sign in sign up
<<
Home , Alphonso Boone, Benjamin Stark, Cayuse War, Cornelius Gilliam, Elijah Bristow, George Lemuel Woods

5p, e'oll F-

,I THE WORKS

or

OF

HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.

VOLITME XXIX.

1t HISTORY OF . VOL. I. 1834-1848.

SAN FRANCISCO: THE HISTORY COMPANY, PITBLISHERS. r 1886.

Ii ---- 0

Pi

THE more remote i in my History of the a part of the Histos plained. The later occurred within the they are wrought out a large proportion of Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1886, by HUBERT H. BANCROFT, having before appei In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at . more difficult to treai modern epoch, from an earlier one which All Rigids Reserved. for centuries. Of th which have been pl sisted in making the and yet to the careft before him, the trutl

The leading featu in bloody conquests i glory united to the the more gentle purl of earth by commer pany, the missionarlE into rival traders, anc States, all contributi Pr. to form a society at WAR (a'I

secure the company's propei But these explanations did telligent of the Americans, the admission that the Am( chose to take alarm, and t intending to make war on tI CHAPTER XVII. Early in July 1844 a ] Alodeste, Captain Thomas THE IMMIGRATION OF 1844. guns, entered the ColumbN Vancouver; but it does not, BELLIGERENT ArTITUDE OF THIE BRITISH AND AMERICANS-VANCOUVER FOR- papers that any proffer of TIFIED-GATHERIBNG OF THE EMIGRANTS-THE SEVERAL DIVISIONS that the sloop remained AND COMPANIES-THE INDEPENDENT COLONY-CORNIELIuS GILLIAM- lon« -THE JOURNEY-SUFFERINGS ON THE JOURNEY- that the board of manage THEIR DESTITUTE CONDIETION-RECEPTION BY MISSIONARIES AND FUR- notified that England woul TRADERS-NAMES OF THE IMMIGRANTS-BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. north of the Columbia, and themselves accordingly. I HAVE said that there were two sessions of the The position which legislative committee the of 1844, which adjourned from Bay Company filled at thi June 27th to December 16th, in order to have an delicacy opportunity and not a little , of learning from the immigrants who intelligence from the were expected Unit( in the autumn the attitude of affairs creased. On between the rival the 24th of claimants of the . Illinois had said in congress No less anxious than the Americans were the British speak subjects, freely and candidly, a] who, being well informed by the belligerent she never can speeches in congress, have an inc and the temper of the western inch of what people, began to look is now claim on their position in Oregon as territory." A determinatioi insecure. was the issue Nor upon which a was McLoughlin ignorant that the pilgrims States was of 1843 were prevented to be elected.' ( by circumstances rather than been said in by will from the English p hostile acts; and notwithstanding that Peel, "England the danger was knows her: averted for the time, he did not them;"' and by Lord Palm regret having written to England for protection.' 1 Gray, who seems not to understand t In the summer of 1844 he had added a bastion to of the company, attributes its defensive , and otherwise increased the defences tion of the military force called the Or 'The company had found that since the of the place, which before was hardly in a condition country these Indians had become m to resist attack. The reason given Blanchet takes Gray up sharply on this for these prepara- is seriously sneant. He says: 'It is fals tions was the threatening demeanor of the natives of fear from the Indians. If the fort was ri the interior, protective and defensive measures were and the necessity of doing something to against another kind of savageness.' His, 'Greenhow's Or. I JMcLoughlin's Private Papers, MS., and CaL, 394. 3d ser., 12. 'Roberts' Recollections, MS., 0. (446 ) WAR CLOUDS. 447

secure the company's property in case of an outbreak. But these explanations did not deceive the more in- telligent of the Americans, and while some smiled at the admission that the Americans were feared,2 others chose to take alarm, and to accuse the company of intending to make war on them. "ER XVII. Early in July 1844 a British sloop of war, the Modeste, Captain Thomas Baillie, carrying twenty 1ATION OF 1844. guns, entered the Columbia, and anchored opposite Vancouver; but it does not appear from McLoughlin's TISH AND AMERICANS-VANCOUVER FOR- papers that any proffer of protection was made, or EMIGRANTS-TITHE SEVERAL DIVISIONS NDENT COLONY-- that the sloop remained long. It is certain, however, NEY-SUPTERINGS ON THE JOURNEY- that the board of management had been officially RECEPTION BY MISSIONARIES AND FUR- notified that England would not yield any of Oregon GRANTS-BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. north of the Columbia, and that they were to govern themselves accordingly. re were two sessions of the The position which the officers of the Hudson's 1844, which adjourned from Bay Company filled at this time was one of great 16th, in order to have an delicacy and not a little dread, which every fresh from the immigrants who intelligence from the or England in- tumn the attitude of affairs creased. On the 24th of January Wentworth of rits of the Oregon Territory. Illinois had said in congress: " I think it our duty to Americans were the British speak freely and candidly, and let England know that informed by the belligerent she never can have an inch of Oregon, nor another I the temper of the western inch of what is now claimed as the United States their position in Oregon as territory." A determination to maintain this position was the issue upon which a president of the United ignorant that the pilgrims States was to be elected.' On the other hand, it had y circumstances rather than been said in the English parliament, by Sir Robert and notwithstanding that Peel, " England knows her rights and dares maintain for the time, he did not them;" and by Lord Palmerston, that if Linn's bill D England for protection.' I Gray, who seems not to understand the influence of congress on these acts he had added a bastion to of the company, attributes its defensive attitude at this tine to the forma- rwise increased the defences tion of the military force called the Oregon Rangers; and says sneeringly: 'The company had found that since the Americans began to settle in the e was hardly in a condition country these Indians had become more dangerous. Hidt. Or., 374-5. Blanchet takes Gray up sharply on this statement, which he seems to think son given for these prepara- is seriously meant. He says: 'It is false that the company had anything to demeanor of the natives of fear from the Indians. If the fort was repaired, bastions built, and all other protective and defensive measures were completed, it was to defend itself ssity of doing something to against another kind of savageness.' Hist. Cath. Church in Or., 145. GGreenhow's Or. and Cal., 394. ,, 3d ser., 12. 'Roberts' Recollections, MS., 6. (446) 148 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1844. CORNELIUS ( had passed both houses of congress it would have year. Nor by saying this d been a declaration of war.' This belligerent attitude They were brave, loyal, earn on both sides was also as well known to uneducated execute than to command; western men, who were capital Indian-fighters, and ment than to construct one. who had served under Jackson and Taylor, as it was more toward military glory l to the 'Scholarly officers of the British fur comyany.' ship. This spirit led them to The inducement to go to Oregon was not lessened by rules for their journey to th the prospect of having to drive out the nation which a set of officers sufficient foi had been fought at and along the bor- as general. 7 der, and a large number of people collected at differ- Nothing is known of Gil ent points on the River, amounting in all to was brave, obstinate, impetu fourteen hundred persons. The company which ren- good natural abilities, and bi dezvoused near Weston, at a place called Capler's land- accomplishments were varied ing, was led by Cornelius Gilliam, who had conceived Black Hawk war, and also the idea of an independent colony, as best suited to , as captain; he had his fancy and the temper of the men. The leaders Christ; he had been sheriff of 1844 were hardly equal to those of the previous served in the Missouri legisl just the robust, impulsive, 5 Cong. Globe, 1843-4, app. 98. courageous leader the men of 6Minto's Early Days, MS., 20. 8 7 McLoughlin places the number of immigrants of 1844 at 1,475. Private His aid was John Inyard. Papers, MS., 2d ser., 9. A letter in the Western, Mo., Expositor of May 18, The colonel of the organ] 1844, and dated at 'Oregon Camps' May L15th, says: 'Our company when joined with yours will be very large-much the largest that has ever crossed Simmons, uneducated, but I the . There are in the Independent Oregon Colony, at this who sought date, 1 minister, 1 lawyer, I millwright, 3 millers, 1 tailor, 1 ship-carpenter, in emigration to 2 blacksmiths, I cooper, 1 tailoress, 2 -makers, 5 carpenters, 4 wheel- tune and health. Four capt, wrights, 2 shoemakers, 1 weaver, i gunsmith, 1 wagon-maker, 1 merchant, and the rest farmers. There are 48 families, 108 men (of whom 60 are young Gilliam: R. W. Morrison, A men), 323 persons; 410 oxen, 160 cows (16 of which are team cows), 143 young Woodcock, and Elijah Bunto cattle, 54 horses, 41 mules, and 72 wagons. Many men from the adjoining counties are on their way to join us.' This letter was written by Captain advocate, with that instinct Cornelius Gilliam, who was encamped with his company nine miles below St which characterized the fr( Joseph, Mo., to Captain Nathaniel Ford, who was at Independence with another company. S. I. Friend, Nov.-l, 1844; N. Y. Express, June 7, 1844; 'Minto, Niles' Reg., lxv. 160. in Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1 John Minto, who joined Gilliam's company, thinks the John Minto. Inyard had served, immigration of 1844 numbered about 800. Or. in a suborn PioneerAssoc., Trans., 1876, 42. Seminole war, taking part in the battle of A correspondent of the S. L Friend, of June 2, 1845, says there were over 600. In the message report of the battle, some disobedience of I of the committee of December 1844 the number is loss of life, was mentioned, estimated at upwards of 750 for which unf persons. Gray's Hist. Or., 382. Elwood Evans, Inyard bore ever after an inveterate enmi in Or. PioneerAssoc., Trans., 1877, 26, places the number at 475. We can count 300 of Gilliam's Mexican war. Inyard, according to Rees, company, before the accession of all the 87 wagons comprising reared in the south-west amid it. Ford's company swelled the host the ruinous i to about 800, and there was still another This name, I find, is sometimes spelled company under John Thorp, which started En1 from near the mouth of the Platte 9 Morrison was a thrifty River, and travelled on the north farmer from the side of that stream. As they would not Early Days, MS., 18. Shaw was born in come together until the different organizations had been much broken up, it would be difficult to judge 1795; but emigrated with his father to Tem of each other's original numbers. No count would Missouri in 1819, again be made until when the inhabitants wer they reached the Dalles, from which point the agents of selves against the Hudson's Bay Company would the natives. He had fought be on the alert to ascertain their strength, 15, in the war against the Creeks and the B for obvious reasons. 1, 2. HIST. OR., VOL. L 29 IRATION OF 1844. CORNELIUS GILLIAM. 449 's of congress it would have ar.5 This belligerent year. Nor by saying this do I mean any disrespect. attitude They as well known to uneducated were brave, loyal, earnest, but better fitted to execute than to command; 3 capital Indian-fighters, and to be loyal to a govern- Tackson and Taylor, ment than to construct one. Their tendencies were as it was more of the British fur coruyany.6 toward military glory than pride of statesman- to Oregon was ship. This spirit led them to organize under military not lessened by rules ;o drive out the for their journey to the Columbia, and to elect nation which a set w Orleans and along of officers sufficient for an army, with Gilliam the bor- as general. of people' collected at differ- Nothing is known ri River, amounting in all to of Gilliam's antecedents. He is. The company was brave, obstinate, impetuous, and generous, with which ren- good at a place called natural abilities, and but little education. His Capler's land- accomplishments s Gilliam, who had conceived were varied; he had served in the Lent colony, as Black Hawk war, and also in the Seminole war in best suited to Florida, ,r of the men. The leaders as captain; he had preached the gospel of ial to those of the previous Christ; he had been sheriff of a county, and had served in the Missouri . He was, indeed, just the robust, impulsive, sympathetic, wilful, and courageous leader the men of the border would choose. of immigrants of 1844 at 1,475. Private His aid was John Inyard.' a the Western, Mo., Expositor of May 18, ' May J15th, says: 'Our company when The colonel of the organization was Michael T. -much the largest that has ever crossed Simmons, uneducated, but brave a the Independent Oregon Colony, at this and independent, Ight, 3 millers, 1 tailor, I ship-carpenter, who sought in emigration to Oregon recovery of for- 2 cabinetmakers, 5 carpenters, 4 wheel- tune and health. gunsmith, 1 wagon-maker, 1 merchant, Four captains were elected under families, 105 men (of whom 60 are young Gilliam: R. W. Morrison, William Shaw, Richard rs (16 of which are team cows), 143 young wagons. Many men from the adjoining Woodcock, and Elijah Bunton.' Instead of a judge Is.' This letter was written by Captain advocate, with that instinct toward civil liberties ,d with his company nine miles below St Ford, who was at Independence with which characterized the frontiersman, a court of -1, 1844; N. Y. Express, June 7, 1844; rho joined Gilliam's company, thinks the SMinto, in Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1876, 39; Letter of W. H. Rees to 800. Or. PioneerAssoc., Trans., 1876, 42. John Minto. Inyard had served, in a subordinate capacity, with Gilliam in the )f June 2, 1845, says there were over 600. Seminole war, taking part in the battle of Okechobee. In General Taylor's rinttee of December 1844 the number is report o. the battle, some disobedience of Captain Gilliam, which entailed a Cray's Hist. Or., 382. Elwood Evans, loss of life, was mentioned, for which unfavorable report both Gilliam and places the number at 475. We can count Inyard bore ever after an inveterate enmity toward the future hero of the aecession of all the 87 wagons comprising Mexican war. Inyard, according to Rees, was 'an average man of the class to about 800, and there was still another reared in the south-west amid the ruinous institutions of human slavery.' Id. arted from near the mouth of the Platte This name, I find, is sometimes spelled Engart. ide of that stream. As they would not 3 Morrison was a thrifty farmer from the neighborhood of Weston. Minto's nizations had been much broken up, it Early Days, VMS., 18. Shaw was born in , near Raleigh, in ier's original numbers. No count would 1795; but emigrated with his father to Tennessee when a child; and again to Dalles, from which point the agents of Missouri in 1819, when the inhabitants were living in forts to protect them- on the alert to ascertain their strength, selves against the natives. He had fought under General Jackson in 1814- 15, in the war against the Creeks and the British. Shaw's Pioneer Life, MS., 1, 2. HIST. On., VOL. L 29 450 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1844 CLYMAN. MIN equity was established by the election of a judge, at Fort Laramie many fai with two associate justices.'" But the court was in- flour, and compelled to pu: operative, martial law prevailing during the mainte- dollars a barrel. Sugar c nance of military discipline.' dollar and a half a pint. When the independent colony reached the buffalo The route from Green ID grounds, Gilliam used to dash off after the game, to same opened the year befo the disappointment of those left in charge of 2 the Many were bitterly disa] train." Speeches were made in camp on this subject, point to be told that they and some regulations were laid down for hunting, but their destination; and a sm they were not regarded; and as happened in 1843, families abandoned their w when the Rocky Mountains had been passed, there post, and prepared to trave was no longer any attempt to keep together in large reached on the companies. flour at this place too high The other divisions, led by Nathaniel Ford, a man wagons arrived here the 1i of character and influence, and John Thorp, appear them from Burnett, advisir not to have found it necessary to burden themselves to need assistance before i with too many regulations, and progressed well with- send word to the settlers. out them. Moses Harris, well known in the moun- assistance would be needed, tains among the fur-traders and trappers as Black sent forward on horses, wh Harris, acted as guide. A company under Sublette the 18th of October. T also travelled with them from the Platte to Green River. The spring was unusually rainy. By the over- IS Of this company was James Clymm book, which has fortunately been pres( flowing of streams, as well as the softening of the which I have found very useful. Besid earth, so much time was lost that by the 1st tains many instructive remarks on the of July affairs in the Oregon colony during the' not more than one hundred ginian by birth, miles in a straight course 6 but emigrated from Stq had been travelled. Yet they did not suffer ' John Minto became well known X them- Wvas of English birth and education, a n selves to be discouraged, only one man out of Gil- thumberland, born Oct. 10, 1822. He c liam's command turning back." settled at Pittsburgh, Pa., as a coal-min Two months of wet Louis in the spring of 1844, on his way t weather produced dysentery and rheumatism.' The this place of the emigration to Oregon, X delay occasioned by storms no means to procure an outfit, he engage was so much additional and make himself useful, for his passak time in which provisions were being consumed; hence Days, a manuscript by his own hand, 5 account of Gilliam's company. ' Benjamin Nichols, It conta judge; Joseph Gage and Theophilus Magruder, asso- political situation of 1844-6, on the ciate justices. in Charles Saxton was secretary of the independent company. raising, and on the social condition of th 11Clark Eades, for violating a general order, was tried before General matter. Minto married Gilliam, Miss Martha A. and sentenced to be 'tied, and staked out in the hot sun from eleven three years in Oregon, and they went to o'clock A. M. until the going 1 down of the same.' Letter of W. H. Rees. a useful, intelligent, and every way an e Fremont's Rept. for 1843-4, in U. S. Cath. May., iv. 265. new state; a farmer, stock-raiser, and edi 'An Oregonian,' in Salew Will. Farmer, Dec. 17, 1875. he has been called upon to I Sublette's company consisted fill. Mrs Mi of 22 men, 11 of whom were travelling for her fearless vindication of what she esteei their health. Three of these died within a few (lays of each 'musket-member other: Marshall, 'of the Woman's Suffra1 June 27th, Ketchum, July 3d, Browning, July 7th. Clyman's Note Book, MS., to Minto, her mother carried, or at leas 22, 25, 26. A Mr Barnett of the emigration died at Green River, of typhoid journey to Oregon, which she was comp fever. Id. Mrs Minto has, as well as her husband, f IRATION OF 1844 CLYMAN. MINTO, AND WATT. by the election of a judge, at Fort Laramie many families were already without [ces.'0 But the court was in- flour) and compelled to purchase it at thirty and forty 9revailing during the mainte- dollars a barrel. Sugar could be procured only at a ine.11 dollar and a half a pint. at colony reached the buffalo The route from Green River to Fort Hall was the ;o dash off after the game, to same opened the year before by way of Fort Bridger. those left in charge of the Many were bitterly disappointed on reaching this made in camp on this subject, point to be told that they were then only half-way to ,re laid down for hunting, but their destination; and a small company of men without 1; and as happened in 1843, families abandoned their wagons two days west of this tains had been passed, there post, and prepared to travel with horses only.'5 They apt to keep together in large reached Fort Hall on the 10th of September, finding flour at this place too high for their means. Gilliam's Ad by Nathaniel Ford, a man wagons arrived here the 16th, where a letter awaited ace, and John Thorp, appear them from Burnett, advising them, if they were likely cessary to burden themselves to need assistance before reaching the Columbia, to ns, and progressed well with- send word to the settlers. As it was manifest that -is, well known in the moun- assistance would be needed, a party of young men were aders and trappers as Black sent forward on horses, who reached Oregon City on A company under Sublette the 18th of October. These were John Minto,56 n from the Platte to Green inusually rainy. 15 Of this company was James Clyman, who kept a daily journal or note- By the over- book, which has fortunately been preserved through many vicissitudes, and well as the softening of the which I have found very useful. Besides the incidents of the journey, it con- tains many instructive remarks on the country traversed; and an account of s lost that by the 1st of July affairs in the Oregon colony during the winter of 1844-5. Clyman was a Vir- red miles in a straight course ginian by birth, but emigrated from Stark County, . "John Minto became well known and highly esteemed in Oregon. He et they did not suffer thein- was of English birth and education, a native of Wylam on the Tyne, in Nor- ~d, only one man out of Gil- thumberland, born Oct. 10, 1822. He come to the United States in 1840, and 3 settled at Pittsburgh, Pa., as a coal-min@. From he went to St back.' Two months of wet Louis in the spring of 1844, on his way to the frontier of , and learned at itery and rheumatism.' The this place of the emigration to Oregon, which he determined to join. Having no means to procure an outfit, he engaged with R. W. Morrison to drive team rms was so much additional and make himself useful, for his passage and board. It is to Minto's Early were being consumed; hence Days, a manuscript by his own hand, that I am chiefly indebted for the account of Gilliam's company. It contains, besides, valuable remarks on the ;eph Gage and Theophilus Magruder, asso- political situation of 1844-6, on the industries of the country and stock- s secretary of the independent company. raising, and on the social condition of the colonists, with other miscellaneous general order, was tried before General matter. Minto married Miss Martha A. Morrison when they had been about and staked out in the hot sun from eleven three years in Oregon, and they went to reside near Salem. Minto has been of the same.' Letter of W. H. Rees. a useful, intelligent, and every way an exemplary builder on the edifice of a n U. S. Catit. Alay., iv. 265. new state; a farmer, stock-raiser, and editor; public-spirited in every position 11.Farmer, Dec. 17, 1875. he has been called upon to fill. Mrs Minto is known throughout the state for of 22 men, 11 of whom were travelling for her fearless vindication of what she esteems the right; and has been called the within a few days of each other: Marshall, 'mnsket-member 'of the Woman's Suffrage Association of Oregon. According sning, July 7th. Clyman's Note Book, MS., to Minto, her mother carried, or at least was furnished with, a rifle, on her migration died at Green River, of typhoid journey to Oregon, which she was competent to use had it been necessary. Mrs Minto has, as well as her husband, furnished a manuscript to my collec- 452 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1844. ON THE COE;

Samuel B. Crockett, and Daniel Clark. According Burnt River to the Dalles M to Clyman, they encountered at the Grand Rond ing and destitution, and a James Waters of the previous emigration, who was remained at Whitman's ove going to meet his family, and who supplied them with turned aside to Whitman's StU provisions for the remainder of their journey.' 7 left there a family of seven Ford's company, being in advance of Gilliam's, whose parents had died on tl also sent three young men to the the company was at Green with Minto's party. Snow had now begun to fall in two weeks later. These chilc the mountains while a large part of the emigration Whitman."0 Shaw failed to was between Fort Bois6 and the Dalles. The misery that season, as some of his fa entailed upon the belated travellers by the change to sickness, and he remained ul winter weather was indescribable.1 8 The road from Dalles, with several other fan Two or more small mount tion. It was taken from her lips by a stenographer at a meeting of the Pioneer reach the Dalles, took the cal Association in 1878, and is called Female Pioneering. As it gives the woman's of Mount Hood, and arrive view of frontier life, it is especially valuable-few records having been made of the trials which women were called upon to endure in the settlement of the But the later comers feared Pacific States. the advanced season. The fi 17Minto compares the warm interest and sympathy exhibited by Waters with the chilling indifference and absolute ignoring of their presence or their descending the Columbia by t wants by the missionaries Waller and Brewer at the Dalles. Clyman, who ing to the Hudson's Bay Coa brought letters to the missionaries, and who was a few days ahead of Minto's party, remarks that he was not thanked for the trouble of carrying them from were crossed by swimming tP the States, which he attributes to his travel-worn and unshaven appearance. Note Book, MS., 68. river, driven down to Vanco 18Joseph Watt, born in Ohio, author of a manuscript called First Thtings, yes an account of the incoming of 1844, and of the importation of immigrants who gave them supper and I sheep they from the States by himself in 1847, the erection of the first woollen-mills in were joined by a man named Nash. Oregon, and other first things, and describes his passage from Burnt River to kill a dozen sage-hens. At a Cayuse c to the Willamette. Watt was then a young man and poorly equipped for and made a stew of chicken and potatoes, ] such a journey, but drove an ox-team as far as Burnt River. Here, probably extra shirt. At Waillatpu Whitman gav because he thought there were too many mouths for the provisions, he went which belonged to Watt was sold to the do( forward, afoot and alone. At the end of the first day he found a cabin, the Dalles. An immigrant, Barton Lee, w: occupied by Blakeley, an emigrant who gave him a few crusts. Bowman, a horse was hired of Adams. At the Dali a destitute traveller, joined Watt, and they walked on together until they bateaux, which had been placed at the se overtook Ford's company, from whom they obtained one meal. In the Grand down the immigration with a view to assist Rond they lost their way, but regaining the road, met a family they were charged six dollars each by those named no Walker, who had nothing to eat, and thought of killing their oxen. Being money,' says Watt, 'and they told me if overtaken by others who still had a little food, they begged them to divide; me they would take me down, but I mu but want and fear had hardened their hearts, and they refused. The pedes- They called me the " figure-head. " On the trians made a fire of green wood, before which they sat throughout the night Oregon City.' First Things, MS., 1-7. drying their wet clothing; and in the morning found it snowing. Then, 19 Or. S'ectator, Jan. 21, 1849. with soleless shoes and pantaloons half gone, they renewed their journey. 20 Slmews Pioneer Life, MS., 13. Bowman had a family whom he left with the wagons while he hastened i21Shaw says in his Pioneer Life, MS., on to procure assistance. Says Watt: 'I think there were snow-flakes pioneer life in the western states and Ore as large as my hat, and it was damp snow. Bowman was speculating cidents of the emigration, that in March h, what he and his son " Billy " could do when they got down to the valley. place seventeen miles above Vancouver, v Waters, whom we had met on Powder River, had told him it was worth Hudson's Bay Company, to pay what he ow, so much a hundred to make rails; and, says he, "Billy and I can make ing furnished him while at the Dalles. In S lots of money at that. Whiskey-barrels are worth so much; whiskey is lamette Valley, where he rented the farm o worth something. I can make whiskey." Says I, "You old fool, you will year he bought a farm of a French Canadian he made his permanent never get out of these mountains ! "' Proceeding, sometimes bewildered on tmm residence. account of the trail being hidden by snow, they came to the camp of some SIc~ou~qltlin's Prirate Payers, MS., 2d si 0IGRATION OF 1844. ON THE COLUMBIA. 453 and Daniel Clark. According Burnt River to the Dalles was a panorama of suffer- !ountered at the Grand Rond ing and destitution, and the rear of the caravan previous emigration, who was remained at Whitman's over winter.' 9 Shaw, who ily, and who supplied them with turned aside to Whitman's station to lay in provisions, ainder of their journey.' left there a family of seven children named Sager, eing in advance of Gilliam's, whose parents had died on the road, the father while men to the Willamette Valley the company was at Green River, and the mother Snow had now begun two weeks later. These children were adopted by Dr to fall in 2 0 3 large part of the emigration Whitman. Shaw failed to reach the Willamette se and the Dalles. The misery that season, as some of his family were prostrated by ted travellers by the change to sickness, and he remained until March 1845 at the ndescribable.'5 The road from Dalles, with several other families.2' Two or more small mounted parties, the first to by a stenographer at a meeting of the Pioneer reach the Dalles, took the cattle trail round the base I Female Pioneering. As it gives the woman s of Mount Hood, and arrived safely illy valuable-few records having been made in the valley. called upon to endure in the settlement of the But the later comers feared this route on account of the advanced interest and sympathy exhibited by Waters season. The families were assisted in d absolute ignoring of their presence or their descending the Columbia by the loan of boats belong- er and Brewer at the Dalles. Clyman, who 2 2 es, and who was a few days ahead of Minto's ing to the Hudson's Bay Companv; and the cattle banked for the trouble of carrying them from were crossed by swimming to the north side of the bo his travel-worn and unshaven appearance. river, driven down to Vancouver, and recrossed in , author of a manuscript called First TPhigs, ig of 1844, and of the importation of sheep immigrants who gave them supper and breakfast. On reaching Umatilla 347, the erection of the first woollen-mills in they were joined by a man named Nash. They had also the good fortune and describes his passage from Burnt River to kill a dozen sage-hens. At a Cayuse camp they borrowed a large kettle then a young man and poorly equipped for and made a stew of chicken and potatoes, purchased of the natives with an team as far as Burnt River. Here, probably extra shirt. At Waiilatpu Whitman gave them some corn meal. A cow Do many mouths for the provisions, he went which belonged to Watt was sold to the doctor for provisions to take them to the end of the first day he found a cabin, the Dalles. An immigrant, Barton Lee, was engaged to transport them, and int who gave him a few crusts. Bowman a horse was hired of Adams. At the Dalles they found the fur coinnany's tt, and they walked on together until they bateaux, which had been placed at the service of certain persons to bring vhom they obtained one meal. In the Grand down the immigration with a view to assist them; but for a passage on which regaining the road, met a family named they were charged six dollars each by those having them in charge. 'I had and thought of killing their oxen. Being no money,' says Watt, ' and they told me if the other passengers would board d a little food, they begged them to divide; me they would take me down, but I must sing whenever I was ordered. their hearts, and they refused. The pedes- They called me the " figure-head. " On the 16th of November I arrived at before which they sat throughout the night Oregon City.' First Things, MS., 1-7. in the morning found it snowing. Then, 19 Or. Spectator, Jan. 21, 1849. ins half gone, they renewed their journey. 20 Shaw s Pioneer Life, MS., 13. a left with the wagons while he hastened "1Shaw says in his Pioneer Life, MS., 14-18, which is a comparison of s Watt: 'I think there were snow-flakes pioneer life in the western states and Oregon, with a narrative of the in- is damp snow. Bowman was speculating cidents of the emigration, that in March he went down the Columbia to a uld do when they got down to the valley. place seventeen miles above Vancouver, where he made shingles for the Powder River, had told him it was worth Hudson's Bay Company, to pay what he owed them for provisions-and cloth- ils; and, says he, "Billy and I can make ing furnished him while at the Dalles. In September he removed to the Wil- y-barrels are worth so much; whiskey is lamette Valley, where he rented the farm of Beers for one year. The next whiskey." Says I, "You old fool you will year he bought a farm of a French Canadian, ten miles north of Salem, where !"' Proceeding, sometimes bewildered on he made his permanent residence. n by snow, they came to the camp of some 22 1 lfcLoqhf in'sPrivate Papers, MS., 2d ser., 9. INTEL - - ___ __ - ___ I- - __ __7. - I I

454 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1844. CONDIT10N OF TH boats, as they had been the previous year. The H. A. G. Lee to be among scenes of suffering at the Cascades in 1843 were re- passage of the immigration peated in 1844. Minto, who it will be remembered chase of cattle with the tP hastened to the Willamette for help for his employer in a previous chapter-a de and friends, tells us that on returning with a boat- cessful, as the immigrants p load of provisions to the Cascades he found "men in drafts. The natives were a the prime of life lying among the rocks seeming ready crops to the immigrants for E to die. I found there mothers with their families, wheat, corn, and potatoes f whose husbands were snow-bound in the Cascade cles. Not being able to bu, Mountains, without provisions, and obliged to kill and and unable to purchase Ar eat their game dogs. Mrs Morrison had traded her less valuable ponies, they s only dress except the one she wore for a bag of pota- immigrants, losing patience toes. There was scarcely a dry day, and the snow- dian horses regardless of i line was nearly down to the river. "23 became robbers in their tur In such a plight did the immigration of 1844, which the evil consequences whic] set out with high hopes to plant an independent colony the next immigration; sax in Oregon, find itself on reaching the promised land. men in this respect, that The loss of life had been light notwithstanding the misconduct in others for w hardships of the journey;24 but the loss of prop- find ample excuse. erty in cattle, clothing, and household and other goods The condition of the immi had been great, to the ruin of many. The cattle had had passed all the perils o become fat during the weeks of detention on the stealing his fine but halt-starved mare- grassy plains, and were unfit for the hard work of haul- annoy the immigrants. Note Book, MS., ing loaded wagons for the remainder of the summer. 1H.A. G. Lee, an immigrant of 184 and intelligence in the management of I Many died of exhaustion, some were taken by the quently in the public prints. Burnett ri natives, who, although not in open hostility, the Indian character, and the impendii were report on the affairs of 1844: 'The imi troublesome at several places on the route, at the breaking off into small parties, just whei robbers furnish us a true miniature like Kansas agency, at Laramie, in the Cayuse country, whenever they fail to obtain such thing and on the Columbia; 2 although White had deputized as they have to give. These are robber give; all others will be robbers when, w not procure what they wish.. . The nexi 22S Camp-fire Orations, MS., 15. call forth developments of Indian chara eBesides Barnette, Thomas Vance, Mr and Mrs Sager, and a young girl an existence among these people. Ind( mentioned in Mrs Minto's Female Pioneering, MS., I find no other deaths caution to conciliate their good feelings < noted in the several manuscripts and books referring to this immigration. at the time they were meeting each oth All the others came through to Oregon, except a party of eighteen who turned had not been some serious difficulty. off on the road after passing Fort Hall. This party had thirteen mutually provoked and exasperated dur wagons, the first to enter California from the United States. The names of and these cases are constantly multiply the party were Townsend, James Montgomery, John Greenwood, Britian the part of the whites, and unfortunate Greenwood, and another Greenwood, John Sullivan and brother, Dennis they reach the Columbia Valley. Some Martin, John Martin, Murphy and four sons, Jackson, Stevens, and Hitch- horses, and naturally supposing them sto cock. Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1876, 42. of horses owned by the Indians and too] " Clyman relates that the Cayuses were very anxious to know of him when too well acquainted with Indians to su] the wagons and stock might be expected, as they wished to exchange horses sisted in without producing serious resi for cattle; but that although they had horses to sell, they did not refrain from nett's Rec. qf a Pioneer, 245-6. 'RATION OF 1844. CONDITION OF THE NEW-COMERS. 455 en the previous year. The H. A. G. Lee to be among the Cayuses during the ie Cascades in 1843 were re- passage of the immigration, and to assist in the pur- >, who it will be remembered chase of cattle with the ten-dollar drafts mentioned ,tte for help for his employer in a previous chapter-a device which proved unsuc- I on returning with a boat- cessful, as the immigrants preferred their cattle to the ] Cascades he found "men in drafts. The natives were able, however, to sell their a1ong, the rocks seeming ready crops to the immigrants for good prices, by exchanging mothers with their families, wheat, corn, and potatoes for clothing and other arti- now-bound in the Cascade cles. Not being able to buy cattle, they stole them ;26 isions, and obliged to kill and and unable to purchase American horses with their [rs Morrison had traded her less valuable ponies, they stole those also, until the e she wore for a bag of pota- immigrants, losing patience, retaliated, and took In- ly a dry day, and the snow- dian 23 horses regardless of individual ownership; and the river." became robbers in their turn, without reflecting upon e immigration of 1844, which the evil consequences which were likely to fall upon ) plant an independent colony the next immigration; savages being like civilized reaching the promised land. men in this respect, that they are ready to punish n light notwithstanding the misconduct in others for which in themselves they yy;24 but the loss of prop- find ample excuse. d household and other goods The condition of the immigrants of 1844, after they in of many. The cattle had had passed all the perils of the journey to Oregon, weeks of detention on the stealing his fine but halt-starved mare-they having burned off the grass to fit for the hard work of haul- annoy the immigrants. Note Book, MS., 65. e remainder of the summer. 211. A. G. Lee, an immigrant of 1843, was much esteemed for his probity and intelligence in the management of public affairs. His name appears fre- i, some were taken by the quently in the public prints. Burnett remarks on the justness of his views of lot in open hostility, were the Indian character, and the impending Indian troubles. Lee says in his report on the affairs of 1844: 'The immigrants are still very imprudent in laces on the route, at the breaking off into small parties, just when they should remain united. . .These ulie, in the Cayuse country, robbers furnish us a true miniature likeness of the whole Indian population whenever they fail to obtain such things as they wish in exchange for such :hough White had deputized as they have to give. These are robbers now because they have nothing to give; all others will be robbers when, with what they have to give, they can not procure what they wish. . . The next immigration will, in all probability, e, Mr and Mrs Sager, and a young girl call forth developments of Indian character which have been almost denied an existence among these people. Indeed, sir, had you not taken the pre- ieoneerinrg, MS., I nd no other deaths caution to conciliate id books referring to this immigration. their good feelings and friendship toward the whites just , except a party of eighteen who turned at the time they were meeting each other, it is to be doubted whether there ig Fort Hall. This party had had not been some serious difficulty. Individuals on both sides have been thirteen mutually provoked rom the United States. The names of and exasperated during the passage of each immigration, &ontgomery, John Greenwood, Britian and these cases are constantly multiplying. Much prudence is required on the part of the whites, and unfortunately they have very little by the time l, John Sullivan and brother, Dennis they reach mr sons, Jackson, Stevens, and Hitch- the Columbia Valley. Some of the late immigrants, losing their i, 42. horses, and naturally sup posing them stolen by the Indians, went to the bands of were very anxious to know of him when horses owned by theIndians and took as many as they wished. You are too well acquainted with Indians to suppose that such a course can be per- ,ed, as they wished to exchange horses sisted horses to sell, they did not refrain from in without producing serious results.' White's Concise View, 61; Bur- masf's Rec. qf a Pioneer, 2456.

