of the total direct costs of pasture establishment per acre. A summary of annual maintenance costs has also been included. 11-8

1 Situation Pasture Fuel & Fert- Irrig- Total Oil etc seed ilizer ation Estab. Annual Costs/ Maint. Acre

(a)Kikuyu-Clover 2.80 6.60 8.10 17.50 3.40 (b)Oversowing Soil s .70 6.60 8.10 15.40 3.40 Clover Volcani c [ . Re d

3 Ul (a) Pangola 3.50 3.00 18.25 24.75 15.70 •—1 r-H (b)Nandi-Setaria So i -Desmodiums 2.80 11.63 20.30 34.73 6.10 II . Wa i

w (a)G.P. -Glycine rH 2.80 8.80 5.40 17.00 3.40 •rH - Siratro •_S ow g (b)Nandi-Setaria CO 2.80 15.08 3.40 -Desmodium - 5.40 23.28 1—I I—I Siratro 1—1

"S « (a)NandiSetaria h O -Siratro - 2.80 10.22 8.10 21.12 4.75 o co Desm odium fo (b)Paspalum- 2.80 7.50 8.10 18.40 4.75

IV . Clover

(a)Rye grass - 2.80 4.42 11.60 18.82 3. 40 Clover 2.80 8.84 8.10 3.60 23.34 7.00 . •—' (b) Lucerne 2.80 6.08 8.10 3.60 20.58 7.00 I-* -rH

In this examination of pasture establishment costs it must be noted that: - (1) There are many more species suitable for establishment on each of the soil types and which are eligible for subsidy under the D. P. S. Scheme.

(2) The total seed costs are low because only the minimum recommendations have been followed. Planting rates will vary greatly depending on the situation with respect to such things as available soil moisture, rainfall and irrigation, and weed incidence.

(3) Additional establishment costs will include, (a) pre-cropping, where pastures are being established on virgin land or where there are weed problems resulting from soildisturbance, (b) legume innoculation, (c) lime pelleting legume seed. 11-9

(4) The average annual establishment costs have been estimated for the temperate pasture species. Annual maintenance costs huve been included for both tropical and temperate species.

(5) Annual maintenance has been estimated on the basis of the cost of the recommended maintenance dressing of 2cwt of superphosphate plus tractor operating costs for 1 hour. Other fertilizers may be needed from time to time. For unirrigated pangola pastures about 100 lb of nitrogen is required annually. Higher dressings of super are required on the lesser fertile wallum and forest soils. Slashing may also be required. Strategic use of nitrogen may be warranted to fill particular feed gaps. Irrigation costs have been included in annual maintenance costs where necessary.

Livestock

11.04 Dairying:

I. Introduction

Although dairying is still the most important livestock interprise the industry in the area is experiencing a slow decline. Over the period 1963-64 to 1968-69, the number of dairy farms decreased at an average rate of 14 per year from 279 to 196, while average herd size increased from 83 to 96 head. Most of those farmers leaving dairying have moved into beef production, while a few have obtained alternative employment in the shire. As at 16-5-72, 4 farms had been sold for amalgamation under the Marginal Dairy Farms Reconstruction Scheme. Some farms have been sold to land developers anticipating further suburban development North of Brisbane. The A. P.M. are also buying land for pine plantations.

II. Production.

Although cow numbers have been declining by an average of 600/year since 1960-61, total milk production has continued to rise due to an increase in annual average production per cow. In 1969-70 about 4 900 000 gallons of milk were produced. Over the 10 year period 1960-61 to 1969-70 average production per cow rose over 150 per cent from 263 gallons to 401 gallons. Total district butter production underwent a more fluctuating trend over the same period.

Only 7 dairy farmers herd recorded in 1971. Average production from this group was approximately 472 gallons per cow or about 18 per cent above the current average.

HI. Costs per Dairy Cow.

The main costs of maintaining a dairy cow are feed costs. These vary according to the level of purchased feed per cow, seasonal conditions, soil type, farm size and the types of crops grown. There are other costs which will not vary greatly from year to year. Likely ranges of these costs are: - 11 - 10

Item Cost Range/ cow

$ Electricity 3. 00 - 5. 00 Animal Health 2. 00 - 4. 00 Other Livestock Expenses _ . -I ,. AT ^» VjU — I. UU including A.I. Dairy requisites 1. 00 - 1. 50 Sundry 1.00-2.00 11.00 - 19.50

IV. Marketing.

Dairy produce in the Caboolture Shire is marketed principally through the Caboolture Co-operative Association. Twelve dairy farms supply milk directly to Pauls in Brisbane and some cream producers deliver supplies to the Maleny butter factory.

The Caboolture Co-op Association has factories at Caboolture, Woodford and Eumundi as well as a receival depot at Pomona. Butter, milk, cheese and yoghurt are produced.

The Caboolture factory has a quota of 4 300 gallons of milk per day to the Brisbane Milk Board and sales of pasteurised milk are made throughout the shires of Caboolture, Kilcoy and Pine Rivers and to the City of Redcliffe.

There are 252 cream suppliers and 150 milk suppliers currently delivering to the Caboolture Co-op, 88. 5% or 106 farmers supply bulk milk. The price for quota milk has risen from 47 cents in March 1971 to its present level of 52 cents per gaoon. The price of manufacturing milk is 57 cents per lb. butterfat, and cream prices per lb. butter fat for choice, first grade and second grade are 45. 5 cents, 44. 5 cents and 42. 0 cents respectively. Both the prices of cream and manufacturing milk have undergone a fluctuation rise since 1967-68. Market milk quotas are allocated by the board of directors and are set every year as a percentage of milk shipped in over a three monthly period between April and July. Expected sales of milk are calculated and compared with production during "Quota" months of the year.

The percentage of total factory intake which is required for market milk is calculated, and each farmer receives as a quota, the same percentage of his farm's total production in that period. In 1971-72 Quotas were set at approximately 63% of farm production during the "Quota" months. The maximum quota that a new supplier can be allocated is 20 gallons per day. In the second year of quota supply this can be increased to 35 gallons per day and there after yearly increases of 10 gallons per day.

Milk cartage costs are 2. 5 cents per gallon of quota milk and 1. 5 cents per gallon of manufactured milk. Cartage costs for cream suppliers who are mainly in outlying areas are about 8 cents per gallon of cream. A bulk milk premium of 0. 5 cents per gallon is paid and a manufacturing charge is levied on each gallon of quota milk supplied in order to meet expenses involved in supplying the co-operative's quota to the Brisbane Milk Board. 11 -11 There is no waiting list for quotas and the rate at which farmers supplying cream are switching to milk production is a very slow one. Deterrents to a farmer changing over include cash expenses such as total monthly repayments on the milk vat, of between $450 and $500 per annum for a vat in the $3 000 range, manufacturing charges of 3. 5 cents per gallon of quota milk and the cost of skim milk replacement for calves and pigs which ranges from 7 cents to 10 cents per lb. butterfat if skim milk is used efficiently as a protein feed. In addition there are intagible disadvantages such as the necessity to milk year round.

Comparison of Quota Milk, Manufacturing Milk (a) and Cream

Price cartage/ Price Bulk per per gallon Deduct- Net Price Unit gallon milk ions Mi]k per gallon of milk Premium of milk

Quota Milk 52c7gal. 52c* -2. 5

(a) Assuming milk at 4 per cent B. f. and cream at 40 % B. f

The net price per gallon of milk is the price at the farm gate.

11.05 Beef:

I. Introduction.

Beef is mainly of importance as a sideline enterprise to dairying. The occasional poultry, pineapple and banana farmer also may have a beef sideline. Some beef producers are actually part time farmers with full time Jobs in the Caboolture Shire. Beef cattle holdings in the shire are generally very small with areas between 300 and 400 acres. There are a minority of much larger holdings with areas between 1 000 and 4 000 acres. The reason for the small sizes of many beef holdings is that most were originally small dairy farms. Some of the producers on smaller holdings lease forestry reserve land, principally from the A. P.M. , to increase their available grazing acreage.

The number of holdings carrying beef cattle has increased by an average of about 11 farms each year for the last 7 years to 1970-71. Total beef and vealer numbers have increased 138% over the same period while average herd size has increased from 44 to 63. The small herds reflect the sideline nature of the beef enterprises.

II. Production

Beef breeding and fattening are of equal importance in the Shire. Stock are mainly raised on native pasture. Store cattle are 11 - 12

purchased from Toogoolawah and more recently from Ipswich. Store yearling prices are presently between $90 and $95 landed. Boboy calves are purchased from Woodford at prices between $20 and $22.

III. Marketing

Fattened cattle are generally sent to Cannon Hill. Commission on cattle sales is usually about 4 to 5 per cent. Cartage costs to Cannon Hill are about $1. 20 per head. Vealer calves and stores are either sold from farm to farm or through Mctaggarts and the Kilcoy Shire yards. Cartage to Kilcoy is $0. 70 per head.

IV. Gross Margins - Examples

(a) Running 100 breeders and selling cattle @ 2| - 3 years of age.

Gro s s_Returns

(Assuming 80 per cent branding, 3 per cent breeder deaths and 20 per cent breeder replacements each year) $ 17 Cull Cows @ $110 1870 20 Vealers @ $85 1 700 40 Steers @ $29. 00/100 lb. dressed weight 5 800

9 370

Variable^_osts per_100_breeders

Bull depreciation, $200 over 5 year life, with 3 buls per 100 breeders 120.00 Pregnancy Testing 50 cents/breeder 50. 00 Medical Supplies $2. 00/breeder 200. 00 Dips, minerals, stock licks $2. 00/breeder 200.00 Commonwealth Beef slaughtering levy 45

This would give a gross margin of about $82. 00 per breeder to cover crop growing costs, purchased feed, overhead, capital charges and profit. Stocking rates are between 1 beast to 4 or 5 acres. It must be stressed that both this and the following gross margin are examples. Any advice that might be given to a farmer must be based on his own figures for the various cost and returns items. 11 - 13

(b) Fattening 100 yearling stock

Gross_Re_turn.£_

100 fat cattle @ $30/100 lb dressed weight (500) 15 000 v'ariabLe Costs per 100 Steers

100 yearlings @ $90 9 000 Medical supplies @ $1. 00/head 100 Dips @ $1. 00/head 100 Commonwealth Beef Slaughtering Levy 45$/head 45 Commission 5% of sales 750 Cartage to Cannon Hill @ $1. 20/head 120 Stock assessment @ 7. 5 cents/head 7.50 iiuJTalo fly tax @ l£/$12 gross sales 12. 50

10 135.00

This would give a gross margin of about $49 per head to cover the annual average costs of pasture establishment and crop growing, as well as purchased feed costs, overhead, capital charges and profit.