-i THE IMMIGRATION 456; OF 1844. HOMES FOR THIE was worse than that of 1843, for the reason that there Minto relates that when Gi had not been time for the country to recover from the he received a present of foo draft upon its resources made the year previous. gentlemen at Vancouver; an Thanks to the fertility of the soil, and to the good kindly meant, it was a mis judgment of McLoughlin in encouraging farming, company, as it led to the die there was food enough for all, though many lived on nected with the politics of I short rations rather than to incur debt. But the great being forgotten in their moi want of the new-comers was clothing. All the goods to a great deal of gossip coi in the several stores had long been exhausted; even the recent action of the co at Vancouver there was no stock on hand except the their defences, of which they reserved cargo, which was not opened when the im- 2 also of the visit of the Mode migration arrived. " Clothing was made by putting were so frequent that the nat piece to piece without regard to color or texture; and whose prejudices were becom moccasons, which took the place of boots and shoes, declare at the Cascades that were the almost universal foot-covering. A tannery in peace with the Hudson's I had been begun in the summer, in the neighborhood they kept within their treat of Burnett's farm, but the autumn supply of leather, no hesitation in knocking th besides being inadequate, was only half tanned, and ears if they did not carry the had a raw streak in the centre. But it would have been This destitution, while there was a year's supply in assistance which extended to the warehouses at Vancouver, occasioned complaints ing their storehouse against on the part of the less reasonable of the immigrants, and the untiring courtesy c who were unable to see why they should not receive associate, Douglas, could not as many favors from the Hudson's Bay Company as the preconceived and ill-fou those of the previous year had had, under the same western Americans.2 9 But circumstances. McLoughlin had, with his usual pended it was impossible to sagacity, foreseen that there would be this feeling, than an admission that to the and while prepared to defend the company's property the whole of Oregon, and the from pillage in case of a collision with the immigrants, the country temporarily un' sought by every means to cultivate a friendly feeling. could be annulled at any ti

27 Minto describes his costume when he went to Vancouver to receive the boat and cargo which he took up the Columbia. His pantaloons were ripped "8Early up to the knees; he had Days, MS., 27. no coat, having worn out the one he started with; a 29Minto mentions this case: 'The doetc blanket obtained at Vancouver was doubled across his shoulders over a string. main house, and motioned us to come to i His feet were nearly bare, and became quite so before he returned from his young men from Linnton who had come up expedition. Minto's Female Pioneering, MS., 18, 19. Mrs Minto says: 'There He told us to go to that house, pointing t was but one bolt of calico in the whole of Oregon that we could hear of, and the dinner-bell rung. We thanked him, a that was at Astoria. .. The next summer my sister and I gathered a barrel of us and said: " Maybe you would like to wr cranberries and sent them to Oregon City, and got a little blue drilling which are going to send an express down to the mr made us a covering.' Id., 10. The dearth of goods affected all classes. Parrish no other opportunity for sending letters foi says that in 1844 he wore an old coat which he brought from New York in had no writing materials I could not accept 1839, and pantaloons made of English duffle, 'a kind of coarse cloth similar to sent a servant to bring us paper, pens, and our horse-blankets,' with a buckskin vest and moccasons. Id., 20. first letter since leaving home.' Female Pio RATION OF 1844. HOMES FOR THE SETTLERS. 457 843, for the reason that there Minto e country to recover from the relates that when Gilliam was at the Dalles :s made he received a present of food and clothing from the the year previous. gentlemen at Vancouver; and if the soil, and to the good remarks that although in in encouraging farming, kindly meant, it was a mistake on the part of the or all, though many lived on company, as it led to the discussion of subjects con- to incur debt. But the great nected with the politics of the country, which were was clothing. All the goods being forgotten in their more present anxieties, and long been exhausted; even to a great deal of gossip concerning the meaning of no stock on hand except the the recent action of the company in strengthening is not opened when the im- their defences, of which they had been informed, and ,thing was made by putting also of the visit of the Modeste. These conversations were rard to color or texture; and so frequent that the naturally generous Gilliami ie place of boots and shoes, whose prejudices were becoming softened, was led to 1 foot-covering. A tannery declare at the Cascades that although willing to live ummer, in the neighborhood in peace with the Hudson's Bay Company so long as te autumn supply of leather, they kept within their treaty rights, he would have no hesitation in knocking their stockade about their , was only half tanned, and 28 -ntre. ears if they did not carry themselves properly. But it would there was a year's supply in have been strange if the generous assistance which )uver, occasioned complaints extended to everything except open- asonable of the immigrants, ing their storehouse against rules and without pay, vhy they should not receive and the untiring courtesy of McLoughlin and his associate, Hudson's Bay Company as Douglas, could not have removed many of the preconceived and ill-founded notions of these r had had, under the same 29 hlin had, with his usual western Americans. But the conflict which im- pended tere would be this feeling, it was impossible to avoid by anything less Ind the company's property than an admission that to the United States belonged l1ision with the inimigrants, the whole of Oregon, and that the company occupied cultivate a friendly feeling. the country temporarily under a convention which could be annulled at any time-an admission they mnhe went to Vancouver to receive the Columbia. His pantaloons were ripped 2 ng worn out the one he started with; a 'Early Days, MS., 27. ubled across his shoulders over a string. 29Minto mentions this case: 'The doctor was standing on the porch of the e quite so before he returned from his main house, and motioned us to come to him. He asked us if we were the MS., 18, 19. Mrs Minto says: 'There young men from Linnton who had come up with their boat. We said we were. e of Oregon that we could hear of, and He told us to go to that house, pointing to the door of bachelor's hall, when mer my sister and I gathered a barrel of the dinner-bell runt We thanked him, and as we were leaving he called to ity, and got a little blue drilling which us and said: " Maybe you would like to write to your friends in the east. We rth of goods affected all classes. Parrish are going to send an express down to the mouth of the river, and there will be which he brought from New York in no other opportunity for sending letters for six months." I replied that as I duffle, ' a kind of coarse cloth similar to had no writing materials I could not accept the favor offered; he immediately 'est and moccasons. fId., 20. sent a servant to bring us paper, pens, and ink; and I wrote to my father the first letter since leaving home.' Female Pioneering, MS., 17, 18.

-1 WISF11' - -- 11 .

THE IMMIGRATION 458 OF 1844. LAND CL

were not prepared to make until instructed by the both to the nature of the British government to do so. weather, they returned to McLoughlin was very desirous that the immigra- passed the remainder of the tion should find homes south of the ; of summer in making shingh first, because he believed that was their proper place fur company, or in any emr of settlement, under an American form of govern- to pay expenses. ment; but principally, as he alleged, because contact In February, Henry Willi with the free and independent frontier men would Porte County, , an destroy the spirit of obedience for which the com- erected a hut with a few log pany's servants were remarkable, and on which the couver, on land occupied by success and prosperity of the company depended. pany, and posted a notice on To his great dissatisfaction, a considerable number to claim the land. This being encamped for the winter at Washougal, about seven- he sent men to remove the teen miles above Vancouver, on the north bank of notice; which removal was the river. They were some of those most thoroughly the intruders returned with imbued with the Bentonian idea of American pro- running off a section of lan prietorship, and soon found means of expressing that with, Williamson and Alder idea according to their several natures. to argue their case with th Elwood Evans states that Michael T. Simmons White, Williamson, "a mode and his company, who were among those at Washou- a man, demeaned himself with gal, had first designed to settle in the man, " a boisterious, hare-brai Valley; but that finding McLoughlin anxious to have him to blush for American h( the Americans settle on the south side of the Columbia, There were present at this i determined to locate himself and company on the north a number of Americans, an, side of the river. According to Evans, who had fur company. Williamson , means of obtaining his information from Simmons his hut had been pulled dow himself, the latter, after deciding to take a look at the that it was because it was ( Puget Sound region, applied to McLoughlin to furnish Hudson's Bay Company, wh( hig family winter quarters in the fort; the request ness under a license from t was refused unless he would agree to live on the according to a treaty which i] south side of the river-a promise which Simmons as mnuch ground as they reqi would not give. A cabin outside the fort was finally disputed,"1 and the argument obtained, and his family established in its shelter, when Loughlin and Douglas keel Simmons set out for Puget Sound, accompanied by well, but Alderman declarer Henry Williamson, Henry, James, and John Owens,

and James Lewis. They proceeded no farther than '@ Ten Years in Or., 251. According to the forks of the River, sixteen miles north of and unprincipled character, who soon ma( California in 1848, and was killed in De the Columbia, when finding their provisions becoming Pickett at Sutter Fort, under circumstances exhausted, and the journey excessively difficult, lections of a Pioneer, 242-4; Crawford's Na owing 3"lcLoughlin's Private Papers, MS., 2d IGRATION OF 1844. LAND CLAIMS. 459 make until instructed by the both to the nature of the country and the severe do so. weather, they returned ry desirous to Washougal, where they that the immigra- passed the remainder of the winter and the south of first part the Columbia River; of summer in making shingles, which they Ad that was their sold to the proper place fur company, or in any employment they could find in American form of govern- to pay expenses. as he alleged, because contact In February, Henry Williamson, who Dependent frontier men was from La would Porte County, Indiana, and Isaac W. Alderman, )bedience for which the com- erected a hut with a few logs, emarkable, half a mile from Van- and on which the couver, on land occupied by the Hudson's r of Bay Com- the company depended. pany, and posted a notice on a tree that they intended wction, a considerable number to claim the land. This being er reported to McLoughlin, at Washougal, about seven- he sent men to remove the logs and couver, take down the on the north bank of notice; which removal was hardly completed some when of those most thoroughly the intruders returned with a surveyor, -onian and began idea of American pro- running off a section of land. Being remonstrated und means of expressing that with, Williamson and Alderman repaired several natures. to the fort to argue their case with the doctor. According to 's that Michael T. Simmons White, Williamson, " a modest and respectable vere among young those at Washou- man, demeaned himself with propriety;" but Alder- to settle in the Rogue River man, " a boisterious, hare-brained young fellow, r McLoughlin anxious caused to have him to blush for American honor."30 the south side of the Columbia, There were present at this interview, besides iself White, and company on the north a number of Americans, and several officers ,cording to Evans, of the who had fur company. Williamson asked McLoughlin why s information from Simmons. his hut had been pulled down. McLoughlin deciding replied to take a look at the that it was because it was on land occupied by the )lied to McLoughlin to furnish Hudson's Bay Company, who were conducting busi- ;ers in the fort; the request ness under a license from the British government, would agree to live on the according to a treaty which implied a right to occupy -a promise which Simmons as much ground as they required. This Williamson in outside the fort was finally disputed,"1 and the argument lasted two hours, Mc- established in its shelter, when Loughlin and Douglas keeping their temper very uget Sound, accompanied by well, but Alderman declaring that if he were dis- ry, James, and John Owens, ,y proceeded no farther than 30 Ten Years in Or., 251. According to Burnett, Alderman was a violent River, sixteen miles north of and unprincipled character, who soon made himself notorious. He went to California in 1848, and was killed in December of that year by Charles E. ing their provisions becoming Pickett at Sutter Fort, under circumstances that justified the homicide. Recol- ey excessively difficult, owing lections of a Pioneer, 242-4; Crawford's Nar., MS., 144. 3' McLoughlin's Private Papers, MS., 2d ser., 10.

AL 460 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1844. TRESP turbed in the possession of the land he would " burn officers of either goverun the finest building in Oregon," which was thought to right; their presence an( mean that he would set fire to the fort. Finding that were a manifest advantage the young men would not yield, and irritated beyond the American as well as to measure, McLoughlin then declared if Williamson, had given assistance to bo who seems to have been regarded as the principal in could do to develop the resc the case, persisted in building there, he should be land they occupied on the l obliged to use force in preventing him; but offered, if indispensable to them as a he would choose a location somewhere else, away from herds, and of little value any of the company's posts, to assist him in establish- being in part inundated e ing himself; saying, as a reason for desiring his re- forest land. They could u moval, that it was necessary to good order and ment of their right to occu discipline that their servants should be isolated from sentatives of the Hudson's the settlements. Williamson, however, disclaimed to use every means sanct any responsibility for the conduct of the company's trespassers on their premisE servants, or any desire to influence them; and asserted by the company. Yet it w his ability to get on without the assistance offered at peace with all. They ei him, as well as his right, as an American citizen, to spect for the temporary gov settle upon any unoccupied land in Oregon. Upon American citizens.34 The this, Chief Factor Douglas, justice of the peace harmony were evident, as under the Canadian laws, threatened to place him in lessness and misrule; and t irons and send him to York factory for trial; where- persons desiring the well-bE upon Williamson retorted, "You will have to send me determine to unite in puttin farther north than Hudson Bay to 'place me beyond 3 2 ing to disturb the public pec the reach of the United States government" -with justice, 33 obedience to law, an which challenge the interview terminated. circular closed with a ferv Immediately after, McLoughlin and Douglas ad- bestower of all good, for th( dressed a circular to the citizens of Oregon, in which of the whole community. they recited the case of Williamson, and stated their time addressed to the execu position. The settlement was made at Vancouver them of the intrusion of Wil under a license and a treaty which gave them the and enclosing a copy of the right to occupy as much land as they required for the the course they were bound operation of their business. They had opened roads, the provisional government and made other improvements at great expense; no The reply of the executiv 3"Alinto's Early Days, MS., 28-9, in terms altogether conciliate 33White says he had a private interview with Williamson and Alderman, 'which resulted in a suspension of hostilities for the present.' Official re- "unwarranted liberties" had port, in Ten Years in Or., "52. I think he did all he could to preserve the peace in these threatening times. In his anxiety he wrote to the secretary of war that too great a portion of the population came from the western states 34 hs allusion was introduced becauo 'for one moment's safety in our present condition.' Concise View, MS., 53. were making efforts to induce the British they still declined doing, through fear of rRATION OF 1844. TRESPASSERS. 461 of the land he would " burn regon," officers of either government had questioned their which was thought to right; fre to the fort. Finding that their presence and business in the country were It yield, and irritated beyond a manifest advantage to it, and a protection to hen declared the American as well as to the British settler. They if Williamson, had given regarded assistance to both, and had done all they as the principal in could uilding there, do to develop the resources of the country. The he should be land they occupied 'eventing him; but offered, if on the north bank of the river was indispensable to them as a range n somewhere else, away from for their flocks and herds, and ;ts, to assist him in establish- of little value for agricultural purposes, being in part inundated every summer, t reason for desiring his and in part re- forest land. They could ,essary to good order and not submit to the infringe- ment of their right to ants should be isolated from occupy this land, and, as repre- sentatives of the imson, however, disclaimed Hudson's Bay Company, were bound to use every means sanctioned e conduct of the company's by the law against trespassers on their premises, influence them; and asserted until otherwise directed by the company. Yet it was their earnest wish to be thout the assistance offered at peace with all. They entertained , as an the highest re- American citizen, to spect for the temporary ied land in Oregon. government established by the Upon American citizens.3" iglas, justice of The advantages of peace and the peace harmony were evident, as were threatened to place the dangers of law- him in lessness and misrule; and they )rk factory for trial; where- felt confident that all persons desiring , " You the well-being of the country would will have to send me determine to unite in )n Bay to place me beyond putting down every course tend- ing to disturb the public peace, and in the States government" 3 support of -with justice, obedience to law, and mutual view terminated.3 3 good-will. The circular closed with a fervent prayer Loughlin and Douglas ad- to the divine bestower of all good, for the citizens of Oregon, happiness and prosperity in which of the whole community. Villiamson, and stated their A letter was at the same time addressed to the executive committee, informing t was made at Vancouver them of the intrusion of Williamson eaty which gave them the on their premises, and enclosing a copy of the circular, which and as they required for the explained ;s. They had the course they were bound to pursue in the event of opened roads, the provisional government nents at great expense; no declining to interfere. The reply of the executive committee was couched in terms altogether conciliatory. They regretted that srview with Williamson and Alderman, hostilities for the present.' Official re- 'unwarranted liberties" had been taken by an Amer- nk he did all he could to preserve the his anxiety he wrote to the secretary of opulation came from the western states 34 This allusion was introduced because the supporters of the organization at condition.' Concise View, MS., 53. were making efforts to induce the British subjects to unite with them, which they still declined doing, through fear of being considered disloyal. 462 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1844. NORTH AND SOUTH ican citizen upon the premises of the British company; that gentlemen of the Ht expressed pleasure at learning that Williamson had took part in these discussio finally desisted ;35 and thanked McLoughlin for his accomplished than their ar "kind and candid manner" of treating a "breach of cans were better informed the laws of the United States, by setting at naught points in dispute. The Br her most solemn treaties with Great Britain." They local weak point to defend. promised to use every exertion to put down causes of by the board of manageme disturbance, and reciprocated the desire for a contin- lishnments on the south side uance of the amicable intercourse which had hereto- north side, but had not doi fore existed, which they would endeavor to promote territory supposed to belor "until the United States shall extend its jurisdiction when they forcibly ejected over us, and our authority ceases to exist." the territory they claimed The admissions made in the answer of the execu- gave color to the opinion tive committee were not pleasing to the majority of tended, or the Hudson's 1E the Americans in the country, who contended, as did attempt holding the whole Williamson, that the treaty gave no vested rights, as war, which really seemed in neither the sovereignty of the soil nor the boundary it gave occasion to men like line was determined, and joint occupancy left all free to assert a right to settle wl to go wherever they desired. Some of the more care- if their reason for choosing , ful and conservative argued that joint occupancy did of England. not mean the occupancy of the same place by both In July Colonel Simmons nations, but only the equal privilege of settling where explore the country toward they would not interfere with each other, the first and started with a compar party in possession being entitled to hold until the Shaw, George Waunch, D question of sovereignty was settled. The affair gave Everman, Seyburn Thornt, rise to much discussion, not only among Americans They found at a small prairi themselves, but between Americans and the gentle- plain on which the Cowlitz f men of the British company; and while the argu- Association was situated, an ments were conducted with courtesy, and each side landing, that John R. Jacksoi was able to learn something from the other, which been before them, made a lo( softened the arrogance of national pride and preten- had returned to bring his fa, sions, the main question of difference-the propriety settlement in the autumn, wl of making the Columbia River practically a boundary Continuing to the sound, so long as the sovereignty of the country remained and made a voyage down to undecided--continued to agitate the newcomers, and to interest every inhabitant of Oregon. 86 ViewVs of History, MS., 43. Mr Applegate, '7 Olympia Columbian, in Alta Californi commenting on the relative posi- in Yorkshire, England, where he was a tions of the American and British debaters, has said way-side inn on the road from Cowlitz lan man with the settlers, though too much g 3D A second letter informed them that Williamson had withdrawn. Ollections, MS., 74. RATION OF 1844. NORTH AND SOUTH OF THE COLUMBIA. 463 mises of the British company; that gentlemen of the Hudson's Bay Company who ~arning that Williamson had took part in these discussions were more scholarly and hanked McLoughlin for his accomplished than their antagonists, but the Ameri- er" of treating a "breach of cans were better informed on the technicalities of the States, by setting at naught points in dispute. The British in Oregon had also a with Great Britain." They local weak point to defend. They had been ordered -ertion to put down causes of by the board of management to remove their estab- sated the desire for a contin- lishments on the south side of the Columbia to the itercourse which had hereto- north side, but had not done so, and were occupying would endeavor to promote territory supposed to belong to the United States, 3 shall extend its jurisdiction when they forcibly ejected an American citizen from y ceases to exist." the territory they claimed for Great Britain.3 6 This n the answer of the execu- gave color to the opinion of some that England in- pleasing to the majority of tended, or the Hudson's Bay Company for her, to intry, who contended, as did attempt holding the whole of Oregon in case of a ity gave no vested rights, as war, which really seemed impending at this time, and )f the soil nor the boundary it gave occasion to men like Williamson and Simmons joint occupancy left all free to assert a right to settle wherever they might chose, 'ed. Some of the more care- if their reason for choosing was only te defy the power led that joint occupancy did of England. of the same place by both In July Colonel Simmons renewed his endeavor to 1 privilege of settling where explore the country toward or about Puget Sound, with each other, the first and started with a company consisting of William entitled to hold until the Shaw, George Waunch, David Crawford, Niniwon as settled. The affair gave Everman, Seyburn Thornton, and David Parker. not only among Americans They found at a small prairie five miles north of the Americans and the gentle- plain on which the Cowlitz farm of the Puget Sound pany; and while the argu- Association was situated, and ten miles from Cowlitz ith courtesy, and each side landing, that John R. Jackson of their immigration had ling from the other, which been before them, made a location at this place,37 and national pride and preten- had returned to bring his family. Jackson made his *fdifference-the propriety settlement in the autumn, which he called Highlands 'iver practically a boundary Continuing to the sound, the party took canoes ,y of the country remained and made a voyage down to and around the head of gitate the newu-comers, and t of Oregon. 36 Views of History, MS., 43. Lting on the relative posi- 37Olympia (Jolumbian, in Atta California,Nov. 2, 1852. Jackson was born in Yorkshire, England, where he was a butcher's apprentice. He kept a I British debaters, has said way-side inn on the road from Cowlitz landing to Olympia, and was a popular man with the settlers, though too much given to his potations. Roberts Rec- iat Williamson had withdrawn. ollections, MS., 74. THE IMMIG'RATION OF 1844. 464 NAMES OF THE -,

Whidbey Island, returning through Deception Pass opposition and hastened the to the east channel, and thence back the way they pancy in the region about t came to the Columbia River. In this expedition which the company had no d Simmons ascertained the advantages of the sound for come into the possession of ( commerce, and determined to settle there. In Octo- With the exceptions ment ber he removed his family38 to the head of Budd Inlet, 1844 settled in the Willai where he took a claim which he called Newmarket, autumn. The following sun at the falls of Des Chutes River, where there was a California, the party being he fine water power. He was accompanied by James They rendezvoused at La C McAllister and family, David Kindred and family, now Polk County, starting t Gabriel Jones and family, George W. Bush and family,3 " the company consisting of thil Jesse Furguson, and Samuel B. Crockett. This small and three children.4r Beside& 46 company cut a road for their wagons through the tion, but few persons arrive dense forests between the Cowlitz landing and the plains at the head of the sound, 4 Roberts' Recollections, MS., 60. a distance of sixty "Incorrectly called Rickreall by many miles, in the short space of fifteen days. All settled The names of the party are not given within incidentally. He there mentions McMaha a circuit of six miles; and the first house erected ner. See also McKay's Recollections, MS, was upon the claim of David Kindred, about two accident at Sutter Fort July 12th. Clyma 4 0 1846, in company with J. M. Hudspeth miles south of the present town of Tumwater, the Hastings, and James W. Marshall. Clymi Newmarket of Simmons. Besides the half-dozen ma, and settled in Napa Valley. families "The following incomplete list contains above mentioned, and the two men without many who turned off for California: T. - families who settled about the head of Asbill, Franklin Asbill, Pierce Asbill, Bla the sound in man, sen., William Bowman, jun., Ira Bo, 1845, a few others were looking for locations in that James Burton, Joseph Bartrough, Willian country, three of whom were Wood, 4 trand, Elijah Bunton, Joseph Bunton, Wil Kimball, " and Bonnini, Charles Buich, Nathan Bayard, A Gordon. Brown, George W. Bush, Solomon Beiner Thus, by an Barsham, Charles Bennett, J. M. Bennet effort to avoid the censure of the Dennis Clark, Joseph Caples, Charles Caplh directors of the Hudson's Bay Company in London, ford, Daniel Clark, Joel Crisman, Gabr some Aaron Chamberlain, William Clemens, of whom had influence with members of the Samuel B. Crockett, Clemens, James 42 Cave British cabinet, by keeping American settlers south erty, Daniel Durbin, V. W. Dawson, Ed, L. Everhart, Moses Eades, E. Emery, of -the Columbia River, McLoughlin provoked their Everman, C. Everman, John Eades, Abra 3 Eades, "While at Solomon Eades, Richard Eough, Ro Washougal, in April, Mrs Simmons gave birth to a son, who Elimek, John Fleming, Charles was named Christopher, Forrest, Jes the first child of American parents born in that John Fielden, M. C. Fielden, M. G. Foisy part of Oregon north of the Columbia River. thanmel Ford, "9Bush Mark Ford, I. N. Gilbert, was a mulatto, owning considerable property; a good man and Cornelius Gilliam, Smith Gilliam, Willam kind neighbor. It is said he settled north of the Columbia because of the Gage, against law William Gage, Jesse Gage, David the immigration of negroes passed by the legislative committee of James 1844. He took a claim Gavish, John Gavish, N. Gilmore, near Olympia which bears his name, and where his Goodhue, J. Graves, S. C. Graves, Samuel family long resided. han, William Gillihan, John Greenwood 'I Evans' Hzst. Or., MS., 281-2 Tumwater in the Chinook dialect means Golding, J. Hillhouse, Alanson Hinman, M rapids; literally 'falling water.' Hewett, Hutchison, Hamilton, Hatchock, Gi 41 Clyman's Note Book, MS., 100; Tolnie's Hisvt. Puyet Sound, MS., 21. Tolmie is one year too early in his dates. Hedges, Jacob Hutton, T. Holt, James Ha 42 Applegate's Views of History, MS., 43. Higgins, Fleming R. Hill, J. C. Hawley, J. Hampton, William Herring, Hamilton, Jose] 121ST. OR., VOL. I. 30 RATION OF 1844. NAMES OF THE NEW-COMERS. 465 ng through Deception Pass opposition and hastened the beginning of their occu- thence back the way they pancy in the region about that beautiful inland sea, River. In this expedition which the company had no doubt at that time would advantages of the sound for come into the possession of Great Britain.48 d to settle there. In Octo- With the exceptions mentioned, the immigrants of " to the head of Budd Inlet, 1844 settled in the Willamette Valley the same rhich lhe called Newmarket, autumn. The following sununer a number went to Zs River, where there was a California, the party being headed by James Clynl an. was accompanied by James They rendezvoused at La Creole River," in what is David Kindred and family, now Polk County, 89 starting thence the 8th of June, George W. Bush and family, the company consisting of thirty-nine men, one woman, uel B. Crockett. This small and three children.45 Besides the overland imumigra- their wagons through the tion,46 but few persons arrived this year by sea; and e Cowlitz landing and the e sound, a distance of sixty 43Roberts' Recollections, MS., 60. 14 Incorrectly called Rickreall 45 by many, and so printed on the maps. of fifteen days. All settled The names of the party are not given in Clyeman's Note Book, MS., except s; and the first house erected incidentally. He there mentions McMahan, Frazier, Sears, Owens, and Sum- ner. See also McKay's Recollections, MS., 3. The party arrived without David Kindred, about two accident at Sutter Fort July 12th. Clyman returned to the United States in At town of Tumnwater,4o the 1846, in company with J. M. Hudspeth, Owen Sumner and family, L. W. Hastings, and James W. Marshall. Clyman afterward emigrated to Califor- s. Besides the half-dozen nia, and settled in Napa Valley. , and the two men without The following incomplete list contains besides those who went to Oregon many who turned off for California: T. M. Adams, Isaac W. Alderman, t the head of the sound in Asbill, Franklin Asbill, Pierce Asbill, Blakely, J. L. Barlow, William Bow- ooking for locations man, sen., William Bowman, jun., Ira Bowman, Barnette, Francis Bordran, in that James Burton, Joseph Bartrough, William Burris, William Bray, Ed. Ber- were Wood, Kimball,/ and trand, Elijah Bunton, Joseph Bunton, William Bunton, Henry Bogus, Peter Bommin, Charles Buich, Nathan Bayard, A. H. Beers, Adam Brown, Thomas Brown, George W. Bush, Solomon Beiners, Charles H. Burch, William R. avoid the censure of the Barsham, Charles Bennett, J. M. Bennet, Thomas Boggs, Lewis Crawford, Dennis Clark, Joseph Caples, Charles Caples, Hezekiah Caples, David Craw- Bay Company in London, ford, Daniel Clark, Joel Crisman, Gabriel Crisman, William Crisman, ence with members of the Aaron Chamberlain, William Clemens, James Clyman, Patrick Conner, Samuel B. Crockett, Clemens, James Cave, William M. Case, N. R. Dough- ng American settlers south erty, Daniel Durbin, V. W. Dawson, Edward Dupuis, James Davenport, JcLoughlin provoked their L. Everhart, Moses Eades, E. Emery, J. Emery, C. Emery, Niniwon Everman, C. Everman, John Eades, Abraham Eades, Henry Eades, Clark Nirs Simmons gave Eades, Solomon Eades, Richard Eough, Robert Eddy, Hiram English, John birth to a son, who Ellick, John Fleming, Lild of American parents born in that Charles Forrest, Jesse Ferguson, J. Fuller, B. Frost, River. John Fielden, M. C. Fielden, M. G. Foisy, James Fruit, 'Doc' Fruit, Na- thaniel tnsiderable property; a good man and Ford, Mark Ford, I. N. Gilbert, David Grant, Mitchell Gilliam, torth of the Cornelius Gilliam, Smith Gilblam, William Gilliam, Porter Gilliam, Joseph Columbia because of the law Gage, William )assed by the legislative committee Gage, Jesse Gage, David Goff, W. H. Goodwin, Gillespie, of James Gavish, John Gavish, twhich bears his name, and where his N. Gilmore, Charles Gilmore, Gibbon, Samuel Goodhue, J. Graves, S. C. Graves, Samuel Goff, Marion Goff, Martin Gilla- han, William Gillihan, umwater in the Chinook dialect means John Greenwood, Britain Greenwood, Greenwood, Golding, J. Hillhouse, Alanson Hinman, M. M. Harris, John Harris, Adam Hewett, Hutchison, Hamilton, Tolmie's Hzst. Puget Sound, MS., 21. Hitchock, George Hanna, D. B. Hanna, T. S. es. Hedges, Jacob Hutton, T. Holt, James Harper, Herman Higgins, William ., 43. Higgins, Fleming R. Hill, J. C. Hawley, J. H. Hawly, George Hibler, Jacob Hampton, William Herring, Hamilton, Joseph Holman, Jacob Hoover, James 1ImiT. OR., VOL. I. 30 I 166 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1844. ARRIVAI those camie in the brig Chenamus, Captain Couch, from the ColumbiaRiver.47 T Newburyport, to the Hawaiian Islands, and thence to son of Caleb Cushing,an the establishment of Cus Hunt, Norris Humphrey, Jacob Hammer, John Inyard, Abraham Inyard, Peter Inyard, William R. Johnson, James Johnson, Thomas Jeffries, Daniel golt City. A small fishe Johnson, James Johnson, David Johnson, JohnR. Jackson, Gabriel Jones, firm, between Astoria and John H. P. Jackson, David Jenkins, Willis Jenkins, HenryC. Jenkins, William Jenkins, David Kindred, Charles Kerbs, Bartholomew Kindred, John Kin- Columbia, from which the dred, Alexander Kirk, Daniel D. Kinsey, Barton B. Lee, James Loomis, John following year, having ma, Lousenaute, Charles Lewis,William Morgan, Theophilus Magruder, Ed. B. in the mean Magruder, John Minto, Robert Miller, Elisha McDaniel, Joshua McDaniel, the Islands James W. Marshall, Lafayette Moreland, Elisha McDaniel, Nehemiah Martin, the only American vessel Samuel McSwain, Westly Mulkey, J. Mulkey, Luke Mulkey, P. P. Mulkey, Murray, Mudgett, Murphy (father and four sons), John Martin, Dennis in 1844. On her return Martin, J. McKinley, McMahan, James McAllister, R. W. Morrison, Michael Cushing and Johnson hom Moor, James Montgomery, John Nichols, Frank Nichols, Benjamin Nichols, George Neal, Attey Neal, Calvin Neal, Robert Neal, Alexander Neal, Peter Captain Sylvester, former Neal, George Nelson, Cyrus S. Nelson, Richard Owe, Ruel Owless, John Couch remaining in Oreg Owens, Henry Owens, James Owens, R. Olds, John Owens, Patrick O'Con- ner, Priest, Joseph Parrott, William Prater, Theodore Prater, Joel Perkins, pany's business. Neither sen., Joel Perkins, jun., John Perkins, E. E. Parrish, Gabriel Parrish, Samuel Packwood, William Packwood, R. K. Payne, Eben Pettie, Amab Pettie, Johnson was ever again on David Parker, Jeremiah Rowland, Levi L. Rowland, Benj. M. Robinson, 'Mountain' Robinson, Roberts, Mac Rice, Parton Rice, 'Fatty' Robinson, 17Horace Holden and May Holder Ramsey, Willard H. Rees, Rice, Robbin (colored),Ramsdell, Jackson Shelton, Islands in the Ch/enamus, Captain Couch William Sebring, Springer, Henry Saffron, William Smith, Vincent Snelling, returned to Oregon after hearing of th Benjamin Snelling, James Stewart, William Saunders, James B. Stephens, J. ent of the Mission. Holden was a nati S. Smith, Charles Smith, Peter Smith, William Shaw, Joshua Shaw, A.R. C. born in 1810. He took to seafaring, an Shaw, Washington Shaw, Thomas C. Shaw, B. F. Shaw, Smith, Sager, cast away on one of the Pelew Islands, Charles Saxton, Scott (colored), Snooks, Noyes Smith, Levi Scott, John Scott, years. Oii being rescued and returnin Joseph W. Scott, William Scott, John A. Stoughton, Franklin Sears, Stephens, account of his adventures, called Holdc John Sullivan, Sullivan, Michael T. Simmons, Seyburn P. Thornton, John tivit y amon7 the Savages. In 1837 he we Travers, John Thorp, Alvin E. Thorp, Theodore Thorp, Long Tucker, Cooper introducing silk culture and manufactu Y. Trues, 0.S. Thomas, Mortimer Thorp, Milton Thorp, Benjamin Tucker, Dr engaged in sugar-planting on the island Townsend, ThomasM. Vance, George Waunch, Williams, Harrison Wright, in which he was interested, being the I Richard Woodcock, James Walker, sen., James Walker, jun., Robert Walker, Islands. By the representations of Dr I Poe Williams, Thomas Werner, James Welch, Henry Williamson, Joseph Oregon, which he professes never to I Watt, M. M. Warnsbough, Samuel Walker, William Wilson, winters. Holden settled near Salem on Samuel Packwood and William Packwood, brothers, emigrated from and grain and fruit growing. Irolden's Missouri in 1844. They were two of a family of fifteen children, eight of the above is taken, contains little morm whom were sons of Elisha Packwood of Patrick County, . In 1819 while it affordsa plan on which a book m the father removed to Indiana, and in 1834 to Missouri. Seven of the eight most interesting narrations of adventure, sons and two of their seven sisters emigrated to the Pacific coast, but not all this history. See lines' Or. Hist.,233. in the same year. Of Samuel I know nothing except that he came to Ore- "It is said that Sylvester and Johnsc gon. William was born ill Patrick County, Virginia, in 1813, and removed a small vessel, deeply laden,which was, with the family to Missouri. After reaching Oregon he remained in the h(//nonMas wasthe vessel I have noinfori Willamette Valley until 1847, when lie removed to Puget Sound, and settled onthe shippmng-list; but in her place nex on the Nisqually River, being the first bonafide American settler north of here ant there of the after lives of the pie Olympia. Others of the Packwood family emigrated to Oregon in 1845, and before 1850-will give us a necessary clem will be noticed hereafter. A few names of women have been added to the go forth to clear the way for their more fe roll: Mrs W. M. Case, Miss Amanda Thorp, Mrs Benj. Tucker, Miss Eliza the time and manner of their death. Snelling, Miss Henrietta Gilliam, Mrs Vincent Snelling, Mrs Herman Hig- M.G. Foisy, who came to Oregon in 18 gins, Mrs Jacob Hammer, Mrs Joshua Shaw, Mrs D. Johnson, all of whom tory after Hall, who visited Lapwai from were in Major Thorp's company. Mrs McDamiiel, Jenny Fuller, and the up the hook of Matthew as translated ii families before referred to, namely, Morrison, Jackson, Simmons, McAllister, Presbyterian missionaries, and printed oi Kindred, Joiies, Shaw, are all who have been mentioned. There are the mission by the native church of Honolulu names of two negro women, Eliza and Hannah, put down on the roll, in the state archives at Salem. He afterwt Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1876, 40-2. worked at Monterey in the office of Tme C, ish languages, nerged later into the A/t, C ARRIVALS BY SEA. 467 UATION OF 1844. 47 enamnus, Captain Couch, from the Columbia River. They were William Cushing, waiian Islands, and thence to son of Caleb Cushing, and Henry Johnson, clerk in the establishment of Cushing and Company at Ore- City. A small fishery was established by this ammer, John Inyard, Abraham Inyard, gon James Johnson, Thomas Jeffries, Daniel firm, between Astoria and Tongue Point, on the lower )hnson, John R. Jackson, Gabriel Jones, the Chenamus took a cargo the Villis Jenkins, Henry C. Jenkins, William Columbia, from which [(erbs, Bartholomew Kindred, John Kin- following year, having made one or more voyages to insey, Barton B. Lee, James Loomis, John Chenamus was a Morgan, Theophilus Magruder, Ed. B. the Islands in the mean time. The ller, Elisha McDaniel, Joshua McDaniel, the only American vessel bringing a cargo to Oregon land, Elisha McDaniel, Nehemiah Martin, J. Mulkey, Luke Mulkey, P. P. Mulkey, in 1844. On her return to Newburyport she took or and four sons), John Martin, Dennis Cushing and Johnson home, and was commanded by tmes McAllister, R. W. Morrison, Michael ichols, Frank Nichols, Benjamin Nichols, Captain Sylvester, formerly of the Pallas, Captain leal, Robert Neal, Alexander Neal, Peter Couch remaining in Oregon in charge of the com- elson, Richard Owe, Ruel Owless, John ns, R. Olds, John Owens, Patrick O'Con- pany's business. Neither the vessel,-her captain, nor m Prater, Theodore Prater, Joel Perkins, on the Pacific coast." ins, E. E. Parrish, Gabriel Parrish, Samuel Johnson was ever again . K. Payne, Eben Pettie, Amab Pettie, Levi L. Rowland, Benj. M. Robinson, "Horace Holden and May Holden, his wife, came from the Hawaiian lac Rice, Parton Rice, 'Fatty' Robinson, Islands in the Chenamus, Captain Couch, with Babcock and Hines, when they .bbin (colored),Ramsdell, Jackson Shelton, returned to Oregon after hearing of the appointment of a new superintend- Saffron, William Smith, Vincent Snelling, ent of the Mission. Holden was a native of Hillsborough, , William Saunders, James B. Stephens, J. born in 1810. He took to seafaring, and while roaming about the ocean was th, William Shaw, Joshua Shaw, A. R. C. cast away on one of the Pelew Islands, and enslaved by the natives for three C. Shaw, B. F. Shaw, Texas Smith, Sager, years. On being rescued and returning to , he published an )oks, Noyes Smith, Levi Scott, John Scott, account of his adventures, called Holden's Narrative of Shipwreck and Cap- bn A. Stoughton, Franklin Sears, Stephens, tivity among the Savages. In 1837 he went to the Islands with the design of T. Simmons, Seyburn P. Thornton, John introducing silk culture and manufacture, but the scheme failed. He then 'rp, Theodore Thorp, Long Tucker, Cooper engaged in sugar-planting on the island of Kauai, the plantation of Kalloa, Thorp, Milton Thorp, Benjamin Tucker, Dr in which he was interested, being the first sugar-making plantation on the rge Waunch, Williams, Harrison Wright, Islands. By the representations of Dr Babcock he was induced to remove to sen., James Walker, jun., Robert Walker, Oregon, which he professes never to have liked on account of the rainy rames Welch, Henry Williamson, Joseph winters. Holden settled near Salem on a farm, and engaged in cattle-raising I Walker, William Wilson, and grain and fruit growing. [[olden's Oregon Pioneering, MS., from which ,m Packwood, brothers, emigrated from the above is taken, contains little more than his personal experience, and o of a family of fifteen children, eight of while it affords a plan on which a book might be written equal to many of the ood of Patrick County, Virginia. In 1819 most interesting narrations of adventure, contributes little that is of value to Seven of the eight this history. See Hines' Or. Hist., 233. A1in 1834 to Missouri. 4 emigrated to the Pacific coast, but not all It is said that Sylvester and Johnson sailed for the Columbia River 'in snow nothing except that he came to Ore. a small vessel, deeply laden, which was never heard from;' but whether the ck County, Virginia, in 1813, and removed Chenamus was the vessel I have no information. Her name appears no more fter reaching Oregon he remained in the on the shipping-list; but in her place next came the brig Henry. A glimpse nn he removed to Puget Sound, and settled here and there of the after lives of the pioneers of 1844-for all were pioneers a first bonafide American settler north of before 1850-will give us a necessary clew to the manner of life of those who d family emigrated to Oregon in 1845, and go forth to clear the way for their more favored brethren to follow, as well as names of women have been added to the the time and manner of their death. nd Thorp, Mrs Benj. Tucker, Miss Eliza M. G. Foisy, who came to Oregon in 1844, was the first printer in the terri- Snelling, Mrs Herman Hig- tory after Hall, who visited Lapwai from the Islands in 1841. Mr Foisy set Mrs Vincent language by the shua Shaw, Mrs D. Johnson, all of whom up the book of Matthew as translated into the Nez Perc6 Mrs McDaniel, Jenny Fuller, and the Presbyterian missionaries, and printed on the little press presented to this Morrison, Jackson, Simmons, McAllister, mission by the native church of Honolulu, which press is now preserved in ho have been mentioned. There are the the state archives at Salem. He afterward went to California, where he and Hannah, put down on the roll, in worked at Monterey in the office of The Californianin the English and Span- 0-2. ish languages, merged later into the Alta CalZfornia. -

468 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1844. BIOGRAI Pierce Asbill was born in Howard County, Missouri, in October 1835, whence he emigrated, with his parents, in 1844. In 1849 the family removed Nathaniel Ford, of whose settlement to California, finally settling in Sonoma County, since which time they have a useful and honorable life, died at Dixi been engaged in various vocations, but principally in stock-raising. In their the age of 75 years. Lucinda Ford, hi. expeditions through the country Frank M. Asbill, in 1854, discovered Round years. Dallas Times, Jan. 15, 1870; Sal Valley in California. Walker, who had served 23 years in the Daniel Clark, a native of King County, Ireland, was born Feb. 14, 1824. grated in 1844, settled near Salem, whei His father emigrated to Quebec in 1828, and went from Canada to Missouri a comfortable property. He died July!, in 1836. At 13 Daniel was impelled to begin life for himself, and engaged couver. Vancoquver Register, July 23, 1870 with a neighbor for 8 dollars a month to cut cord-wood. At 18 he was em- died in Yamhill County, Aug. 16,1875, ployed as overseer on a plantation; but hearing of the prospective donation of in West Virginia, Nov. 20, died in Linn land in Oregon to actual settlers, determined to go to the new country, and E. B. Magruder, a native of Mary try his fortunes there. He joined the independent colony under Gilliam, and Jackson County, died July 1875, at Ja arriving late and destitute, went to making rails. Two years afterward he identified with early enterprises in south4 married Miss Bertha B. Herren. In 1848 he went to the California mines, Oregon Theophilus R. Magruder, also a returning to Oregon for his wife and infant child the same winter. In 1850 merchant. He (lied Oct. 5, 1871, aged he left the mines and returned to his home 5 miles south of Salem. His sided for several years at Cresent City, C wife dying in 1861, he married again in 1865 Miss Harriet Scheoffer. When Jas B. Stephens was born in Washin the Oregon state grange was organized in 1873 he was elected master for his At the age of 8 years he removed wii services in the movement, in which he has ever been heartily interested. Mr remained until he was 26, when he mad( Clark lived long in firm health and vigor, enjoying the reward of a temperate located on the Mississippi River, opposit and just life. S. F. Pacfic Rural Press, in Or. Cultivator, June 15, 1876. the steamboats with wood and continued Willis Jenkins of the immigration of 1844 settled on the Luckiamute in in 1844 to Oregon with his family, in Polk County, then Yamhill district. When the town of Dallas was laid off land claim on the east bank of the Will in 1852 he built the first dwelling, first store, and first hotel, and remained now the site ot East , and where in business there for some time; but when was opened up by claimed on the other side, but wished to the gold discoveries, he removed to that section and aided in its development. his land for $200,but the latter having a His wife, who came with him to Oregon, died in 1872. His son, Henry except his trade, which was coopering, de Jenkins, became a Methodist preacher, and his other children were scattered he purchased East Portland at an admi over Oregon. Dallas Republican, in Portland Oregonian, Jan. 17, 1874. seller. Nesmith was present for the pu Dr J. L. Barlow, 'an honorable gentleman and excellent citizen,' died Stephens desired the place forhis busines at his home in Oregon City, March 7, 1879, where he had lived since 1844. gave way. This was during his term a Salem Statesman, March 14, 1879. under his order. The incident illustrates James Welch, who arrived in Oregon in November 1844, removed from 1843. Aintos8 E.?y Days, MS.,32. the Willamette Valley in 1846 to Astoria, and took the land claim adjoining Franklin Sears was bornin Orange C John McClure's, on the east, which became a part of the town of Astoria. At the age of 10 years he removed with h Welch continued to reside at Astoria, where he held several offices of trust, he left then to join the emigration to Or, and engaged actively in the business of milling, salmon fishing and canning, he went to California, and settled in Son and town improvements. In 1876, while on a visit to his son, James W. farm. Welch, internal revenue collector at Walla Walla, he passed suddenly away Isaac N. Gilbert, a native of New Yorl while asleep, on the night of the 29th of September, at the age of 60 years. 1818. He went to Illinois when still a His family continued to reside at Astoria. J1alla Walla Union, in Salens emigrated to Oregon at the age of 27, took a land claim 2 miles north-east of Statesman, Oct. 12, 1876. Bartholomew White was a cripple who caue to Oregon and took a claim Marietta Stanton, daughter of Alfred Sta in 1844 on the south bank of the Columbia, where St Helen now stands, and bert was the first county clerk of Marion which he afterward sold or abandoned to Knighton in 1847. years, and was for a time surveyor of the, Joseph Watt was born in Ohio, but emigrated from Missouri. He remained the town of Salem. He laid out the road at Oregon City over two years, when he returned to the States to bring out the foot of the Cascade Mountains, in 1846 sheep and a carding-machine. This attempt to drive sheep overland from founders of the Congregational church in the east was suggested by the fact that one of the Shaws in 1844 drove 16 one ofits principal supporters. He died sheep to Oregon, which he intended to kill for mutton by the way; finding Salem. Or. PioneerAssc., Trams., 1878, 82 that they travelled as well as the other stock, and buffalo being plenty, he MrsHenrietta Gilliam Coad, daughter spared them. This Shaw removed to Benicia, California. Watt had no Samuel Coad, diedat Salem, March 30, 1 sooner returned to Oregon with his carding-machine and sheep than the gold Pauline Ford Boyle, third daughter of Na discovery in California drew everybody who could go to the mines, and he 1874 of consumption. H. C. Jenkins, in realized nothing from his scheme of introducing a useful manufacture. But that of the Ford family of 13 who crossed his sheep increased, and money came into the country, until finally he con- 2 were then left. Elijah Bunton died in during the golal excitement. His widow mu ceived the idea of a woollen factory, which was finally established at Salem in 1857, this being the pioneer woollen-mill on the Pacific coast of the United Watson died March 19, 1874, at Weston States. Mr Watt still resides at Salem. Jane Roberts Rogers, wife of Clark Roae years. P ortland P. C. Advocate, March 25, 1 [GRATION OF 1844. BIOGRAPHICAL. 469 oward County, Missouri, in October 1835, Nathaniel Ford, of whose settlement in Polk County I have spoken, after rents, in 1844. a In 1849 the family removed useful and honorable life, died at Dixie, in that county, January 9, 1870, at anoma County, since which time they have the age of 75 years. Lucinda Ford, his wife, died January s, but 4, 1874, aged 74 principally in stock-raising. In their years. Dallas Times, Jan. 15, 1870; Salem Statesman, Jan. 16, 1874. Frank M. Asbill, Samuel in 1834, discovered Round Walker, who had served 23 years in the army of the United States, and emi- grated in 1844, settled near Salem, where he lived 26 years, and accumulated g County, Ireland, was born Feb. 14, 1824. a comfortable property. He died July 20, 1870, at St Joseph's hospital, Van- n 1828, and went from Canada to Missouri couver. Vancouver Register, July 23, 1870. Joel Crisman, a native of Virginia, Iled to begin life for himself, ant engaged died in Yamhill County, Aug. 16, 1875, aged 80 years. E. E. Parrish, onth to cut cord-wood. born At 18 he was em- in West Virginia, Nov. 20, died in Linn County, Oct. 24, 1874. -; but hearing of the prospective donation of E. B. Magruder, a native of Maryland, for a long time a resident of determined to go to Jackson the new country, and County, died July 1875, at Jacksonville, aged 74 years. He was the independent colony under Gilliam, and identified with early enterprises in . With him emigrated to to making rails. Two years afterward lie Oregon Theophilus R. Magruder, also a resident of southern Oregon, In 1848 he and a went to the California mines, merchant. He died Oct. 5, 1871, aged 39 years. Theophilus Magruder .nd infant re- child the same winter. In 1850 sided for several years at Cresent City, California. bo his home 5 miles south of Salem. His Jas B. Stephens was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, in 1806. [ain in 1865 Miss Harricet At Scheoffer. When the age of 8 years he removed with his father to Indiana, where he aized in 1873 he was elected master for his remained until he was 26, when he made another westward movement, and h he has ever been heartily interested. Mr located on the Mississippi River, opposite Fort Madison, where he supplied I vigor, enjoying the reward of a temperate the steamboats with wood and continued to reside for 11 !years. Emigrating Press, in Or. Cultivator, in 1844 June 15, 1876. to Oregon with his family, in the autumn of 1845 he bought a tion of 1844 settled on land the Luckiamute in claim on the east bank of the Willa.nette, opposite Portland, which is et. When the town of Dallas was laid off now the site of East Portland, and where he still resides. Overton, who ,, first store, and had first hotel, and remained claimed oii the other side, but wished to leave the country, offered Stephens nt when eastern his Oregon was opened up by land for $200, but the latter having no money, and nothing to depend on o that section and aided in its development. except his trade, which was coopering, declined. It was after this offer that o Oregon, died in he 1872. His son, Henry purchased East Portland at an administrator's sale, Lovejoy being the cher, and his other children were scattered seller. Nesmith was present for the purpose of bidding, but learning that Portland Oregonian, Jan. 17, 1874. Stephens desired the place for his business, and to make a home, the former ble gentleman and excellent citizen,' died gave way. This was during his term as judge of probate, the sale being *h 7, 1879, where he had under lived since 1844. his order. The incident illustrates the generous spirit of the men of 1843. Xinto's Early Days, MS., 32. Oregon in November 1844, removed from Franklin Sears was born in Orange County, New Jersey, Juiie 28, 1817. Astoria, and took the land claim adjoining At the age of 10 years he removed with his parents to Saline County, where ch became a part of the town of Astoria. he left them to join the emigration to Oregon in 1844. The following year )ria, where he held several offices of trust, he went to California, and settled in Sonoma County, where he held a large ,Ss of milling, salmon fishing and caining, farm. 6, while on a visit to his son, James WN. Isaac N. Gilbert, a native of New York, was born at Rushville, June 27, at Walla Walla, he passed suddenly away 1818. He went to Illinois when still a very young man, and from there 99th of September, at the age of 60 years. emigrated to Oregon at the age of 27, in company with 3 others. .t Astoria. Walla He Walla Union, in Salem took a land claim 2 miles north-east of Salem, and in 1850 married Miss Marietta Stanton, daughter of Alfred Stanton, an immigrant of 1847. Gil- lpe who came to Oregon bert and took a claim was the first county clerk of Marion county, holding the office for 3 'olumbia, where St Helen years, now stands, and and was for a time surveyor of the county. He made the first plat of ned to Knighton in 1847. the town of Salem. He laid out the road from Salem to 's, )ut emigrated from Missouri. at He remained the foot of the Cascade Mountains, in 1846. He was one of the four original ten he returned to founders the States to bring out of the Congregational church in Salem in 1852; and during his life is attempt to drive sheep overland from one of its principal supporters. He died March 20, 1879, at his t home in that one of the Shaws in 1844 drove 16 Salem. Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1878, 82-3. [A to kill for mutton by the way; finding Mrs Henrietta Gilliam Coad, daughter of Cornelius Gilliam, and wife of other stock, and buffalo Samuel being plenty, he Coad, died at Salem, March 30, 1875, aged about 32 years. Mrs td to Benicia, California. Watt had no Pauline Ford Boyle, third daughter of Nathaniel Ford, died in November carding-machine and sheep than the gold 1874 of consumption. H. C. Jenkins, in alluding to her death, remarked 'body who could go to the mines, and he that of the Ford family of 13 who crossed the plains in 1844 with him, only f introducing a useful manufacture. But 2 were then left. Elijah Bunton died in 1861, on the Walla Walla River, me into the tountry, until finally he con- during the gold excitement. His widow married a Mr Watson. Mrs Keziab y, which was finally established at Salem Watson died March 19, 1874, at Weston, in Umatilla County. Mrs Mary llen-mill on the Pacific Jane coast of the United Roberts Rogers, wife of Clark Rogers, died March 4, 1875, aged 43 alem. years. Portland P. C. Advocate, March 25, 1875. I - __ Z= - --

V THE MISSION. missionary republic. Bel voted upon by the organi2 the people, although they majority of two over those could have a trial, there a overwhelming number of I CHAPTER XVIII. who acknowledged no autl religious, who found the i AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. tracted to suit their views. were to live under its laws 1845. to their requirements. H THE FIRST THREE LEGISLATIVE BODIES-OPPOSING PARTIES-THE SEVERAL without a missionary in i -MEMORIAL TO CONGRESS-WHAT BENTON THOUGHT OF colonists. I have shown IT-'S EXPLOITS-PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEGISLATURE-- FUSION OF THE AMERICANS AND BRITISH-ENGLISH SPIES IN OREGON- improving upon the legis' BRITISH VESSELS-CONDUCT OF MCLOUGRLIN DISCUSSED-UNJUST CEN- leaned toward an indepen( SURE-CONSEQUENCE TO MCLoUGHLIN. to submit their code to th( attempting to secure a call FROM the adjournment of the legislative committee tion. Against such a ten( December 24th to the election of 1845. the political western men rebelled. situation of the country in reference to boundary was Meetings were held in earnestly discussed by the leading men of both na- from which delegates we tionalities in Oregon, with a candor, courtesy, and appointed to meet at Char dignity born of the greatrless of the question, and with choice of candidates for gc the desire to avoid the collisions threatened by the other officers. One good turbulent few. This mutual endeavor to understand was, that it had driven tin each other could not but tend to produce salutary the Americans in the gc results, removing prejudices due to birth and educa- unless they did so their la tion, and replacing them by personal esteem and pri- It was therefore at the hoi vate friendships.1 the convention of delegate Among themselves, the Americans had other issues Although there were l to consider. It is worthy of remark that the first the American and the ind three legislative bodies of Oregon made and adopted ing the Canadians and th three different forms of republican government, with- tion,1 there were four ca out any disturbances that affected the public peace. , Osbi The first framed a set of organic laws, intended to Bailey. Lovejoy and Ri bind the people together, and to secure benefits to parties before mentioned, a themselves by giving them a quasi title to selected 2 Clyman's Dia)7/, MS., 98; McLou tracts of land. This organization may be styled the IWhite says: 'Many are favorab] This being the most enlightened view% lApplegate's Views, MS., 42. am of opinion it will prevail.' Concise (470)

ij THE MISSIONARY REPUBLIC. 471

missionary republic. Before its laws, which were voted upon by the organizers, who called themselves the people, although they represented no more than a majority of two over those who did not desire a code, could have a trial, there appeared in the country an overwhelming number of bold, free, independent men, rER XVIII. who acknowledged no authority, either commercial or religious, who found the missionary republic too con- F THE ORGANIC LAWS. tracted to suit their views, and who proposed, if they were to live under its laws, to modify them according to their requirements. Hence a legislative committee BODIES-OPPOSING PARTIES-THE SEVERAL without D CONGRESS-WHAT BENTON THOUGHT OF a missionary in it, and only two of the old TS-PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEGISLATURE- colonists. I have shown how they, while greatly ND BRITISH-ENGLISH SPIES IN OREGON- improving upon the legislation of their predecessors, )F MCLOuGHLIN DISCUSSED-U2NJUST CEN- leaned toward an independent republic, OUGHLIN. by neglecting to submit their code to the vote of the people, and by -t of the legislative committee attempting to secure a call for a constitutional conven- election of 1845, the political tion. Against such a tendency the patriotism of the western in reference to boundary was men rebelled. the leading men Meetings were held in the most populous districts, of both na- from vith a candor, courtesy, which delegates were chosen to a convention and appointed ;rness of the question, and with to meet at Champoeg April 8, 1845, for the collisions threatened choice of candidates for governor, supreme judge, and by the other itual endeavor to understand officers. One good effect of the code of 1844 )ut tend to produce was, that it had driven the Canadians to unite with salutary the [ices due to birth and educa- Americans in the government organization, as unless they by personal esteem and pri- did so their lands could not be protected. It was therefore at the house of a French settler that the 2 e Americans had other convention of delegates met. issues Although ;hy of remark that the first there were but two prominent parties, f Oregon made the American and the independent, the latter includ- and adopted ing republican government, with- the Canadians and those who desired a constitu- tion,3 it affected the public peace. there were four candidates, A. L. Lovejoy, of organic laws, intended to George Abernethy, , and W. J. r, and to secure benefits Bailey. Lovejoy and Russell represented the two to parties rem a quasi title to selected before mentioned, and Abernethy the Mission. ,anization may be styled the I Clyman's Diary, MS., 98; McLoughlin's Private Papers, MS., 2d ser., 14. I White says: ' Many are favorable to the adoption of a constitution... This being the most enlightened view, and meeting with little opposition, I am of opinion it will prevail.' Concise View, 55 (470) 472 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. THE LEGI Bailey, who was known to lean toward independence, McCarver, Isaac W. Smit] yet was also of the old missionary fraternity, belonged hill County, Jesse Applegal to no particular party. In convention Lovejoy re- County, John McC ceived the greater number of votes, the Americans City June 24th, and organ being in the majority. But before the election, the E. Long; but were offere independents, having no hope of securing their choice, the circulatin and not liking to see Lovejoy elected, went over to which they accepted. Th( Abernethy,' who thus became governor, although at tered to the members was i the time he was on a visit to the Sandwich Islands.' as follows: "I do solemnly One of the principles of the American party was the organic laws of the that the organic law of 1843 was the law of the coun- Oregon, so far as they are try until the people had voted upon the amendments as a citizen of the United ' of 1844; because, as they contended, the people had Britain, and faithfully deme not yet resigned the law-making power. This oppo- me God;" the clause "or a sition strengthened the independents somewhat, who being introduced to enable could find many who favored the new code. But to join in supporting the when it came to the election of the legislature, it offence to some Americans, was found that no known independents were invested trymen outnumbered the B] with legislative power. That there were many who would have preferred exclu favored the call for a convention was proven by the were wiser heads than thel fact that the majority against it was only ninety-three, colonists.9 or about two to one, according to the voting census McCarver being elected of 1844.6 P. G. Stewart of the exec The legistators elect fromn Cbainpoeg County7 were Abernethy being still ab6 Robert Newell, J. M. Garrison, M. G. Foisy, Barton besides assurances of the fi Lee; from Clackamas County, H. A. G. Lee, William culture, the peaceful condi H. Gray, Hiramn Straight; from Tualatin County, M. inadequacy of the revenue, the organic and land law ii 4 From the fact that there were no newspapers in Oregon at this time, it is difficult to get a clear return of the election, but I learn from other sources an expression of "regret tl that J. W. Nesmith was elected judge, and Frank Ermatinger treasurer. prejudices should exist to Ermatinger's election was the welcoming hand to the Hudson's Bay Company. Mr Applegate says that Albernethy headed the American ticket called by danger our unanimity;" wil its adversaries ' missionary.' Views of Hist., MS., 44. But I have followed sufficient virtue and intellige Gi ay, who, in this instance, clearly shows the cause which defeated the can- didate of the convention. Both Russell and Bailey would prefer Abernethy 'This form of oath, Gray says, showk to one of the new and aggressive men of the immigrations, and their influ- rison, Smith, and Hendricks, who supp ence, combined with that of the Mission which also announced its candidates with the company, or the English party as American, elected him. known it was intended to open the door Or. Archives, MS., 51. with the Americans, and to avert the I It will be observed that the word 'county' had been substituted for dis- Hat. Or., 422. trict. This usage was introduced by the committee of 1844; but the legis- 9 McLoughlin remarks 'The original lature of 1845 passed an act authorizing the change. Or. Laws, 1843-9, 35. as I am informed, proposed to the immi In thessame manner the phrase 'legislative committee was altered to 'legis- take Vancouver; which is a proof how lature,' though there were those who objected to both changes. Private PTpers, MS., 3d ser. THE ORGANIC LAWS. THE LEGISLATURE. 473 to lean toward independence, Missionary fraternity, belonged McCarver, Isaac W. Smith, David Hill; from Yam- In convention Lovejoy re- hill County, , Abijah Hendricks; from zer of votes, the Americans Clatsop County, John McClure. They met at Oregon But before the election, the City June 24th, and organized at the house of John hope of securing their choice, E. Long; but were offered the use of the room of ovejoy elected, went over to the Multnomah circulating library for the session, ~came governor, although at which they accepted. The oath which was adminis- t to the Sandwich Islands." tered to the members was framed by Jesse Applegate of the American party was as follows: "I do solemnly swear that I will support 343 was the law of the coun- the organic laws of the provisional government of voted upon' the amendments Oregon, so far as they are consistent with my duties as a citizen of the United States F contended, the people had or a subject of Great making power. This oppo- Britain, and faithfully demean myself in office; so help ndependents somewhat, who ne God;" the clause "or a subject of Great Britain" vored the new code. being introduced to enable the Canadians and others But 8 action of the legislature, it to join in supporting the laws. This clause gave independents werebinvested offence to some Americans, who, now that their coun- That there were many who trymen outnumbered the British so greatly in Oregon, rivention was proven by the would have preferred excluding the latter; but there nst it was only ninety-three, were wiser heads than theirs among the more recent 3rding to the voting census colonists.? McCarver being elected speaker, the message of m Chamnpoeg CoUnty7 were P. G. Stewart of the executive committee was read, rison, M. G. Foisy, Barton Abernethy being still absent. It contained little nty, H. A. G. Lee, Willian besides assurances of the favorable condition of agri- ; from Tualatin County, M. culture, the peaceful condition of the country, the inadequacy of the revenue, the need of a revision of newspapers in Oregon at this time, it id the organic and land law in favor of mechanics, and lection, but I learn from other sources an expression of "regret that sectional ge, and Frank Ermatinger treasurer. and national ig hand to the Hudson's Bay Company. prejudices should exist to such an extent as to en- y headed the American ticket called by danger our unanimity;" with Just., MS., 44. But I have followed the hope that there was 3ws the cause which defeated the can- sufficient virtue and intelligence in the colony to secure 11and Bailey would prefer Abernethy of the inumigrations, and their influ- 'This form of oath, Gray says, shows that Newell, Foisy, McCarver, Gar- n which also announced its candidates rison, Smith, and Hendricks, who supported it, were 'favorable to a union with the company, or the English party in the country;' though he must have known it was intended to open the door to the fusion of the British subjects county' had been substituted for dis- with the Americans, and to avert the troubles that threatened. See Gray's he committee of 1844; but the legis- HJst. Or., 422. rig the change. Or. Laws, 1843-9, 35 9 McLoughlin remarks: 'The originator of the clause is the very man who, tive committee was altered to ' legis- as I am informed, proposed to the immigrants, on their way here in 1843, to 'jected to both changes. take Vancouver; which is a proof how much his prejudices had died away.' Prvate Papers, MS., 3d ser. 474 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. THE SEVERAL

the administration of the laws of the provisional gov- those mere statutory 'sectic 0 ernment." instrument so heterogeneot The legislature of 1845 held that they were not a critical eyes of Burnett an constitutional body, because the law under which they article of the original organic were elected lacked the expressed approbation of the concerning rights,"2 and an people, and that their first duty was to appeal to the the powers of three distinct with authority to change P people as to the only power ment.7 the fundamental law. That part of the executive The second article define message relating to a revision of the organic and powers and duties of the seF other laws, having been referred to a, committee com)- mnent. The legislative pow posed of H. A. G. Lee, Newell, Applegate, Smith, house of representatives, wl and McClure, their revision was immediately begun. less than thirteen nor more On the 5th of July the committee made their final whose numbers should not b( report. The leading spirit in -the legislature of 1845 at any one session, to be elec was undoubtedly Mr Applegate. The Spartan sim- giving to each district a rep plicity and fidelity to trust which distinguished him its population, excluding nati among his fellow-colonists is stamped upon their pro- reside in their district, and i ceedings. His literary style, unequalled by that of ecutive should cause a new 1 any of his contemporaries, is easily recognized in the at least ten days' notice. TI revised code. Concerning the work of the committee, should have power to fix th he says that it was their object to introduce as few officers elected under the org changes as possible in the original organic laws, except in these articles, " this coi the oath of office, and an amendment to the land law change was made in salaries, allowing two or more otherwise legal claimants to The house of representati' hold a section each without making improvements power of impeaching, three upon each claim." concurring; and the govern While it is evident that Applegate endeavored to should be liable to impeachni leave untouched the work of his friend Shortess as any high crime or misdemea far as was consistent with expediency and propriety, such cases extending no fu and while avoiding any perversion of the intention office, and disqualification tc of the organic laws, the amendments made to that trust, or profit under the c instrument fulfilled practically all the purposes of might be dealt with accordi the more elaborate legislation of 1844. Nor could 1' No person shall be deprived of tl this be accomplished without excluding from them defence; no unreasonable searches or se found in the state- of the press shall not be restrained; no 10Or. Archives, MS., 51. While at Salem in 1878 I the people be deprive( documents, many of them of great value to same offence; nor house a mass of loose unprinted discussing any matter they may 1 Brown to make a thorough examination of and history. I engaged Mr J. Henry petition ever be denied.' Or. Spectator, ] them, comparing them with the printed archives, and to copy at his discre- 13 'The powers of the government This he did with a faithfulness and discrimination worthy of the tion. departments, the legislative, executive, highest praise. The volume is quoted as above. belongingto one of these departments sl 11 Views of1 History, MS., 45. mug to either of the others, except in ca

Of MHE ORGANIC LAWS. THE SEVERAL ARTICLES. 475 laws of the provisional gov- those mere statutory sections which had given the held that they were not a instrument so heterogeneous an appearance to the se the law under which they critical eyes of Burnett and Lovejoy. To the first xpressed approbation of the article of the original organic laws was added a section It duty was to appeal to the concerning rights,"2 and another section concerning ,r with authority to change the powers of three distinct branches of the govern- hat part of the executive ment."1 vision of the organic and The second article defined, in eleven sections, the ferred to a, committee coin- powers and duties of the separate branches of govern- Vewell, Applegate, Smith, ment. The legislative power was to be vested in a On was immediately begun. house of representatives, which should consist of not ommittee made their final less than thirteen nor more than sixty-one members, t in -the legislature of 1845 whose numbers should not be increased more than five egate. The Spartan sim- at any one session, to be elected at the annual election, , which distinguished him giving to each district a representation in the ratio of is stamped upon their pro- its population, excluding natives. The members should rle, unequalled by that of reside in their district, and in case of vacancy the ex- is easily recognized in the ecutive should cause a new election to be held, giving the work of the committee, at least ten days' notice. The house of representatives abject to introduce as few should have power to fix the salaries of the different -iginal organic laws, except officers elected under the organization, or, as it is styled nendment to the land law in these articles, "this compact" provided that no erwise legal claimants to change was made in salaries during the term of service. at making improvements The house of representatives should have the sole power of impeaching, three fourths of the members Applegate endeavored to concurring; and the governor and all the civil officers )f his friend Shortess as should be liable to impeachment for treason, bribing, or Expediency and propriety, any high crime or misdemeanor in office; judgment in version of the intention such cases extending no further than removal from iendments made to that office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, illy all the purposes of trust, or profit under the compact; but the offender on of 1844. Nor could might be dealt with according to law. The house of it excluding from them 12 'No person shall be deprived of the right of bearing arms in his own defence; alem in 1878 I found in the state- no unreasonable searches or seizures shall be granted; the freedom ts, many of them of great vaiue to of the press shall not be restrained; no person shall be tried twice for the to make a thorough examination of same offence; nor the people be deprived of the right of peaceably assembling archives, and to copy and discussing any matter they may think proper, nor shall the right of at his discre- petition and discrimination worthy of the ever be denied.' Or. Spectator, Feb. 5, 1846. sbove. I13'The powers of the government shall be divided into three distinct departments, the legislative, executive, and judicial; and no person or persons belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any of the powers belong- ing to either of the others, exoept in cases herein directed or permitted.' Id.