Fattening is carried out on improved tropical pastures. These are mainly in newly developed Wallum areas where the larger properties are situated. The minimum turnoff time for a yearling steer would be about 12 months while the actual time will depend upon the age and condition of the animal purchased and on pasture management.

The decision whether to breed or fatten will depend on The availability of improved pastures or fodder crops The costs and availability of store cattle The property size

V. Partial Budgeting

The trend towards running a beef sideline enterprise in conjunction with a dairy herd is a continuing one. To aid in advising on the possible benefits of a partial changeover to beef the partial budgeting technique is appropriate. This is derived by determining additional receipts plus reduced costs, and subtracting from this reduced receipts plus additional costs. The net figure is the marginal advantage, or disadvantage of the proposed change. The partial budget approach takes into account all of the inter-enterprise relationships.

VI. Partial Budget Analysis of a Dairy-Beef Farm

The following partial budget is an example of how a partial changeover to beef could be analysed. Any advice on a production decision should be based on the individual's own figures. 11 - 14

Example

A farmer is at present milking a mixed herd of 70 cows. His milk quota is at present only 50 gallons per day. He also runs 40 beef cows and sells vealers. Because he is dissatisified with his low quota and i1s potential rate of increase, he considers culling 20 of his poorer milk cows and replacing them with 25 beef cows. It is estimated that this would increase his average milk production from 450 gallons to 500 gallons per cow.. His quota is likely to be reduced about 10 per cent to 45 gallons per day. He does not expect to change his feed plans sub- stantially. He expects the 25 beef cows to be worth about the same as the 20 dairy cows.

He expects to save about $300 per year in labour costs, by means of this partial enterprise shift.

Additional Receipts:

Sale of 18 vealers calves yearly @ $85 1 530 Sale of 1 cull beef cow @ $110 110

TOTAL ADDITIONAL RECEIPTS 1 640

Reduced Costs:

Labour saving 300 Reduced veterinary charges @ $2/head 40 Electricity saving @ $3/head 60

TOTAL REDUCED COSTS 400

ADDITIONAL RECEIPTS PLUS REDUCED COSTS 2 040

Additional Costs:

Cartage on 18 Vealers to Kilcoy @ 70^/head 13 Commission on Vealers @ 5% 76

TOTAL ADDITIONAL COSTS 89

Reduced Receipts: 1 825 gallons of quota milk @ 46. 5 cents/gallon 4 675 gallons of manufactured milk @ 4% B.f @ 22.6

TOTAL REDUCED RECEIPTS

ADDITIONAL COSTS PLUS REDUCED RECEIPTS 2 259

NET ADVANCE OF PROPOSED CHANGE $2 040 - $2 259 -$219 11 - 15

This example partial budget would indicate that the proposed partial enterprise shift would result in a $219 reduction in net income. Whether or not the farmer considers this favourable will depend on his appraisal of the dairy situation in the long term.

Other factors such as the reduction in labouttme may also have a bearing on his decision.

11.06

Pigs are only of minor importance in the shire. Sow numbers rose 47% over the 11 year period 1960-61 to 1970-71 from 447 to 657 sows. Pigs are kept in conjunction with dairying and poultry but just over half the sows are located on three large piggeries each currently having over 100 sows. The remainder of the farms on which pigs are raised have an average of 3 sows.

On the major piggeries pre mixed rations are fed, on one piggery whey from the cheese factory at Woodford is also used. None purchased grain although on one extensive piggery the animals are grazed on pasture.

Suggested Balanced Ration of Skim Milk Feeding

Liveweight Pints Skim Milk Cereal Grain (lb.) per day lb./day

50 4 2 70 4. 5 2. 5 90 5 3 110 5. 5 3. 5 130 5. 5 4 150 and 5. 5 4.5 over

Source: "Farm Management Handbook"., Economic Services Branch, Department of Primary Industries.

Note: Generally 3 sows will provide enough skim milk to feed one sow and her offspring to market weight. This would be about 1 500 gallons of skim milk per sow. When skim milk is fed at levels greater than 100 gallons per baconer, it begins to replace grain as an energy source, rather than as a protein supplement, and hence the value per gallon of skim drops.

When skim milk is fed to pigs judiciously each gallon can replace feed costing 5 to 6 cents. As extra skim is fed, the value of each extra gallon will decrease.

Pigs are sold at bacon weight usually under contract to the Darling Downs Co-op Bacon Association Limited (K. R. Darling Downs) at Doboy in Brisbane. The current price for baconers is 25 cents per lb. dressed weight. This would give a gross return of $33. 80 per baconer with a dressed weight of 130 lb. On farmer sells Weaners under contract to a fattener in Brisbane for $12 each. 11 - 16

11.07 Poultry:

I. Introduction There are 30 farms producing commercial poultry in the Caboolture Shire. The present number represents a 23% contraction, over the period from 1963-64 when there were 37 commercial poultry holdings. All facets of the poultry industry are represented in the shire. There are two hatcheries selling day-old chicks, and other producers sell fertile eggs under contract and "started pullets" at point- of-lay. Most producers are engaged in either egg or broiler production.

II. Egg Production Egg producing commercial poultry farms in the Caboolture Shire have an average size of 8 500 birds however the range is from 5 000 to more than 35 000 birds. The total egg production in 1970-71 was 1 236 819 dozen. Average egg production is about 17 dozen eggs over the laying life of the hen. Industry leaders consider that at least 10 000 layers are required to provide one man with a "reasonable" living from egg production at present.

III. Marketing

Sales of eggs are controlled by the Egg Marketing Board, South East Queensland which has three systems operating as follows:

ungraded egg supply to the Board, the Producer Pack Scheme whereby approved growers can supply shell eggs pre packed into Board cartons for delivery to the Board; an allowance of 2 cents per dozen from Board Handling charges is given to producers who pack under this scheme. permit holders have selling permits allowing them to sell directly to the retailer; they pay all Board charges including a permit administration charge except Handling and cartage which account for about two thirds of the total decductions for the producer supplying ungraded eggs to the Board.

Eggs are sold under all three of these schemes in the Caboolture Shire.

Current average returns to growers for all grades are about 24-25 cents per dozen after deductions of all Board charges and Levies as well as the Commonwealth Hen Levy as indicated below.

Average Returns to Producers (Eggs -All Grades)

Period Gross Board Herl Levy Net Charges From 1-7-71 to 31-12-71 38.13 6.56 6. 00 25. 57 4 weeks ended 2 9-1-72 37.16 6.70 6. 00 24. 46 Progressive to 29-1-72 38.01 6.58 6. 00 25. 43

Source: E.M. B. Bulletin Feb. 1972 and the Egg Marketing Board's Report to the Director of Marketing 1970-71. 11 - 17

Note: This assumes that a grower is supplying ungraded eggs to the Board.

The hen levy is assumed to be $1 per bird per year. This is equivalent to about 6. 00c per dozen assuming a laying period of 52 weeks and a production of 17 dozen eggs.

IV. Cost of Own Reared Replacement

The cost per bird will vary according to the age at which it is considered that the rearing period ends. However for practical purposes the "point of lay" can be considered to be 20 weeks and if transferred to the laying cages before this must still be fed to that age.

Variable Costs per Bird Reared (after allowing for 11% losses) c Day old chicks 33.2 L.P. gas for brooding 1.2 Medication 2.7 Litter 0.8 Casual labour 0.5 Electricity 0.6 Sundry 0.5 Feed 64. 5

104.0

Total Cost 1.04

Many farmers in the shire rear their own replacements.

V. Gross Margin - Egg Production

It is assumed that all fed is bought in ready mixed $59 per ton and that the birds are housed at 20 weeks and are culled after 52 weeks laying. Losses are assumed to be 18% over the 52 weeks.

Incom£ per bird_h£used

Net egg return per dozen from Board 24£ 25

Total 4.45 4.62 4.79 4.96 11 - 17

Running Costs Bird (own reared) 1.04 90 lb feed at $59/ton 2. 66 Medication 0.03 Casual labour 0. 03

3.76

Margin per bird 0.69 0.86 1.03 1.20

Notes:

1. For each $5 per short ton change in laying feed costs, the margin per bird will change by 22. 5 cents.

2. Net egg returns were between 28 cents and 27 cents in 1970-71. In the first two months of 1972 returns were between 24 cents and 25 cents. Further falls are possible.

VI. Farm Mixed Feeds

In the Caboolture Shire 15 per cent of farmers mix their own feed.

There are two alternatives available to those who mix their own feed: -

(1) Purchase of a complete protein concentrate

This product contains 45% - 50% protein plus all necessary vitamins as well as some minerals. The normal formula for mixing one short ton of laying mash is: Grain 1 440 lb

Plus: $ Concentrate 290 lb. at $135 per short ton 19. 58 Limestone 40 lb. at $20 per short ton 40 Shell grit 100 lb. at $45 per short ton 2. 25 Hard grit 40 lb at $8 per short ton 16 Lucerne meal 90 lb. at $70 per short ton 3. 18

25.57

The cost of grain landed in the Caboolture Shire will vary but if the running costs of milling and mixing are assumed tobe $4. 20 per short ton (fuel, repairs, maintenance, and casual labour) then the cost of the farm mixed feed is as shown below:

Cost of Grain Cost of 1 440 lb Cost of other Cost of Feed per long ton Grain Ingredients per shor ton $ $ $ $ 40 25.72 25.57 55.49 44 28. 29 25.57 58.06 48 30. 86 25.57 60.63 52 33.43 25.57 63.20 56 36.00 25.57 65.77 60 38.57 25.57 68. 34 11 - 18

(2) Purchase of Individual Ingredients

When no concentrate is used it is necessary to use a "multi vitamin and mineral premix" costing about $1. 70 per short ton of completely home mixed feed. Instead of the concentrate varying amounts of fish meal, meat meal or soybean meal are used together with the other components of the ration.

VII. Broilers

Broilers are raised under contract to the major chicken meat processors. Most producers in the Caboolture Shire have contracts with either Provincial Traders or Inghams Enterprises in Brisbane. The way the contract systems operates is basically that the processors provide the chickens, feed and usually medication while the grower provides the shedding and labour. The processors may provide other services if the grower desires and some growers lease feed bins and have their sheds disinfected by the processing firms. During the rearing period which usually ranges between 9-10 weeks the chickens are subject to a weekly inspection by a representative of the processing firm supplying the contract.