I 476 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. THE LANI representatives should have power to divide the ter- surrection, to look to the e: ritory into suitable districts, and apportion the rep- recommend others which he resentation in their own body; to pass laws for raising to sign or veto the bills pass a revenue by levying and collecting taxes, or imposing house having the power by license on merchandise, ferries, or other objects; to a vetoed bill, the governor's open roads or canals, either by imposing a tax or grant- to be entered on its journ, ing charters; to regulate the intercourse of the people convene the legislature on with the natives; to establish post-offices and post- His term of office should b roads; to declare war or repel invasion; to provide the election and qualification for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia case of death or resignation and calling it forth; to pass laws to regulate the in- his place. His salary was 5 troduction, manufacture, and sale of ardent spirits; to fix.' The article on the ji regulate the currency and internal police; to create original, and also from the inferior tribunals and inferior offices not provided for first, it vested the judicial pc by the articles of compact; and to pass such laws to and such inferior courts of la promote the general welfare of the people of Oregon as might from time to time as were not contrary to the spirit of this instrument; the second, the supreme ju( all powers not expressly delegated to remain with the the house of representatives people." or until his successor was el The executive power was vested in one person elected like the first, he should h, by the qualified voters; the qualifications being the only; but should have a gent same as in the original organic laws; every white man over all inferior courts of law over twenty-one years of age who had been in the of habeas corpus and other c territory at its organization, or every immigrant after and hear and determine the S that time who had been in it six months, being privi- was to have power to decide leged to vote at the election of officers, civil or military. contrary to the provisions o Time was thus allowed for the immigration of one and should give an opinion year, arriving in the autumn, to become informed on house of representatives, cl the questions at issue and to vote at the election in any pending measure. Alsc June of the following year. by law for the supreme cot The powers of the executive were to fill vacancies, diction in criminal cases. remit fines and forfeitures, grant pardons and reprieves, The land law, the chief c call out the military to repel invasion or suppress in- was incorporated in the orga from the original in letter, '+ It was Applegate's idea that no power to make laws existed, only as the tinction of color, nationaliti people delegated it; and that by the articles of compact which were agreed to by the people, only so much power as was described in the compact could be but every person was allowez exercised. This was intended as a check on the missionary as well as the forty acres upon complying Huctson's Bay influence. No sectional ambition could be gratified so long as no authority for it was contained in the organic laws, which defined the The claim must be designat extent of the legislative power. For this reason the land law was made or- ganic, as well as the oath of office. 1 Governor Abernethy drew no salar MHE ORGANIC LAWS. THE LAND LAW. 477 ve power to divide the ter- surrection, to look to the execution of the laws, and cts, and apportion the rep- recommend others which he might deem essential, and )dy; to pass laws for raising to sign or veto the bills passed by the legislature; the Collecting taxes, or imposing house having the power by a two-thirds vote to pass erries, or other objects; to a vetoed bill, the governor's objections to which were by imposing a tax or grant- to be entered on its journal. The governor might he intercourse of the people convene the legislature on extraordinary occasions. blish post-offices and post- His term of office should be for two years, or until repel invasion; to provide the election and qualification of his successor; and in nd disciplining the militia case of death or resignation, the secretary should fill ss laws to regulate the in- his place. His salary was left for the legislature to ,id sale of ardent spirits; to fix."5 The article on the differed from the internal police; to create original, and also from the laws of 1844. Like the 'ior offices not provided for first, it vested the judicial power in the supreme court, ; and to pass such laws to and such inferior courts of law, equity, and arbitration ,e of the people of Oregon as might from time to time be established. Unlike z spirit of this instrument; the second, the supreme judge was to be elected by legated to remain with the the house of representatives for a term of four years, or until his successor was elected and qualified. Un- vested in one person elected like the first, he should have appellate jurisdiction e qualifications being the only; but should have a general superintending control nic laws; every white man over all inferior courts of law, with power to issue writs age who had been in the of habeas corpus and other original or remedial writs, ? or every immigrant after and hear and determine the same. The supreme court it six months, being privi- was to have power to decide upon and annul any laws of officers, civil or military. contrary to the provisions of the articles of compact, the immigration of one and should give an opinion when called upon by the n, to become informed on house of representatives, concerning the validity of Lo vote at the election in any pending measure. Also, the house might provide by law for the supreme court having original juris- aive were to fill vacancies, diction in criminal cases. ant pardons and reprieves, The land law, the chief object of solicitude to all, 1 invasion or suppress in- was incorporated in the organic laws, and was changed from the original in letter, 7er to make laws existed, only as the if not in spirit. No dis- Jes of compact which were agreed to tinction of color, nationality, age, or sex was made; .s described in the compact could be k on the missionary as well as the but every person was allowed to hold six hundred and ambition could be gratified so long forty acres upon complying with certain conditions. he organic laws, which defined the s reason the land law was made or- The claim must be designated by natural boundaries 5 1 Governor Abernethy drew no salary under the provisional government. 478 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. APPPOVED BE

or by marks at the corners and upon the lines, and be out a difference. Yet it i recorded within twelve months in the office of the original founders of the territorial recorder, with the names of adjoining claim- were encouraged in the ants in the cases of those already in possession, and principles, and bribed to within twenty days in the cases of new-comers. Per- giance to the United Stat manent improvements were required to be made within governments allowed sucl six months by building or enclosing, and residence sentiments."' begun within a year; or in cases where not occupied, As the legislature ha the claimant might hold by paying into the treasury without authority to act u five dollars annually. Non-residents should not have of their proceedings in a the benefit of the law, nor men who were obliged to they prepared to adjourn absent themselves from the territory on private busi- held, at which the people ness beyond the period of two years. with, 1st, the original lav No individual was allowed to hold more than one 2d, the amended laws; a square mile, in a square or oblong form, nor to hold the governor and legislate more than one claim at the same time; but partner- cers to carry the amend/ ships not exceeding the amount of one claim to each If the people should adopi partner might be formed by improvements made first, the legislature could upon one, provided none of the partners held separate tion of a code of statuto claims."6 Any person complying with the provisions of the colony. As thei of these ordinances became entitled to the same re- Oregon, manuscript copi course against trespassers as in other cases provided every precinct or polling- by law. By the amended organic laws, the officers to the voters. chosen at the general election on the first Tuesday in The legislature adjour June 1845 were declared entitled to act under these on the 5th of August. laws, and their official acts, in accordance with them, voted against the compaci were valid and legal. The house of representatives lature to regulate the ini could, by a two-thirds vote, amend the organic laws, sale of intoxicating drii but the amendments must be made public by being English and French serv. read at the polls at the next general election, and two admitted to equal privil( thirds of the members elected at that time must ap- withstanding these objec prove of them.'7 held on the 26th of Ju 'All the merely statutory laws were expunged from adopting the organic law: of revision a ule of officers as elected i the instrument called by the committee 9 compact instead of a constitution, a distinction with- to over two hundred.' 'Ii, Applegate, "both the 2 I11 16 After this law was approved by the people, it was amended so as to t 'permit claimants to hold 600 acres in the prairie, and 40 acres in the timber, join,' in an act similar to the amendatory act of 18Says Applegate: ' I was a citi2 i though said tracts do not to remain one.' I 1844. 11 19 Grover's Or. Archives, 90; Hoie "Or. Spectator, Feb. 5, 1846; Gen. Laws Or., 58-65.

tIr P THE ORGANIC LAWS. APPROVED BY THE PEOPLE. 479 ers and upon the lines, and be out a difference. Yet months it was a wise deference to the in the office of the original founders of the names the government. The people of adjoining claim- were encouraged in the se already in maintenance of republican possession, and principles, and bribed to remain te cases of new-comers. firm in their alle- Per- giance to the United States, which alone Are required to be made within of all great governments allowed such entire freedom of political or enclosing, and residence sentiments.' 8 in cases where not occupied, As the legislature had decided that by paying into the treasury they were without authority to act until the people had approved on-residents should not have of their proceedings or in amending the organic laws, men who were obliged to they prepared to adjourn he territory until an election could be on private busi- held, at which the people were f two years. to be made acquainted with, 1st, the original laws as )wed to hold more enacted July 5, 1843; than one 2d, the amended laws; and 3d, a schedule or oblong form, nor declaring to hold the governor and legislature elected in he same time; but partner- June the offi- cers to carry the amended organic laws into effect. nmount of one claim to each If the people should adopt id the last two in place of the by improvements made first, the legislature could then )f the proceed to the forma- partners held separate tion of a code of statutory laws nplying with the suited to the wants provisions of the colony. As there was no printing-press ne entitled' to the same re- in Oregon, manuscript copies of each were ; as in other cases provided made for every precinct or polling-place, to be read three times d organic laws, the officers to the voters. tion on the first Tuesday in The legislature adjourned entitled July 5th to meet again to act under these on the 5th of August. According 3, in to Gray, many accordance with them, voted against the compact because ie house of it allowed the legis- representatives lature to regulate the introduction, manufacture, e, amend the organic laws, and sale of intoxicating drink; and many because the L be made public by being English and French servants it general of the fur company were election, and two admitted to equal privileges with themselves. 2ted at that time Not- must ap- withstanding these objections, at the special election held on the 26th of July the majority in favor of laws were expunged from adopting the organic laws as amended, he committee of and the sched- revision a ule of officers as elected the previous June, amounted ;itution, a distinction with- 9 to over two hundred.' By this decisive act, says Mr Applegate, the people, it was amended so as to "both the Methodist Mission and the ,hie prairie, and 40 acres in the timber, act similar to the amendatory act of 18 Says Applegate: 'I was a citizen of the United States, and I intended 1 to remain one.' ~ew Or., ~58-65. '" Grover's Or. Archives, 90; Hines' Or. Hst., 432-4. 480 AMEND)MENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. MEMORIAL TO Hudson's Bay Company ceased to be political powers Early in the session Grn either to be courted or feared in the colony, and to committee be appointed to dr the close of its existence the provisional government tion to congress, setting forl of Oregon attained all the ends of good government." 20 of the country; and accoi H. A. G. Lee, McClure, Before following the legislative body of Oregon and a memorial prepared a through its law-making achievements, let us return States. A third applicant who gave as to its first session long enough to observe the straws he was not able to return to the States f 'that a good wife would pay for a long indicative of the political current. Harvey Clark had ' To the honorable the Senate and been chosen chaplain, but on motion of Gray the vote States of America in Congqress assembled the representatives of the people of Ore was reconsidered, and Father Demers and Mr Hill the citizens of the United States residinj were chosen to officiate alternately. The action of submit for the consideration of your he under which we labor, and pray your fi Gray seems to have been an ill-judged attempt to con- for their remedies. Without dilating ciliate the Catholics, territory as an appendage to the federal for Demers declined, and Clark time in repeating to you the oft-repeated resigned after officiating for a short time. mercial advantages, we would, with du Then came a petition consideration our peculiar difficulties as from Philip Foster, who had treaty stipulations between the governu been treasurer, reciting his grievances at being sup- Britain this territory has become a kind of which the citizens of the United Stal planted by Ermatinger, a British subject; but the have equal rights, and, as your memoria legislature sustained Ermatinger.2 " Two days before equal protection: such being the facts, t promiscuously interspersed, is composed adjournment Gray offered a resolution that a com- citizens of a republic, between whom m mittee of one from each county be appointed to report may naturally be supposed that in the a made by the two governments, to prevei a bill for the protection of the colony, the erection of conflicting interests, aided by ancient block-houses and magazines, the revision of the mili- results the most disastrous; particularly population exists in the midst of numex tary law, and to make such suggestions to the house whom the smallest dissensions among as they might deem necessary for the peace signal to let loose upon their defencele and safety warfare. To prevent a calamity so mt of the colony. The committee was appointed, but the inhabitants of this territory have found proceeding provisional and temporary government, fell to the ground, there being no necessity whose executive, legislative, and judicio for such a measure. exigencies that may arise among themse inents to which they owe allegiance; an A resolution of Applegate's seems to be aimed at honorable body, that with but few indivi the disposition exhibited by some persons to consider and good-will has been the result of thi measure; and the British subjects and I the affairs of the Hudson's Bay Company as without in their obedience and respect to the I the pale of law and justice,2 2 and to prevent abuses good and general welfare of Oregon. 'Although such has been the result, of the legislative power generally. interests, though we, the citizens of the complain either of exaction or oppression VViews of History, MS., 46. Britain, but on the contrary it is but jus 21 Grover's Or. A-chaves, 73-7. has been most friendly, liberal, and phi i2 ' Resolved, that the government has no power to annul a contract entered tinuance of the present state of things i into either in the United States or Great Britain.' Grover's Or. Archives, 78. government being limited in its efficien That the legislature did not act up to the spirit of this resolution is shown by paramount duty we owe to our respect] the fact that notwithstanding they disclaimed any authority to legislate inadequate to its support-and the almo before the people had given them the power by voting on the laws, three son's Bay Company, of the means of defe divorces were granted; two of the applicants having been married in the occurrences led us to fear entertain hosti HIST. OR., VOL. I. 31 THE ORGANIC LAWS. MEMORIAL TO CONGRESS. 481 ceased to be political powers Early in the session Gray made a motion that a feared in the colony, and to committee be appointed to draught a memorial and peti- the provisional governmient tion to congress, setting forth the condition and wants A ends of good government." 2 of the country; and, accordingly Gray, Applegate, H. A. G. Lee, McClure, and Hill were appointed, legislative body of Oregon and a memorial prepared and adopted.23 There was achievements, let us return States. A third applicant who gave as a reason for desiring a divorce nough to observe the he was not able that straws to return to the States for his wife, was denied; it being held current. Harvey Clark had 'that a good wife would pay for a long journey.' "' (To the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives t on motion States of the United of Gray the vote of America in Congrsess assembled: Your mernorialists and petitioners, the representatives ather Demers and Mr Hill of the people of Oregon, for themselves, and in behalf of the citizens of the United States residing in this territory, alternately. submit would respectfully The action of for the consideration of your honorable body some of the under which grievances an ill-judged attempt to con- we labor, and pray your favorable consideration of our petition for their remedies. Without dilating upon the great territory importance of this Demers declined, and Clark as an appendage to the federal union, or consuming your time in repeating valuable For a short time. to you the oft-repeated account of our agricultural and com- mercial advantages, we would, with due deference, submit consideration to your serious rom Philip Foster, who had our peculiar difficulties as occupants of this territory. As by treaty stipulations between the governments of the United is grievances at being sup- Britain States and Great this territory has become a kind of neutral ground, in the occupancy a British subject; of which the citizens of the United States and the subjects of but the have equal Great Britain iatinger.21 Two rights, and, as your memorialists humbly conceive, ought to have days before equal protection: such being the facts, the population of the promiscuously territory, though Id a resolution interspersed, is composed of the subjects of a crown that a com- citizens of a republic, and the 3unty be between whom no common bond of union exists. It appointed to report may naturally be supposed that in the absence of any provision made by the having been f the colony, the erection of two governments, to prevent or settle any such occurrence, that conflicting interests, aided by ancient prejudices, results would speedily lead to ies, the revision of the mili- the most disastrous; particularly when it is considered that population this mixed ch exists in the midst of numerous and warlike tribes of suggestions to the house whom the smallest Indians, to dissensions among the white inhabitants would be the lary for the peace and safety signal to let loose upon their defenseless families all the warfare. horrors of savage tittee was appointed, To prevent a calamity so much to be dreaded, the well-disposed but the inhabitants of this territory have found it absolutely necessary provisional to establish a Ind, there being no necessity and temporary government, embracing all free male citizens, and whose executive, legislative, and judicial powers should be exigencies equal to all the that may arise among themselves, not provided for by mients to which the govern- ate's seems to be aimed at they owe allegiance; and we are most happy to inform your honorable body, that with but few individual exceptions, the utmost by some persons to consider and good-will harmony has been the result of this, as we conceive, wise and judicious Is Bay Company measure; and the British subjects and American citizens vie as without i their with each other ce,22 obedience and respect to the laws, and in promoting the common and to prevent abuses good and general welfare of Oregon. 'Although such has been the result, thus far, of our temporary merally. interests, though union of we, the citizens of the United States, have had no cause to complain either of exaction or oppression at the hands of the subjects Britain, but on of Great the contrary it is but just to say that their conduct toward us has been most friendly, liberal, and philanthropic, yet we tinuance fear a longer con- ias no power to annul a contract entered of the present state of things is not to be expected-our temporary reat Britain.' Grover's Or. Arc/ivees, 78. government being limited in its efficiency, and crippled in paramount its powers by the the spirit of this resolution is shown by duty we owe to our respective governments-our revenue disclaimed inadequate being any authority to legislate to its support-and the almost total absence, apart from the Hud- .e power by voting on the laws, three son's Bay Company, of the means of defence against the Indians, occurrences which recent pplicants having been married in the led us to fear entertainhostile feelings towards the citizens of the HIST. OR.,VOL. I. 51

a

il 482 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. Th-E ME considerable talent in this committee, and it was to most dignified communic, be expected that this paper would be better in many any Oregon public body.24 respects than those usually issuing from backwoods legislation. was given to White to I And -such was the case. The docu- immediately upon its bein ment, so different in matter, tone, and expression in the even from colony, together wi those which had preceded it during the organic law. reign of missionary The turn v influence, though crude, was the Oregon, as well as in Wa a new administration, had United States. Your memorialists would further inform your honorable body that while the subjects of Great Britain, through the agency of the hopes of office; and no fu Bay Hudson's Company, are amply provided with all the munitions of war, and can disposal with which to rein afford by means of their numerous fortifications ample protection for them- selves and their property, the citizens of the United States are scattered over itors at Vancouver, for e a wide extent of territory, without a single place of refuge, and within them- service; selves almost entirely destitute of every means of defence. Your memorialists and he determined would further crave your indulgence to remark that Great Britain has, by ex- capital for an adjustment ol tending her criminal code to this country, guaranteed every British claiming subject, his birthright, a legitimate trial by the laws of his country. We, as to be returned to Oregon citizens of the United States, having neither the military protection of our should be ready to erect a government, nor the extension to us of the civil laws of our country, are forced to the enactment and execution of laws not authorized, and, for what we White's path was by no n know, never will be sanctioned, by our government. Your memorialists would here is most important," he further call the attention of your honorable body to the fact that, as citizens of the United States, we labor under the greatest commercial disadvantages. routes be established as are essential We have neither ships of war nor of commerce, nor any navigation of the rivers of the interior, and for want of settlementsh adequate protection, no private cap- 'For the granting of which your mei italist among us can establish a successful competition with a wealthy powerful and monopoly, possessing all the appliances of commerce, and all the influence over the natives by an early establishment among them. We are, therefore, dependent for a market for a large and increasing surplus, and for 'J. W. NESMITH, Judge nearly all our supplies, upon of Circuit C a single company, which holds the market under 'M. M. MCCARVER, Speaker. its control. 'Your memorialists, 'JESSE APPLEGATE, with a view to remedy the grievances under which 'MEDARD G. Foisv, they labor, pray the national congress to establish a distinct territorial govern- ment, to embrace Oregon 'W .H. GRAY, and its adjacent sea-coasts. We pray for adequate 'J. M. GARaIsON, means of protection from the numerous Indian tribes which surround us; for the purchase of territories 'ABcIJAm HENDRICKS, which they are willing to sell; and for agents with 'DAVID authority to regulate intercourse HILL, 'M between whites and Indians, and between 'Done at Oregon City, 28th June, Indian tribes. That donations of lands may 18 be made according to the in- Or. Archives,MS., 76-83. ducements held out to us by the passage of a bill through the , at the second session of the 27th congress, entitled "A This memorial, as it appears on page bill to authorize differs from the adoption of measures for the occupation and settlement of the the above in having the I territory between those on tIme navy and commer of Oregon, for extending certain portions of the laws of the United States over the same, and for other purposes." That navy-yards and marine depots Smith, which is lacking in the above co] may be established on the River Columbia and upon Puget's and Straight; and also in the spelling c Sound, and a rect in the Globe. naval force adequate to our protection be kept permanently in the adjacent m " seas. WVepray for the establishment of such commercial regulations as may Thomas H. Benton remarked upon enable us to trade in our own territory, at least on an equality with non- creditable to the body by which it was resident foreigners. We pray that adequate military protection be given to was dictated, and the patriotic sentimen emigrants coming to us, either by the establishment of posts upon the cation was worthy of a favorable conside. route ness, or by military escort. And we pray that in the event you deem it inexpedient and justice. As the best means of s as a measure, or contrary to the spirit of existing treaties, to establish a before the country, and doing honor to tl ter- presented ritorial government in Oregon, that you extend to us adequate military and it, he moved that it be read a 1845-6, naval protection, so as to place us at least upon a par with other occupants 24. It was read, and ordered pr of the country. That a public mail be established to arrive and depart 'sClyman says in his Diary, MS., monthly from Oregon City and Independence (Mo.), and such other local answer to some queries propounded by D the hope of obtainingthe gubernatorial el )F THE ORGANIC LAWS. THE MESSENGER. 483

this committee, and it was to most dignified communication yet emanating from paper would be better in many any Oregon public body.24 The memorial to congress iually issuing from backwoods was given to White to be carried to Washington, h was the case. The docu- immediately upon its being signed by all the officials matter, tone, and expression in the colony, together with a copy of the amended h had preceded it during the organic law. The turn which affairs had taken in Thence, though crude, was the Oregon, as well as in Washington where there was a new administration, had seriously damaged White's ts would further inform your honorable body 3ritain, through the agency of the Hudson's hopes of office; and no funds had been placed at his ed with all the munitions of war, and can disposal with which to reimburse is fortifications ample protection for them- himself, or his cred- [zens of the United States are scattered over itors at Vancouver, for expenditures in the Indian it a single place of refuge, and within them- service; every means of defence. Your memorialists and he determined to proceed to the national ice to remark that Great Britain has, by ex- capital for an adjustment of his accounts, if not to ask country, guaranteed every British subject, te trial by the laws of his country. We, as to be returned to Oregon as governor when congress ring neither the military protection of our should be ready to erect a territory in that quarter.25 is of the civil laws of our country, are forced of laws not authorized, and, for what we White's path was by no means smooth. "Influence r our government. Your memorialists would here is most important," he sighed. And in order to honorable body to the fact that, as citizens der the greatest commercial disadvantages. routes be established as are essential to the Willamette country and other )r of commerce, nor any navigation of the settlements. nt of adequate protection, no private cap- 'For the granting of which your memoriatists will ever pray. successful competition with a wealthy and 'OSBORNE RUSSELL, 1 the appliances of commerce, and all the ' PETER G. STEWART, *arly establishment among them. We are, I Executive Committee. *for a large and increasing surplus, and for ' J. W. NESMITH, Judge of Circuit Court. 3le company, which holds the market under 'M. M. MCCARVER, Speaker. 'JESSE APPLEGATE, H. A. G. LEE, ew to remedy the grievances under which 'MEDARD G. Foisy, BARTON LEE, ess to establish a distinct territorial govern- 'W. H. GRAY, JOHN MCCLURE, .djacent sea-coasts. We pray for adequate 'J. M. GARRISON, ROBERT NEWELL, erous Indian tribes which surround us; for 'ABIJAH HENDRICRS, HIRAM STRAIGHT, iey are willing to sell; and for agents with ' DAVID HILL, 'Members of Legislative Committee. between whites and Indians, and between 'Done at Oregon City, 28th June, 1845. lands may be made according to the in- Or. Archives, MS., 76-83. 'Attest: J. E. LONG, Clerk.' assage of a bill through the United States This memorial, as 27th congress, entitled "A bill it appears on page 24 of the Congressional Globe, 1845-6, to authorize diaers from the above in ccupation and settlement of the territory having the paragraph concerning mails inserted between those on the navy and commerce; and in having the name of J. W. jortions of the laws of the United States Smith, which is lacking in the ses. " That navy-yards and marine depots above copy, inserted between those of Newell iolumbia and Straight; and also in the spelling of the speaker's name, which is incor- and upon Puget's Sound, and a rect in the Globe. tion be kept permanently in the adjacent 24 Thomas H. 't of such commercial regulations Benton remarked upon it that it was drawn up in a manner as may creditable to the body by ritory, at least on an equality with which it was presented, to the talents by which it non- was dictated, and the patriotic sentiments adequate military protection be given to which pervaded it; and the appli- the establishment cation was worthy of a favorable consideration for its moderation, reasonable- of posts upon the route ness, and justice. As that in the event you deem the best means of spreading the contents of this petition it inexpedient before the country, and doing honor irit of existing treaties, to establish a ter- to the ability and of those who presented it, he moved that it be read at Ltyou extend to us adequate military and the bar of the senate. Cong. Globe, 1845-6, 24. It was read, and ordered printed. Evans' Hist. Or., it least upon a par with 5 MS., 283-4. other occupants 1 Clyman says in tail be established to arrive his Diary, MS., 101: 'Spent the day in writing an and depart answer to some queries propounded idependence (Mo.), and such other local by Dr White, who leaves for the States in the hope of obtaining the gubernatorial chair.' 484 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. RECONSIDEI secure that useful commodity, as well as the more by the fur company's trappe tangible one of $2,000 subscribed by citizens on con- heur or Powder River across dition of finding a good pass for the coming immigra- Jefferson. Had no revelatio tion, he formed the plan of exploring for a road leading to the legislative indorsemen from the Willamette Valley through tlhe Cascade be a sincere endeavor to ben, Mountains to the plains of eastern Oregon, which pionship of the Spectator we should avoid the hardships of the trail round Mount But among the letters 'N Hood and the passage down the Columbia River. On Lovejoy to the secretary of the 12th of July, accompanied by , Bap- success, and speaking of the tiste Du Guerre, John Edmonds, Orris Brown, Moses was to save two or three hur Harris, Joseph Charles Saxton of the last immigra- the worst portion of the emii tion, and two others, he set out on an expedition along ing the dangers of the Snake the foothills of the to the southern a fact already accomplished end of the Willamette Valley, finding no pass through written four days before the the mountains to the east. While at the head of the probably in the expectation valley he ascended, with Du Guerre, a prominent himself of the pass he mean peak or butte in the foothills, which he named after his own road to Washington the secretary of war, Mount Spencer. ever, he was obliged to retur Returning to the north along the west side of the River route; but he did not i valley, he sought to compensate himself for the dis- render the recommendation; appointment by discovering a path through the Coast government founded on his Range to the sea, at Yaquina Bay, after which he the coming immigration, and hastened back to Oregon City, and reported truthfully began to be whispered that enough to the legislature, then in a fraudulent pretence, intend session, his failure 2 and his partial success in " bringing ship navigation with on the government, " and the all the products of the ocean within two days' drive the testimonials secured, eithi with ox-teams of the centre of the valley,"2 6 for which other persons in high positio he received the thanks of that body,27 together with a ward his designs upon the fir: resolution recommending to the favorable considera- During the month occup tion of congress his just claims for a remuneration for Willamette Valley, the mem( the expense incurred in the expedition. The Oregon first prepared and signed, ha( Spectator, the first newspaper published in Oregon, of White, the name of Speak and owned and controlled principally by the former yet been attached to the members of the Methodist Mission, mentions White's opposed to the adoption ol exploit with much favor,2 " and says he meant to find a law, which supplanted the la road into the Willamette by a route formerly travelled 1844, of which he was a pr( as speaker. On White's ret

'White's Report, in Or. Archives, MS., 87-94. "'White received from congress $4S6._ '7 Grover's Or. Archives, 103. ing tour. Corcle View, 65. 18See Spectator, Jan. 21, 1S47. F THE ORGANIC LAWS. RECONSIDERATION. 485 omodity, as well as the more by the fur company's trappers, leading from the Mal- subscribed by citizens on con- heur or Powder River across the mountains, by Mount pass for the coming inmigra- Jefferson. Had no revelations been made subsequent of exploring for a road leading to the legislative indorsement of what was supposed to Valley through the Cascade be a sincere endeavor to benefit the colony, the cham- ns of eastern Oregon, which pionship of the Spectator would not be out of place. ;hips of the trail round Mount But among the letters White carried was one by own the Columbia River. On Lovejoy to the secretary of war anticipating White's rapanied by Joseph Gale, Bap- success, and speaking of the discovery of a pass which Edmonds, Orris Brown, Moses was to save two or three hundred miles in distance of Saxton of the last immigra- the worst portion of the emigrant road, besides avoid- set out on an expedition along ing the dangers of the Snake and Columbia rivers, as scade Range to the southern a fact already accomplished, though the letter was [alley, finding no pass through written four days before the expedition started, and st. While at the head of the probably in the expectation that White would avail th Du Guerre, a prominent himself of the pass he meant to discover to shorten )othills, which he named after his own road to Washington. Instead of this, how- ount Spencer. ever, he was obliged to return and take the Columbia rth along the west side of the River route; but he did not feel himself bound to sur- mpensate himself for the dis- render the recommendations to the United States ing a path through the Coast government founded on his anticipated services to raquina Bay, after which he the coming immigration, and all subsequent ones. It E City, and reported truthfully began to be whispered that the expedition had been re, then in session, his failure a fraudulent pretence, intended only to create a claim 'bringing ship navigation with on the government, 2" and the report was rife that all ocean within two days' drive the testimonials secured, either from the legislature or itre of the valley,""2 for which other persons in high positions, would be used to for- f that body,27 together with a ward his designs upon the first office in the colony. r to the favorable considera- During the month occupied in the tour of the claims for a remuneration for Willamette Valley, the memorial and organic law, as the expedition. The Oregon, first prepared and signed, had been in the possession ;paper published in Oregon, of White, the name of Speaker McCarver not having Ad principally by the former yet been attached to the latter, because he was Ast Mission, mentions White's opposed to the adoption of the amended organic !S and says he meant to find a law, which supplanted the laws of the legislature of by a route formerly travelled 1844, of which he was a prominent member as well as speaker. On White's return, Applegate, wishing 8, MS., 87-94. 9 White received from congress $486.52i for his expenses on this explor- ing tour. Concise View, 65. I .

EXIT I 486 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. to have some resolutions attached, reclaimed the made in the resolutions, M documents from him,30 during which time McCarver them, returning instead th clandestinely added his name as speaker of the house " lb the Honorable, etc. to the objectionable organic law. my way, and having but a White had no sooner started on his long-deferred been at much of a loss wh journey than Barton Lee offered a resolution expos- most to respect, or which t ing the secret action of McCarver, disapproving it, become satisfied that the fi and declaring that the house were under the humili- and, as it answers my purp ating necessity of signifying their displeasure to the adhere strictly to that. United States government by causing the resolution luck in legislating, I am, to accompany the other documents. The discussion yours, occasioned by this discovery and the explanation of McCarver ended in the house passing another resolu- This saucy defiance of t tion to despatch a messenger to Vancouver to bring gon marked the disappears back the documents in order to have McCarver's sig- politics. The resolutions nature properly attested, and a second one that the not a proper person to fill speaker, having signed certain documents from a mis- together with the change Washington, utterly defeE taken sense of duty, and not from contumacy or con- 3 tempt, should be required to follow White to Van- direction, " although he }. couver and erase his name from the organic law and tion of being treated like from two resolutions in favor of White. From this ional government, while t requirement he was, however, excused. While reso- legislative documents, wit] lutions were in order, Applegate offered one declaring 3'1 White's adventures in crossing t] that it was not the intention of the house, in passing of Harris, Edmonds, Brown, Saxton, known man, are briefly given in his T'e the above-named resolves, to recommend White to lxix. 224. Slight as is the narrative, States government as a suitable person to the unfortunate attempt of a portion the United a road up the Malheur River, and inte fill any office in Oregon; with another that an attested ley, was the result of his advice. Ce to Washington. Mean- companies, and talked with them, am( copy should be forwarded new route, they would have obeyed hii while, the messenger who had been despatched to he would have taken to himself the cr White returned to the Pacafic coast bring back the memorial and organic law had over- Lincoln's administration, a position ol taken White's party and presented the order of the acquainted with Indian affairs than a le did not long hold the unnecess house. But unwilling to risk any changes being where he endeavored to build a to in , where he died in: thoroughly disliked by the western in `0 The resolutions were to the effect that the adoption of the organic law intended affairs, for what they termed his smn by the people of Oregon was an act of necessity rather than choice, a certain extent is true should have extended sycophant to to give them the protection which their government sentence of his own concerning his r to them, and not an act of defiance or disregard of the laws of the United delegation, to whom he was instructe States; and that in establishing a territorial government, congress should mgs scarcely repressing a smile at legalize their acts so far as they were in accordance with the constitution of residieIce in the Oregon woods had gi the United States. Also that White be requested to furnish a copy of the withstanding his faults, it cannot be organic law to congress, said copy being indorsed with the above resolutions. order or good government. See p. 21 Grovrr's Or. Archives, 106.

idl F THE ORGANIC LAWS. EXIT WHITE. 487 ions attached, reclaimed the made in the resolutions, White declined to relinquish during which time McCarver them, returning instead the following epistle: name as speaker of the house anic law. "To the Honorable, etc.-Gentlemen: Being on r started on his long-deferred my way, and having, but a moment to reflect, I have lee offered a resolution expos- been at much of a loss which of your two resolutions if McCarver, disapproving it, most to respect, or which to obey; but at length have house were under the humili- become satisfied that the first was taken most soberly, 'ying their displeasure to the and, as it answers my purpose best, I pledge myself to ent by causing the resolution adhere strictly to that. Sincerely wishing you good documents. The discussion luck in legislating, I am, dear sirs, very respectfully 'very and the explanation of yours, LE. WHITE." house passing another resolu- This saucy defiance of the legislative body of Ore- ,enger to Vancouver to bring gon marked the disappearance of White from colonial irder to have McCarver's sig- politics. The resolutions last passed, declaring him , and a second one that the not a proper person to fill any office in the country, ertain documents from a mis- together with the changes which had occurred in Lnot from contumacy or con- Washington, utterly defeated all aspirations in that ed to follow White to Van- direction,3 although he had the temporary distinc- le from the organic law and tion of being treated like a delegate from the provis- favor of White. From this ional government, while the duplicate copies of the iever, excused. While reso- legislative documents, with their appended injurious iplegate offered one declaring tion of the house, in passing 31White's adventures in crossing the plains with his small party consisting of Harris, Edmonds, Brown, Saxton, Du Guerre, Chapman, and another un- As, to recommend White to known man, are briefly given in his 'en Years in Or exgon. See also Wiles' Reg., iment as a suitable person to lxix. 224. Slight as is the narrative, I think it may safely be inferred that the unfortunate attempt of a portion of the immigration of this year to make with another that an attested a road up the Malheur River, and into the upper part of the Willamette Val- ed to Washington. Mean- ley, was the result of his advice. Certain it is that he met all the different companies, and talked with them, and had he advised them not to attempt a to had been despatched to new route, they would have obeyed him. Had they succeeded in finding one, 1 and organic he would have taken to himself the credit of giving the information. law had over- White returned to the Pacafic coast in 1861, as a special Indian agent under presented the order of the Lincoln's administration, a position obtained by representing himself as better acquainted with Indian affairs than any man in the department of the west. ;o risk any changes being He did not long hold the unnecessary office, and failing at Baker Bay, where he endeavored to build a town called Pacific City, finally settled in San Francisco, where he died in March 1879, as before stated. He was ~ct that the adoption of the organic law thoroughly disliked by the western men who assumed )f necessity rather the direction of Oregon than choice, intended affairs, for what they termed his smooth-tongued duplicity. That he was a heir government should have extended sycophant to a certain extent is true. His character or disregard is revealed in a single of the laws of the United sentence of his own concerning his reception in Washington by the Missouri territorial government, congress should delegation, to whom he was instructed to report. 'He returned e in accordance to his lodg- with the constitution of ings, scarcely repressing a smile at the seeming importance a four years' be requested to furnish a copy of the residence in the Oregon woods had given him.' Ten ing indorsed Years in Or., 316. Not- with the above resolutions. withstanding his faults, it cannot be said that he was ever an enemy to good order or good government. See p. 291, note 34, this volume. 4SS AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. THE 'PEACOC] resolutions, were taken the longer passage by sea to withdrawn, at the request Washington. withdrew his resignation, a smoothly. Upon the reassembling of the legislative body, A resolution of Appleg Governor Abernethy, who had but recently returned Oregon were not, in the opi from the Hawaiian Islands, sent in his first message. or legally bound by any act It referred to the adoption of the amended organic not expressly sanctioned by law, and the duty of the members to make their legis- of which they had their o lation conform to it; adverted to the insufficiency of ther, that the house could the revenue, recommended taxing farms as well as the people the payment of cattle and merchandise, and made some suggestions 2 of any funds borrowed, or with regard to regulating the time of holding courts." tracted or obtained, withou Owing to the refusal of McCarver to sign the docu- sent of the people"-was a ment to be sent to Washington, there was a disposi- the whole, three members, 4 tion to ignore his rights as speaker, and a ballot was protesting formally on the taken, which resulted in eight votes for Gray and sions by the legislature ter only one for McCarver. The protest of the speaker dence of the people in tl was met by a resolution by Applegate asking him to who was determined that t resign. Both proceedings were reconsidered the same should not be made a burn day, and on the third McCarver, by a motion of Gar- 33 colonists, cared little for rison, was restored to his office, but tendered his res- knowing that the people ignation. Gray, who desired the speakership, voted guarding their interests. that he be allowed to resign, but the motion being

2 Ever since the departure 3 The most peculiar suggestion contained in the executive message was one concerning indebtedness. To prevent litigation arising from the facility ploring expedition, there ha( of obtaining credit in the colony, he recommended the passage of a law faction in the minds of the which would prevent the collection of all debts or notes taken for debts con- tracted after its passage, by judicial process. This, he argued, would save count of the disposition man the time and labor of the courts, and make all persons more careful as to the by Wilkes, disposal of their property, and more punctual in the payment of debts, since which became sti if they failed once, they could expect no further favors. Allowances would Zonl grew darker, and as tl be made for a man who was in misfortune, but the debtor who could pay and would not would soon find himself shunned. Some further recommenda- for all the means of the 1 tions concerning the best means of securing an effective militia, and the pressing. means of establishing common schools and building school-houses, concluded the message. Or. Archives, MS., 31-6. McClure of Astoria offerE m3JApplegate remarks that McCarver was found of talking, and to prevent inittee of three should be a him from taking up too much time, they made him speaker. Gray says he obtained the sobriquet of 'Old Brass Gun.' Hist. Or., 376. Roberts men- i4 Grmover's Or. Arcmhives, 93. This res tions the same thing. There are several anecdotes of McCarver. One is that at the disposition made of the estate ( when the first California con. cony., of which he was member, was in session, 1844. It was, however, in consonance v a proposition was made to establish the northern boundary so as to take in rison at the previous session, that the leq the Rogue River Valley; when McCarver sprang to his feet, and exclaimed, pie without previously having obtained t 'Mr President, as a citizen of Oregon, I protest against the segregation of Perhaps the suggestion of the governor t that territory;' whereupon the Californians named him 'the member from merchandise and live-stook was also refe Oregon.' being very strong among the settlers. jGrove's ' Or. Arc/jives, 98-9; Gray's OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. THE 'PEACOCK'S' LAUNCH 489 n the longer passage by sea to withdrawn, at the request of Applegate, McCarver withdrew his resignation, and matters went on more bling of the legislative body, smoothly. who had but recently returned A resolution of Applegate's, that the people of lands, sent in his first message. Oregon were not, in the opinion of the house, morally )ption of the amended organic or legally bound by any acts of their officers or agents le members to make their legis- not expressly sanctioned by the instrument by virtue ,dverted to the insufficiency of of which they had their official existence; and fur- nded taxing farms as well as ther, that the house could not assume in behalf of e, and made some suggestions the people the payment of any debt, or the refunding ng the time of holding courts. 32 of any funds borrowed, or otherwise unlawfully con- of McCarver to sign the docu- tracted or obtained, without first obtaining the con- ishington, there was a disposi- sent of the people"-was adopted in a committee of is as speaker, and a ballot was the whole, three members, Gray, Foisy, and Straight, in eight votes for Gray and protesting formally on the ground that such expres- The protest of the speaker sions by the legislature tended to destroy the confi- by Applegate asking him to dence of the people in their agents.35 Applegate, igs were reconsidered the same who was determined that the temporary government [cCarver, by a motion of Gar- should not be made a burden, but a blessing to 33 the is office, but tendered his res- colonists, cared little for so flimsy a protest, well esired the speakership, voted knowing that the people could discern who were resign, but the motion being guarding their interests. x contained in the executive message was Ever since the departure of the United States ex- prevent litigation arising from the facility ploring expedition, he recommended the passage of a law there had been a feeling of dissatis- I of all debts or notes taken for debts con. faction in the minds of the American colonists on lal process. This, he argued, would save ac- Id make all persons more careful as to the count of the disposition made of the Peacock's launch e punctual in the payment of debts, since by Wilkes, which became stronger as the political ect no further favors. Allowances would hori- ortune, but the debtor who could pay and zon grew darker, and as the needs of the colonists shunned. Some further recommenda- for all the means of the transportation Df securing an effective militia, and the were more Dls and building school-houses, concluded pressing. -6. McClure of Astoria wver was found of talking, and to prevent offered a resolution that a com- , they made him speaker. Gray says he mittee of three should be appointed to wait on Mc- ass Gun.' Hist. Or., 376. Roberts men- 'eral anecdotes of McCarver. 34Grover's Or. Archives, 93. This resolution appears to have been One is that at the aimed of which he was member, was in session, disposition made of the estate of by the legislature of the northern boundary 1844. It was, however, in consonance with the spirit of a resolution so as to take in rison by Gar- !arver sprang to his feet, and exclaimed at the previous session, that the legislature had no right to tax the peo- ple without previously ,on, I protest against the segregation of having obtained their consent, and which was adopted. Fornians named him Perhaps the suggestion of the governor that farms should be taxed 'the member from merchandise as well as and live-stook was also referred to, the opposition to taxing land being very strong among the settlers. 35G rover's Or. Archives, 98-9; Gray's Hist. Or., 429. 490 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. IOW1 Longhlin, to ascertain whether the launch could be given up to the provisional government, At the third session of provided said ber, an act was passed government became responsible for its safe at keeping take charge and delivery to the United States authorities when of, refit, an( cordance with the conditi demanded; to which inquiry McLoughlin returned a refusal to deliver the boat without an order from Wilkes In compliance with these ] or from the government of the United States. ernor Abernethy address Gray enclosing a copy pretends that the effect of Applegate's resolution was of the a such as to produce this refusal, by destroying take possession of the la the credit Loughlin to deliver of the provisional government with the to him Hudson's and all Bay Company; as if the company were retaining other parts of her the case of launch for security! Gray was not unaware when he refusal to deliver ul penned this absurd statement was to proceed to purchai that McLoughlin pub- boat immediately lished in the fourth number of the Oregon put in I Spectator territory may require."38 the letter of Lieutenant Wilkes to him, enjoining McLoughlin's answer upon him to have the launch kept at Fort George, to same, that he under the special care of the company, to be used for "could only the sole purpose of affording relief or ing to the Peacock's laun aid to all ves- from the government of sels requiring assistance of any kind or pilots t for Captain Wilkes. " 3 9 The bringing in vessels, until called for by some person si the Peacock's boat threat authorized by him or by the government of the United 40 States to receive one. The Oregon legisla it. ciple that As a member of the body carrying on the corre- they, for the pe spondence, Gray must have known that right to any United States the answer of actually returned was, that it would afford him, their citizenship, and jea Mc- property should Loughlin, great pleasure to meet the wishes of the be wrested Oregon government, and to give up the it had been placed; thoug boat on the the means conditions proposed, provided the government would to put it in re take the necessary measures to cause the launch officer and seamen, it would to be capacity employed only for the purpose for which it was left for which it was ii with him, namely, to visit vessels and afford finally settled by McLough them as- hands sistance when in distress; that he could not, consist- of Lieutenant Howi ently with his respect for the flag that covered her, my office with Mr Campbell.... But a. consent to her being employed in any other service." consideration, I am sorry it is not in in, give any other answer than that in min But it appears from the correspondence that no such 'Oregon City, Aug. 20, 1845. pledge as the doctor required was given, and be de- Or. Laws, 1843-9, 32. 39Or. A rc/res, MS., 69-70. clined to relinquish his trust." " Applegate had resigned before Thi 6 act. In his marginal notes to Gray's 3 Or. Archives, MS., 68-9. H was bound to the government of the Ur "From a mutilated letter in the Or. Archives, MS., the following is taken: 'I have the honor to acknowledge the delivery of the launch of the Peacock, E receipt of the resolu ion left at See NiWes' Reeg., lxx, 340. s THE ORGANIC LAWS. IOWA CODE. 491 whether the launch could be mal government, provided said At the third session of the legislature, in Decem- ;ponsible for its safe keeping ber, an act was passed authorizing the governor "to ited States authorities when take charge of, refit, and employ the launch in ac- luiry McLoughlin returned a cordance with the conditions of Lieutenant Wilkes." without an order from Wilkes In compliance with these legislative proceedings, Gov- of the United States. Gray ernor Abernethy addressed a letter to McLoughlin, f Applegate's resolution was enclosing a copy of the act which authorized him to fusal, by destroying the credit take possession of the launch, and to request Mc- ,rnment with the Hudson's Loughlin to deliver to him the anchor, cables, oars, sails, company were retaining the and all other parts of her rigging left with him. In ay was not unaware when he case of refusal to deliver up these articles, the governor nent that McLoughlin pub- was to proceed to purchase materials, and have the iber of the boat immediately put in repair "for any service the t Wilkes to him, enjoining territory may require."' launch kept at Fort George, McLoughlin's answer to the governor was still the the company, to be used for same, that he "could only deliver the articles belong- ~ding relief or aid to all ves- ing to the Peacock's launch on receipt of an order of any kind from the government of the United States, or from or pilots for 3 9 1 called for by some person Captain Wilkes." The subject of the possession of he government of the IUnited the Peacock's boat threatened to become a serious one.40 The Oregon legislature acted upon the prin- jody carrying on the corre- ciple that they, for the people of the colony, had a ve known that the answer right to any United States property, on the ground it it would afford him, Mc- of their citizenship, and jealously demanded that such to meet the wishes of the property should be wrested from the hands in which to give up the boat on the it had been placed; though by doing so, not having ided the government would the means to put it in repair, and employ a proper ,es to cause the launch to be officer and seamen, it would be rendered useless in the rpose for which it was left capacity for which it was intended. The matter was vessels and afford them as- finally settled by McLoughlin placing the boat in the that he could not, consist- hands of Lieutenant Howison of the United States the flag that covered her, my office with Mr Campbell.... But after again giving the subject my fullest 1loyed in any other service.3 consideration, I am sorry it is not in my power, consistent with my trust, to orrespondence that no such give any other answer than that in mine of the 12th inst. I have, etc. 'Oregon City, Aug. 20, 1845. JOHN MCLOUGHLIN. iired was given, and he de- 3HOr. Laws, 1843-9. 32. 39 Or. A rehives, 40 MS., 69-70. ist."7 Applegate had resigned before The legislature passed this unjustifiable act. In his marginal notes to Gray's History, 430, he says: 'Dr McLoughlin e Or. Archives, MS., the following is was bound to the government of the United States for the safe-keeping and dge the receipt of the resolution left at delivery of the launch of the Peacock, and not to any of its dependencies.' See Ntles' Reg., 1xx. 340. 492 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. NORTH OF TE navy, a few months after the passage of the act, who the district of Vancouver, ' sold it to a Mr Shelly, for the avowed purpose of part of Oregon north an, using 4 1 it as a pilot-boat. Rivcr.~3But now arose t inent and other matters con The first bill passed by the duly authorized legisla- in legislation upon which A ture was to prevent duelling; the immediate cause for regarded as most imnportan it being a quarrel between S. M. Holderness and J. cers of the Hudson's Bay G. Campbell, both estimable citizens, who could think to the articles of compact of no other honorable way out of their difficulties than and complying with mortal combat. the lax On hearing of this, Applegate at ernmient, which only promis once introduced a bill on the subject, asked for a suspen- rents ? 44 Should they refuse sion of the rules, secured its passage, and sent it to the become outlawed, and the obj governor to be signed, when it became a law within of any turbulent spirits of tI thirty minutes of its inception. Under its provisions like Alderman might choos the would-be duellists were arrested and placed under or like Chapman, threaten t, bonds to keep the peace. Early in the session a bill The committee on apport] was passed adopting the statutes of Iowa, so far as I. W. Smith, H. A. G. Lee they were applicable to the circumstances of the coun- McClure. Applegate prop( try. This tendency in each legislative body to have its of the committee to get the enactments based upon the code of Iowa was greatly son's Bay Company on the a matter of necessity, owing to a scarcity of law-books and was deputized by them in the territory, as I have explained; but with the legislature of 1845 it was something more. Iowa was "It seems from the archives that Mc( a new state and nearest to Oregon. It was a free reported a bill in relation to two count state, which the leading Applegate, who had a prejudice in favor o men in the colony had deter- control the choice. It was his wish, alsa mined Oregon should be, and had passed its minority and Clarke; but upon reconsidering the m, as Oregon was doing, Only one district was defined at this tin under the ordinance of 1787, County was created, and the word ' count under the laws where it occurred. conditions also similar to those of Oregon; 4 3 and 0r. Laewcs* 1843-9. its 4 4 laws moreover were less conservative and more Applegate says: 'To organize a civil progressive than those of the elude all parties was simply organizing it older states. state of things, I took a seat in the Having adopted a code legi and set the committees at Hist.4 1Or., 422. work adapting it to the country's This man is several times referred t needs, which they where he says Chapman boasted that he ci did in a measure by adopting the laws of 1844, the the purpose of burning Fort Vancouver. next movement was to restore dread by inducing Chapman to return wi the jurisdiction of there were several dangerous men who c, the provisional government to the country north territory, of whom McLoughlin stood in of the Columbia River. Methodist camp-meeting that he had bel This was done by setting off of robbers which gave the authorities troi Mississippi Valley. Burnett speaks of se 11Howison's Coast and Country, 4; Or. Spectator, Sept. 3, 1846. Gray says because the doctor too lazy to work at home, and too genteel refused to deliver the boat to the Oregon legislature, it gamblers, was 'allowed to rot and others reputed thieves;' but on the beach at Astoria.' Ilist. Or., 430. If it did so pelled to work rot, it was as the private property or starve, and that this nm of a citizen of Oregon. Recollections of a Pioneer, 180-1. i 1

THE ORGANIC LAWS. NORTH OF THE COLUMBIA. 493

the passage of the act, who the district of Vancouver, 42 which embraced all that for the avowed purpose of part of Oregon north and west of the Columbia River. 3 But now arose the question of apportion- I ment and other matters connected therewith; a point { the duly authorized legisla- in legislation upon which Applegate and a few others ling; the immediate cause for regarded as most important, to wit: Would the offi- Len S. M. Holderness and J. cers of the Hudson's Bay Company become parties able citizens, who could think to the articles of compact by the payment of taxes, y out of their difficulties than and complying with the laws of the provisional gov- aring of this, Applegate at ernment, which only promised protection to its adhe- -he subject, asked for a suspen- rents ?"44 Should they refuse their support, they would its passage, and sent it to the become outlawed, and the objective point if not the prey vhen it became a law within of any turbulent spirits of the next immigration, who eption. Under its provisions like Alderman might choose to settle on their lands, Ere arrested and placed under or like Chapman, threaten to burn Fort Vancouver.45 Early in the session a bill The committee on apportionment was composed of e statutes of Iowa, so far as I. W. Smith, H. A. G. Lee, B. Lee, Applegate, and he circumstances of the coun- McClure. Applegate proposed in a private session ch legislative body to have its of the committee to get the sentiments of the Hud- Lhe code of Iowa was greatly son's Bay Company on the question of the compact, ing to a scarcity of law-books and was deputized by them to hold a private inter- %ve explained; but with the Asomething more. Iowa was 42 It seems from the archives that McClure from the committee on districts reported a bill in relation to two counties north of the Columbia; but that b to Oregon. It was a free Applegate, who had a prejudice in favor of the word 'district,' was allowed to men in the colony had deter- control the choice. It was his wish, also, to name the two counties Lewis and Clarke; but upon reconsidering the matter, gave up Clarke for Vancouver. and had passed its minority Only one district was defined at this time; and at the next session Lewis inder the ordinance of 1787, County was created, and the word 'county' was substituted for district in all the laws where it occurred. tilar to those of Oregon; and 3 0r. Laws, 1843-9. less conservative and more 4Applegate says: 'To organize a civil or military power that did not in- clude all parties was simply organizing internecine war. To prevent such a P the older states. state of things, I took a seat in the legislature.' Marginal notes on Gray's le and set the committees at list. Or., 422. "This man is several times referred to in McLoughlin's Private Papers, country's needs, which they where he says Chapman boasted that he came all the way from the States for opting the laws of 1844, the the purpose of burning Fort Vancouver. White relieved the country of this dread by inducing Chapman to return with him to the United States. But restore the jurisdiction of there were several dangerous men who came with the immigrations in the territory, of whom McLoughlin stood in fear, one of whom confessed in a aent to the country north Methodist camp-meeting that he had belonged to the famous Murrill band This was done by setting off of robbers which gave the authorities trouble for a number of years in the Mississippi Valley. Burnett speaks of several 'idle, worthless young men, Or. Spectator, Sept. 3, 1846. Gray says too lazy to work at home, and too genteel to steal; while some others were Br the boat to the Oregon legislature, it gamblers, and others reputed thieves;' but says that in Oregon they were com- at Astoria.' Hist. Or., 430. If it did so pelled to work or starve, and that this necessity made them good citizens. f a citizen of Oregon. Recollections of a Pioneer, 180-1. AMEN DMENI 494 OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. THE! FUR-TRADE view with McLoughlin before making a formal propo- and he, with Douglas, sign sition. To most of the people of Oregon the bring- a formal proposition. A I ing the officers of the British fur company into the McLoughlin, and conveyeo organization was a surprise, and the manner of it a In the consideration of secret. Gray, who as a member of the legislature them, there were other sul must have known much of the inside history, dis- giance to be duly weighed, misses the subject by attributing the concession to was the matter of taxes, the what he calls McLoughlin's amnplhibiousness. 4 6 But all taxable according to thi this curt ignoring of a matter of the highest impor- and being greater in value t tance to the colony does not answer the purpose of together. To avoid being i history. McLoughlin has himself left on record a government in toto, an ag narrative of the circumstances, in which he says that that the company should p, Applegate approached him, privately, with the propo- sold to the white inhabitar sition to unite with the Americans in the government this understanding a letter compact, and that at first he objected; but that Apple- tation was returned to the c gate pointed out to him the security it would offer of the Hudson's Bay Coin] the property of the company, and how much it would British residents, parties t, conduce to the maintenance of peace and order to Oregon.)2 In the election have it known to the American people that the two nationalities were united in Oregon. "There will be Loughlin and Applegate arranged betv a large immigration British and American3 could unite with this year," said Applegate; "you citizens and subjects of their respective may depend there will be many who will follow Wil- '0Oregon City, Aug. 14, 1845. To H. B. Co. Sir: As a question has arisa liamison's example." S the subject of apportionment upon whic Remembering the feelings which the person urging leave to ask of you a question, the answ a definite conclusion upon that subject. him to the measure had once entertained, and reflect- happy to receive an answer i3 this: Do > ing that he had a thorough knowledge of the the company over which you preside w semi- compact, by the payment of taxes and i timents of his countrymen, McLoughlin deemed it laws of the provisional government? prudent to yield; especially as in June he had respectfully solicited. Yours, with the I received G. Lee, J. M. Garrison, Barton Lee.' 07 in answer to his call on the directors of the company 61 ' Oregon City, Aug. 15, 1845. I. in London a communication We have the honor to acknowledge yOL informing him that in reply to say, that, viewing the organizer the present state of affairs the company could not British and American subjects residing i obtain protection from tion in person and property, to mainta the government, but it must prevent the commission of crimc-a prol protect itself the best way it could."s in the judgment try feel they particularly stand in need o of McLoughlin, government appear at liberty to extend the best way to protect the company's part of America; and moreover seeing tha property was to accept the invitation tendered oiur duties and allegiance to our respectii by the of trade now enijoyed 4 by the Hudson's I Americans to join in their government organization, " Hudson's Bay Company, consent to becon 4 provided we are called upon to pay taxe 6 Gray's flist. Or., 422. have the honor to be, etc. John McLon 41 Private Papers, MS., 3d ser., 15. MS., 72. 48 Private Papers, MS., 2d ser., 13, 14. 6At the very 9 Tolinie, time these negotiatioi in his Hist. Puget Sound, MS., 22, says substantially that Me. offered in the house by David Hill, 'that ' THE ORGANIC LAIATS. THE FUR-TRADERS BROUGHT IN. 495

efore making a formal propo- and he, with Douglas, signified his consent to receive people of Oregon the bring- a formal proposition. A letter was then addressed to British fur company into the McLoughlin, and conveyed to him by Applegate. 0 irise, and the manner of it a In the consideration of the proposition made to a mnember of the legislature them, there were other subjects besides that of alle- ai of the inside history, dis- giance to be duly weighed, an important one of which ittributing the concession to was the matter of taxes, the company's property being hlin's amiphibiousness.4 " But all taxable according to the laws of the organization, matter of the highest impor- and being greater in value than that of all the colonists s not answer the purpose of together. To avoid being made to support the Oregon aas himself left on record a govermnent in toto, an agreement was entered into stances, in which he says that that the company should pay taxes only on the goods iml, privately, with the propo- sold to the white inhabitants of the country; and on Americans in the government this understanding a letter of acceptance of their invi- he objected; but that Apple- tation was returned to the committee,51 and the officers n the security it would offer of the Hudson's Bay Company became, with all the pany, and how much it would British residents, parties to the political compact of lance of peace and order to Oregon.`2 In the election of officers, merican people that the two in Oregon. "There will be Loughlin and Applegate arranged between them the method by which the British and Americans could unite without prejudice to their duties as loyal year," said Applegate; "you citizens and subjects of their respective countries. be many who will follow Wil- 5n 'Oregon City, Aug. 14, 1845. To Dr John McLoughlin, Chief Factor of H. B. Co. Sir: As a question has arisen in the house of representatives on the subject of apportionment upon which we feel peculiarly situated, we beg ings which the person urging leave to ask of you a question, the answer to which will enable us to come to a definite conclusion upon that subject. The question to which we would be once entertained, and reflect- happy to receive an answer is this: Do you think the gentlemen belonging to the company over which you preside will become parties to the articles of ough knowledge of the sen- compact, by the payment of taxes and in other respects complying with the uen,McLoughlin deemed it laws of the provisional government? Your answer to this query is most respectfully solicited. Yours, with the highest respect. I. W. Smith, H. A. tly as in June he had received G. Lee, J. M. Garrison, Barton Lee.' Or. Archives, MS., 71. the directors of the company si5'Oregon City, Aug. 15, 1845. I. W. Smith and others. Gentlemen: We have the honor to acknowledge your favor of the 14th inst., and beg in ation informing him that in reply to say, that, viewing the organization as a compact of certain parties, Fairs the company could not British and American subjects residing in Oregon, to afford each other protec- tion in person and property, to maintain the peace of the community, and the government, but it must prevent the commission of crime-a protection which all parties in this coun- y it could.43 In the judgment try feel they particularly stand in need of, as neither the British nor American governmeiit appear at liberty to extend the jurisdiction of their laws to this way to protect the company's part of America; and moreover seeing that this compact does not interfere with he invitation tendered by the our duties and allegiance to our respective governments, nor with any rights 49 of trade now enjoyed by the Hudson's Bay Company-we, the officers of the -ir government organization, Hudson's Bay Company, consent to become parties to the articles of compact, provided we are called upon to pay taxes only on our sales to settlers. We have the honor to be, etc. John McLoughlin, James Douglas.' Or. Archives, 15. MS., 72. 13, 14. "At the very time these negotiations were going on, a resolution was send,MS., 22, says substantially that Mc. offered in the house by David Hill, 'that no person belonging to the Hudson's -. ____ -- _. - ______------a

496 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. VESSELS i was chosen district judge for three years, and Charles general; and Joseph L. Al Forrest, superintendent of the Cowlitz farm for one the machinery of a popular year; while M. T. Simmons of Newmarket on the ernment set in motion, whi( Sound was elected to the two years' term; and John eagle not one moment too s R. Jackson was made sheriff of Vancouver district. McLoughlin and Douglas I So soon after war had seemed imminent on Oregon the union, there arrived fr( soil were the extremes of both parties united in a pany with Chief Factor O~ commi-on service by the sagacity of a few men of good Peel, third son of Sir B judgment on both sides. Park, of the royal marines Having accomplished so much, the house proceeded tain John Gordon, brother to elect officers for the several districts south of the and commander of the Bri Columbia. The first choice for supreme judge was Na- America, of the British sqi thaniel Ford, who declined, and Peter H. Burnett was that time amounting to fift elected. For Champoeg County, E. E. Parrish, F. X. four hundred guns.34 Matthieu, and Daniel Waldo were chosen in the order Captain Park brought al namied to fill the three, two, and one year terms of Seymour, informing McLou district judges; William Morrison, sheriff For Tua- would be given British sub latin County, B. Q. Tucker, H. Higgins, and William long after, another letter fr; Burris were chosen judges; T. Smith, sheriff. For Modeste, which had been in t- Yamhill County, James O'Neil, J. Hembre, and Joel summer, informing him th P. Walker,5 3 judges; and A. Hemubre, sheriff. For admiral to afford protection Clackamas County, P. G. Stewart, Frederick Prigg, in Oregon, if they required i and F. W. Pettygrove, judges; William Holmes, Had these proffers of protE sheriff. For Clatsop County, W. T. Perry, Robert war, come in the month of Shortess, and Calvin Tibbits, judges; Thomas Owens, the Oregon Question would sheriff. Some changes were made at the December session, Prigg being chosen in place of Stewart, re- theThe English fleet of war in the Pacif signed; C. E. Pickett the following vessels: in place of Prigg, and S. Whites Collinsgswood, ship of the line, 80 gun in place of Pettygrove. For Champoeg County, W. Frigates: Gram pus, 50 guns, C. B. Mart J. A. Duntz, commander; Juno, 26 guns. H. Willson was chosen president of the bench; and a 26 guns, Sir T. Thompson, commander; Mr Golding was elected a judge for Clatsop County. mander; Herald, 26 guns, Henry Kellet, guns, Thomas Baillie, commander; Daph The governor was elected superintendent of Indian Steamers: Sampson, 6 guns, Henderson, affairs; John E. Long, secretary of the territory; George T. Gordon, commander- Salaman F. mander. Brigs: Frolic, 6 guns, C. B. F Ermatinger, treasurer: W. G. T'Vault, postmaster- guns, S. Wood, commander. Spy, brigan mander. Total number of guns, 355. United States vessels of war in the I Bay Company, r in their service, shall ever be considered as citizens of the 86 guns, Biddle, commander. Frigates: government of Oregon, nor have the right of suffrage of elective franchise;' mander; Savannah, 60 guns, J. D. Sloat, but was rejected by the majority. 24 guns, Montgomery, commander; Levant, 63Jool P. Walker had returned from California, whither he went in 1841, ren, 24 guns, Hall, commander; Cyane, 24g and brought with him a large herd of cattle for sale. H53 remained several schooner, 12 guns, Howison, commander. years in Oregon, but finally settled permanently in California. commander. Total number of guns, 322. i HIST. mOR.,VOL. I. 32 )F THE ORGANIC LAWS. VESSELS OF WAR. 497 ge for three years, and Charles general; and Joseph L. Meek, marshal. Thus was t of the Cowlitz farm for one the machinery umnons of a popular and efficient form of gov- of Newmarket on the ernment set in motion, he two years' which joined the lion and the term; and John eagle not one moment too sheriff of Vancouver soon. For a few days after district. McLoughlin and Douglas had given their seemed imminent on Oregon consent to the union, there arrived from Puget Sound, in com- 3 of both parties united in a pany with Chief Factor Ogden, Lieutenant sagacity of a few men of good William Peel, third son of Sir, Robert Peel, and Captain Park, of so the royal marines, with a letter from Cap- much, the house proceeded tain John Gordon, several districts brother of the earl of Aberdeen, south of the and commander of the British oice for supreme judge fifty-gun ship of war was Na- A4merica, of the British squadron in the ed, and Peter H. Burnett was Pacific, at that time amounting to fifteen vessels, carrying over Y'County, E. E. Parrish, F. X. four hundred guns."4 'aldo were chosen in the order Captain Park brought two, also a letter from Admiral and one year terms of Seymour, informing McLoughlin Morrison, sheriff. that firm protection For Tua- would be given British subjects in ker, H. Higgins, and William Oregon, and not long after, another letter from Captain ges; T. Smith, sheriff Baillie of the For M1odeste, which had been in the Columbia the previous O'Neil, J. Hembre, and Joel summer, informing him that he was sent by the id A. Hembre, sheriff. For admiral to afford protection Dr.Stewart, to her Majesty's subjects Frederick Prigg, in Oregon, if they required it. i, judges; William Holmes, Had these proffers of protection, )unty, W. which really meant T. Perry, Robert war, come in the month of bits, judges; Thomas June instead of August, Owens, the Oregon Question would have vere made at the December taken a different sen in place of Stewart, re- 5'The English fleet of war in the Pacific, besides the America, consisted of place of Prigg, and S. Whites the following vessels: For Champoeg Collingswood, ship of the line, 80 guns, Sir G. F. Seymour, commander. County, W. Frigates: Grampus, 50 guns, C. B. Martin, commander; Fisgard, 42 guns, resident of the bench; and a J. A. Duntz, commander; Juno, 26 guns, P. J. Blake, commander; Talbot, a judge 26 guns, Sir T. Thompson, commander; Carysfort, 26 guns, Seymour, com- for Clatsop County. mander; Herald, 26 guns, Henry Kellet, commander. Sloops: Modeste, 18 d superintendent of Indian guns, Thomas Baillie, commander; Daphne, 18 guns, Onslow, commander. Steamers: Sampson, 6 guns, Henderson, commander; Cormorant, 6 guns, ,cretary of the territory; F. George T. Gordon, commander; Salamander, 6 guns, A. S. Hammond, com- V. G. T'Vault, postmaster- mander. Brigs: Frolic, 6 guns, C. B. Hamilton, commander; Pandora, 6 guns, S. Wood, commander. Spy, brigantine, 3 guns, 0. Woodbridge, com- inander. Total number of guns, 355. tall ever be considered as citizens of the United States vessels of war in the Pacific: Columbus, ship of the line, N right of suffrage or elective franchise;' 86 guns, Biddle, commander. Frigates: Congress, 60 guns, Stockton, com- mander; Savannah, 60 guns, J. D. Sloat, commander. Sloops: Portsmouth, om California, whither he went in 1841, 24 guns, Montgomery, commander; Levant, 24 guns, Page, commander; War- f cattle for sale. 13-, remained several ?-en, 24 guns, Hall, commander; Cyane, 24 guns, Mervine, commander. Shark, 'ermanently in California. schooner, 12 guns, Howison, commander. Erie, store-ship, 8 guns, Turner, commander. Total number of guns, 322. Oregon Spectator, Dec. 10, 1846. HIST. OR., VOL. I. 32 498 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. TWO PAIRS turn. McLoughlin could not then have refused to I have no doubt, from th have the company's property protected, especially of Park and Peel, together w after having expressed his fears, as he did in 1843. in joining the compact of the Nor did he refuse it now; although, as he says, he saved the country a war, an was at first inclined to do so, thinking himself safe tlement of the boundary qu( through the organization; but Douglas suggested to Vancouver they expecte( that it would be well to have the Modeste in the river, hold of the north side of t in view of the threatening aspect of the political they found the Hudson's Ba horizon, and the large immigration expected in the agreement of mutual protect autumn.55 they learned the fearless and The discussions at Vancouver during the visit of colonists, and their rapidly the British naval officers were often warm, Captain were constantly checked in 1 Park anxiously inquiring into the practicability of tility by McLoughlin, who bringing troops overland from Canada, and saying wrote to England, that the that if it came to blows, "we will hit them a good a war." 58 deal harder than we would other people," to the dis- After a few weeks Park a tress of McLoughlin, who could only answer in aston- the America, which sailed fc ishment and disapproval, "0 Captain Park! Captain raiso in September; the _i Park!" "5 taking her place on the son Before returning to the sound, where the America months at Nisqually; and t was lying, near the lower end of Whidbey Island, front of Vancouver, about th Park and Peel made a brief tour of the Willamette tain Gordon, after arriving ( Valley, visiting some of the principal men among the coast, received such advices f settlers, perhaps at the suggestion of the wise Mc- him to gather up in haste t1 Loughlin, who could foresee the effect of such con- residents, and sail away to I tact. At the house of Applegate, who gave him an for orders from the admiral account of the emigration of 1843, Peel declared that Lieutenant Peel was beforehm such men as composed it must make "the best soldiers shorter route by Vera Cruz ai in the world," with a new comprehension of what it where he arrived in January would be to fight them. "I told him," says Apple- gate, "that they were probably brave enough, but 58 Says Roberts: I The doctor counselle& that all that could be done in Oregon in the would never submit to discipline as soldiers. If the States and Great Britain could not affect t president himself had started across the plains to remain friends.' Recollections, MS., 61. "It5 is said that Gordon, when questior command a company, the first time he should choose 'the country was not worth a war,' but c a bad camp, or in any other way offend them, they was speaking literally, because he found th and because, being fond of angling, the sa would turn him out, and elect some one among them- country where the fish were not lively enc selves who should suit them better."5 7 mation worthless. But the salmon were refused to rise to the fly of the British angl 55Private 6' This information was communicated 5 Papers, MS., 2d ser., 16. 6 Roberts' Recollections, MS., 5. Commerce, and copied in the S. L. Pohqnes 5"Views of History, MS., 14, 15. its way into the Or. Spectator, July 4, 1846 F THE ORGANIC LAWS. TWO PAIRS OF SPIES. 499 ld not then have refused to I have no doubt, from the evidence, that the visit property protected, especially of Park and Peel, together with the act of McLoughlin his fears, as he did in 1843. in Joining the compact of the provisional government, vow; although, as he says, he saved the country a war, and influenced the final set- do so, thinking himself safe tlement of the boundary question. on; When they came bul Douglas suggested to Vancouver they expected have the to maintain England's Modeste in the river, hold of the north side of the Columbia Ining aspect of River; but the political they found the Hudson's Bay Company immigration expected bound in an in the agreement of mutual protection with the Americans; they learned the fearless and resolute character of the ancouver during the visit of colonists, and their rapidly increasing numbers, rs were often and warm, Captain were constantly checked in their expressions of hos- ig into the practicability of tility by McLoughlin, who assured them, and even Ad from Canada, and saying wrote to England, that the country "was not worth s, "we will hit them a good a war." 58 Lild other people," to the dis- After a few weeks Park and Peel returned to join ,o could only answer in aston- the America, which sailed for Honolulu and Valpa- "O Captain Park! Captain raiso in September; the Fisgard, Captain Duntz, taking her place on the sound, and remaining hie sound, some where the America months at Nisqually; and the AModeste anchoring in rer end of Whidbey Island, front of Vancouver, about the 1st of October. Cap- brief tour of the Willamette tain Gordon, after arriving on the South the principal American men among the coast, received such advices from England as to cause suggestion of the wise Mc- him to gather up in haste the money of the British esee the effect of such con- residents, and sail away to England without waiting pplegate, who gave him an for orders from the admiral." 9 In the mean time, i of 1843, Peel declared that Lieutenant Peel was beforehand with him, taking the must make "the best soldiers shorter route by Vera Cruz and Habana 6 to London, w comprehension of what it where he arrived in January 1846, as bearer of de- "I told him," says Apple- )robably brave enough, but 5 Says Roberts: 'The doctor counselled those about him to peace, saying iscipline as soldiers. If the that all that could be done in Oregon in the event of a war between the United States and Great Britain could not affect the final issue, and it was better to ,arted across the plains to remain friends.' Recollections, MS., 61. first time he should choose s' It is said that Gordon, when questioned, agreed with McLoughlilt, that 'the country was not worth a war,' but on entirely different grounds. He her way offend them, they was speaking literally, because he found the Nisqually plains a bed of gravel; Ilect some one among them- and because, being fond of angling, the salmon would not rise to the fly. A country where the fish were not lively enough for his sport was in his esti- 3m better.""' mation worthless. But the salmon were not the only fish in Oregon that refused to rise to the fly of the British angler. 6 This information was communicated by letter to the N. Y. Journal of Commerce, and copied in the S. I. Polynesian of April 25th, whence it found its way into the Or. Spectator, July 4, 1846. W( AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. McLOUGHLIN'S ANSI spatches from Admiral Seymour. It was rumored in goods to the American seti Habana that the whole English squadron was making to British subjects. They sail for the Columbia River; but the rumor did not, join the provisional organizci apparently, originate with Lieutenant Peel.6" except the mere form of th been invaded, and themsel Before one pair of spies quitted Vancouver another quired the protection of arrived. On the 28th of August appeared, unan- very people to the introdu nounced, at the headquarters of the fuir company, been more than accessory," Lieutenant Henry Warre of the 54th, and Lieutenant The answer made by IS Vavasour of the royal engineers, who had left Eng- intended only for the eyes land April 5th, and crossed the continent by way of or the ministry, contains m Red River, Fort Pitt, and Fort Colville. They spent the student of Oregon histor their time in apparent half idleness at Vancouver, ship shown the missionarie surveying a little about the mouth of the Columbia, you have? Would you have but in reality gathering information relative to the to the man of God who cam position of affairs between the British subjects and which the company had neg American citizens in Oregon. That which they first settlers, men from the learned was not at all satisfactory, as it afterward. had tried to prevent their re appeared; and their report, though doubtless tending, destitute, and therefore dan like that of Peel, to influence the English government and safety of the company in resigning its pretensions to the territory south of away lie could not, having the 49th parallel, was damaging in its accusations power. To the allegation against McLoughlin, as a British subject, if not as the the company had been use head of the corporation he represented in Oregon. migrants from starvation an, It was charged, mainly, that the policy pursued by that it had long been safe f the Hudson's Bay Company at the different posts in Fort Hall to Vancouver, o the Oregon Territory had tended to the introduction Hall eastward, and therefore of American settlers into the country until they out- it not to the trading posts numbered the British.6 " And to prove this position, the savages, and as to oth they-instanced the assistance rendered the different furnishing boats, and in som immigrations, one of which was arriving while they migrants had not come to C were at Vancouver. They had, it was said, sold reception from him, but qui while he had done sone thiu f1 Roberts describes Peel as a 'fine young fellow, well bronzed, rather taller, but reminding me of young Dana, geologist of the U. S. exploring expedition. Peel died in India, in command of the Shannon.' Park, he says, s By the wording of the report of War was a ' well-knit man, capable of unlimited service, who probably had charge that they preferred the immigrants to bN of Peel.' Neither was an officer of the America. Recollection8, MS., 5. they were not. 2McLoughtin, in answer to this particular charge, says that ever since " I have before me a letter written b 1826, when Smith, Sublette, and Jackson led their trapping parties west of some time a clerk of the company at Fort the Rocky Mountains, the Americans had outnumbered the British in Oregon. was it that this noble man was at the hea( This would have been a point on the side of the American plenipotentiary pany when the American pioneers came had he known it. without the aid they met at the hands )F -THE ORGANIC LAWS. McLOUGHLIN'S ANSWERS TO CHARGES. 501