At the end of the rearing period the processor sends a catching team to the farm to round up the birds and they are then trans- ported to Brisbane where the chickens are weighed and the rearer's return is determined. The processors generally provide some guaranteed minimum margin above the coat of chickens, feed and medication.

The conditions under which the bird is to be reared will depend on the processing firm with which the contract is held. They recommend bird density, litter use policy, and other shed requirements.

Producers in the Caboolture Shire are disadvantaged because of the distance from the processing works and in addition to freight costs they have to pay road tax. Average current capital requirements for sheds, which includes lighting, water connection and watering facilities, automatic feeders and hot air facilities for the brooding area is currently about $1. 20/bird. This does not include the cost of land and feed bins. The number of batches reared in a year is usually about 4. 5 but this depends on the processor. Batch size will depend on the terms of the contract but the largest broiler grower in the shire has in excess of 50 000 birds.

A comparison of Costs for Principal Contractors *

Item P. T. L. Inghams

Cost of Day-old Chicks/100 17.50 18. 98 Cost of Feed/ton 100.00 97.00 Guaranteed Margin over chicks feed and medication (or equivalent)/ 7 .50 9.00 100 birds

February, 1972. 11 - 19

Note:

The cost of day-old chicks is inclusive of debeaking and fowl pox innoculation. The feed cost is an average of the ration costs for the starting- growing-finishing period. The margin is the guaranteed lower limit or its equivalent. Both firms consistently pay well above the guaranteed margins. The grower has the choice of either paying cash for these items or having them deducted from his total returns from the processor.

Feed

The feed conversion ratio will determine feed costs. This is in turn affected by the culling rate, the general health of the bird, the quality of the feed and the time of year when a batch is reared. Feed costs per 100 birds reared for a range of likely feed conversion ratios are set out below.

2.00 2.10 2.30 2.30 2.35 Bird Weight (lbs) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 Feed Cost® $100/short/toni/ $ $ $ $ $ 100 birds 40 42 44 46 47

Cost£/Batch_

(Assuming a batch of 16 000 chicks in a single shed with losses of 5 per cent and a feed conversion ratio of 2.2) $ Day-old chicks @ $17. 50/100 2 800.00 Feed @ $100/short ton (Caboolture) 6 700.00 Sawdust litter @ $34/shed 34.00 Medication 130.00 Electricity 30.00 Healing Fuel 30 gals @ 60$/gal 18.00 Repairs and Maintenance 40.00 Shed cleaning costs (tra ctor, fuel insecticides, disinfectants etc. ) 140.00 Casual Labour 100.00 Sundry 20.00

10 012.00

Costs/100 birds 62. 45 D£ducti^on_s_per_100 _birds Day-old chicks 17.50 Feed 44.00 Medication •80

62.30 11 - 20

Under the assumed cost structure the following table of returns for a range of margins can be drawn up.

Item Costs, Returns/100 birds

$ $ $ $ $ $ (1) Day-old Chicks 62.30 62. 30 62.30 62.30 62.30 62.30 Feed, medication (2) Margin above (1) 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00

Total (1 + 2) 69.80 70.30 70.80 71.30 71.80 72. 30 Total Batch 62.45 62.45 62.45 62.45 62.45 62.45 Running Costs

Return available for ownership 7.35 7.85 8.35 8.85 9.35 9.85 costs etc.

Note: The return is not the gross margin because it covers the 15 cents remainder of batch running costs as well as overheads, depreciation on plant and equipment, capital charges and profit.

Currently it is considered that at least 41 000 birds per batch would be required to provide one man, solely engaged in broiler production, with a reasonable living

11. 08 Horticulture - A General Note:

A wide range of horticultural crops is grown in the shire. The major portion of the horticultural sector consists of the plantation fruits, pineapples and bananas, which together account for 34 per cent of area of land under crops or fallow. Other plantation fruits of importance are strawberries, and more recently smaller amounts of passionfruit and table grapes. Orchard fruits are usually grown as small sidelines. Oranges, lemons, mandarins and lately avocadoes make up the largest tree populations.

Vegetable growing mainly cnetres around melons, and early pumpkins, as well as tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and cucumbers. Other vegetable crops such as zuchinis, peas and beans are of less importance.

The more important horticultural crops have been discussed in relation to Areas of crop and numbers of growers Production trends Direct growing costs Prices Sources of further information

It needs to be carefully noted that the types of costs incurred are based on Horticulture Branch recommendation for possible contingencies that may arise in connection with Ihe growing of any particular horticultural 11 - 21 crop in the area. Any particular farmer would not have the quoted cost structure because their crop husbandry practices would largely be dictated by physical and even economic conditions before and during the growing period and at harvesting. Other costs such as harvesting and freight charges would be related to crop yields. Notes have been made on those cost items which are likely to experience extreme, variation.

Hence the direct growing costs quoted are meant to be an example of the types of costs items that can arise. They should not be quoted offhand when examining any particular situation.

Gross returns will depend on yields and market conditions. Both are subject to wide variation any any attempt to describe "likely returns" is difficult. Any attempt to relate costs and returns in the form of a gross margin must be done in closest consultation with the particular farmer to which advice is being given.

Estimations of direct costs per acre and associated market prices have been for pineapples, bananas, strawberries, pumpkins and watermelons.

I. Plantation Fruit

Pineapples are the most important plantation crop in the shire. There was a 170% increase in the bearing acreage over the period 1960-61 to 1970-71. In 1970-71 there were 1362 bearing acres and 798 acres not bearing. The estimated average area per farm is about 20 acres with about 90 gr6wers.

Estimated production in 1970-71 was 16 168 tons with 12 981 tons or about 80% being sent to the Cannery at Northgate and the remainder to the fresh fruit market.

Direct Costs per Acre

The following summary is based on the direct costs associated with growing a plant crop and a first ratoon with a 40 month crop cycle.

Land preparation Fuel and Oil etc. 23 hours @ $0. 70/hour 16.10 Planting*1 * Fuel and Oil etc. 12 hours @ $0. 70/hour 8. 40 Fertilizing Fuel and Oil 13 hours @ $0. 70/hour 9.10 Fertilizer 226.00 Cultivation/Weed Control Fuel and Oil 1. 6 hours @ $0. 70/hour 1.10 Weedicide 33.00 Cascual Labour 9. 6 hours @ $. 1. 31/hour 12. 60 11 - 22 Physiological Problems (a) Sunburn/frost Paper Wool 7. 6 bales @ $2. 95/bale 22. 40 Cascuallabour 32 hours @ $1.31/hour 41. 90 (b) Flower induction Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hours @ $0. 70/hour 2. 80 Chemical 15.00 Pest Control Chemical 38.00 (3) Harvesting (40.tons) Fuel and Oil etc. 30 hours @ $0. 70/hour 21. 00 Cascual labour (Picking and loading) 72 hrs @ $1.31/hr 94.30 (4) Freight (40 tons) * Rail freight @ $3. 32/ton 132. 80

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS/ACRE 674.50

Note:

(1) Planting costs can vary by $200-$300 depending upon whether planting material is purchased or not. Most growers use their own planting material.

(2) Cultivation costs will vary slightly depending on the previous cropping history.

(3) A yield of 40 tons has been assumed for the two crops; an average of 20 tons each.

(4) Similarly freight has been estimated for 40 tons to the Cannery at Northgate. If fresh fruit is sold average cartage costs are about $33/ton to Southern outlets in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.

(5) No disease control costs have been included because disease is not usually a problem. Fresh fruit treatment after harvesting costs $150 per acre. No treatment is required for processing fruit.

Marketing

The market for pineapples operates on a two pool system. Briefly, a cannery supplier has a quota determined by the number of Pineapple Certificates he holds. Each certificate entitles him to a 3.6 ton share of the Number 1 Pool which supplies the domestic market. The number 2 Pool is unrestricted and supplies export commitments. A guaranteed minimum proce operates for the No. 1 Pool. The fresh fruit market absorbs only 20% of the tota] pineapple crop and is far less lucrative than No. 1 pool supply. Much of the fruit sold on the fresh fruit market is quota over-production. Fruit is sold with tops in 1^ bushel cases. To maintain a stable income and a fair return for effort it is necessary to have a cannery quota. 11 - 23

Prices

(a) Cannery Supply: In 1970-71 the No. 1 pool was paying about $90 per ton and the No. 2 pool $55 per ton.

(b) Fresh Fruit Market: The returns from fresh fruit are much lower than the cannery because of additional marketing costs and cartage costs. Prices in 1970-71 averaged about $2. 70 per carton of $81 per ton.

Sources of Information

A more complete account of all aspects of pineapple growing and associated costs can be found in the preliminary gross margins analysis (3rd draft) of pineapples put out by J. R. Hardman, Agricultural Economist, Gympie in preparation for the Horticulture Handbook. A later draft is in preparation.

2. Bananas

Bananas have declined in relative importance with increasing acreages of pineapples, however there was a 34 per cent absolute increase in acreage grown from 1960-61 to 1970-71. During this time there has been a decline in grower numbers from 113 to about 80. A total area of 1 129 acres was grown in 1970-71.

Production from the 1 011 bearing acres was 249 042 bushels. About 20 per cent of the crop is of the Lady Finger variety and the remain- ing 80 per cent Mons/Cavendish.

Direct Costs per Acre

The following summary of the direct costs per acre assumes an indefinite productive life for Mons/Cavendish varieties and 6 years for Lady Fingers". ** ** 11 - 24

Summary for Direct Costs Per Acre for Bananas

ITEM MONS/CAVENDISH LADY FINGER

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4, Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 5 - 6

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ Planting Planting materials 64.00 - - - 40.00 - - Fertilizer Basal 46.00 29.00 Side dr. 14.00 14.00 14.00 14. 00 8.50 8. 50 8.50 Weed Control Chemicals 11.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 11.00 14.00 14.00 Mister fuel 1.00 0.20 0.20 0. 20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Other operations Bagging (material costS> - 27.00 27.00 27. 00 - 17.00 17.00 Propping " • " 5.00 10.00 10. 00 Pest Control Chemicals 5.60 5. 60 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.60 Discox Control Chemicals - 33.00 33.00 33.00 - 33.00 33.00 Harvesting Materials - 145. 00 220.00 220.00 89.00 133. 00 Cartage 32.00 50.00 50.00 20.00 30.00 Commission ------Levies - 14. 60 25.00 25.00 - 8. 00 12.00

Total 141.60 290. 90 398.80 398.80 94.30 195. 30 253. 30

Assumptions

The assumptions under which these costs were estimated are ful]y set out in a gross margins analysis prepared by J. R. Hardman. A few points should be noted:

The cost of urea side dressing is based on a price of $85 per ton. Harvesting costs have been based on yields of 325 cartons (30-35 lb) and 500 cartons for the second and subsequent years respect- ively for Mons/Cavendish. Yields of 200 and 300 cartons have been assumed for second and subsequent production from Lady Finger. Cartage costs are based on an assumed cost of 10^/carton to the ripening room. 11 - 25

Cartons are supplied by the Ripener in some cases? No commission is paid on bananas.