Seymour. It was rumored in goods to the American settlers at cheaper rates than English squadron was making to British subjects. They had suffered themselves to River; but the rumor did not, join the provisional organization, " without any reserve ith Lieutenant Peel.6" except the mere form of the oath." Their lands had been invaded, and themselves insulted, until they re- ies quitted Vancouver another quired the protection of government " against the I of August appeared, unan- very people to the introduction of whom they have juarters of the fur company, been more than accessory," and more of a like import. re of the 54th, and Lieutenant The answer made by McLoughlin, while it was engineers, who had left Eng- intended only for the eyes of the London directors, Dssed the continent by way of or the ministry, contains matter of much interest to nd Fort Colville. They spent the student of Oregon history. Concerning the friend- b half idleness at Vancouver, ship shown the missionaries, he said: " What would t the mouth of the Columbia, you have? Would you have me turn the cold shoulder g information relative to the to the man of God who came to do that for the Indians Teen the British subjects and which the company had neglected to do?" As to the Oregon. That which they first settlers, men from the mountains and the sea, he satisfactory, as it afterward. had tried to prevent their remaining idle and becoming iort, though doubtless tending, destitute, and therefore dangerous to the good order aence the English government and safety of the company's servants. Drive theni ,ions to the territory south of away he could not, having neither the right nor the damaging in its accusations power. To the allegation that the trading posts of a British subject, if not as the the company had been used to save American imi- he represented in Oregon. migrants from starvation and the Indians,6m he replied Ly, that the policy pursued by that it had long been safe for two men to travel from pany at the different posts in Fort Hall to Vancouver, or twenty men from Fort ad tended to the introduction Hall eastward, and therefore that the immigrants owed to the country until they out- it not to the trading posts that they were spared by And to prove this position, the savages, and as to other assistance rendered in Atance rendered the different furnishing boats, and in some instances goods, the im- Uich was arriving while they migrants had not come to Oregon expecting a cordial 'hey had, it was said, sold reception from him, but quite the contrary; and that 64 'fine young fellow, well bronzed, rather while he had done some things for humanity's sake, 'g Dana, geologist of the U. S. exploring command of the Shannon.' Park, he says, C3 By the wording of the report of Warre and Vavasour, it might be inferred alimited service, who probably had charge that they preferred the immigrants to be cut off, and blamed the doctor that the America. Recollections, MS., 5. they were not. is particular charge, says that ever since "1 I have before me a letter written by Courtney M. Walker, who was for ackson led their trapping parties west of some time a clerk of the company at Fort Hall, in which he says: 'Well indeed Lshad outnumbered the British in Oregon. was it that this noble man was at the head of affairs of the Hudson's Bay Com- the side of the American plenipotentiary pany when the American pioneers came to these shores seeking homes; for without the aid they met at the hands of the doctor, they could not have 502 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. CHRIST-LIE: he had intended to and had averted evil from the no notice of, further than it company by using courtesy and kindness toward the the company for protection American immigrants. the officers of the company As to joining the organization, he showed that in tion, being personally as mu, 1843 he had written to England of the threats against as any individuals in the cot Vancouver, and asked for protection, but had not Having answered these se received it, while the dogs of war were snarling and he summed up on the main threatening, and the Americans outnumbered the accessory" to the introduct] British subjects ten to one in the settled portions of by saying that the compi Oregon; and failing in this, had done the best thing American trader in fair opl he knew how to do for the company and humanity. ing themselves that neither He admitted that the lands of British subjects had any occasion to be ashame been invaded, but proportionally in a less degree than great influx of missionaries, those of the colonists by each other.6 5 " And, after or power to prevent coming; all," he says, " I have found British subjects just as circulated through the public keen at catching at an opportunity to benefit them- remote cause of Linn's bill c selves, and that in instances to my cost, as these concerning which the Britii American backwoodsmen." 66 fit to be silent, thereby its To the accusation that the company had submitted accessory" to the America to insult from the Americans, he replied: " They were He repelled the assumption not to consider themselves insulted because an igno- the company to defend EnE rant man thought he had a better right to a piece of The obligation of the conipi land than they had, and attempted to establish his was to do their duty to the right in the only way the law admitted." And to the feelings might be, and, mind taunt that having brought this state of affairs on him- let the government take care self, he then wanted protection, he answered that He admitted helping the i protection had been asked for British property, but and 1845, with boats to trai more particularly for British rights, from the aggres- property to the *Willamett sions of a people who had been publicly encouraged should be closed with ice, i by the promises of congress of donations of land-a behind must perish of starva circumstance which the British government had taken the hospital at Vancouver foi remained or lived. When it was known at Vancouver that immigrants were ing several lives. And he a] coming across the plains, orders were sent along the line, to XWalla Walla, Boise, and Fort Hall, not to let the poor people suffer, but to help them along, immigrants of 1843 to put a and teach the Indians to do so also. as a means for providing for " Four cases are mentioned; the claim of McTavish, the intruder, being put off by the organization; the claim of his son, his own, and the company's ing the company from the lands at Vancouver. next immigration. "If we ' Reference is here made to the fact that some of the company's servants were allowed to made claims on the land about Vancouver, under the land declared, " Vancouver woul law, to keep off Americans, with the understanding that they held for the company, but who refused afterward to relinquish their possession. Roberts' and the world would have j Recolkections, )ES., 61. inhuman conduct deserved; i ' THE ORGANIC LAWS. CHRIST-LIKE DEEDS. 503 I had averted evil from the no notice of, further than it had of the application of esy and kindness toward the the company for protection of its property. As for the officers of the company, they required no protec- anization, he showed that in tion, being personally as much esteemed and respected ,ngland of the threats against as any individuals in the country. for protection, but had not Having answered these several charges specifically, )gs of war were snarling and he summed up on the main one of being "more than \nmericans outnumbered the accessory" to the introduction of American settlers, ne in the settled portions of by saying that the company had defeated every ;his, had done the best thing American trader in fair opposition, while so conduct- the company and humanity. ing themselves that neither they nor their friends had ends of British subjects had any occasion to be ashamed of their conduct. The tionally in a less degree than great influx of missionaries, whom they had no right y each other.6 5 " And, after or power to prevent coming, and the statements they )und British subjects just as circulated through the public prints, was, he said, the Dpportunity to benefit them- remote cause of Linn's bill offering donations of land, inces to my cost, as these concerning which the British government had seen fit to be silent, thereby itself becoming "more than the company had submitted accessory" to the American settlement of Oregon. ,ans, he replied: " They were He repelled the assumption that it was the duty of res insulted because an igno- the company to defend England's right to a better right territory. to a piece of The obligation of the company's officers, he asserted, I attempted to establish his was to do their duty to the company, whatever their law admitted." And to the feelings might be, and, minding their proper business, t this state of affairs on him- let the government take care of its own affairs. otection, he answered that He admitted helping the immigrants of 1843, 1844, ,d for British property, but and 1845, with boats to transport their families and bish rights, from the aggres- property to the Willamette before the Columbia d been publicly encouraged should be closed with ice, in which case ess those left of donations of land-a behind must perish of starvation; taking the sick ritish government into had taken the hospital at Vancouver for treatment, thereby sav- Dwn at Vancouver that immigrants were re sent along the line, to Walla Walla, ing several lives. And he also admitted assisting the Dor people suffer, but to help them along, immigrants of 1843 to put a ci-op in the ground, both lim of McTavish, the intruder, being put as a means for providing for their support and of sav- f his son, his own, and the company's ing the company from the necessity of feeding the ct that some of the company's servants next immigration. "If we had not done this," he land about Vancouver, under the land declared, " Vancouver would have been destroyed, - understanding that they held for the ' to relinquish their possession. Roberts' and the world would have judged us treated as our inhuman conduct deserved; every officer of the com- I

504 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. WRONG AND pany, from the governor down, would have been cov- ter from the slurs of goveri ered with obloquy, the company's business in this have the same right to comr department would have been ruined, and the trouble touching lightly upon the which would have arisen in consequence would have forgot probably involved to pay him their jus the British and American nations of those whom White ment in war. If I have been the means," he added, "by for American honor. my measures, of arresting any of these evils, I shall But whether he favored be amply repaid by the approbation of my conscience, against the British, or Bri and of all good men. It is true," he said, in conclu- company's, or maintained b( sion, "that I have heard some say they would have interest, or favored the A done differently; and if my memory does not deceive either, or labored to preset me, I think I have heard Mr Vavasour say this; but as explanation might the suspicions of both con give publicity to my apprehen- him, and being sions and object, forced to ma and destroy my measures, I was bad fortune to be pulled t silent, in the full reliance that some day justice would Foreseeing something be done me; and as these gentlemen were not of tl respon- upon by the British gover sible, and I was, I took the liberty of judging for George Simpson, having myself, communicating them only to a Mr Douglas south of the Columbia, and under the injunction of secrecy." 7 The responsibility that with inci conduct of McLoughlin was discussed in the creasingly burdensome, house of commons, where he to it was said that by some head of the company in 0 people he was called the 'father of the country,' and 1845, and took said to up his reside have settled it greatly at his own expense, following spring,7y with the while by others it was declared that he had discour- American citizen when aged settlement.6 8 In the his own statement of his acts settled, or his resignation v and motives the remarkable passages are those in next spring came which he confesses himself guilty of the main charge, the news (lent Polk and the threat of that of sympathizing with the Americans, or with equal rights, which is the same thing. Aristocrat ing him the greatest perplexit as in time of war he could nc he was considered by the colonists,6 9 and autocrat as he really was, estates in Canada, and perl for twenty years throughout the coun- Neither trv west of the Rocky Mountains, could he, in the he still bravely dearly held claim at Oregon returned the assaults of his enemies in the language of a republican. He defended the American charac- and Vavasour, as he well ki toward him, while the pc 67I have taken this abstract of McLoughlin's defence from his remarks on brighter. In his perplexity the report of Warre and Vavasour, which was sent by Sir George Simpson to Mr Douglas, and by him handed to McLoughlin after he had resigned and nett, then chief justice of settled at Oregon City in 1846. It constitutes series 3, Private Papers. the man through whom the '8 House of- Commons Rept., 294. 69Oray's Hist. Or., 153; Parrish's Or. A necdotes, MS., 98; Simpson's Or. Ter. Claims, 32-5. '^ Tolmie's Pyget Sound, MS., 47; h Pioneer Times, MS., 30. THE ORGANIC LAWS. WRONG AND INJUSTICE 505 down, would have been cov- company's business in this ter from the slurs of government spies, saying "they been ruined, and the trouble have the same right to come that I have to be here," [ in consequence would have touching lightly upon the ingratitude of those who ritish and American nations forgot to pay him their just debts, and the rudeness the means," he added, "by of those whom White mentions as making him blush r any of these evils, I shall for American honor. probation of my conscience, But whether he favored the company's interests b is true," he said, in conclu- against the British, or British interests against the some say they would have company's, or maintained both against the American iy memory does not deceive interest, or favored the American interest against Mr Vavasour say this; but either, or labored to preserve harmony between all, publicity to my apprehen- the suspicions of both conflicting parties fell upon stroy my measures, I was him, and being forced to maintain silence, he had the that some day justice would bad fortune to be pulled to pieces between them. gentlemen were not respon- Foreseeing something of this, feeling himself spied the liberty of judging for upon by the British government, as well as by Sir iem only to Mr Douglas George Simpson, having a large property interest ,recy."6 south of the Columbia, and being perhaps weary of a ighlin was discussed in the responsibility that with increasing years became in- it was said that by some creasingly burdensome, he tendered his resignation as father of the country,' and head of the company in Oregon, in the autumn of eatly at his own expense, 1845, and took up his residence at Oregon City in the dared that he had discour- following spring, with the intention of becoming an own statement of his acts American citizen when the boundary question was ble passages are those in settled, or his resignation was accepted. With the guilty of the main charge, next spring came the news of the election of Presi- i the Americans, or with (lent Polk and the threat of war with England, caus- same thing. Aristocrat as ing him the greatest perplexity. Change his allegiance colonists,e9 and autocrat as in time of war he could not, without forfeiting his rears throughout the coun- estates in Canada, and perhaps his life as a traitor. [ountains, he still bravely Neither could he, in the event of war, retain his s enemies in the language dearly held claim at Oregon City. Then came Warre Lded the American charac- and Vavasour, as he well knew with no good intent toward him, while the political horizon onghlin's defence from his remarks on grew no ch was sent by Sir George Simpson to brighter. In his perplexity he took advice of Bur- IcLoughlin after he had resigned and nett, titutes series 3, Private Papers. then chief justice of Oregon, and Applegate, the man through whom the recent fusion of British )r. A necdotes, MS., 98; Simpson's Or. 7' Tolmie's Paget Sound, MS., 47; Holden's Pioneering, MS., 2, 3; Moss' Pioneer Times, MS., 30.

J r

506 AMENDMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAWS. PERSONNEL OF TH and American interests in Oregon had been consum- gress, could affect the statu mated. Applegate urged him to take the oath of 7 ment, composed of individu allegiance to the United States, ' his resignation hav- outside of the jurisdiction ing been accepted; but Burnett objected that he had was due the continued pea no authority from the government to administer the colony in 1845. oath; "and to Mr Burnett's timidity," says Apple- gate, " was owing the doctor's subsequent troubles with individuals and the United States government." This opinion is not mine, however. The missionary party would have found that the oath was without author- ity, and the result would have been the same. They made war on him after he came to Oregon City. In addition, he lost heavily through the debts of the set- tlers, which the company put upon him, if not wholly, at least to a great amount,7' and was severely attacked by English writers, notably in Fitzgerald's Hudson's Bay Company. It was fortunate that neither the dissatisfaction of the English ministry, the Hudson's Bay Company, nor the defiant tone of the American press and con-

" 'Every British subject south of the Columbia would have followed his example,' says Applegate; 'then in case of war we would have had friends instead of enemies in our midst; and it would not have left the shadow of truth to the falsehood used by his enemies that he was a British propagan- dist, and had refused to become an American citizen.' Si These debts aggregated a sum variously stated by different authorities, but usually at about $60,000. Applegate says this charge was revoked on the motion of his associates in office, who protested in a body against the injustice to a man who had been of such service to the company; but that notwithstanding this he preferred to be responsible for a large amount. The personal pride and dignified reticence of McLoughlin prevented a knowledge of his private affairs becoming public; and even his family and heirs were in ignorance concerning his losses. Sir James Douglas testified before the joint commission which settled the affairs of the Hudson's Bay and Puget Sound companies, that the doctor was not held responsible for the debts of the American settlers. H. B. Co. Ev., If. B. Co. Claims, 61. J. Q. Thornton, who at one time was his attorney, stated before the same commission, and has frequently asserted in public, that the company held McLoughlin respon- sible. The same statement is made in Thornton's Jirst. Or., MS., 7-13; Cray'& Hist. Or., 321-2; Blanlchet's Cath. Ch. in Or., 71; Waldo's Critiques, MS., 14, and in many authorities not here quoted, because most of them are simply copyists of the others. And while I think it quite probable that his fellow-officers made an offer to bear their portion of the loss, from the best information I can gather, I am persuaded that the principal burden came upon him by his own choice, and through his Scotch pride. His daughter states that she overheard, after his removal to Oregon City, some gentlemen conversing about his affairs, who said that he 'had trusted the immigrants more than he could himself pay.' latrvey's Life of JXcLoueghlin, MS., 33. THE ORGANIC LAWS. PERSONNEL OF THE GOVERNMENT. 507 n Oregon had been consum- gress, could affect the d him to take the oath of status of the Oregon govern- States,7l his resignation ment, composed of individuals of both hav- outside nationalities Burnett objected of the jurisdiction of either; to which that he had was due fact vernnient to administer the continued peace and prosperity of the colony in 1845. the ett's timidity," says Apple- or's subsequent troubles with I States government." This ver. The missionary party ie oath was without author- have been the same. They came to Oregon City. In irough the debts of the set- put upon him, if not wholly 72 and was severely attacked Jly in Fitzgerald's Hudson's

Zither the dissatisfaction of Hudson's Bay Company, American press and con-

,he Columbia would have followed his ase of war we would have had friends it would not have left the shadow of Mies that he was a British propagan- ierican citizen.' riously stated by different authorities, gate says this charge was revoked on who protested in a body against the ich service to the company; but that > responsible for a large amount. The f McLoughlin prevented a knowledge and even his family and heirs were in ties Douglas testified before the joint the Hudson's Bay and Puget Sound eld responsible for the debts of the B. Co. Clai.s, 61. J. Q. Thornton, :ed before the same commission, and ,he company held McLoughlin respon- liorfnton'8 lfint. Or., MS., 7-13; Gray', in Or., 71; Waldo's Critiques, MS., quoted, because most of them are ile I think it quite probable that his fir portion of the loss, from the best fled that the principal burden camie gh his Scotch pride. His daughter val to Oregon City, some gentlemen bat he 'had trusted the imirigranta y's Life of JlfcLoegk tin, MS., 33. r

GATHERING OF There were two or more I Missouri frontier this yev companies. Two divisions dence; one with twenty-fil Welch, with aids, and one commanded CHAPTER XIX. sisting of forty wagons. I others of this immigrationi, THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845. to my historical archives.1 A NOTABLE MIGRATION-VARIOUS STARTING-POINTS-DIvISIONS AND COM- A third company, with PANIES-JOEL PALMER-SAMUEL K. BARLOW-PRESLEY WELCH- SAMUEL Joseph under the commant HANCOCK-BACON AND BuCK-W. G. T'VAULT-JOHN WAYMIRE-SOLO- belonged W. W. Buck MOX TETHEROW-CALIFORNIA of O0 EXTOLLED AT FORT HALL-MEETING WITH his adopted country. A f WHITE-HIS FATAL FRIENDSHIP-A LONG CUT-OFF-HARDSHIPS ON THE MALHEUR-DISEASE AND DEATH AT THE DALLES-HEARTLESSNESS OF one wagons and three hund WALLER AND BREWER-EMMET'S WANDERINGS-THE INCOMING BY SEA- St Joseph also, was comrm NAMES OF THE IMMIGRANTS-THIRD SESSION OF THE LEGISLATURE- with John Waymire as lieut( EXPLORATIONS FOR IMMIGRANT PASS-WAGON-ROAD-PUBLIC BUILDINGS, sergeant. There was CAPITAL, AND LIQUOR QUESTIONS-NEW anot] COUNTIES-REVENUE. wagons, and about the same Solomon THE immigration of 1845 was larger than any that Tetherow. Here, had preceded it, three thousand persons arriving be- Indians on the western shore of the Miss fore the end of the year, and doubling ing it our western frontier. But the pioc the white pop- barrier, passed the red men of the fo ulation of Oregon.' There were present at the east their new homes in Oregon and Cabforni; the same underlying motives in human nature waking in her might fro this exodus which herself for the cosiflict, and overcoming, drove west the bands of former years-restlessness of her inalienable rights, and the equality spirit, dissatisfaction continent.' Or. Ter., 23-4. Wiles' Reg., with home, want of a market, the thoughtless and aimless 2 rush of well and distance from the sea. and hardships. Polynesian, Jan. 31, 185 H. B. Ce. Claims, 100. Saxton's pam to have been first published in Washin - Hines' Or. and Ins., 209; Marshall's Statement, MS., 1; McLoughlin's Oregon City by George Abernethy. It c/ Private Papers, MS., 2d ser., 23; Sacton's Or. T-er., 20; Gray's Hist. Or., account of the political condition of the 453. productions, and progress in education, w 'There were some original views advanced by Charles Saxton, who, while ulation, and other matters, enlivened by returning to the United States with White, met this army of adventurers in quoted, of a patriotic nature. the Snake River country; as these views are not without interest, I will 'Hancock settled on Whidbey Island quote them briefly. 'Causes have been operating for the last twenty-five large manuscript volume, entitled Thirtec years in the north Atlantic states to produce this unparalleled mighty move- Coast, nasrating the incidents of the immi ment across the American continent. A system of aristocracy has oppressed on the Pacific coast. J. M. Bacon, of Bz the laboring classes, and roused the people to fly to the western states to the subject. Bacon was a native of Buffa. avoid the soup and parish relief societies, as witnessed in Europe; and in the to go to Oregon. Engaging in various west the pioneers were compelled to seek new homes for their large families, settled permanently in Oregon City. His and to find, if possible, a suitable market for their produce, and a range for is a running commentary on the business; their herds. Congress, by an unwise act of legislation, not regarding the in- 'W. W. Buck was born in New York domitable spirit of enterprise in the descendants ot the Jamestown colony He was a saddle and harness maker, a r by land, and the Plymouth colony by sea, nearly blockaded the great thor- and his manuscript gives the history of s oughfare of western emigration on land by congregating the various tribes of the country, in which lie was interested, un, (508) City, MS. GATHERING OF THE COMPANIES. 509

There were two or more points of departure from the Missouri frontier this year; and there were many companies. Two divisions rendezvoused at Indepen- dence; one with twenty-five wagons, under Presley Welch, with Joel Palmer and Samuel K. Barlow as aids, and one commanded by Samuel Hancock, con- rER XIX. sisting of forty wagons. Hancock, with Bacon and others of this immigration, have contributed liberally RATION OF 1845. to my historical archives.1 STARTING-POINTS-DIvISIONS AND COM- A third company, with fifty-two wagons, left St LK. BARLOW-PRESLEY WELCH-SAMUEL Joseph under the command of Hackleman, to which r G. T'VAULT-JOHN WAYMIRE-SOLO belonged W. W. Buck of 4 :XTOLLED AT Fort HALL-MEETING WITH Oregon City, well known in P-A LONG CUT-OFF-HARDSHIPS ON THE his adopted country. A fourth company of sixty- rH AT THE DALLES-HEARTLESSNESS OF one wagons and three hundred persons, starting from 3WANDERINGS-THE INCOMING BY SEA- St Joseph also, was commanded by W. G. T'Vault, THIRD SESSION OF THE LEGISLATURE- with John Waymire as lieutenant, and James 'ASS-WAGON-ROAD-PUBLIC BUILDINGS, Allen as iS-NEW COUNTIES-REVENUE. sergeant. There was another company of sixty-six wagons, and about the same number of persons, under 45 was larger than any that Solomon Tetherow. Here, as elsewhere in human ousand persons arriving be- Indians on the western shore of the Missouri River, and inappropriately call- Lud doubling the white pop- ing it our western frontier. But the pioneers of 1843 and 1844 broke over the barrier, passed the red men of the forest, and established themselves in re were present at the east their new homes in Oregon and California. In this mighty movement we see ,tives in this exodus which human nature waking in her might from the slumber of centuries, girding herself for the conflict, and overcoming every obstacle, going forth to assert irmer years-restlessness of her inalienable rights, and the equality of men throughout the American L home, want of a market, continent.' 0r. Ter., 23-4. Wiles' Reg., lxviii. 339-40, has some remarks on the thoughtless and aimless rush of well-conditioned people to seek poverty and hardships. Polynesian, Jan. 31, 1846; McKinlay, in H. B. Co. Ev., H. B. Co. Claims 100. Saxton's pamphlet on Oregon Territory appears to have been first published in Washington, and afterward reproduced in hall's Statement, MS., 1; McLoughlin's Oregon City by George Abernethy. It contains the laws of Oregon, with an xton's Or. Ter., 20; Cray's Hist. Or., account of the political condition of the country, its resources, soil, climate, productions, and progress in education, with facts and figures concerning pop- lvanced by Charles Saxton, who, while ulation, and other matters, enlivened by some eloquent passages, original and Vhite, met this army of adventurers ill quoted, of a patriotic nature. 'iews are not without interest, I will I Hancock settled on Whidbey Island in Puget Sound. He has written a een operating for the last twenty-five large manuscript volume, entitled Thirteen Years' Residence on the roduce this unparalleled mighty move- Coast, narrating the incidents of the immigration and many of his adventures A system of aristocracy has oppressed on the Pacific coast. J. M. Bacon, of Barlow's division, has also written on people to fly to the western states to the subject. Bacon was a native of Buffalo. Love of adventure induced him yes, as witnessed in Europe; and in the to go to Oregon. Engaging in various mercantile pursuits, he eventually ,ek new homes for their large families, settled permanently in Oregon City. His Mercantile Life at Oregon City, MS., rket for their produce, and a range for is a running commentary on the business and business men of the country. set of legislation, not regarding the in- 4 W. W. Buck was born in New York in 1804, but emigrated from Ohio. descendants o0 the Jamestown colony He was a saddle and harness maker, a man of intelligence and enterprise, sea, nearly blockaded the great thor- and his manuscript gives the history of several of the first manufactories of. I by congregating the various tribes of the country, in which he was interested, under the name of Enterprises at Oregon (508) City, MS.

1-- 510 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845. MEETING WIT] gatherings, the men of might came naturally to the No significance was attached front. In every migration the men selected as cap- the Greenwoods of the prev tains at the start continued to maintain, either by California was at Fort Hall i talent or habit, the leadership of their fellows after McDougal, from Indiana, w reaching their destination. from California to guide the Nothing unusual befell the travellers between the who were, as Palmer says, Missouri and Snake rivers. At Fort Hall, according hoods to induce them to t, to the testimony of several, an effort was made to turn According to Palmer, fifteen the immigration toward California; and whatever un- out for California at the ou favorable information they received concerning the thirty-five more were persuac distance, the road, or the natives, was imputed to the them.5 He was probably spc desire of the British fur company to prevent this imnigration; for Saxton inf; great influx of Americans into Oregon.5 There were, forty-six wagons destined fo however, other influences used at Fort Hall to turn Independence.9 Gray admits American emigration to California, and from Ameri- White's imnigration, did all I cans themselves. The presence of the British and ple to California. The anxie French squadrons in the Pacific, with the condition ritory became intelligible whe, of , made it evident that California would soon Frdmont, acting on secret fall into the hands of one of these two nations unless steps to California, in order the United States sustained the popular Monroe doc- by sea English occupancy si trine, which was to leave no room for monarchies on Americans.1 0 North American soil. The cabinet at Washington well understood that should Great Britain seize Cali- The immigration progresses fornia she would be in a position to hold Oregon.6 To Hall, with the exception of I prevent such a consummation without hostility was posed to have been killed by the secret care of a few statesmen, of whom Benton inug at the crossing of Snake was one of the most adroit as well as enthusiastic.7 to the Malheur River all wen Springs near Fort Boisd a po I Palner's Journal, 43; Bacon's Merc. Life Or., MS., 3. avan, 6Roberts' Recollections, MS., 6. one of the Independei 7In October 1844, in a speech at St Louis, Benton uttered this prophecy, by White, of whose unsuccess already fulfilled: 'I say the man is alive, full grown, and is listening to what I say (without weeks previous I have alrem believing it perhaps), who will yet see the Asiatic commerce traversing the 8He also says in a note to his Journal, ] North Pacific Ocean-entering the Oregon River-climbing the western slope to, not finding California to be as represent of the Rocky Mountains-issuing from its gorges-and spreading its fertiliz- but he does not give their names. ing streams over our wide-extended Union! The steamboat and the steam- Forty-six wagons, 320 oxen, 98 men, 4 car have not exhausted all their wonders. They have not yet even found i~st. Or., 453. their amplest and most appropriate theatres-the tranquil surface of the 10The Collingwood, says Roberts, was or North Pacific Ocean, and the vast inclined plains which spread east and west they found they were too late. Several na from the base of the Rocky Mountains. The magic boat and the flying car to this coast. The Irish were temporarily are not yet seen upon this ocean and this plain, but they will be seen there; nooth bill. Recollections, MS., 60. and St Louis is yet to find herself as near to Canton as she now is to London, "Hancock's (I'kirteen Years, MS., 70. with a better and safer route, by land and sea, to China and Japan, than she "The first companies White met were I now has to France and Great Britain.' Oreflon Spectator, Sept. 17, 1846. ald's, numbering 800, near Grand Rond. IRATION OF 1845. MEETING WITH WHITE. 511 might came naturally to the No significance was attached to the fact lion the that one of men selected as cap- the Greenwoods of the previous year's pilgrimage nued to maintain, to either by California was at Fort Hall with a young man named lership of their fellows after McDougal, from Indiana, who n. had been despatched from California to guide the travellers through, and 11 the travellers between the who were, as Palmer says, well stocked rs. with false- At Fort Hall, according hoods to induce them to take the California al, an effort road. was made to turn According to Palmer, fifteen wagons had been fitted California; and whatever un1- out for California at the outset, and the owners iey received of concerning the thirty-five more were persuaded by these men to join *natives, was 8 imputed to the them. He was probably speaking of his wing of the ar company to prevent this immigration; for Saxton informs us that s into Oregon.' there were There were, forty-six wagons destined for California on leaving s used at Fort Hall to turn Iidependence.' Gray admits that L. W. Hastings, of California, and from Ameri- White's immigration, did all he could to turn the peo- )resence of the British and ple to California. The anxiety to populate that ter- Pacific, with the condition ritory became intelligible when in the following spring, it that California would Sooi1 Fr6nmont, acting on secret despatches, retraced his A of these two nations unless steps to California, in order that by land as well as led the popular Monroe doe- by sea English occupancy should be anticipated no room by for monarchies on Americans. 1 The cabinet at Washington ald Great Britain seize Cali- The immigration progressed well after leaving Fort sition to hold Oregon.6 To Hall, with the exception of the loss of two men sup- ation without hostility was posed to have been killed by the natives, while hunt- Statesmen, of whom Benton ing at the crossing of Snake River;11 and from oit there as well as enthusiastic.' to the Malheur River all went well. But at the Hot Springs near Fort Boise src. Life Or., MS., 3. a portion of the endless car- avan, one of the Independence companies, was met it Louis, Benton uttered this prophecy, by White, of whose unsuccessful explorations of a few 2 L, and is listening to what I say (without weeks previous I have already given an account.' ee the Asiatic commerce traversing the egon River-climbing the western I He also says in a note to his Journal, p. 44, that the immigrants alluded slope to, M its gorges-and spreading its fertiliz- not finding California to be as represented, removed from there to Oregon; Union! The steamboat but he does not give their names. and the steam- 9Forty-six iders. They have not yet even found wagons, 320 oxen, 98 men, 40 women, and 57 children. Gray's theatres-the tranquil Hist. Or., 453. surface of the "The lined plains which spread east and west Collingwood, says Roberts, was on her way to seize California, when is. The they found they were too late. Several nations had an eye, about that time, magic boat and the flying car to this plain, but they will be this coast. The Irish were temporarily quieted by the passage of the May- seen there; nooth bill. Lear to Canton as she now is to London, Recollections, MS., 60. t' Hancock's and sea, to China and Japan, than she Thirteen Years, MS., 70. Orer/on Spectator, Sept. 17, 1846. 12The first companies White met were Barlow's, Knighton's, and McDon- ald's, numbering 800, near Grand Rond. The second was Pahner's near THE 51-2 IMMIGRATION OF 1845. LOST IN THE From the fact that this company was the one to try water-buckets. Neither sa his projected route to the Ieart of the Willamette in this desolate region. TI Valley, it appears that White was responsible for the it had ever been traverses disasters that followed, though the guide, Stephen H. slowly dawned upon the c L. Meek, who probably followed White's advice, and derers that their pilot kn( was ambitious to distinguish himself also, incurred all to which he had brought ti the blame. However that may be, about two hundred doubtful if he would be al families were persuaded to try a cut-off, with the assur- the mean time, extremes of ance that they would save two hundred miles of travel insufficient nourishment, wit by following the Malheur River and traversing the on a sickness known as i country to a pass in the mountains at the head of the children were attacked wit] Willamette Valley. the alkaline waters, resultir The route undertaken was an abandoned trail of Refusing to go farther in the fur-trappers, which for several days they followed north from here, they were 1l without experiencing unusual trouble. But in cross- the John Day and Des C ing the Malheur Mountains the country became so the supply of water was ii stony that wagons-tracks could scarcely be discerned men rode all day looking in on the disintegrated rock."3 The feet of the oxen or streams, while a hundre( became so sore that the poor creatures would lie down ishing stock which ran wild and could with great difficulty be forced to move for- company which had gone in ward. Not finding grass, the loose cattle constantly here returned and reported turned back, and thus gave unceasing trouble. Forced as they had travelled. I by the nature of the country out of his proper course, people; old men and childr, the pilot bore far to the south, where was found good strongest could not speak hc grass, but only nauseous alkaline water. By day the continued to show firmness temperature was high, and at night ice formed in the The murmurs which L Boise; and the third the St Joseph's company, near the Salmon Falls of Snake breathed against their g River. White's Ten Years in Or., 282; Buck's Enterprises, MS., 1, 2; Palmer's threatenings; the people re Journal, 50. 13 The first gold discovery in Oregon made by any American, if not by any sel when the trail became lo' person, was near the head of the Malheur River, on a small creek divided from his life was in danger. M the Malheur by a ridge. This stream ran south-west, and wa.s supposed to be a branch of the Malheur, an error that caused much trouble and disappoint- to be at the mercy of a frE ment to prospectors eight or ten years later. Daniel Herron, a cousin of W. ness, but was unwilling to J. Herron of Salem, was looking for lost cattle while the company were in camp here, and picked up a piece of shining metal on the rocky bed of the knew fromn the general cont( creek, and carried it to camp as a curiosity. No one could tell what the metal advice of natives that was, and no one thought of its being gold. Another nugget was found and they, brought to Mr Martin's wagon, who tested it by hammering it out on his River in a few days by con wagon-tire; but not being able to tell its nature, it was thrown into the tool- chest and forgotten, and ultimately lost. After the gold discovery in Califor- 14 S. A. Clarke, in Portland Daily Be, nia these incidents were remembered, and many parties went in search of the spot where the emigrants m Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1877, 50-1 said this gold was found, but were misled by being I Tetherow, writisg told it was on a tributary of the Malheur. in the Or. Spect, S. A. Clarke, in PortlandDaily procured an Indian guide to conduct hin Bee, Feb. 6, 1869; Overland Xonth/y, iv. 201-2. the same paper of February 18, 1847, E HIST. OR., VOL. 1. 33 RATION OF 1845. LOST IN THE MOUNTAINS. 513 company was the one to try water-buckets. Neither savages nor game were 'he heart of the found Willamette in this desolate region. There was no indication Vhite was responsible for the that it had ever been traversed by civilized man, and it lough the guide, Stephen H. slowly dawned upon followed the comprehension of the wan- White's advice, and derers that their pilot tish himself knew nothing of the country also, incurred all to which he had brought them, .t may be, and from which it was about two hundred doubtful if he would be able try a cut-offt to extricate them. In with the assur- the mean time, extremes of temperature, two hundred improper and miles of travel insufficient nourishment, with mental r River and traversing agitation, brought the on a sickness known as mountain fever, while nountains at the head of the the children were attacked with dysentery from drinking the alkaline waters, resulting in several deaths. was an abandoned trail of Refusing to go farther in this direction and turning r several days they followed north from here, they sual were led over a dry ridge between trouble. But in cross- the John Day and Des ,ins the country Chutes rivers, where again became so the supply of water was insufficient, could scarcely be discerned and a hundred 3 men rode all day looking in every direction k. 1 The feet of the oxen for springs or streams, while a hundred others pursued oor creatures would lie down the fam- ishing stock which ran wildly in search of water. A Culty be forced to move for- company which had the gone in advance of the main body loose cattle constantly here returned and reported unceasing trouble. no better prospects so far Forced as they had travelled. Despair settled try out of his proper course, upon the people; old men and children wept together, and the Duth, where was found good strongest could not speak Ikaline water. hopefully. Only the women By day the continued to show firmness and courage."4 I at night ice formed in the The murmurs which had for some time been Dmpany, near the Salmon Falls of Snake breathed against their guide now became angry Buck's Enterprises, MS., 1, 2; Palmer's threatenings; the people refused to listen to his coun- L made by any American, if not by ally sel when the trail became lost, and he was warned that nr River, on a small creek divided from his life ran south-west, and was supposed to be was in danger. Meek realized what it was .t caused much trouble and disappoint- to be at the mercy of a frenzied mob in the wilder- s later. Daniel Herron, a cousin of W. lost cattle while the company were in ness, but was unwilling to desert them, because he shining metal on the rocky bed of the knew from the general contour of the country and the sity. No one could tell what the metal gold. Another nugget was found and advice of natives that they would reach the Columbia tested it by hammering it out on his River in a few days by continuing 5 its nature, it was thrown into the tool. a certain course." t. After the gold discovery in Califor- and many parties went in search of the 14 S.A. Clarke, in Portland Daily Bee, Feb. 6, 1869. See Staat's Address, r. 201-2. d was found, but were misled by being in Or.15 Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1877, 50-1. Eieur. S. A. Clarke, in Portland Daily Tetherow, writing in the Or. Spectator, March 18, 1847, says that Meek procured an Indian guide to conduct him to the Dalles; and another writer in the same paper of February 18, 1847, says that the wanderers went as far HIST. OI., VOL. 1. 33 514 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845. SUJFFERINGS A

A hurried consultation took place, and by the advice of natives, and was sent acro, Samuel Hancock, Meek, who was supposed to have similar to that described, e fled, was to secrete himself, while some of his friends basket was used to support I would prepare to start with him the following morn- air, being upheld merely by. ing for the Dalles.1 6 This plan was carried out, and Procuring horses from the on the afternoon of the second day they reached a to reach the Dalles, where h tributary of Des Chutes River; the joy of the suffer- and Brewer the condition of ing men, women, and children, expressing itself in besought their aid; but they silent tears or loud cries, according to age and tem- He succeeded, however, in perament. person of Moses Harris, wi Continuing down the stream and coming to the main party the first day out from river, they found it to flow through a deep canon with to be at this place. Harrie walls so precipitous that the only way in which water loads of food and hurried to could be procured was by lowering a vessel at the end grants, whom he found at th( of two hundred feet of rope in the hands of a man, and which was not more thi himself held by a strong rope in the grasp of his fel- the Dalles, near where Tygl lows. Following the river, they came at last to a place river." where the cattle could be driven down and crossed by The passage of the river swimming; but which was not considered a safe ford- weeks,' 0 and they arrived a ing-place for the wagons. To overcome this difficulty, middle of October, having lo a wagon-bed suspended from a cable stretched be- company from sickness. An tween the banks was drawn back and forth by means after reaching the settlemei of rollers and ropes; and in this vehicle families and goods were transported to the other side. "Hancock's Thirteen Years, MS., 78-81 18 Elisha Packwood, who was also amox While this aerial ferry was in process of construc- always been called to distinguish them fi tion the main body path, relates that Meek made great exertik began to overtake them, and to go to their assistance from the mission Meek was informed that the father of two young plain terms, that it was through sheer I men Morse, who took down Packwood's statem who had died that day, in consequence, as he the old pioneers 'that for rank selfishness believed, of the hardships of this route, had sworn to take advantage of the necessities of the si1n at the Dalles exceeded any other in: to take Meek's life before the sun should set. Not This is a terrible charge, but a conversati doubting that the vow would be kept, if the incensed crossed the plains in an early day will sz Wash. Ter., MS., i. 60-1. father met him while his wrath was hot, the unfortu- ' Moses Harris, commonly known as I nate guide fled with his wife to the camp of some among mountain men, like others of his < and was noted for a famous fiction about a ps which the leaves and birds were preserved south-west as Silver Lake, or Marsh, which would have brought of tne birds still open in the act of singing I them opposite Diamond Peak pass. It is doubtful if they went so far, as 155. Harris is described as No. 2, on pa there were other imarshes more central. was, I believe, made a character in Mo. '6Hancock's Thirteen Years, MS., 75. Elisha Packwood also says that before mentioned. One of Stephen Meek Meek was not so bad a man as he was pictured by the immigrants; and that at Mountain belle with hair eighteen feet the very time they were so anxious to hang him, if they had submitted he morning in the form of a pack, and carriet would have brought them to the settlements. Morse's Wash/. Ter., MS., San Jose Arqus, Nov. 16, 1867. i. 59. iS Palmers Jour., 64; Bacon's Merc. LDJ IGRATION OF 1845. SUFFERINGS AND DEATH, 515 took place, and by the advice of natives, and was sent across the river in a manner k, who was supposed to have similar to that described, except that not even a nself, while some of his friends basket was used to support himself and wife in mid- with him the following morn- air, being upheld merely by a slip-noose. This plan was carried out, and Procuring horses from the natives, Meek hastened ie second day they reached a to reach the Dalles, where he made known to Waller Is River; the joy of the suffer- and Brewer the condition of the lost companies,1 7 and children, expressing itself in besought their aid; but they rendered no assistance.' 8 es, according to age and tem- He succeeded, however, in finding a guide in the person of Moses Harris, who had deserted White's stream and coming to the main party the first day out from the Dalles, and happened .ow through a deep cation with to be at this place. Harris gathered a few korse- t the only way in which water loads of food and hurried to the relief of the immi- )y lowering a vessel at the end grants, whom he found at the crossing of Des Chutes, rope in the hands of a man, and which was not more than thirty-five miles from ig rope in the grasp of his fel- the Dalles, near where Tyghe Creek comes into this Ter, they came at last to a place river."' he driven down and crossed by The passage of the river detained them for two vas not considered a safe ford- weeks,20 and they arrived at the Dalles about the ,. To overcome this difficulty, middle of October, having lost about twenty of their I from a cable stretched be- company from sickness. As many more died soon awn back and forth by means after reaching the settlements, either from disease d in this vehicle families and to the other side. 17 Hancock's Thirteen Years, MS., 78-81 18 Elisha Packwood, who was also among the lost immigrants, as they have y was in process of construc- always been called to distinguish them from those who kept to the beaten ,gan to overtake them, and path, relates that Meek made great exertions to get a guide and some persons to go to their assistance from the mission, but without success; and says, in iat the father of two young plain terms, that it was through sheer heartlessness that he was refused. t day, in consequence, as he Morse, who took down Packwood's statement, says it is the testimony of all the old pioneers ' that for rank selfishness, heartlessness, avarice, and a desire ips of this route, had sworn to take advantage of the necessities of the emigrants to the utmost, the mis- sion at the Dalles exceeded any other institution on the Northwest Coast. )re the sun should set. Not This is a terrible charge, but a conversation with fifty different pioneers who vould be kept, if the incensed crossed the plains in an early day will satisfy any one of the fact.' Xorse's Wash. Ter., MS., i. 60-1. s wrath was hot, the unfortu- 19Moses Harris, commonly known as Black Harris, or the Black Squire, s wife to the camp of some among mountain men, like others of his class, had the gift of story-telling, and was noted for a famous fiction about a petrified forest which he had seen, onl which the leaves and birds were preserved in all the beauty of life, the mouths math Marsh, which would have brought of tne birds still open in the act of singing I Burnett's Recollections of a Pioneer, s. It is doubtful if they went so far, as 155. Harris is described as No. 2, on page 125 of Gray's Hist. Or., and he Ltral. was, I believe, made a character in Moss' novel of the 'Prairie Flower,' S., 75. Elisha Packwood also says that before mentioned. One of Stephen Meek's famous stories was of a Rocky as pictured by the immigrants; and that at Mountain belle with hair eighteen feet long, which was folded up every s to hang him, if they had submitted he morning in the form of a pack, and carried on the shoulders of an attendant. e settlements. Morse's Wash. Ter., MS., Sae Jos6 Argus, Nov. 16, 1867. IS Palmer's Jour., 64; Bacon's Merc. Life Or., MS, 6. 5i16 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845. PALMNER'S W already contracted, or from overeating at the Dalles When Palmer's company food which in their starving condition they would found sixty families awaiti not wait to have properly prepared. small boats, which would Notwithstanding their long detour and two weeks' The season was so far adv delay, it does not appear that the lost companies were detention for the winter; a longer travelling than the main caravan. Palmer ness and expense of such arrived at the Dalles with his company on the 29th attempt the crossing of the of September, or about the time they came to the cross- their wagons. This plan ing of Des Chutes River. Here awaited them the Waller and Brewer. Knig. trials which had beset previous caravans. I find the aged, for he, in company wit' condition of the whole body spoken of in the Oregon had penetrated twenty-five Spectator of January 21, 1847, as wretched in the without finding a pass, al extreme. This paper says that the supply of boats seeking one. being wholly inadequate to their speedy conveyance On the 1st of October, Pf down the Columbia, and their stock of provisions and twenty-three wagons, 1 failing at the Dalles, famine and a malignant disease low and his company, whiz raging among them, a misery ensued which is scarcely wagons. On arriving at T, paralleled in history. The loss of life and property of which, some five miles f was enormous. The people of Oregon City despatched were then crossing, Palmer necessaries to their relief, and Cook, owner of the only overtook Barlow's company sail-boat in the country, gave them the use of his the train, Palmer with one vessel." The Hudson's Bay Company, as usual, lent a wagon-road. At first the their bateaux. 22 to succeed. By travelling In a country like , where the princi- tily timbered ridges that pal travel was by river navigation, it seems strange slope of the Cascade Ran that there should have been no more boat-building. with ease; after which can' The explanation lies probably in the fact that most of by a shorter ridge running the population were landsmen, who knew nothing of westward, but covered with ship-carpentry. Besides this insufficient reason, for apparent gain in height and there were some seafaring men in the country, there obliged to descend to a dei was so much to do on their farms to make sure of which, still descending, the) food and shelter for themselves and the expected they called Rock Creek, bc incoming of each year, that they had given too little the ascent over a hill long a thought to providing transportation; and unforeseen with a fine growth of spruce circumstances attended every arrival for a number of side of the hill was a cedar years. they found passable where 21 The sloop Calapooya, 25 tons, built at Oregon City by Captain Cook, an which formed it was confi] Englishman, in 1845. Bacon's Merc. Life Or., MS., 12. tinuing westward a few mil 52 For assisting these suffering people, McLoughlin says Lieutenant Vava- sour charged him with disloyalty. denly interrupted by a deep a IGRATION OF 1845. PALMER'S WAGON-ROAD. 511 from overeating at the Dalles starving condition they would When Palmer's company reached the Dalles they rly prepared. found sixty families awaiting transportation by two zir long detour and two weeks' small boats, which would require at least ten days. br that the lost companies were The season was so far advanced that Palmer feared the main caravan. Palmer detention for the winter; and impatient of the weari- 7ith his company on the 29th ness and expense of such delay, they determined to Ihe time they came to the cross- attempt the crossing of the Cascade Mountains with 7er. Here awaited them the their wagons. This plan was strongly opposed by previous caravans. I find the Waller and Brewer. Knighton had returned discour- body spoken of in the Oregon aged, for he, in company with Barlow and seven others, 1, 1847, as wretched in the had penetrated twenty-five miles into the mountains lays that the supply of boats without finding a pass, although Barlow was. still e to their speedy conveyance seeking one. id their stock of provisions On the 1st of October, Palmer, with fifteen families mine and a malignant disease and twenty-three wagons, left the Dalles to join Bar- isery ensued which is scarcely low and his company, which was reduced to seven rhe loss of life and property wagons. On arriving at Tyghe Creek, at the mouth ple of Oregon City despatched of which, some five miles below, the lost immigrants and Cook, owner of the only were then crossing, Palmer turned up the stream, and gave them the use of his overtook Barlow's company on the 3d. Here leaving Bay Company, as usual, lent the train, Palmer with one man began exploring for a wagon-road. At first the undertaking seemed likely rn Oregon, where the princi- to succeed. By travelling up one of the long, scan- navigation, it seems strange tily timbered ridges that characterize the eastern een no more boat-building. slope of the Cascade Range, ten miles were made ,ably in the fact that most of with ease; after which came a bushy level, followed smen, who knew nothing of by a shorter ridge running in a general direction this insufficient reason, for westward, but covered with heavy forest. From this men in the country, there apparent gain in height and distance they were then ieir farms to make sure of obliged to descend to a densely wooded bench, from Amselves and the expected which, still descending, they reached a stream which at they had given too little they called Rock Creek, beyond which began again nsportation; and unforeseen the ascent over a hill long and steep, covered thickly lery arrival for a number of with a fine growth of spruce timber, and on the other side of the hill was a cedar swamp, which, however, they found passable where the dammed-up stream ift at Oregon City by Captain Cook, an fe, 0O., MS., 12. which formed it was confined within banks. Con- )le, McLoughuin says Lieutenant Vava- tinuing westward a few miles, their course was sud- denly interrupted by a deep and wide cafion, compelling THE IMMIGRATION 518 OF 1845. OVERI THE CASCA_ them to travel northward toward Mount Hood; dark- a Mr Lock set out again ness overtaking them thirty-six miles from camp. the road-makers by marking On the following morning a descent to the bottom course was up Rock Creek t of the canon was effected, and a stream was discov- the left, following which for ered which evidently came down from Mount Hood, ing it impracticable, they the waters overflowing the banks during the night, unexpectedly into the cattl and subsiding during the day. It had a sandy bottom, barren sandy plain stretchi and was very irregular in width, varying from two miles west to the foot of X rods to half a mile. On this low ground there were this trail six miles to the su scrubby pines, alder thickets, rushes, and a little grass. to the snow-peak, they explc Returning to the higher ground, and exploring back expected route down this s beyond the point where they first came to the bluff thousands of feet high and d a descent was discovered, gradual enough to admit this majestic mountain. Ie3 the passage of wagons. Unacquainted with the ex- passage; and in the lower gy tent and roughness of the Cascade Mountains, Palmer filled with snow-water. Aft believed that by travelling up this gulf he would they returned once more to arrive at the summit, imagining that Mount Hood advanced as far as the small rose from or upon the axis of the range, whereas it is fore mentioned; but the con far to the east of it. In this belief he returned to aged with the slow progress camp for provisions to prosecute his explorations in constant straying of their cs that direction, being soon followed by Barlow, who the savages. Upon consulta had taken the same general route with no definite make one more essay at exl success. was being opened to the san Observing that in the mountains, owing to the Mount Hood, the wagons density of the forest, the grass was insufficient for stream called Camp Creek. their cattle, the leaders thought proper to send the The third attempt reveal greater part of the herds back toward the Dalles to although by no means conv be driven over the trail north of Mount Hood, send- through the Cascade Moun ing at the same time a horse-train to that place for a the explorers were aware tha further supply of food, it being evident that some time hand, and that rain in the v would be consumed in getting through to the Willa- elevation. They therefore I mette. provisions were already near arrangements for leaving the Work was then commenced upon the road, which charge of a guard, while ti was opened in three days as far as Rock Creek, chiefly were carried through to the by means of fire, which consumed the thickets of ther delay, on horses, by the arbutus, alder, hazel, and other growths very difficult was immediately executed. to penetrate and laborious to cut away. when the rain began to desc On the morning of the 11th Palmer, Barlow, and open and elevated ground; I IGRATION OF 1845. OVER THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS. 519 rd toward Mount Hood; dark- a Mr Lock set out again hirty-six miles from camp. in advance to anticipate rning a descent the road-makers by marking out their route. Their to the bottom course was up ted, and a stream Rock Creek to a branch coming in from was discov- the left, following Lme down from Mount Hood, which for a short distance and find- ing it impracticable, they turned the banks during the night, north, and came unexpectedly into the cattle trail where it crossed a day. It had a sandy bottom, barren in width, sandy plain stretching away seven or eight varying from two miles west to the foot n this low ground of Mount Hood. Following there were this trail six miles to kets, rushes, and a little grass. the summit of the ridge leading r ground, to the snow-peak, they explored unsuccessfully for the and exploring back expected route they first down this side. Ridges and canions came to the bluff, thousands of feet ed, gradual enough to admit high and deep environed the base of this majestic mountain. Icy precipices opposed their Unacquainted with the ex- passage; and e in the lower ground there were marshes Cascade Mountains, Palmer filled with snow-water. Iling up this gulf he After two days' severe labor would they returned once rnagining that Mount Hood more to camp, to find the wagons advanced as far as the small branch of the 1s of the range, whereas it is creek be- fore mentioned; but the company was much discour- n this belief he returned to aged with prosecute the slow progress, and annoyed with the his explorations in constant straying on followed of their cattle and the thieving of by Barlow, who the savages. Upon 'leral route with no definite consultation it was determined to make one more essay at exploration, while the road was being opene4 to the sandy plain near the base of e mountains, owing to the Mount Hood, te grass was the wagons remaining at the small insufficient for stream called Camp Creek. thought proper to send the The back third attempt revealed equal difficulties, and toward the Dalles to although by no iorth of means convinced that a wagon-road Mount Hood, send- through the Cascade )rse-train to Mountains was impracticable, that place for a the explorers were aware being evident that some that the rainy season was at time hand, and that rain in the valleys ,tting through to the Willa- meant snow at this elevation. They therefore hastened to camp, where provisions were already nearly exhausted, and made arrangements for leaving the need upon the road, wagons and baggage in which charge of a guard, while the is far as Rock Creek, chiefly women and children were carried through to the Willamette without fur- consumed the thickets of ther delay, on other growths horses, by the cattle trail, which plan very difficult was immediately executed. to cut away. Hardly had they started when the rain began to descend. 11th Palmer, Barlow, and The trail led over open and elevated ground; the cold was benumbing, 620 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845 SUFFERINGS IN and a thick fog, of the temperature of melted snow, settled over the heights. On the third children, and enough men day so com- here plete was the obscuration that the trail was awaiting the arrival lost, and Rector, who Palmer's advance party of four, which included had started two explore for a road as the3 women, became bewildered, and the women were left alone on their horses in the rain, while from Oregon City. A I the men ram- remained, bled about for two hours in search of the path, the only resou which After Palmer fortunately discovered. Soon after this peril being furnished was over a breeze sprang up which cleared immediately set out for 4 away the horses. fog; and in the evening, to their great joy, they Others followed were having loaded met by a party from Oregon City,23 who, upon hear- their weak ; of the attempt to cross the Cascade articles. By the 25th all Range with except wagons, and of the scarcity of food among the com- those of Barlow, ] panies, had loaded a train of eleven horses were still awaiting the arr with flour, remained coffee, sugar, and tea for their relief. Not finding until this date as, for the baggage them as soon as expected, and not knowing where to left, whic. look for them, the rescuers turned back, but and placed in charge of a prompted and by some secret impulse, when six miles on the home- three others were le ward course, returned and soon encountered Palmer's Barlow and Rector coming party, and thus undoubtedly saved many lives. They had reached Ores The much provisions were taken in charge by Palmer and one of suffering from being' the relief party, while the others returned to Oregon several days. Barlow, bein and much City with the two women and one, man of Palmer's exhausted, freq 2 4 became company. It was found on reascending the alarmed lest he si Mount compelled Hood ridge that the weather was even worse than to die alone in th, before, the same icy fog being encountered, while inquired of Rector what he the "Eat trail was now covered with snow, and to get the you!" growled Rect( heavily loaded horses over the slippery ascents ing back he beheld his fric and which descents was a severe and dangerous toil for man and smote his heart, an beast. On arriving at the camp, October 20th, him. Not long after this a mis- small stream erable spectacle was presented. Several families were flowing west, entirely without food, and all nearly so. The as a happy omen, and soon work- cow-bells oxen, and most of the cattle, were being driven by the on the cattle ti able-bodied men to the Willamette, while the women, joy that for some minutes their voices to call for help many families 23 N. and C. Gilmore and Stewart are the names of this party given in on the way. Palmer's Journal. all their provisions in the "4These were Mr and Mrs Buffuin and a Mrs Thompson. The only names of their hungry mentioned in the narratives are: Rector, Bacon, Barlow, Lock, Palmer, Tay- horses, the lor, Caplinger, Creighton, Farwell, Buckley, Powell, Senters, Smith, and ered the grass, and these r Hood. " Victor's River of the West, 375-6. tATION OF 1845 SUFFERINGS IN THE MOUNTAINS. 521 3mperature of melted snow, On the third day so com- children, and enough men to care for their safety were that the trail was lost, and here awaiting the arrival of horses which Barlow and )f four, which included two Rector, who had started on the 16th, intending to d, and the women were left explore for a road as they passed, were to send back he rain, while the men ram- from Oregon City. A few half-starved cattle yet In search of the path, which remained, the only resource of the destitute people. 'ered. Soon after this peril After being furnished with food, a few families up which cleared away the immediately set out for Oregon City on the pack- o their great joy, they were horses. Others followed on foot through the snow, gon City, 23 who, upon hear- having loaded their weak oxen with some necessary 3s the Cascade Range with articles. By the 25th all the families had departed ,y of food among the com- except those of Barlow, Rector, and Caplinger, who of eleven horses with flour, were still awaiting the arrival of the horses. Palmer their relief. Not finding remained until this date assisting to build a storehouse and not knowing where to for the baggage left, which was named Fort Deposit turned back, but prompted and placed in charge of a small guard. As Palmer hen six miles on the home- and three others were leaving the camp they met soon encountered Palmer's Barlow and Rector coming in. fly saved many lives. The They had reached Oregon City after undergoing large by Palmer and one of much suffering from being lost in the mountains for others returned to Oregon several days. Barlow, being older than his companion, [ and one. man of Palmer's and much exhausted, frequently fell in walking, and on reascending the Mount became alarmed lest he should break a leg, and be bher was even worse than compelled to die alone in the wilderness; and piteously ing encountered, while the inquired of Rector what he would do in such an event. ith snow, and to get the "Eat you!" growled Rector, and stalked on. Look- r the slippery ascents and ing back he beheld his friend's face bathed in tears, Jangerous toil for man and which smote his heart, and he returned to comfort camp, October 20th, a mis- him. Not long after this incident they came to a ed. Several families were small stream flowing westward, which was regarded all nearly so. The work- as a happy omen, and soon they heard the tinkling of ,, were being driven by the cow-bells on the cattle trail. So great was their lamette, while the women, joy that for some minutes they could not command their voices to call for help.25 Palmer's party passed Lre the names of this party given in many families on the way. Two of them had lost all their provisions in the night through the greed d a Mrs Thompson. The only names , Bacon, Barlow, Lock, Palmer, Tay- of their hungry horses, the snow having entirely cov- ickley, Powell, Senters, Smith, and ered the grass, and these nine persons scantily clad,

2 Victor8s River of the West, 375-6. 522 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845. INCOMERS the children with feet almost bare, with nothing to daughters, were put on sho eat, were still eighty miles from the settlements. Cascades, the son and fath( Their wants were partially relieved by others in a not When darkness came the r, much better condition. Three of those who had first the desolate women, after L reached Oregon City were met returning with horses; it to spend the night in the and a company was found at the crossing of the Sandy attracted others in similar cutting out a road toward the settlements from this rescued from imnpending ( point; the low land along the stream being covered pathetic and humorous, whi with a heavy growth of fir and cedar. ings of three thousand per Two of the horses in Palmer's party became too I only attempt to point oi weak to proceed and were left. Of the eleven sent with results in the history of the provisions, not one survived. On the 30th Palmer certain legislation.28 arrived at the house of Samuel McSwain of the pre- vious year's pilgrimage, who subsequently sold his claim 17W. P. Herron, in Camp-fire Oratior to Philip Foster, and it became the recruiting station 28 One of the most curious chapters that which relates to a party who probe in crossing the mountains. The next night was spent It appears that a man named James E at the house of Peter H. Hatch, in the Clackamas 1844-5 gathered from Illinois, Kentuck pany of men, women, and children, an Valley. On the 1st day of November he arrived at persons, about forty-five of whom were; Oregon City, having passed a month in the Cascade January they left Iowa City for Oregon of horses, cattle, and farming utensils- Mountains; but it was not until December that the expedition. Instead of rendezvousing a last of the belated people arrived in the Willamette panies usually started, or waiting for 26 they proceeded at once, under Emmet's 4 Valley. Nor did those who last reached the Co- which soon carried them beyond the seti lumbia River arrive in travelling north-west for a couple of we( the valley any earlier. The the Iowa River, which they ascended f same detentions and misfortunes which awaited every turned due west, plunging into an oceai compass or anything to guide them exce] company here were meted out to these. A raft of logs pursuing this course for forty days, an becoming water-soaked, four women, mother and three some of the men became alarmed, and o Emmet and his adherents prevented thei "6 Bacon's Mercantile Life Or. City, MS., 7. Joel Palmer was born near the suasions and threats of these men, toget foot of Lake Ontario, Canada, 1810, of Quaker parentage. When a boy he already so far into the wilderness that t( went to Pennsylvania, and married in Buck County; removing afterward to to go forward, kept them from abandond Indiana, where he was a large canal contractor and then a farmer; being also In the mean time their provisions were a member of the legislature in the winter of 1844-5. The excitement on the prairie was scarce, bridges had to be bi boundary question was then at its height, and influenced hint to go to them that had not been expected, such Oregon. Palmer returned to the States in 1846 to bring out his family. He bottoms of streams in order to find f, kept a journal of his travels, which he published. In a manuscript called streams flowed from or toward the west, Palmer's Wagon Train, he gives an account of the publication of his Journal, and to keep near the timber for game to and of the main incidents of the return to Oregon. He says that he contracted stock of food. After three months of in Cincinnati for the printing of the narrative of his journey to and from desert, they reached the Vermilion Rivi Oregon, with his observations on the country, the condition of the people, about one hundred and fifty miles nortf the government, and other matters, the whole constituting a fund of informa- makes a great bend to the south; but th tion of value to persons intending to emigrate. He expected to have his book main stream, and following down the Ve ready to sell to the immigration, and to realize from it enough to pay most, if junction, with eighteen men, and about ] not all, the expense of his second journey; but although he waited almost two dren that had started from Iowa City. months, he never received more than a dozen or two copies, and was compelled ersuasion, and some had camped higher to leave it behind for-the publisher to dispose of as he pleased. This is to be Euffalo. While they were encamped at 1v regretted, as it is one of the best of its kind. came down from the mouth of the Ye] When this company reached the post at 'RATION OF 1845. INCOMERS BY SEA. 523 ilmost bare, with nothing to miles from the settlements. daughters, were put on shore between the Dalles and [ly relieved by others in a not Cascades, the son and father remaining with the raft. Three of those who had first When darkness came the raft could not be found, and re met returning with horses; the desolate women, after building a fire, sat down by I at the crossing of the Sandy it to spend the night in the wet forest. But the fire rd the settlements from this attracted others in similar trouble, and they were 27 ig the stream being covered rescued from impendin` dangers. The incidents, ir and cedar. pathetic and humorous, which attended the journey- Palmer's party became too ings of three thousand persons would fill a volume. left. Of the eleven sent with I only attempt to point out such as led to certain ived. On the results in the history of the colony, and gave rise to 30th Palmer 28 Samuel McSwain of the pre- certain legislation. ho subsequently sold his claim 7 2 W. P. Herron, in Camp-fire Orations, MS., 17; James Morris, in Id., 18. )ecame the recruiting station 28One of the most curious chapters in the history of overland travel is The next night was spent that which relates to a party who probably never reached their destination. It appears that a man named James [. Emmet, a Tennessean, in the winter of Hatch, in the Clackamas 1844-5 gathered from Illinois, , and Tennessee principally, a com- of November lhe arrived at pany of men, women, and' children, amounting in all to over one hundred persons, about forty-five of whom were able to bear arms. In the month of sed a month in the Cascade January they left Iowa City for Oregon with twenty-one wagons, a number ot until December that the of horses, cattle, and farming utensils-Emmet being chosen guide of the expedition. Instead of rendezvousing at any of the points from which com- e arrived in the Willamette panies usually started, or waiting for the grass to come up in the spring, who last reached the Co- they proceeded at once, under Emmet's direction, to take a north-west course, which soon carried them beyond the settled portion of the territory. After he valley any earlier. The travelling north-west for a couple of weeks they turned a little more north to )rtunes which awaited every the Iowa River, which they ascended for a considerable distance, and then turned due west, plunging into an ocean of wilderness and prairie, without out to these. A raft of logs compass or anything to guide them except the rising and setting sun. After ur women, pursuing this course for forty days, and not reaching the Missouri River. mother and three some of the men became alarmed, and only the most strenuous exertions of Emmet and his adherents prevented their turning back in a body. The per- MS., 7. Joel Palmer was born near the suasions and threats of these men, together with the consciousness of being of Quaker parentage. When a boy he already so far into the wilderness that to return was about as dangerous as a Buck County; removing afterward to to go forward, kept them from abandonding the effort to reach the Missouri, *ontractor and then a farmer; being also In the mean time their provisions were becoming exhausted, game on the nter of 1844-5. The excitement on the prairie was scarce, bridges had to be built, and numerous difficulties beset height, and influenced him to go to them that had not been expected, such as being obliged to keep along the ces in 1846 to bring out his family. He bottoms of streams in order to find feed for their cattle, whether those he published. In a manuscript called streams flowed from or toward the west, the direction they wished to pursue, count of the publication of his Journal, and to keep near the timber for game to eke out their own rapidly dwindling to Oregon. He says that he contracted stock of food. After three months of aimless wandering over a trackless narrative of his journey to and from desert, they reached the Vermilion River, which empties into the Missouri country, the condition of the people, about one hundred and fifty miles north of the Platte, where the Missouri e whole constituting a fund of informa- makes a great bend to the south; but they were still several days from the nigrate. He expected to have his book main stream, and following down the Vermilion, they reached the fort at the to realize from it enough to pay most, if junction, with eighteen men, and about half the number of women and chil- ey; but although he waited almost two dren that had started from Iowa City. Some had turned back, in spite of dozen or two copies, and was compelled persuasion, and some had camped higher on the Vermilion to rest and hunt dispose of as he pleased. This is to be alo. While they were encamped at Vermilion, the steamer General Brooks I kind. came down from the mouth of the Yellowstone River with a cargo of furs. When this company reached the post at the mouth of the Vermilion River 524 THE I-MMIGRATION OF 1845. NAMES OF TH.

There is a marked difference between the people or two had undergone sinL who came to the Pacific coast by sea and those who it seemed as if the first cor crossed the continent, that is not accounted for by the taking up the most conven fact that one class came from the Atlantic seaboard, to travel farther and find C and the other from the western frontier; because the to Oregon to be near the origin of both classes was the same. These western the better class this feeliia men came in larger numbers, and Americanized Ore- weeks, and they became ( gon, stamping upon its institutions, social and political, were some who never ce their virtues and their failings. There was an almost only exerted themselves pathetic patience and unlimited hospitality, born of necessity. their peculiar experiences rather than of any greater Undoubtedly the journi largeness of heart or breadth of views. with ox-teams, and the pc The immigration of 1845 did not differ essentially to each migration, often exh from the previous ones, except that it was drawn the character of individuals more from the middle states, or rather less from the ered their lost ambition Missouri border. Like their predecessors, they unex- children weakened by unfav pectedly became indebted to the charitable offices of the temper of body and : the British fur company, whom they had intended at with success. The few -w the outset to drive from the country, and had their trying influences, had the views much modified; though as events afterward country, would probably ha proved, they accepted the modification with reluctance "nThe following are some of the mec and even opposition. strong, N. H. Armstrong, J. M. Arinst Most of these adventurers had left comfortable 'Wiiiam Alien, M. B. Alderman, Hes Burton, John D. Boon, H. D. Boon, Jo homes, and the position they occupied on first reach- Barlow, James Barlow, B. Berry, F. I ing Oregon was humiliating Bozarth, Arthur Burrow, Bailey, J. J. and discouraging. The William Buffuni, Baber, H. M. Bryan shelter afforded in the rude dwellings of the colonists, Lyman E. Byard, John Brown, F. Bab ley, Edwin Bryant, Benj. F. Burch, I although bestowed with true hospitality, involved Bean, Joseph Cunningham, Creighton, heavy cost and much discomfort on both sides. The lies, sen., Thomas R. Cornelius, Benjar David Carson, Joseph Champion, Thorn community was suddenly divided again into old and Nathaniel W. Colwell, John M. Court new settlers, and the new were often peevish and un- Patrick Conner, E. W. Conner, J. Cass Cole, Samuel Y. Cook, Samuel Clark, reasonable." They had recently endured so much Ari Cantrel, Samuel Chase, Reuben Cry that they could not realize that the settlers of a year G. W. Coflinbury, Jesse Cadwallader, I bell, Eli C. Cooley, F. C. Cason, Cou Andrew Chambers, Thomas W. Chain they were reduced to an allowance of half a pint of corn a day, and had Davidson, James Davidson, F. G. Dewil just three bushels left in the general store. Emmet kept a jealous watch Reuben Davis, Jehu Davis, Felix G. Doi over the remainder of his company to prevent them from taking passage on Durbin, John Durbin, Leven N. Eng the General Brooks for the settlements below. One young man and his wife Evans, Harvey Evans, William Engle, contrived to eluge his vigilence and were taken to St Louis by the steamer. monds, Joseph Eari, S. D. Eari, John 1E What became of those who remained with Emmet is not known, but they A. H. Frair, Levi Fanning, 'Wiiliam Fi were intending to hunt buffalo, and with this food supply to prosecute their Joseph H. Foss, Dr Foley, Elisha Griffi journey to Oregon. Nldes' Rey., lxviii. 339-40. Gale, Basil Ground, R. A. Gesner, J. I: `9 Burnett's Recollections of a Pioneer, 175. Andrew Hood, Hipes, Jacob Hamptos i l

I 'RATION OF 1845. NAMES OF THE NEW-COMERS. 525 ifference between the people or two had undergone similar experiences. To them coast by sea and those who it seemed as if the first confers were reprehensible for at is not accounted for by the taking up the most convenient land, compelling others 3 from the Atlantic seaboard, to travel farther and find claims, when they had come western frontier; because the to Oregon to be near the sea and a market. With ts the same. These western t the better class this feeling passed away after a few bers, -and Americanized Ore- weeks, and they became cheerful again. But there stitutions, social and political, were some who never ceased complaints, and who Silings. There was an almost only exerted themselves when forced to do so by nlimited hospitality, born of necessity. -s rather than of any greater Undoubtedly the journey of two thousand miles adth of views. with ox-teams, and the peculiar misfortunes incident 845 did not differ essentially to each migration, often exhausted vitality and changed , except that it was drawn the character of individuals, so that many never recov- tates, or rather less from the ered their lost ambition and energy; and that the heir predecessors, they unex- children weakened by unfavorable circumstances lacked I to the charitable offices of the temper of body and mind which crowns effort whom they had intended at with success. The few who rose superior to these i the country, and had their trying influences, had they remained in their own though as events afterward country, would probably have risen to eminence. modification with reluctance 3JThe following are some of the men of the immigration of 1845: S. Arm- strong, N. H. Armstrong, J. M. Armstrong, Joseph C. Avery, James Allen, turers had left comfortable William Allen, M. B. Alderman, Henry Alman, Arim, J. C. Avery, J. J. Burton, John D. Boon, H. D. Boon, Joel Barlow, Samuel K. Barlow, William hey occupied on first reach- Barlow, James Barlow, B. Berry, F. Baker, John Wesley Baker, Owen W. ing and discouraging. The Bozarth, Arthur Burrow, Bailey, J. J. Burston, F. Budroe, C. A. Bradbury, William Buffum, Baber, H. M. Bryan, Lorenzo D. Brooks, Mahlon Brook, le dwellings of the colonists, Lyman E. Byard, John Brown, F. Babel, J. M. Bacon, W. W. Buck, Buck- L true hospitality, involved ley, Edwin Bryant, Benj. F. Burch, F. Berry, William Berry, Bean, J. R. Bean, Joseph Cunningham, Creighton, Jacob C. Caplinger, Benjamin Corne- omfort on both sides. The lius, sen., Thomas R. Cornelius, Benjamin Cornelius, jun., Samuel Cornelius, divided again into old and David Carson, Joseph Champion, Thomas W. Chambers, Rowland Chambers, Nathaniel W. Colwell, John M. Courtney, Joseph Charlton, Charles Craft, were often peevish and un- Patrick Conner, E. W. Conner, J. Cassada, L. W. Coon, Jesse Cayton, W. D. recently endured Cole, Samuel Y. Cook, Samuel Clark, John R. Coatney, John M. Cantrel, so much Ari Cantrel, Samuel Chase, Reuben Crowder, John W. Crowell, N. H. Coffin, 3 that the settlers of a year G. W. Coffinbury, Jesse Cadwallader, Elias Cox, David Colver, James Camp- bell, Eli C. Cooley, F. C. Cason, Couzine, Jackson Cooley, John Conner, Andrew Chambers, Thomas W. Chambers, David J. Chambers, Albert T. of half a pint of corn a day, and had Davidson, James Davidson, F. G. Dewitt, David R. S. Daley, David Delaney, ml store. Emmet kept a jealous watch Reuben Davis, Jehu Davis, Felix G. Dorris, Dodson, Franklin Duval, Solomon prevent them from taking passage on Durbin, John Durbin, Leven N. English, William English, Napoleon B. below. One young man and his wife Evans, Harvey Evans, William Engle, J. Engle, Luther Elkins, John Ed- rere taken to St Louis by the steamer. monds, Joseph Earl, S. D. Earl, John Foster, Rev. E. Fisher, William Flett, d with Emmet is not known, but they A. H. Frair, Levi Fanning, William Finley, Farwell, Field, Sidney S. Ford, 'itb this food supply to prosecute their Joseph H. Foss, Dr Foley, Elisha Griffith, William Glaser, Gerrish, William 339-40. Gale, Basil Ground, R. A. Gesner, J. Grazer, Thomas Hart, Silas Height, s-, 175. Andrew Hood, Hipes, Jacob Hampton, Isaac Hutchins, N. Huber, B. F. __------______-M