Marketing

The Banana Industry is at present seeking a Stabilization scheme to rationalise production and ensure reasonable returns to growers. In Caboolture the local ripeners take over 70 per cent of the local crop with the remainder going to the C. O. D. ripening Room.

Prices

The prices paid by the local firms are similar to those paid by the C.O.D.

Sources

Production Details

J.R. Hardman Preliminary Gross Margin for Horticulture Handbook.

3. Strawberries

Production of strawberries in 1970-71 was 26 033 lbs. from 4 bearing acres. These figures are from the Agricultural and Pastoral Statistics published by the Bureau of Census and Statistics which requires holdings of 1 acre or more to complete a production return. As many holdings growing strawberries are less than 1 acre these figures are misleading.

Direct Costs per Acre $

Land preparation Fuel and Oil etc. 8. 5 hrs @ $0. 70/hour 6. 00 Cover Crops 5.00 Planting and Mulching Fuel and Oil etc. 5 hrs. @ $0. 70/hour 3. 50 Runners 1 400 @ $14/1 000 196.00 Casual labour 35. 00 Mulch (polythene) 4 000 @ $12/900 feet 53. 40 Casual labour 21.00 Fertilizer Fuel and Oil etc. 10. 5 hours @ $0. 70/hr. 7. 40 Basal Fertilizer 83. 00 Side dressing 2. 00 Weed Control Fuel and Oil etc. 2 hours @ $0. 70/hr 1. 40 Chemicals 13.00 Pest and Disease Control Fuel and Oil etc. 14 hours @ $0. 70/hr. 9. 80 Pesticide 68.00 Fungicides etc. 40. 00 11 - 26

Irrigation 44 inches @ $0.60/ac. in. 26.40 Harvesting and Packing (21 000 lb) (Assuming 50% is sent to the fresh fruit market and 50% to the Cannery) Casual labour (total requirements) 1 050. 00 Packing materials (fresh fruit only) 884. 00 Freight 10 500 lb @ (average) @ 68

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS/ACRE 3 773. 90

Note:

Cost items are subject to similar types of variations as those for pineapples and bananas.

Harvesting costs have been based on a contract rate of 10c7lb. for processing fruit depending on the availability of labour, the number of berries per bush and the number of picks necessary. The farmer usually picks his own fresh fruit because of labour quality problems. No charges have been made for the farmer's own labour or any permanent labour that would be necessary on larger plantations.

Freight charges are based on costs of road transport to Sydney and Melbourne with 60% of fresh fruit being sent to Sydney and the remaining 40% to Melbourne.

The actual percentages of a farmer's crop taken for fresh and processing fruit will vary widely; the 50:50 figure assumed is based on the State's total fruit distribution.

Most variation in the total direct costs per acre will be due to variations in harvesting and packing costs, freight and commission which in turn are related to variations in yield and market destinations.

Marketing

Most strawberries are sold for fresh fruit on the Sydney and Melbourne Wholesale Markets. A grower organisation, Sunland Strawberry Growers, arranges for group freight rates. Picking for fresh fruit begins in June. That for processing fruit is begun in August.

Prices

Prices of strawberries vary daily but the seasonal average price paid on the Brisbane Wholesale Market in 1971 was $5. 56 per carton (12 lb.). The average price paid by the Cannery was about 22 conls/lb. 11 - 27 Most growers in the Caboolture Shire consign the bulk of their fruit to the Sydney and Melbourne Wholesale Market.

Sources

Production and Marketing: J.R. Hardman (Preliminary Gross Margins Analysis of Strawberries in Preparation for the Horticulture Handbook)

Prices: information on average prices was obtained from Marketing Services Branch, Brisbane.

II. Vegetables

The same sorts of variations in the production cost structure that have been mentioned in relation to direct costs of the plantation fruits can be applied to the vegetable crops.

The direct costs per acre for the two vegetable crops treated should be viewed with this in mind.

1. Pumpkins

Over the 1960-61 to 1970-71 period the acreage of pumpkins has increased four fold from 110 to 456.

Direct Costs per Acre $ Land Preparation Fuel and Oil etc. 7. 5 hours @ $0. 70/hour 5.25 Planting Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hours @ $0. 70/hour 2. 80 Seed 2 lb./acre @ $1. 50/lb. 3.00 Fertilizer Fuel and Oil etc. , 3 hours @ $0. 70/hour 2.10 Fowl manure 2 ton/acre @ $5. 50/ton 11. 00 "Nitrophoska" (or equiv) 10 cwt/ac. @ $115/ton 57.50 Pest and Disease Control Chemical 35.00 Irrigation 8 inches @ $0. 60/ac. in Harvesting (8 tons) Casual labour 40. 00 Freight 8 tons @ $10.00/ton (Brisbane) ! 80.00 Commission 11% gross sales at Brisbane ($70/ton) Wholesale Markets only 61.60 TOTAL DIRECT COSTS/ACRE $298.25 11 - 28

Note:

Fertilizer spreading costs will vary from $2. 00 to $10.00 depending on the method of spreading fowl manure. Casual labour is employed to spread manure from a truck. Spreading costs are reduced by using a fertilizer spreader.

Pest and disease control costs usually range between $30 and $40 depending on the incidence of fungal disease.

Irrigation application costs vary from $0. 40 to $1. 00 depending on the power source.

A yield of 8 tons per acre has been assumed. Yields range from 6 to 10 tons per acre in the area depending on disease incidence and other factors.

Most larger producers harvest in bulk using casual labour for picking.

Freig"ht costs are based on freight charges to the Brisbane Market.

Commission is only paid at the Brisbane Wholesale Markets. No commission is paid at Sydney and Melbourne because all sales are through merchants.

Prices

The average price for the 1970 and 1971 early season crop in the Brisbane Wholesale markets were as summarised.

Pumpkins - Price/Ton (Brisbane Wholesale Markets)

Month 1970 1971

$ $ September 94.08 118.40 October 188.00 84.80 November 109.08 67.84

Source: Marketing Services Branch

2. Melons

Watermelons are the principal type grown and over the 1960-61 to 1970-71 period the acreage of all melons increased eight-fold. In 1970-71 there were 2 96 acres of melons with an estimated production of 264 tons. 11 - 29

Direct Costs per Acre $

Land Preparation (a) Green manure crop (Fuel and Oil, seed, Fertilizer) 15.35 (b) Correction of soil Ph dolomite 1 ton @ $18. 30/ton 18.30 (c) Cultivation Fuel and Oil, 5 hours @ $0. 70/hour 3. 50 Planting Seed, 2 lbs. @ $3. 00 6. 00 Fertilizer Fuel and Oil, 1 hour @ $0. 70/hour 0. 70 Fertilizers 37. 30 Cultivation/Weed Control Fuel and Oil 1. 5 hours @ $0. 70/hour 1. 00 Irrigation 8 inches @ $0. 60/ac.in. 4.80 Pest and Disease Control Chemical 36. 60 Mister fuel 0. 70 Harvesting Freight (Brisbane) 8 tons @ $10 per ton 80. 00 Commission 11% of gross sales ($269 = 8 tons @ 1.5

Marketing

The Caboolture area crop is usually sold on the Wholesale Markets in Brisbane and interstate.

Prices

The annual average wholesale prices for watermelons in Brisbane for the three years 1969-70 to 1971-72 were 3. 34, 3. 44 and 3. 5 cents per lb. respectively. The returns to an individual grower must be estimated on the basis of his own price and yield information or expectations.

Sources

Production details: J.R. Hardman, Preliminary Gross Margin.

Prices: Markeiing Services Branch. 11 - 30

11.09 Tobacco:

Forty per cent of the Moreton Tobacco crop is grown inthe Caboolture Shire.

The cost structure associated with growing an acre of tobacco can be divided into three components as follows:

(1) direct costs until harvesting, (relatively constant/acre)

(2) direct costs from harvesting to marketing, (relatively constant/lb.)

(3) overhead costs, which in turn can be subdivided into those relating to: -

acreage, eg. irrigation equipment,

the amount of leaf produced, e. g. , curing facilities which are perhaps the largest capital cost item,

and costs which are difficult to allocate e.g., owner operator labour, transport, rates, etc.

The tobacco industry is at present undergoing structural changes particularly in the presentation of leaf for marketing and the quoted costs are likely to change markedly in the next few years.

I. Direct Costs Until Harvesting

The following cost items represent an attempt to standardise the costs associated with tobacco culture. Cost items which are likely to vary have been noted.

Item Remarks

Materials Seedbeds (Materials only) 11.00 Little variation. Clover crop 6.00 Not all farmers would plant a cover crop. E.D.B. 20.00 Little variation. Fertilizer 66.00 Fertilizer costs will vary with soil type and previous fertilization of the soil. Fungicides 20.00 This could vary from $5 to $20 depending on Blue Mould incidence. Insecticides - D.D. T. 3.00 Once again, variation will depend on infestation within the crop, which in turn is influenced by climatic conditions etc. 11 - 31

Item $ Remarks

Azinphos 6.00 Lannate 41.00 Wetting Agent 2.00 Penar 23.00 More than 50% of growers use Penar. Tractor fuel 12.00 Little variation. Pumping costs 9.00 These will vary accord- ing to the type and size of the motor. Casual labour Planting 20.00 Most farms would use casual labour to help with planting Hand Hoeing 22.00 With increasing use of chemical weedicides the need for casual labour is decreasing. Topping and desuckering 13.00 Once again, with increas- ing use of Penar the casual labour requirement is being reduced. Penar application 16.00 At present only 50% of growers use Penar Worker's Compensation 2.00

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS 292.00 UNTIL HARVESTING

II. Direct Costs that Vary with Yields

These costs include harvesting, curing and baling costs, as well as, some of the marketing expenses which include freight from the farm to the sales floor, the Board and research levies, and ware house charges. These have been estimated for a range of yields per acre. 11 - 32

YIELD

ITEM 1 000 1 200 1 400 1 600 1 800 2 000

Harvesting 40.00 48.00 56.00 64.00 72.00 80.00 1 Stringing 38.00 45.60 53.20 60.80 68.40 76.00 Loading barn 6.00 7.20 8.40 9.60 10.80 12.00 Unloading, cutting and bulking 12.00 14.40 16.80 19.20 21.60 24.00 Grading 130.00 156.00 182.00 208.00 234.00 260.00 Worker's Compensation 6.00 7.20 8.40 9.60 10.80 12.00 Allisan for barn rot control 2.00 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00 Curing & tractor fuel 40.00 48.00 56.00 64.00 72.00 80.00 Stringing twine, hessian & sew- ing twine 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 Freight to sales floor 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 Board levy 8.50 10.20 11. 90 13.60 15.30 17.00 Research levy 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 Warehouse charges 2.00 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00

TOTAL DIRECT COSTS THAT VAR1f WITH YIELDS 304.50 365.40 426.30 487.20 548.10 609.00

Note

The above costs have been estimated on the basis of the following assumptions:

Harvesting, casual labour, approximately 35 hours per 1 000 lb. , about 20% of farms used mechanical harvesting aids in 1971. These make harvesting easier and poorer quality labour could be hired. Stringing, contract rate 7 cents/stick (app. 21b) 40% of farms in the Moreton District used stringing machines in 1971 with considerable saving in casual labour costs; Loading, cutting and bulking, casual labour 10 hrs/1 000 lbs. Grading, contract rate, 13(p/lb, from 1973 bulk sorting and loose leaf selling may result in considerable cost reduction; 11 - 33

Levies, Board Levy 0.85 $/lb, Research Levy 0. 50

HI. Gross Income per Acre of Tobacco

This varies with yields and prices, and is subject to the deduction of 2. 5 per cent of the gross sales realisation as commission, and 0. 875 per cent of the gross sales realisation as insurance, a total of 3. 375 per cent of the gross sales realisation.

Gross Income after Deduction of 2. 5% Commission and 0. 875% Insurance

o t~ CA © in a> CD CO 7-H CO in CO i-H c-

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IV. Gross Margins Per Acre

The gross margin per acre is obtained by subtracting total direct costs from the gross realisation after commission and insurance. For example for a yield of 1 200 lb. per acre and a price of $1.10 the calculation would be $ Gross realisation less charges 1 276 less direct growing costs until harvesting 292 less direct costs that vary with yields 365 657

Gross Margin/Acre 619

The gross margin covers overhead costs, owner operator labour, capital charges and profit.

The results of a full series of these calculations are given in the following table.

Gross Margins per Acre

\Average N.price/ YieldXlb. $0. 95 $1.00 $1.05 $1 .10 $1 .15 $1 .20 $1 .25 $1 .30 $1 . 35 acre\

1 000 lb 321 369 417 466 514 563 611 656 708 1 200 lb 445 503 561 619 677 736 794 852 910 1 400 lb 568 636 704 772 840 907 975 1 043 1 111 1 600 lb 690 768 845 923 1 000 1 078 1 155 1 233 1 310 1 800 lb 814 931 988 1 075 1 163 1 250 1 337 1 424 1 511 2 000 lb 937 1 034 1 131 1 228 1 325 1 422 1 518 1 615 1 712

V.

Tobacco production is controlled by marketing quotas. The ranges of quotas in the Moreton District are as follows. 11 - 35

Moreton - Tobacco Quotas (Caboolture-Landsborough)

Size of Quota Group No. of Growers Group Production lb. lb.

up to 10 000 4 26 000 10 001 - 14 000 19 266 000 14 001 - 18 000 27 425 800 18 001 - 22 000 10 203 900 22 001 - 2o 000 5 120 700 26 001 - 30 000 - - Over 30 000 6 263 600

TOTAL 71 1 306 000

Up to the present it has been industry policy to recommend that a minimum quota of 7 tons is required to earn a reasonable living from tobacco monoculture. Individual circumstances will be dictated by the equity in the farm and the scale of investment. Likewise advice on the purchasing of machinery such as stringing machines and bulk curing facilities will depend on the size of the quota attached to the farm. 12-1

Section 1 2

Primary Producers.

This list of landholders was extracted from Caboolturo Shire Council Offiae During January, 1972.

Name Portion Nos. Parish

Afton Pastoral Co. 37 Dvirundur Pty. Ltd. Alzitio, R,R. & B. 3V • • • Cabo oltu.ro 48 A.P.M. 157,32,47,65,16V, Caboolture 55605 117,85,25v,105,9V, 3,7.1,58,98,6A - 3", 14V, 59,60-72 (104, 108 - Bu) 57,77,83A,67,78,83, 103,112,144^18,80, 45,109,46,74,56,71 & 1V,2V a H - V. 197 Conondale 4,12,H,6V-9V,33, Toorbul 34,20,22V,56,74,26, 35,64,65,69,72,79, 89 83,98,114-116,2OT, Burpengary 23V, 31V - R. 1,84,5,87,87V,401, Caxiaing 9OV,134V,135V,89V, 170,1 30V,20,28V,54V, 8V,13V,277,115,4OV, 41V, 42V, 43V,48V, 51V, 65V, 427,82A,86A,86V, 93V, 95,121,141,143 SI Por. 26 Redcliffe 350/360, 365 Lot 1 H.P. 115886 Lot 1 R.P. 115290 516 11V, Lot 2 R.P. Durundur 111632, Lot 2 R.P. 127817,1 25,17V,65, 19,22,78V,60,60, Lot 2 R.P. 122026, 153,122,139V,128, 141,191,148,197,197, 198,198;208,210-21 2, 213,329,214,252,216, 221, Lot 2'R.P. 107220,277,279,280, 311,325,357, Lot 2 R.P. 106545, Lot 2 R.P. 110010,184,405 1A,5V,1OA,33V,H5,7, ¥? ra"ba 31,1O,11,33,1OV,11, 12V, 17,94,21,39V,62, 64,65,67,93 49 "\foorua Aquilina, O.S. 11.i ¥araba 43 Andrews, H.R., S.U., II. 49V Durundur 160 Armstrong, S. & B. 34,94A Caboolturo 115 Aucin, L. 16 Waraba 33 Austin, K.P. 41,59,41,26 Pine 211 Austral Plywoods p/L 1V,5V,31,32 Toorbul 1720 12-2

Name Fogtion Kos. Area

Back, T.Q. 38, 49 Durundur 330 Barnes, N.J.R. 47A Canning 51 Bartel & Alexander 35V Canning 65 Bass, 0. 29 Pine 400 Bastri, H. & 1. 82V Canning 63 Batcman, E.J. 181,182,183 Durundur 457 Bateman, E.T. 186 Durun&ur 289 Bateman, I.F., K. 187 Durundur 279 Bauer, C.G. & G.M. Cahoolture 975 Beanland, A.D. 27,55,88,92A,66 601 7V,117V, 183,194, Byron Bebbere, V, 55V Canning 153 Behrens, A. P114425 Waraba 68 Behrens, A, & L, 9,11A Canning 533 Behrens, L. 58,59,9,11A Waraba 121 Behrens, S.J. 82 Durum? \r 193 Bennett, B. 91 Durundux 56 Bernhagen, L.G. Byron 350 Berquier, H. & H. 60 Canning 160 151, 127 •DeSb, A. Wrraba 115 Bestman, O.G. 58V Toorbul 405 26 Tine 11V,15V Bill, A.G. Canning 93 Bill, A.R. 105 Canning 79 Bishop, A.A. 12-14,108,107,18 Canning 166 Bishop, A.R. 49-51 Conondale 95 Bishop, C.E. 38-42,110 Toorbul 350 201-95 Tin© Bishop, D.¥. 5 Toorbul 194 Bishop, J.A. 37,36 Toorbul 66 Bishop, J.E. 29 Tine 128 Bishop, M.J. 13V Tine 212 Bishop, S.E. 66 Toorbul 320 Bishop, R.H. 19,33 Tine 476 Black, C.H. & B.J. 15,30 Durundur 108 Black, G.H. 32A,20V,23V Durundur 319 Bleakley, A.M.A., 146 Durundur 744 E.V.T., H.C.M. 54 Bleakley, A.P. 115,H6,41V,341,343 Durundur 446 Bleakley, E.V.I., 170,259 Durundut 45 H.C.M. 459 Bleakley, H.R. P115944 Caboolture 250 Bleakley, R.J. 84 Caboolture 298 Bleakley, T.C, 101,108,141 Byron 335 Boden, G.E. 27V Waraba 173 Boden and Howell 11V Canning 64 Bohen, H.A, 41,43 Burpongary 42 Bouna, E.H. 286 Durundur 339 Boyle, G.A., A.F. 316 Durundur 128 Brandon Grazing Co. 187-188,183,46,201 Conondale 2271 282,283 Durundur Brandt, K. & M.F. Por. 1 R71/72 Por 92 Varaba 47 Brittain, B.W. 238 Durundur 105 Brooks, R.E. 429,439,22V DurundUJ 355 Brough, P.J. & N.J. 38,49,68 Durundur 325 Brough, R. C., K.J. 181,183 Durundur 292 Broim, J.C. 188 Durundur 113 Bubhe, M.A. 11V Canning 88 Bubke, ¥.T. & M. 124V Durundur 98 Buch, R.S. & J. & 67 Tine 137 K.H. Buchanan, C.J. 4-10 Burpengary 196 Buchanan, Tf.J. 510 Redcliffe 49 12-5

Name Portion Nos. Parish Area Buckingham, H.S. 47,6V,9^,247,657, Durundur 3829 & S.A. 87,96V, 118,1357, 142V,62A,62V,23V, 134V,71,1287,127V, 130A, 1347,71,129 327,328,440 Buckley, D.'\ & Y.S. 19 Woorim 48 Bandy, H.J. 30 Waraba 168 Burke, G. 387,388 Durundvur 79 Burke, H. 146,386 Durundur 128 Buseddn, G. & P. 29V Waraba 160 Butler, P.A. 157 Canning 105 Cabrera Bros. 77 Caboolture 110 Cabrera, J. & P. * 297,317 Caboolture 220 A. & S. Cambewarra Pastures 337,359,339 Durundur 250 Campbell, J.C. 23A Tine 310 Campbell, R, 370,288 Durundur 198 Campbell, T.A. 315 DurunduX 53 Campbell, H. 317 Durundttic 121 Campbell, T.C. 317 Jurundur 171 Campbell, ¥. 204,205 Conondalo 197 Campus, A. Waraba 60 Carooldine, D. 14 Toorbul 41 C=>rseldine, G.A. 1257 Beorwah 160 Carseldine, G.O. 781 Caboolture 308 29A, 68,1'0,5,44 Pino Carseldine, Z. 3A Caboolture 85 Carseldine, 0. 87 Caboclture 501 Cash, V.D. 191 Byron 83 Chadwick, A.H. 74 Caboolture 97 Chamberlain & Strong 30,81 Tine 313 Chambers, A.R. 21,21 Pine 175 Chambers, C.J. 381/382,224 Durundur 458 Chambers, D.17. & I.J. 26 Durundui 100 Chambers, J.N. (Deod) Lot E.P. 106991,26 Durundur 962 27,98,27,98,269 Chambers, H.V. 83,27,150,83,46 Durundux 404 Chambers, R.A. 203,185 Durundur 545 Chandler, J.H. 172,188 Byron 21-9 402 Durundur Chapman, D.J. & M.J. 847,237,687,447 Durundur 280 Chappel, D. 27,117,452,453,454, Durundur 349 455 Ch?.ppell, I.A. 217 Durundur 160 Chicken, D. & V. J. 297 Redcliffe 100 Clark, J.V. 2-55,P116609 Toorbul 635 Clark, i.if. P116609 Toorbul 506 Cobbv R.A, 367,45 Waraba 41 Cobb, T. 247 Waraba 80 Cochran, J.n. 338 Durundur 104 Corbould, H.E. 1217, Byron 451 59 \faniba 142 Canning Corotens, J.D. 47 Canning 86 Cosso, M. & L, 317 Caboolture 86 Crocombc-, L.G. 219 Durundur 128 Cruice, I.J.F. 190,189,188 Durundur 1162 Cuccuru, H. 420,421 Canning 54 Cunning, W.J. 206 Conondale 152 Dale, A.L. 148 Canning 158 Damiani, E. 597 Canning 150 Davies, E.A. & J.C. 274,271 Beerwah 75 Davies, R.A. 247,39,29 Pine 341 179,196 Byron iii-4

Hang Portion JJos. ?"1-risn. -rea Davis, E.1I. 29,36V,41V,24-V Pine 236 Davis, J. & E.E. 10,2,84,133V Canning 290 Daves, J.C. 196 Conondale 160 Dawson Valley Pastoral R.P. 122628 Waraba 122 Co. Pty. Ltd. Day, C.J. 2,83,84,133V Canning 115 Day, TJ.C. 03 Burpongary 148 Daybell, ¥.A. 195 Conondale 150 Del-rosso, F. 226,227 CanrLing 129 DickBon, T. & D.J. 14 Caboolture 36 Dobson, A. 66,92 Caboolture 391 Dobson, J. 21V Caboolture 160 Dobson, J.W. 53V Uar-.ba 59 Dobson, R. 51,454 ¥'.rab:t 286 Douhaniaria, T, 26V Canning 160 Doyle and Hunt 14V,17V Toorbul 292 Draper, A.E.G. 175,176,361 Durui '.ur 438 Draper, A.J.E. 86,89,90,126,4V,U3 Durundur 918 Draper, E.II. 4V 59 Durundur 110 Draper, L.lf., 4.L., 149 Durundur 73 Z.J. Draper, W.G. 46A Durundur 358 Duane, J»H., J.W. 207 Durundur 263 Duke, J.A. & Way J.A. 75,19- Toorbul 458 Duke, T.K. (deed) 99V Conning 60 Dun, C.L. 186 Conondale 305 Duncan, A»A. 21,52V Pino 218 Duncan, A.C. 8V Byron 530 Duncan, A.H. 29 Pine 242 95 Byron Duncan, C,G. 11A Waraba 59 Duncan, D.I. 419 Durundur 30 Duncan, K.W. 40V,39 Pine 64 Duncombe, J. 11,12,3,13-15 Caboolturo 369 Dunconbo, J.M. P11 •• 2075 Caboolture 792 DunoombG, J.K. & D,E. 87A Whitoside 174 Duncombe, P.L. 46-51,50A, 101 Burpengary 122 Dunning, V.J. 204 Durundur 300 Du Rietz, C.C. 190 Byron 94 Eaton, E.P. 87V,147V Durundur 252 Baton, E.E. 17,90V, 133V Durundur 752 Baton, G.E. 127,154,171 Durundur 601 Eaton, G.E., H.G. 177,389 Durundur 244 Eaton, J..\. (deed) 1,161,172 Durundur 611 &,ft -JJ.Itp TJ . Eaton, E.S. 84V,22,104V Byron 248 Eaton, L. C. 92 Durundur 154 Eiser, M.B. 40V Byron 155 Elbom, E.E. P124932, P108129 Toorbul 101 Eliason, H.J, & P.J. 9 Wcraba 41 Elliott, A.G. 73V-75V Canning 488 Embrey, L.J. 97,11 Uaraba 114 Embrey, R.G. 76V Canning 158 Embrey, R.P. 97,22,30V Iforaba 260 Emery, J.R. P123984 Burpengary 65 English, C.J. 62V,124,130A,93 Durundur 160 Facer, F. £ M. 47V Conondale 175 Fehim, K. 54V, 127V Canning 127 Ferguson, H.H. 373,374,375 Durundur 107 Pensham, A. & H.I-I, 56V Canning 58 Ferris, ¥.B. 238 Durundur 292 Ferris, ¥.J. 30V,40V Durundur 277 Firinu, A. 7, HA ¥^raba 54 Fischle, C. 117 Canning 127 12-5

.Name Portion Uos. P-Tish. Area.

Fletcher,' ITfB. 1027 Durundur 157 Fletcher/ E.R;- 53,9.1 Durunduir 125 Flux, D.G". " 42 Caboolture 140 Flux, S. 20 Waraba 267 Forstfer, C.:J. 8V-' Byron 220 Fax," C." ' 135V Canning' 50' Fox,' H.' &'K, 185 Conondale 252 Fox, R.O'. ' 135V Canning 55 Francis, E.J. 21 Pine 657 • • 69V,111T,P109029 Byron Francis', J".S. 75,75-1,73 Canning 64 Franci3, S.J. 21 Pine 167 123V,115V Byron Frank, W.E. 19 Wr.ratn 68 Franks, VJL.' 16,22 \fcraba 76 Franz, N.A. 54. Caboolt\ire 54 Fraser, D. & J. 5V • Burpengary 82 Fredline, L.1,* & 1,2 T.Jarabo 295 A.H.M. Fullerton, -&.J. P124630 Cabining' Fyfe, J.C. ' 65V,59V Byron 260 Fyfe, 'J.C., B.L. 15V Durundur 156

Gaiko,' H.J. 105 Caboolture 50 Gamgee, A.2, & D.L. 11, Lot 2 R.P. W-iraba 75 114195 Gannon, K.J. 69 Pine 53 Gannon, K.J. & P.M. 39 Pine 340 Garner," S.I. 216 Conondale 89 Giffney, T.' 73 Canning 50 Gilbert, A.W. 14V Canning 120 Gillespie, C.B. 21V Warabn 73 Gillespie, T.TJ. 29 Pine 224 Good, D.O. 62 ' Tine 49 Govelsnd, J. & ¥. 4r "feraba 444 Gouen, J.M. 81V,19V - Canning 299 Gowen, J.H. & I. if.' 818-820 Beerwah 143 Graham, J.L. & B.F. 451 Boorw-ih 35 Grant, U, R.W. 217 Durundur 466 Gray, C.L. 3 Caboolture 108 Gray, J.¥. 48V 'Jnraba 181 Grazing Reserves P/I 20,23 Caboolturo 259 Green, C.H. 207,208,254 Conondale 424 Greening, t'J.J. 32V Canning 83 Grigg, C.H. 14V Durundur 72 Grigg, J.C. 32V Waraba 160 Grigg, J.C., B.E. 19,22,R.L.197O Waraba 124 * * Durundur Grimbergen', L.J. 26 Pine 184 Grimsey, L. 39 Tine 112 Gulbransen, B. I P. 73,21 • Pine 371 Gynther, B.H., Ii.B.' 10 Waraba 120 Hall, H. 120 (265-D) Byron 316 Hill, M.E. 12V Durundur 157 Hall, tf.S. ' 10V • Durundur 160 Hammond, "cf.J. 413,419,-W Canning 104 Hanford, K..V. 21 Pine 92 Hansman, S.L. 34 Varaba 78 Hardy, J.G. 3,7S129,65. ,65,71, Canning 293 129V Harm, C.R. 21 Pine 199 • 192 Byron 12-6

Hame Portion |fos. Pariah •irea

Harper, A.J. 11A Waraba 90 Harper, A.J. 11A Warab-a 43 (Trustee) Harris, C,J. 32V Byron 160 Harris, J.T. 8,9" Caboolture 69 Harrison, K'«* 25V ¥araba 318 Hausman.-, K.J. 62,63 Canning 71 Hausman, E.G. 9V Byron ' 200 Hausman, S,L. 33,34 Caboolture 130 Heckelnann, P.M. 353 Darundui 177 Heisner, J.T, 687 Byron 195 Heisner, S.J. 687 Byron 200 Hemsley, R. G., A. 310 Durundur 131 Hennessey, D. & M.B. 78A Durandiir 65 Hennessey, J.D. 24.71A Durundur 64 Hennessey, P.K. 27V,74V,91Vf79 Dururdux 782 & E.P. Hession, V.A. 180 Durundur 375 Hewitt, J.H. 174,H2 Durundux 570 157 Byron Hewitt, R.V. 247,70 Pine 143 Hewitt, W.B. 94 Byron 160 Hichelmaon, P.M. 139 Byron 176 Hickey, D.J. 83,133V,16 Canning 167 Hicks, F.A. 428 Canning 50 Hill, R.J. 52,60 Waraba 53 Hinchcliffe, G.J. 70V Canning 123 Hobbs, D,W. 12 Toorbul 172 Holloy, ¥.J. & E. 397 Durundur 144 Hoomineg, T.J. 225 Canning 44 Home, E.J. 34,12,82,93 Byron 240 Home, E.J.tf. 40V Pine 92 Hume, S.B. 104 Tine 116 Hunt, CM, 6V Burpengaiy 160 Hunter, D.G., D.R. 315 Durundur 353

I.C.I, of Aust. & 71, 129 Durundur 213 IT.Z. Ltd. Ironer, P. & K. 106 Canning 59 Ismail, S. 46V Canning 76

Jackson, A.D. 49,51,52 Waraba 212 Jamea, C. 1A,84A,90-W Caboolture 389 28 T/araba James, C. (Snr.) 2A,96 Caboolture 467 James, C.R. 29,29 Caboolture 640 James, K. 3 Pine 245 James, M.D.M., P.J. 13V Durundur 32 James, P.. 1A Caboolture 413 James, S.C. 65 C-lining 72 James, W. 75 Pine 274 Jensen, E.R.C. 88V,122 Canning 68 Johnson, B. & A. 40V IJaraba 261 Johnson, W.L. P122344 ffaraba 51 Johnston, D.I. 212 Colondale 121 Johnstone, 17.J. 106V, 378, ;35 Durundur 711 Joy, R.H. 60V Canning 100 Juffs, D. ft P.M. 60,133 Durundur 198 Ju3ter, M.R. & J. P116117 Burpengary 121

Eajewski, I. & E. P120290,192,193 Conondale 261 & B.B. Kasakoff, R.B. & J. 64V Canning 160 Keillor, G.F. 65 Caboolture 254 Keir, D.A. 194,198 Conondele 543 Kennedy, B.D. 50 Conondale 187 Kennedy, D.P. 2"1 Conondale 268 12-7

flamo Portion Nos. Parish ^roa Kerr, J.M. & G.K. 83V Durundur 160 King, C. Pi 21-630 Canning 70 King, D.H.W. 390 Durundur 173 King, V.T.D. 38,49,68,94 Durundur 330 Kirby, G. 307,308 Durundur 925 Kirby, G.J. 159 Durundur 160 Kirby, 7. 80.160 Durundur ELoo, D. P118978 Caboolturo 223 Knapp, ¥.S., E.tf., 348,128V Durundur 88 G.E. 185 Klein, J. 222,223 Durundur 682 Knight, K.R. 118 Byron 321 Knight, D.J. & R.A. 33 HI, 3, SH, R2, Rodcliffe 52 S17, R2,S2,51O Komrr.us, J. 33V Caboolture 144 Kondi, H. 100V,101V Conning 52 Koppen, V.M. & D.G. 32 Waraba 49 Krause, B.C. 32,34 Burpengary 130 R1,S2,R2,S2 - 510, Eedcliffe 67 S1,R4/5,517,R2,S2 - 510 Krause, P.O. S6,R2,S2 - 510 Reddiffe 42 Krisanski, E. 10V BjTOn 445 Kropp, D.S. 391 Durundur 88 Kruger, E.L.i. 192,192 Durundur 445 Kunde, \1. 32V,21 Toorbul 665 4,68,239 Canning Landen, G.E. 49 ¥oorim 480 Lane, K. & S.H. 80- Burpengary 39 Lamer, L.S. & E.H. 205 Durundur 318 La Spina, G, 106 Caboolture 276 Lee, V.M. 1V Caboolture 710 85,29V,33V,57 Tine 37V Canning Leek, A.R. <.", C.E. 456,54 Durundur 179 Leeson, S.E. 422,S.G.P. 70.71 Durundur 1160 S.F.R. 832 (3 yrs. from 1970) Loeson, S.E. S: S.E. 30,160,S.F. 832 Durandur 400 Lehman, A. 1 Toorbul 100 Lemmon, J.C. 22 Tine 66 Lovington, E. •i 15V Byron 218 Lindsay, A.V. P"10733 Caboolture 101 Lindsay, A. & I. & K. 60 Vhraba 172 Lindsay, B. 46A,7V Vferaba 260 Lindsay, D.G. 3V,52V v^araba 261 Lindsay, D.J. P1098C7 Uaro.ba 730 Lindsay, H.1I. Lot 1 E.P. 111659 'Jaraba 125 Lindsay, I. 10 Waraba 112 Lindsay, J. 50V,51V,21,13V,49V, Waraba 1260 69,49,53V,6O,69 Lindsay, K. 46 Waraba 242 Lindsay, M. 96 Caboolturo 327 Lindsay, P.J. 3V Burpengary 80 Lindsay, R, 15V Waraba 182 Lindsay, W. Lot 4 E.P. <15097 Waraba 431 Litherland, G. 4,5,6V Iferaba 284 Little, A.ff., E.E., 510 EeAcliffe 217 Hall, L.L, Livingstone, E.A. 190 Conondale 164 Long, E.L. 6,26V,23V Toorbul 477 Lovehin, D.G. 27V,29,78,77 Burpengary 261 12-8

Nan^e Portion 11 os. Parian .Jea Loweke, C.V. 44V,627 Byron 182 Lynch, G.H.U. 3OV, 131V Canning 164

Mabb, M.C. 19 Toorbul 64 Macukinny, H.J.L. O.L. 37 ¥oorim 4250 McClintoch, R.H, 19 *Iars.ba 370 McClure, D.L. 2A,96 Caboolture 39 McClure, J.¥. 78 Caboolture -i 30 McClure, L.R. 49 Waraba 201 McClure, ¥.K. 12 Waraba 63 McConnell, C.T. 23 ¥araba. 160 McC03kGT, F. & H.P, 45A,53,32,34 Vfaraba 155 KcCullough, B.M. 28V,29,36V,39,24V Pine 164 MacKenzie, W.K.R. 7 ¥araba 85 McLaughlin, J.T. 119,114 Caboolturo 224 McNamara, E. 37V War"b-" 166 KcNamara, W.A. 29 Pine 310 McNeill, 3.A. 100,91 Duruadur 276 MeSwoeney, B.K. S.G.P.67/124 Part Durundur 499 R173,215,Pt. S.F.R. 173 McSweeney, K.J.H., 203 Durundur 167 J.R. McSweenoy, R.T, 76,111f76A Durundur 162 Male, G.F. 12V Canning 105 Male, G.F. & T,M. 122,123,400-405 Canning 850 Mangini, G. & V.C. 2, R.L. 5102 Warabc 78 Marcon, H.B. 1 Waraba 50 Marcsik, P._ 1 Maroskoi L.G, Durundur 1 ?$ i? MrshmaH^ JU . _ „ . Burpongar Jy m.Ttinf ff.B. &R.S.A. I&.135 DurfinaHr 4?3 Martin, I.M., B.I. 39V,316 Durundur 203 Martin, T.H, 213 Conondale 3H Mason, D,G. 89V,59,20 Durundur 307 Mcistors, ¥.H. 13V, 49V ¥araba 167 Mecklem, S.J. c% P. 29V Canning 84 Mellino, G. 18V Canning 50 Mellino, G. & C. 30V Caboolture 67 Memont, J.D. 97 Varaba 72 MeycxH, P.J. P111387 Conondale 39 Miller, D.M. 312 Durundur 399 T M±ller, R.' . •"'',2,10,10 Canning 113 Mob, A.E. 50 ¥araba 154 Mollenhagen, B.J. 1 ¥araba 178 Mollenhagen, R,^. 1 ¥araba 93 Moloney, J.H. 119,171 Canning 148 Moore, A.If. 76,77 Burpengary Moorhead, C.H. 29 Pine 271 Moreton Past. Co. 3,9 Caboolturo 151 Morgan, V. 10V,Lot1 R.P.109040 Rtioliffe 109 Morisson, E.D. w 46A Durundur 112 Draper, tf.G. 309 Morrison, V,M. 37,383 Durundur 401 Mountford, L, & D^H. 102 Durundur 90 Mundt, C.H. Deed., 362 Durundur 158 G.Ai.. & R. C« Mundt, G.A., R.C. 168/79 Durundur 157 Murray, V.C. 21 Pine 230 Murtas, D. & S. 228,230 Canning 203 ITcNabb, S. & M.R. 4"i,5A,4,96 Caboolturo 400 Newman, L. 11V,18V Caboolturo 265 Hewton, K. & Buckley, 63 ¥oraba 140 Til B. Hevrton, C. & M.H. P112075 Caboolturo 247 Newton, E.C. 38 Caboolture 100 Newton, J.C. 28 Caboolture 120 Newton, L.E. 2A,96,2A,96 Caboolturo 313 12-9

Portion Noa. Parish Area New York Enterprises 546,21V •Refccliffe '87 Pty. Ltd. Nichols, D.S. 19V Pine 519 12/10,158,86V Byron Nichols, G*A., i.I. 199,200 Durundur 734 Nichols, K.A. 20 Durundur 133 ITicholg_,, N.J. ,. *-&H.M. Burundur r 202 396 Nichols, R.H., D.J. 201 Durundtir 393 Nicholson, G.D, 32.45A Waraba Nicholson, M.Q. VJaraba 70 Nonraus, E.V. 33,24V Durundur 84 19V 247 OfBrion, B.E. 262,157,20,66,vO4 Durundur 449 O'Brien, V. 97A Burpengary 110 Offer, C.J. 40 Waraba 143 Old, N.A. 28V VJaraba 155 Oppes, P. & A. 2 Ware.ba 62 Orty, F. & 0. 5V Burpengary 78 Osboume, L.J. Lot 2 R.P. 109040 Redcliffe 43 Osborae, if.J. & M.M. S2, 9V Rodcliffe 160 O'Shea, K.J. 66 I/£iraba Ottosen, D.L. Caboolture 80 P124970 123 Page, A.G. & J.G. 79V,384 Durundur 527 Page, W.tf. 20,81,122V,70V Byron 362 Palman, S. & L.H. S1,3,32V Redcliffe 63 Pnreell, O.D. (Deed.) 42 VJborim 150 Paulus, S.J. 15.1,129,4V, 16 Byron 1525 85 Durundur Vnraba Pedler, A.E., P.M. 7 132 Pedwell, A.G. Pine 742 29~P,"4V-W,23V Byron Pedwell, IJ.L. 58,6V,14 V?.rabe 300 Penaspley Estates 35V,58,34V 256 Pty. Ltd. 196,196 Durundur Pesonen, A.K., & V. Lot 1 R.P. 123141, 56 Lot 1,2 R.P. 124141 Durundur P.G.H. Industries Lot 2 R. Plan 1179''7 72 (OJLd) Pty. Ltd. M.L. 1054 Redcliffe Philps, G.A. 77,41 190 Pierontozzi, D.P. 275-277 Caboolture 77 Pinna, S.G. 19 Beerwah 85 Poder, J. & P,M. 5V Uaraba 40 Polzoni, P.A, 24V Canning 31 Porter, J.B. 44V Uaraba 100 Potani, L. fc A. & S. 2!-V Canning 34 Powell, W.J.f. 72 V'araba 155 Price, R.V. 40 Waraba 46 Price, R.V. & B. 15 Caboolture 120 Prior, H.E. 197 Waraba 77 Prohaszka, J. P108234 Byron 108 Prosser, ¥.A, 13 Tine 160 Waraba Raaen, D.lf. 8; H.I1. 124V Durundur 65 Eainbow, N.P. 43 Varaba 84 Reid, T.G. 61 Tine 128 Rich, E. (Deed.) 84B Caboolture 255 RiChilian, J.H. . 34,14 Toorbul 91 Roberts, G.ti. 6V Durundur 240 Robertson, C.E. 2A,96 Caboolture 122 Robinson, F.N. 187,86V Byron 516 Robinson, G.A. 79V,96,195 Byron 371 Robinson, G.J. 21 Pine 200 Roderick,. F.1I. . R177 Durundur 58 Romley, V.L, & E.E. 87A Vhiteside 33 Roshid, A, 61 Ifaraba 130 Ross, A.J. f. H. de Lot 2 R.P. 115907 44 Vere Waraba 12-10 ffamo Portion ITos. Parish Area Rothan, A.¥.17. 97 Canning 165 Ruchen, R.H. 58 Yaraba 36 Rutler, L.C. 60 Tine 284

Sampson, A. 1,2,1,5 Caboolturc 90 Sampson, F, 51-53,91-93 Caboolturo 1572 Sompson, R. & A. 42,50,44 Varaba 163 Sanderson, R.L., B.S. 16 !/araba 33 Sartor, P. & B. 81 Waraba 195 72 Canning Savago, G.S. 60V Canning 45 Schiffhe 153,156 Canning 40 Schroder, P. 73 Canning 75 Schrodter, C.W. 7,8 Uaraba 43 Schultz, E.B. 73,73A Caboolturo 131 Scurr, W.J. 20V ¥arabp 189 Seccombe, L. Lot 2 R.P.108077,11A l/araba 50 Sheehan, D.G.H. & 340,344,345 Durundur 333 U.M. Shoehan, J.H. 342 Durundur 159 Shorrock, U.K. S; P.M. 21V TJaraba 70 Simpson, A.G. 41 Byron 160 Simpson, 11. 290,331 Durundur 338 Simpson, R..i. 197,197 Durundur 296 Simpson, S.R. 196 Durundur 142 Simpsons Sawmills 289 Durundur 207 Pty. Ltd... Sippel, *.*. 346 Durundur 96 Sirl, C.C. (Lood.) 182 Durundur 497 Small, u « 218,366,219 Durundur 311 Smith, B.C. 93A Caboolture 50 Smith, J.A. & J.H. 250 Canning 85 Smith, J.G. & L.F. 54,54 Durundur 219 Smith, L.P.D. 36V, 4W Pine 62 Smith, M. 61V Canning 145 Smith, 1T.0. 60 Varaba 44 Spinks, R.P. 38 Tine 239 Stanton, F.E. 46.62A Dumndur 560 Stanton, J.T. (Deed.) 39 Durundur 469 Stanton, W, 46 Durundur 135 Stephens, R.H. 309 Durundur 201 Stophensen, L.P. & B. 22V, 21V Ifaraba 125 Sullivan, C.J. 8V Cfebooltur© ;7 Sumsion, A.R.M. 38 •Jaraba 63 Sutton, K.H. 38 Iforaba 128

Taylor, R.S. 21V v'-raba 37 Thomas, C. 80 Byron 98 Thomoson, N.M. 13 Ifaraba 273 80,82 Byron Thomason, W.H. & A.R. 29 Pine •105 Thompson & Gitunm 123V,115V Byron 202 Thomson, A.H. t. 11.T. 4V,P108978,11A,8 VJarabi 824 Thompson, K, & G. 67,69 Canning 82 Torrens, A.T. 93 TJaraba 211 Torrens, C.G. 36/07,84 Burpcngary 315 Torrons, J.R. PI 30615 ?Jar?ba 211 Tracoy, II. T. 72,136 Durundur 239 Trentin, A, & c. 83V Canning 164 Trevoton, V.C. r S. 7,13V,49V •Jaraba 207 Trim, R.V. & H.K. 47,350,62V,101,47V, Durundur 1286 v7,69,281 Tripcony, R.A. 220 Durundur 299 Tripoony, R.J., I.G., 22,65,221 Durundur 170 15 a. Tumbriafe., R>s# 198,199,185,118V Byron 320 Turner, C.R. 189,199 Conondalo 160 Twist, J.H. 106 Burpangary 115 12-11

lame Portion Nos. Area University of Qld. 66 Woorim 600 Usher, C.W. 268 Canning 43 Vaughan, A. & H, 47V Canning 156 Venz, R.C. & Walkar, Lot 2 R.P. 1241 !-1 Durundur 104 J.C. Vorner & Hine 55V Pine 163 Victoria Cross 14V Durundur 391 Manufacturing Co.Ltd• Villamsdiano, M. & E, 84V Conning 154 Von Der Oho, O.D. 7 Warabo 52 7ade, R.W. 85V, Durundur 279 83 Waraba Wagner, P.K. 45 Waraba 86 Wain, W.L. &• O.R. 666 Rodcliffc 48 Waldron, G.K. & E.F. 1 Wareba 62 Walker, G. 33 B3rron 46 Walker, R.M. 249,54V,55V Canning 112 Wallace, E.D. U Toorbul 282 Wallace, J. & E. 1,4,435,14 Toorbul 348 Walmsby, E.J. 34V Caboolture 112 Warman, W.A. 71V Durundur 160 Webb, J.C. 169,168,347,349 Durundur 989 Webb, J.C. & R.W. Durundur 294 Webb, R.J. 178 Lot 2 R.P. 11 •'322, Durundur 252 Lot 1 R.P. 111322 Webber, L.G. Durundur 191 Ji 96,95,173 Webster, ,¥. 214 Conondale 317 "ebstor, D.W. 33V,130,28V Durundur •156 Webstar, G. 88,41V Durundur 409 109V Byron Webster, A.K. 375V,376A Redcliffo 50 Weior, R. & H. Ccxbooltur© 223 r 2A,96 l. est, R.A, 57V Canning 160 Westcott, R.B.J, & 13V Durundur 123 A.N. Wheaton, D.M. 69 C.-iboolturo 173 1-fliito, E.R. 21 Pine 95 lOiite, R.J. *7V Waraba 104 Siting, E.L. 55,42,56,57 Waraba 625 Wiersma, R. 19 Wmba 55 Wild, A.E. 93,103 Byron 242 Wild, I.G. 19,20,22,19,20,22, Durundur 608 19,22,65 Wilkinson, M.E. 106 Burpengary 47 Wilks, R.H., D.M. 91 Durundur 356 Willett, W.G. 200,199 Conondale 170 Williams, C.T. P120446 Caboolturo 423 19,20,22 Durundur 17,222 Canning Williams, F. (Snr.) 22V Waraba 80 Williams, F.R. 22V Waraba 193 Williams, L.G. 28V Pine 73 Wilton, J.E. 74 Durundur 154 Winhel, B.J. 21 Pine 134 111V Byron Winhel, J. 18V.17V Byron 320 Wiseman, P,W. 18V Durundur 160 Woldron, R.E. & J.M. 256 Conondale 121 Wood, J.G, 60V Byron 164 Woods, P.J. 39V,138 Durundur 392 U.255 Conondale Wright, R.J. 65,71 Conning 77 Wyman, J.M. 36V, 45 Waraba 50 12-12

Neme Portion. Nos. i^rea

Zaini, G. 27V Geboolturc 42 Zaini, H. 2¥ Burpengary 73 Zonou, B.A. 45,47,48,57,60,61 Canning 203 Zillman, C.H. (Deed.) 2A Catoolture 51 Zillman, C.H.S. 3,6 Jaraba 792 Estates Zivani, R. 24V Warsba 147 BIBLIOGRAPHY

References

Oxley Memorial Library - William Street, Brisbane. Caboolture Historical Society. Steven, N.C. - Geological Excursions in south-eastern Queensland. Coaldrake, J.E. - Ecosystem of the Coastal Lowlands, south- eastern Queensland. 1961. Brian, W. H. - The Red Earth residuals and their significance in south-eastern Queensland. (1939). Vallance, L.G. - A soil survey of the Beerburrum, Glasshouse Mts. and Beerwah Pineapple Districts. Vallance, L.G. & Lewcock, H.K. - The soils of the Beerburrum, Glasshouse Mts. - Beerwah Area and their suitability for Pineapple Culture. C. S.I. R. O. - Atlas of Australian Soils and Explanatory Data, part of sheet 4, collated by K. H. Northcote. C.S.I.R.O. - A factual key for the recognition of Australian Soils. 1967. (C.S.I.R.O. Aust. Div. Soils Div. I. Rep. No. 2/65). Co-ordinator-General's Dept. Queensland - Moreton Region. Natural Environment, Brisbane. 1972. Wheatley, C. H. - A climatological study of the near north coast district in south-east Queensland. Marketing Services Branch, Department of Primary Industries. Herbert, D.A. - The Vegetation of south-eastern Queensland.

The various data occurring in the tables of this handbook have their origin from the following official sources:

Bureau of Census and Statistics Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology, Brisbane. Department of Forestry, Beerburrum. Caboolture Shire Council. Department of Primary Industries.

A cknowle dgemen ts

The assistance given in the form of valuable advice and co-operation with the preparation of individual parts of this handbook by the following officers is gratefully acknowledged:

MissD.J. Beal, Extension Officer, Agriculture Branch, Department of Primary Industries. Mr. R.N. Hassall, Economist, Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane. Mr. L. C. Hannah, Agricultural Economist, Department of Primary Industries, who prepared the Section on Economics. Mr. J. Van Haeringen, Economist, Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane. Mr. I.J.L. Wood, Agriculture Branch, Brisbane. The Librarian, Central Library, Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane. Mr. C.II. Smith, Poultry Branch, Caboolture. Mr. J. Smith, Dairy Field Services, Caboolture. Mr. J.A. Baker, Horticulture Branch, Caboolture. Messrs. J. Goodwin and A. Nisbet, Veterinary Services, CabooBure. Mr. K.S. Bullen, Horticulture Branch, Caboolture. Mr. J.T. O'Rourke, Horticulture Branch, Caboolture. Mr. H. Ostrowski, Agrostology Branch, Brisbane. Mr. C. Roff, Apiculture Branch, Yeerongpilly. Mr. L.G. Hoppins, Forestry Department, Beerburrum.