526 2THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845. BIOGRi On the 20th of August, 1845, the house of repre- De- celniber, which, according sentatives adjourned until the first Tuesday in appointed tinme for the as and nuinero honored.large family Id., of 1877,children, 73. Hale, David Hill, Henry Hawkins, Francis S. Holland, Samuel Hancock, Phineas Hunt, H. G. Hadley, W. J. Herron, Daniel Herron, N. Herron, Simeon Smith, born in Columbia] George Hannon, Isaac Hinshaw, John Hammer, Hough, Lawrence ; Hall, son of James Smith, who also emigrati William Hake, H. H. Hide, Amos Harvey, Hackleman, D. C. Ingalls, Ohio to Missouri in 1838, from whic. B. B. Jackson, Ulysses Jackson, Rev. Johnson, George W. Johnson, W. Pacific. Simeon Smith settled in Mai Carey Johnson, John T. Jeffries, Joselyn, H. M. Knighton, Morgan Keyes, ncr's station for Salem after 10 year John Killin, George Knox, Knox, Kennedy, Kirby, Orrin Kellogg, Joseph leaving 4 children. His wife was a M Kellogg, Rev. Thomas Simpson Kendall, John E. Lyle, Jesse Lovelady, Joseph Cunningham was born abi D. R. Lewis, John Lemon, John Lloyd, Jonathan Laggett, Joseph Linn, Cunning ham, one of the foremost men Lainpon, Lock, Jeremiah Lawson, John WV.Meldrun, Job MeClane, Zebe- who helped to capture Fort Ticonderc diah Martin, W. B. Maley, James Maley, Job McNanee, Alexander W. through the revolution. Joseph, whe MeNary, James Morris, McDonald, Sylvanus Moon, Josiah Morris, Alfred teer in the -13, and servec Markham, George Moore, J. H. McMillan, Henry Noble, Gideon R. Night- went west, and joined Ashley's coml ingale, A. Nightingale, Nathan Olney, Owenby, John M. Pugh, William 2 years spent with Ashley he return Porter Pugh, Dr Samuel Parker, Joel Palmer, W. Peers, Francis Perry, went to Oregon. He settled on the Ic Patterson, Elisha Packwood, John Packwood, Robert Packwood, Tait Pack- in partnership with the CanadianPli wood, Larkin Packwood, Charles Packwood, James M. Pyle, Powell, John the falls of Des Chutes River, at the Phillips, Robert Pentland, William H. Rector, Clark Rogers, Thomas Ruge, resided on Suavd Island andat McMii Thomas M. Reed, Orville Risley, Joseph B. Rogers, John P. Rogers, John Salem .lMercury, March 26, 1878. Rounds, William Ryan, R. A. Riggs, James B. Riggs, Sherry Ross, Thomas HenryHawkins was 70 years of a1 G. Robinson, J. S. Rinearson, Peter M. Rinearson, Raines, Roumia, John was the first white woman at Loui; Rowe, Ridgeway, William Savage, Alonzo A. Skinner, Eugene F. Skinner, boating on the Mississippi River befo Sharp C. Senters, Samuel Simmons, Simeon Smith, Harris Speel, Samuel for 33 years in Marion County, dyinga Smith, G. D. Smith, Hiram Smith, Shelly, William Sportsman, J. Sanders, 1878. Portland Standard, July 13, 1871 Startuff, Stephen Staats, Henry Sewell, Green B. Smith, Davis Shannon, S. Sidney S. Ford was born in the st Scroggins, Isaac Staats, Spence, Stansbury, Switzler, Tabritas R. Smith, settled north of the Columbia in the Ross Sherry, Price Scott, Solomon Tetherow, James Taylor, Philip Thomp- therefore, to the history of Washington soI, Rev. Lewis Thompson, William Taylor,W . G. T'Vault, John Travers, lie affairs. Mr Ford died October 22, 1 William Levi Todd, Stanley Umphlet, George Urben, J. H. Voss, C. Wheeler, Owen W. Bozarth was a native of M William Wheeler, James White, John White, Benjamin Wood, Ellis Walker, He settled on Lewis or Cathlapootle I Frederick Waymire, John Waymire, Richard E. Wylie, Ralph Wilcox, Leo Columbia, where he died Feb. 15, 1875. Weston, H. Wright, Charles Austin Williams, J. L. Williams, John J. Wil- Henry Clay Welch was a native of I liams, A. WV.Walley, Henry Clay Welch, Presley Welch, Joel Welch, teinber 2, 1839. He died in Oregon Ap Amariah Wilson, Mitchel Whitlock, P. Wilkes, Anthony Whitaker, Asa Thomas G. Robinson resided for m Williams, James L. Williams, Henry Williamson, E. L. Walter, Helm July 27, 1867. Walter, Waldrom, Claiburne C. Walker. James Barlow, who came hither at tf Leven N. English, born near Baltimore, Maryland, March 25, 1792, re- County, died at his home July 20, 1866 moved while in his childhood to Kentucky, where he afterward married. On J. J. Burton settled on a farm in Ma the breaking-out of the war of 1812 he volnnteered, and fought in several Hiram Smith came to Oregon from battles on the frontier of Canada. After the settlentnt of the difficulty with to the States the following year, and England he removed with his family to Illinois, where the attempt at creating with him several hundred head of choice a home in the wilderness was interrupted by the Black Hawk war, in which the stock of the country. He afterwa, he was commissioned captain of a company raised by himself. In 1836 he purpose. Mr Smith was a charitable made another move westward as far as Iowa, where he settled and erected a man. He died in San Francisco Januarn mill. But not being yet satisfied with emigration, he sold out his Iowa prop- 2, 1879. erty and came out to Oregon, losing one of his sons on the journey. In 1846 James B. Riggs settled in Polk Coi he built 'English's Mills 'at Salem, which aided greatly to buildup that town. which occurred at his home in Dallas Au He served in the of 1847-8. In 1869 he removed to California, Salem Statesman,Aug. 26, 1870. but returned to Salem in 1871. He was twice married, living 39 years with George Moore, who was about twen his first wife, by whom he had 12 children; and 'by his second marriage company with John D. Boon,died at Sa 7 more, making, even in prolific Oregon, a family of unusual size. Eng- April 5, 1871. lish died March 5, 1875, being nearly 85 years old. Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., JohnLemon was born in 1800,in Kei 1875-6. September 13, 1869. William P. Pugh, born in Sullivan County, Ind., March 9, 1818, settled Charles Craft settled at Salem, whem in Marion County, Oregon, in 1845; died Feb. 21, 1877, at his home, leaving a first residences. He died July 23, 1869. J.R. Bean, with his father andfamnil 'GRATION OF 18465. BIOGRAPHICAL. 527 ust, 1845, the house of repre- cember, which, according to organic law, was the ntil the first Tuesday in De- appointed time for the assembling of the legislature. large family of children, and numerous friends by whom he was respected and honored. Id., 1877, 73. [ns, Francis S. Holland, Samuel Hancock, Simeon Smith, born in Columbiana County, Ohio, Feb. 16, 1823, was a N. J. Herron, Daniel Herron, N. Herron, son of James Smith, who also John emigrated to Oregon. The family removed from Hammer, Hough, Lawrence Hall, F Ohio to Missouri in 1838, from which state mos Harvey, Hackleman, they started for the coast of the D. C. Ingalls, Pacific. Simeon Smith settled in Marion County, but left his Rev. Johnson, George W. Johnson, W. farm near Tur- ner's station for Salem after 10 years of country life. He dieLd May 1879, Joselyn, H. M. Knighton, Morgan Keyes, leaving 4 children. His , Kennedy, Kirby, wife was a Miss Barger. Id., 1878, 92. Orrin Kellogg, Joseph Joseph Cunningham was born about 1796, Kendall, John E. Lyle, and was the son of Nathaniel Jesse Lovelady, Cunningham, one of the foremost men of the town of Spencer, i Lloyd, Jonathan Laggett, Joseph , Linn, who helped to capture Fort Ticonderoga under Ethan Allen, and who fought i, John W. Meldrum, Job McClane, Zebe- through the revolution. Joseph, Les Maley, Job McNamee, when not quite 17 years old, was a volun- Alexander W. teer in the war of 1812-13, and served under General Crawford. Id, Sylvanus Moon, Josiah Morris, Alfred In 1818 he went west, and joined Ashley's company for the Rocky Mountains. After !cMillan, Henry Noble, Gideon R. Night- 2 years spent with Ashley he returned Olney, Owenby, to Boonville, Missouri, whence he John M. Pugh, William went to Oregon. He settled on the lower end of Joel Palmer, W. Peers, Sauvd Island; and in 1847, Francis Perry, in partnership with the Canadian Plumondon, built a saw Packwood, Robert Packwood, Tait Pack- and grist mill at the falls of Des Chutes River, at the head of Puget Sound. He afterward Packwood, James M. Pyle, Powell, John resided on Suave Island and at McMinnville, a H. Rector, where he died March 14, 1878. Clark Rogers, Thomas Ruge, Salem Mercury, March 26, 1878. Joseph B. Rogers, John P. Rogers, John Henry Hawkins was ,gs, 70 years of age when he came to Oregon. His wife James B. Riggs, Sherry Ross, Thomas was the first white woman at Louisville, ster M. Rinearson, Raines, Roumia, Kentucky. He followed flat- John boating on the Mississippi River before the days of , Alonzo A. Skinner, Eugene F. Skinner, steamboats. He lived for 33 years in Marion County, dying at Silverton, at the age of 103, in July ms, Simeon Smith, Harris Speel, Samuel 1878. Portland m,Shelly, Standard, July 13, 1878. William Sportsman, J. Sanders, Sidney S. Ford was born in the ewell, Green B. Smith, state of New York in 1801. In 1846 he Davis Shannon, S. settled north of the Columbia in the region of Stansbury, Switzler, Tabritas R. Smith, Puget Sound. He belongs, therefore, to the history of Washington, where he took an active part in pub- l Tetherow, James Taylor, Philip Thomp- lic affairs. Mr Lm Taylor, Ford died October 22, 1866. W. G. T'Vault, John Travers, Owen W. Bozarth was a native of let, George Urben, Marion County, Missouri, born in 1820. J. H. Voss, C. Wheeler, He settled on Lewis or Cathlapootle River, a ohn White, Benjamin Wood, Ellis short distance north of the Walker, Columbia, where he died Feb. 15, 1875. re, Richard E. Wylie, Ralph Wilcox, Leo Henry Clay Welch was a native of Randolph County, Virginia, born Sep- in Williams, J. L. Williams, John J. Wil- tember ay 2, 1839. He died in Oregon April 11, 1863. Welch, Presley Welch, Joel Welch, Thomas G. Robinson resided for many 'ck, P. Wilkes, Anthony years at Portland, where he died Whitaker, Asa July 27, 1867. tenry Williamson, E. L. Walter, Helm James Barlow, alker. who came hither at the age of 19, and resided in Clackamas County, died at his home July 20, 1866, aged 40 years. Baltimore, Maryland, March 25, 1792, re- J. J. Burton settled on a utucky, where farm in Marion County; died September 8, 1878. he afterward married. On Hiram Smith came to Oregon from 12 he volunteered, and fought in Danville, Ohio, in 1845, but returned several to the States the following year, and came out again After the settlenu nt of the difficulty with in 1851. He brought with him several hundred head of choice cattle, and 100 horses, for improving y to Illinois, where the attempt at creating the stock of the country. rupted by He afterward made a similar expedition for this the Black Hawk war, in which purpose. Mr Smith was a charitable, company raised by himself. intelligent, and successful business In 1836 he man. He died in San Francisco January 17, 1870. Portland r as Iowa, where he settled and erected a Oregonian, April 'ith emigration, 2, 1879. he sold out his Iowa prop- James B. Riggs settled in Polk one of his sons on the journey. County, where he resided till his death, In 1846 which occurred at his home in Dallas August 15, 1870, which aided greatly to build up that town. at the age of 69 years. 47-8. Salem Statesman, Aug. 26, 1870. In 1869 he removed to California, George Moore, who was about e was twice married, living twenty years of age when he arrived in 39 years with company with John D. Boon, died at Salem in April 2 children; and 'by his second marriage 1871. SalemnStatesman, Dregon, a family April 5, 1871. of unusual size. Eng- John Lenmon was born in y85 years old. Or. Pioneer 1800, in Kentucky. He died at , Assoc., Trans., September 13, 1869. Charles Craft settled at Salem, where van County, Ind., March 9, IS18, he assisted in erecting some of the settled first residences. He died July 23, 1869. Salem died Feb. 21, 1877, at his home, leaving a Unionist, July 31, 1869. J. R. Bean, with his father and family, settled in Yamhill County, where .528 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845. EFFECT ON I The recent large immigration could not but affect legislature to some extent. his message to the house Governor Abernethy, in cember, recommended the they resided many years. Bean removed with his family from McMinnville, in that county, to Seattle, Washington, in 1874. He was born in 1824. Mrs Mary A. Noble being the second son of a family of 12 who with her husband crossed the plains in 1845, and nois, and thence to Iowa in 1837, where settled in Washington County, died February 20, 1870. Portland Advocate, ning, and four years later reached Orej March 12, 1870. on the Santiam River, in Linn County Lawrence Hall was one of the lost immigrants. He settled in Tualatin County-now Washington-and was elected 20 years preceding his demise on the 7t1 to the legislature in 1846, and Elisha Griffith, the son of Willian served with a strong American bias. After the territorial government was organized, he was elected born in Fayette Co., Penn., March 13, ] a member of the council. He died in Portland, in Clark Co., Indiana, in 1824. They li February 11, 1867. Portland Oregonian, Feb. 16, 1867. before William Engle was removing to Oregon; and after ar born in Montgomery County, Maryland, removed with in Linn Co. Mr Griffith died at Brown his parents to Jefferson County, Virginia, and in 1820 to St Clair County, Illinois, 1871, and Aug. 13, 1874. Mrs Elizabetl and thence removed to Oregon. He settled in Marion County, where land Co., Penn., March 11, 1805, died a he died May 18, 1868, aged 79 years. Portland Oregonian, May 30, 1868. Isaac Hinshaw was born in Highlanc Francis G. Dewitt engaged in mercantile pursuits in Portland, where he resided for a number like others, moved from Ohio to Indi, of years. He removed to California, and was accident- drifting westward until he arrived on ally killed at Point Arenas in the spring of 1872. Id., April 20, 1872. Benjamin wife was Mary Cox, whom he married Cornelius was a native of Kentucky, born February 9, 1802. married Miss Melissa Buell, Jan. 1, He went to Missouri, and thence to Oregon, settling with his family in the Tualatin tinned ill health, he committed suicid plains, Washington County, where he lived in the midst of his sons July 17, 1873. until his death, December 13, 1864. Id., Dec. 24, 1864. Job McNamee John Lloyd came from Clay Count settled on the town site of Portland, and at one time claimed County, near the present town of Monr the land but failed to secure it through the decision of the United States but four years old when he started for C land-office. In 1868 he removed with his family to Pacific County, Washing- ton. He teemed citizen, died at the age of 33, in died at Portland, October 1, 1872, aged 59 years. Mrs Hannah John Wesley Baker was born in F McNamee, his wife, born in 1815, in Ross County, Indiana, died in Pacific County, Washington, 1831. He came with his father's fa , one month before her husband. Portland Herald, Sept. on French Prairie, where he married Ml 19 and Oct. 2, 1872. removed to Pacific County, Washingtoi Orrin Kellogg was one of the fathers of masonry on the Pacific Coast. He March 1874. Id., April 16, 1874. brought the charter from Missouri in 1845 for the organization of Multnomah Lodge Harris Speel, a native of Philadelpl No. 1, at Oregon City. By the masons made at that time, the first in1846, and served in Frdmont's battali( lodge in California was instituted about 1848. He was esteemed a useful and public-spirited Cruz in June 1858, aged 52 years. S. F. citizen. His death occurred at Portland in February 1873- Mrs Tabitha Ridgeway, a native of I PortlandBulletin, Feb. 17, 1873. to Oregon in 1845. She died at Sheridan, Gideon R. Nightingale was a printer, who came to Oregon in the same years after the death of Mr Ridgeway- year with Fleming. It is stated, although the Oregon Spectator does not Dec. 13, 1877. show it, that he set the type for the first number of that paper, issued four months George Hannon was born in Cork, Irn after his arrival. He removed to Marysville, California. Id., Aug. removed to New York, and thence to I 12, 1871. Rowland Liza Jane Eavens, Feb. 2, 1844, and the Chambers settled in King's Valley, Benton County, where he to Oregon. He went first to Oregon Ci resided continuously until 1869, when he made a visit to the scenes of his early life. finallysettling in the Umpqua Valley, w A few days after returning to Oregon, in January 1870, he sud- his wife and 7 children at Garden Bottom denly died. PortlandAdvocate, Jan. 29, 1870. dealer, March 17, 1877. Jonathan Laggett was born in Wythe County, Va., March 7, 1790. In 1814 David C. Ingalls, a native of , he was married to Elizabeth Fanning of Tenn., and the following year removed to Columbus, Ohio, in which st, removed to Missouri, whence he came to Oregon in 1845, settling in Polk Co., to Iowa in 1840, and to Oregon five yeaz where he resided until his death, November 26, 1868. Id., Feb. 20, 1869. settled at Astoria. His daughter, Mar) E. L. Walter was born in Ohio in 1813. After coming to Oregon in 1846 white parentage born at that place. Ing; he married Naomi Williams, and settled in Linn County, where the town of by the people of Astoria, among whom he Brownsville now stands. He was for several years justice of the peace, and when he quietly passed away, according I for one term a member {I the legislature, and afterward treasurer of the for five years that he should die at that ti county; a man esteemed tor his intellectual and moral traits. He died April John T. Jeffries, born in Missouri, in 11, 1867. Id., April 27, 1867. and settled in Yamhill County. When Ross Sherry was born in Indiana, February 11, 1824. He married Rebecca attention he removed to the Dalles, where Deardorff in November 1851, and resided mnPortland until his death in Jan- buying and selling more profitable, he enj uary 1867. Id., Jan. 19, 1867. He died Feb. 24, 1867, at the Dalles, I Morgan Keyes was born May 14, 1814, in Washington County, Penn., daughter. Dalles .Aountaineer, March 2, 1 HIST.OR., VOL. L 34

.1a RAlION OF 184.5. EFFECT ON LEGISLATION. 529 "'ration could not but affect nt. Governor Abernethy, in his message to the house of representatives in De- cember, recommended moved with his family from McMinnville, the consideration of military ton, in 1874. He was born in 1824. 3r husband crossed the plains in 1845, and being the second son of a family of 12 children. In 1832 he removed to Illi- d February 20, 1870. Portland Advocate, nois, and thence to Iowa in 1837, where in March 1841 he married Mary Ban- ning, and four years later reached Oregon. He settled in the spring of 1846 lost immigrants. He settled in Tualatin on the Santiam River, in Linn County, where he continued to reside for the Ls elected to the legislature in 1846, and 20 years preceding his demise on the 7th of March, 1866. Id., March 31, 18664 a. After the territorial government was Elisha Griffith, the son of William N. and Sabra Conner Griffith, was *r of the council. He died in Portland born in Fayette Co., Penn., March 13, 1803. He married Elizabeth Findley, ran, Feb. 16, J867. in Clark Co., Indiana, in 1824. They lived some years in Indiana and Illinois gonery County, Maryland, removed with before removing to Oregon; and after arriving in the Willamette Valley, lived rgmma, and in 1820 to St Clair County, in Linn Co. Mr Griffith died at Brownsville, October 12, 1871. Id., Nov. 16, on. He settled in Marion County, where 1871, and Aug. 13, 1874. Mrs Elizabeth Griffith, his wife, born in Westmore- . Portland Oregonian, May 30, 1868. land Co., Penn., March 11, 1805, died at her home, June 6, 1874. ercantile pursuits in Portland, where he Isaac Hinshaw was born in Highland Co., Ohio, December 15, 1813. He, removed to California, and was accident- like others, moved from Ohio to Indiana, and from Indiana to Mo., ever ling of 1872. Id., April 20, 1872. drifting westward until he arrived on the shores of the Pacific. His first * of Kentucky, born February 9, 1802. wife was Mary Cox, whom he married in 1838, and who died in 1843. He r Oregon, settling with his family in the married Miss Melissa Buell, Jan. 1, 1851. Becoming insane from con- , where he lived in the midst of his sons tinued ill health, he committed suicide by drowning, June 27, 1873. Id., Nd., Dec. 24, 1864. July 17, 1873. site of Portland, and at one time claimed John Lloyd came from Clay County, Missouri, and settled in Benton )ugh the decision of the United States County, near the present town of Monroe. His son W. W. Lloyd, who was i his family to Pacific County, Washing- but four years old when he started for Oregon, and who grew up to be an es- 1, 1872, aged 59 years. Mrs Hannah teemed citizen, died at the age of 33, in Benton County. Id., March 19, 1872. n Ross County, Indianla, died in Pacific John Wesley Baker was born in F irfield County, Ohio, November 12, re her husband. Portland Herald, Sept. 1831. He came with his father's fa Lily to Oregon; and in 1848 settled on French Prairie, where he married Mary Jane Brown in March 1866. He ,rs of masonry on the Pacific Coast. He removed to Pacific County, Washington, in 1872, and died on the 26th of 1845 for the organization of Muitnomab March 1874. Id., April 16, 1874. .e masons made at that time, the first Harris Speel, a native of Philadelphia, went from Oregon to California it 1848. He was esteemed a useful and in 1846, and served in Frtmont's battalion. He was killed by a fall at Santa scurred at Portland in February 1873 Cruz in June 1858, aged 52 years. S. F. Bulletin, June 10, 1858. Mrs Tabitha Ridgeway, a native of Kentucky, accompanied her husband ater, who came to Oregon in the same to Oregon in 1845. She died at Sheridan, in Yamhill County, Nov. 4, 1877-6 though the Oregon Spectator does not years after the death of Mr Ridgeway-aged 55 years. Portland Advocate, first number of that paper, issued four Dec. 13, 1877. d to Marysville, California. Id., Aug. George Hannon was born in Cork, Ireland, in 1820. At the age of 23 he removed to New York, and thence to Missouri, in which state he married Liza g's Valley, Benton County, where he Jane Eavens, Feb. 2, 1844, and the following year joined the caravan to Oregon. a he made a visit to the scenes of his He went first to Oregon City, where he remained some years, g to Oregon, in January 1870, he sud- finally settling in the Umpqua Valley, where he died Feb. 23, 1877, leaving ~,1870. his wife and 7 children at Garden Bottom in Douglas County. Rosebnrg Plain- ythe County, Va., March 7, 1790. In dealer, March 17, 1877. aning of Tenn., and the following year David C. Ingalls, a native of Maine, was born Oct. 31, 1808. In 1836 he o Oregon in 1845, settling in Polk Co" removed to Columbus, Ohio, in which state he was married in 1839, to Iowa moving mber 26, 1868. Id., Feb. 20, 1869. in 1840, and to Oregon five years later. In the spring of 1849 he 813. After coming to Oregon in 1846 settled at Astoria. His daughter, Mary Columbia, was the white first child of ed in Linn County, where the town of parentage born at that place. Ingalls was much esteemed and beloved several years justice of the peace, and by the people of Astoria, among whom he lived until the 31st of Aug., when he 1880, ture, and afterward treasurer of the quietly passed away, according to an impression entertained by him tual and moral traits. He died April for five years that he should die at that time. Daily Astorian, Sept. John 12, 1880. T. Jeifries, born in Missouri, in 1830, emigrated to Oregon in 1845, sruary 11, 1824. He married Rebecca and settled in Yamhill County. When eastern Oregon began attention to attract ed in Portland until his death in Jan- he removed to the Dalles, where he practised law, but finding cattle buying and selling more profitable, he engaged successfully in that He died Feb. business. 1814, in Washington County, Penn., 24, 1867, at the Dalles, leaving two children, a son and a daughter. Dalles Mountaineer, March 2, 1867. Thusr. On., Von. I. 34 rNW

530 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845. ROAD- affairs, currency, the sale of spirituous liquors, weights into the Willamette and measures, the seat of government, and a new road sett the latter, no less than th Thomas Simpson Kendall, born in Ohio, was educated to the legislature and Cannonsburg at Jefferson College for at Theological Seminary, Pennsylvania. His tion was in Tennessee, first congrega- across the Cascade froan which state he was driven on account of his Mour denunciation of slavery. He was an influential minister denomination of the Presbyterian appointed to take testimnc in Oregon from 1845 to the time of his death, which Dec. 5, 1871, at occurred ticability the age of 62. His wife was the daughter of James Williams of the routes sug of Linn County. Albany Register, Dec. 10, Francis S. Holland 1870. a memorial to congress pi was born in Liberty, Indiana, Dec. 21, 1823. He set- tled in Clackamas County in 1845, of which he was to construct a road over In 1862 clerk for many years. tl he removed to the Dalles, where he held the office of recorder remainder of his life, for the tains. The memorial wl his death occurring in San Francisco, Feb. 10, 1867. He left two children. Dalles Mountaineer, the whole was rejected. William March 2, 1867. Berry emigrated from Farmington, Illinois. He was men left at Fort Deposit one of the road charters was Thom, in the Cascade Mountains in the winter of 1845. He went to the Willamette Valey in the spring of 1846, authority to on the but eventually settled open and c, Lewis and Clarke River of Clatsop plains. In March 1875 in his boat, in which he died alone the settlement on he was returning from Astoria, at the age of 55 years, Santian leaving a family. Astorian, March 27, 1875. Albany, across Mrs Rebecca Fanning, the Cascac mother of Levy Fanning, died at her residence near Fort Albany, in Feb. 1881. She was believed to have been 13oise,32 to be comple 1st 100 years of age on the of January previous. She was the mother of 18 children, gust, 1846, lived to be men and 15 of whom or in time fi women, and 13 of whom were living at the time of her death. PortlandStandard, Feb. 18, 1881. The road was not built, Samuel Simmons settled on Hove 11Prairie. His wife died November 6, 1879, aged 79 years. Their children were 5 sons, and all his profits. His land was ruined the wife one daughter who is I of Wesley Shannon of Salem. Salem Statesman, Nov. stock was drowned, while he narrowly Thomas Hart settled 14, 1879. returned in Polk County soon after arriving in Oregon. For to Oregon, and went to the mi 30 years he resided on his farm, amassing a considerable County. After several years fortune. He was 95 efforts to repair old at the time of his death, in February 1874, and his %on, S. Tait Packwood, on had continued until 5 years before the Sn( to labor upon his farm, doing the work of a man place now known as Packwood Landir He served in the in his prime. war of 1812, being then 33 years of age. Portland Oregonian, 1876, aged 66 years, having furnished Feb. 14, 1874. courage, and patience of Elisha the early pion Packwood, brother of William and Samuel who arrived as of their small rewards. His son while vious year, wasborn the pre- in Patrick County, Virginia, in July 1810, and removed Wardle. His eldest daughter, Chilitha with his father's family burg, in to Indiana and Missouri, whence he migrated to Ore- the Kittetas Valley, Washingtc gon. He remained two years in the Willamette Valley, brotherswho came to Oregon to Puget after which he went in 1845 we Sound with his brother William, who determined to settle Tait. A cousin, James Packwood, also not liking the country, there, but I returned to the Willamette, and in March 1848, went Notes on list. Wash. T'er., i. 55-85. to California by sea with his family, arriving just before Mrs Florentine WilkesCornelius, His first expedition the gold discovery. wh, from Yerba Buena was to the Santa Clara Valley, was born in Indiana, and married Benj a cousin, Parrington where 1864, Packwood, was living. He then went to the New Alma- aged 34 years. Salem Statesman, J denquicksilver mine, who settled near Hillsboro, but soon hearing of the gold found above Sutter's Fort, on the Tual; fitted up a wagon, and and trader. He lost his life thesummer of1848 workingwith withit moved his family to the gold-field. He spent in the sprir his 16-year-old son Samuel Tait, at Mormon in-law, who, he believed, had ill treated, Island, after which he went to Coloma and established a trading post, Mrs Laodicea McNary, of the Alex; he remained until November where covered 1849, when he returned to the States by way of gold on the head waters of John the Isthmus of Panama, by the steamer Unicorn, in Polk County, Feb. vessel Captain Paster-a British 26, 1875, aged with an American crew-arriving by way of New 1875. Mississippi River Orleans and the at their former home. In the spring of 1850 Mr Packwood John Killin, a native of Pennsylvania, returned across the plains to California, with a October 23, 1867, aged 70 San large train, arriving in the years. Portland Jos6 Valley in October. He brought out several hundred 1Lark ns Off.Corr., MS., cows, and went cattle, chiefly ii. 60-3. into the business of supplying fresh milch cows to "This application does not confirm taking from them milkmen, ti their old stock. In 1852 he brought out, by an in Oregon desired to prevent anotherherd of cattle, agent, immigration. and continued in this business of dealing in neat Awriter in the Oregon stock until the great Spectator alle1 flood of 1861-2, having acquired property to the amount without attempting anything; of about $40,000; but the disasters but that of that memorable year deprived him of testimony of one of the exploring party, consisted of CorneliusGlilliam, James Wa RATION OF 1845. ROAD-MAKING. 531 , of spirituous liquors, weights into the Willamette settlements." With regard to f government, and a new road the latter, no less than three petitions were presented to the legislature for authority to construct roads in Ohio, was educated at Jefferson College finary, Pennsylvania. His first congrega- across the Cascade Mountains, and a committee was h state he was driven on account of his appointed to take testimony in relation to the prac- Ln influential minister of the Presbyterian to the time of his death, which occurred ticability of the routes suggested; and also to prepare 3 wife was the daughter of James Williams a memorial to congress praying for an appropriation )ec. 10, 1870. Liberty, Indiana, Dec. 21, 1823. He set- to construct a road over the Blue and Cascade moun- 5, of which he was clerk for many years. tains. The memorial when read in committee of where he held the office of recorder for the ,curring in San Francisco, Feb. 10, 1867. the whole was rejected. Among the applicants for taineer, March 2, 1867. road charters was Thomas McKay, who received Farmington, Illinois. He was one of the cade Mountains in the winter of 1845. He authority to open and construct a toll-road from the spring of 1846, but eventually settled River, now the town of Latsop plains. In March 1875 he died alone the settlement on Santiam rning from Astoria, at the age of 55 years, Albany, across the Cascade and Blue mountains to 27, 1875. 32 d Levy Fanning, died at her residence near Fort Bois6, to be completed before the 1st of Au- lieved to have been 100 years of age on the gust, 1846, or in time for the next immigration. s the mother of 18 children, 15 of whom 33 3 of whom were living at the time of her The road was not built, nor the pass discovered, ,, 1881. o-a 11 Prairie. His wife died November 6, all his profits. His land was ruined by being covered with sand, and his ren were 5 sons, and one daughter who is stock was drowned, while he narrowly escaped with his life. After this he lem. Salem Statesman, Nov. 14, 1879. returned to Oregon, and went to the mines then recently discovered in Baker lounty soon after arriving in Oregon. For County. After several efforts to repair his fortunes, he finally settled, with nassiug a considerable fortune. He was 95 his 'ton, S. Tait Packwood, on the Snohomish flats, in the year 1868, at a in February 1874, and until 5 years before place now known as Packwood Landing. Elisha Packwood died May 27, .rm, doing the work of a man in his prime. 1876, aged 66 years, having furnished a striking example of the industry, g then 33 years of age. Portland Oregonian, courage, and patience of the early pioneers of the Northwest Coast, as well as of their small rewards. His son while living in California married Matilda Villiam and Samuel who arrived the pre- Wardle. His eldest daughter, Chilitha, married Bennett, living at Ellens- unty, Virginia, in July 1810, and removed burg, in the Kittetas Valley, Washington. He had also a son Joseph. His , and Missouri, whence he migrated to Ore- brothers who came to Oregon in 1845 were Larkin, John, Charles, and Robert he Willamette Valley, after which he went Tait. A cousin, James Packwood, also belonged to this immigration. Morse's Villiam, who determined to settle there, but Notes on Hist. Wash. Ter., i. 55-85. o the Willamette, and in March 1848, went Mrs Florentine Wilkes Cornelius, who accompanied her father, P. Wilkes, y, arriving just before the gold discovery. was born in Indiana, and married Benjamin Cornelius. She died June 26, uena was to the Santa Clara Valley, where 1864, aged 34 years. Salem Statesman, July 11, 1864. Benjamin Cornelius, as living. He then went to the New Alma- who settled near Hillsboro, on the , was a successful farmer iring of the gold found above Sutter's Fort, and trader. He lost his life in the spring of 1882 in a quarrel with his son- ved his family to the gold-field. He spent in-law, who, he believed, had ill treated his daughter. bis 16-year-old son Samuel Tait, at Mormon Mrs Laodicea McNary, of the Alexander McNary Company, who dis- loma and established a trading post, where covered gold on the head waters of John Day River, in 1845, died near Eola, I, when he returned to the States by way of in Polk County, Feb. 26, 1875, aged 77 years. Salem Record, Feb. 27, teamer Unicorn, Captain Paster-a British 1875. arriving by way of New Orleans and the John Killin, a native of Pennsylvania, settled in Clackamas Co., and died mie. In the spring of 1850 Mr Packwood October 23, 1867, aged 70 years. Portland Adv., Nov. 2, 1867. 0.F. Corr., MS., ii. 60-3. ifornia, with a large train, arriving in the 3MLarkin's m brought out several hundred cattle, chiefly This application does not confirm the supposition that British subjects of supplying fresh milch cows to milkmen, in Oregon desired to prevent immigration. c. In 1852 he brought out, by an agent, 33 A writer in the Oregon Spectator alleges that McKay gave up his charter inued in this business of dealing in neat without attempting anything; but that this was not so I can show by the -2, having acquired property to the amount testimony of one of the exploring party, which left Salem July 3, 1846, and *s of that memorable year deprived him of consisted of Cornelius Gilliam, James Waters, Seyburn P. Thornton, and T. 532 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845. THE MAKING although it is now known that such a pass exists. by chaining to the rear of th The great breadth and confused upheaval of the to hold back its weight."' Cascade Range, together with the dense covering of The memorial to congress forest and tangled undergrowth on the western decliv- matter of a good and safe i ities, opposed almost insurmountable obstacles to tihe only one rejected by the exploration. Even the Indian trails that once existed Gray made a motion to app when the natives were numerous had fallen into dis- a memorial to the people of 1 use, and were completely overgrown and lost. It is a brief account of its soil,, therefore not surprising that McKay, famous for social condition, with the di wood-craft, met with failure on his first expedition in travel and settlement, and w search of a wagon route. committee, and in due time Stephen Ei. L. Meek also, still of the opinion that the people of the United St, a pass would be found at the sources of the Willamette unfortunate passages, and by which a road could be opened direct from the head house to the seclusion of th of the valley to Fort Bois6, petitioned for a charter; gate resigned after having E but the prejudice created by his leadership a few weeks in the legislature. 8 previous defeated his endeavor to set himself right in Gray mentions that at th the estimation of the public.34 gate adopted the suggestion A third applicant for a road charter was S. K. Bar- that an act should be passec low, who was personally interested in the completion account of debt, but that the of the road to Fort Deposit, where his wagons and for the ignorance of the leg baggage still remained with those of his company. the business of law-making He was permitted to address the house in behalf of that he still believes laws fo the Mount Hood route, and received authority to con- where no fraud is alleged, struct a toll-road, which was so far completed in July future day will be abolished that the wagons were brought through, and a few ties; but that there were s] weeks afterward large numbers passed over it.35 should not be enforced by After further improvement the road was still so which might never be ackn, steep that in descending some of the hills on the subject which had escaped re western declivities the oxen could only be prevented At the December session ( from dashing themselves against some way-side tree currency, which after several It was suitable to the time C. Shaw, Americans; and Thomas McKay, Joseph Gervai3, J. B. Gardipie, and was made necessary by George Montoure, Zavier Gervais, Antonio Delore, and McDonald, British subjects. They explored up to the Santiam, but failed to find where a road could be made. T. 0. Shaw, in Salem Mercury, June 4, 1875. '6 Victor, in Overland Monthly, iv. 202. a4 An attempt was made in the spring of 1846 to find this pass, which '7 In this memorial it is said that whilE failed. The company consisted of J. M. Garrison, J. B. McClane, Thomas would produce 54 bushels of wheat to t Holt, James P. Martin, J. W. Boyle, A. R. C. Shaw, and Moses Harris. Or. wculd 'produce scarcely anything of the Spectator, March 19, 1846. 44. Spalding, on the contrary, in his repo '-'Samuel K. Barlow continued to be an active and public-spirited citizen able, and as it is now known to be an inte of Oregon up to the time of his death, in July 1867. He resided at , ness of the soil in the interior. above the falls of the Willamette. PortlandOregonian, July 20, 1867. 3 Applegate's marginal notes on Gray's fTION OF 1845. THE MAKING OF LAWS. 533 n that such a pass exists. by chaining to the rear of the wagon a heavy tree-top confused upheaval of the to hold back its weight.' with the dense covering of The memorial to congress concerning the important *owth on the western decliv- matter of a good and safe road into Oregon was not surmountable obstacles to the only one rejected by the legislature in December. .dian trails that once existed Gray made a motion to appoint a committee to draft merous had fallen into dis- a memorial to the people of the United States, giving overgrown and lost. It is a brief account of its soil, climate, productions, and of that McKay, famous for social condition, with the difficulties and facilities ire on his first expedition in travel and settlement, and was made chairman of that committee, and in due time presented his letter to some [so, still of the opinion that the people of the United States. It contained unfortunate passages, and was condemned by the he sources of the Willamette 3 7 opened direct from the head house to the seclusion of the archives. Mr Apple- gate resigned after having accomplished his purpose Us6, petitioned for a charter; 3 8 :y his leadership a few weeks in the legislature. eavor to set himself right in Gray mentions that at the August session Apple- lie.34 gate adopted the suggestion of Governor Abernethy, on road charter was S. K. Bar- that an act should be passed to prevent litigation interested in the completion account of debt, but that the bill failed, and apologizes in )osit, where his wagons -nd for the ignorance of the legislature and governor with those of his company. the business of law-making; but Applegate writes Iress the house in behalf of that he still believes laws for the collection of debts, nd received authority to con- where no fraud is alleged, are injurious, and at a was so far completed in July future day will be abolished in all civilized coimmuni- rought through, and a few ties; but that there were special reasons why they mbers passed over it.3" should not be enforced by provisional government, ,ment the road was still so which might never be acknowledged-a side of the g some of the hills on the subject which had escaped recognition. ten could only be prevented At the December session Gray introduced a bill on amendments was passed. i against some way-side tree currency, which after several It was suitable to the time and country, he alleges, McKay, , J. B. Gardipie, and was made necessary by the disposition of the Antonio Delore, and McDonald, British Santiam, but failed to find where a road 36 Victor, in Overland Monthly, iv. 202. m Mercury, June 4, 1875. said that while in certain parts of Oregon the soil which 37 In this memorial it is spring of 1846 to find this pass, would produce 54 bushels of wheat to the acre, other parts in the interior J. M. Garrison, J. B. Mc(lane, Thomas 'produce scarcely anything of the vegetable kind. Or. Archives, MS., and Moses Harris. Or. would Le,A. R. C. Shaw, 44. Spalding, on the contrary, in his report to White, had given a very favor- to be an intelligent, account of the productive- citizen able, and as it is now known to be an active and public-spirited ness of the soil in the interior. in July 1867. He resided at Canemah, ib, S8 Applegate's marginal notes on Gray'sHist. Or., 438. PortlandOregonian, July 20, 1867. 534 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845. THE PRINT:

Hudson's Bay Company to force payment in an op- warehouse at Linnton- pressive manner. But as this was the first law passed grove in Portland, Tu for the collection of debts, and the company were either of McLoughlin or * heretofore wholly without the power to enforce pay- in Clackamas County; a ment, being entirely outside the pale of colonial war, ing Company or the Huc Gray's explanation of his motives in presenting such poeg County; and at so a bill lacks consistency. 39 The law on currency, after the collector in Yamhill declaring that in addition to gold and silver treasury to be considered depots drafts, approved orders on solvent merchants, and enue, and the persons in good merchantable wheat at the market price, deliv- stating the amount whi ered at some customary depot for wheat, should be credit of the treasurer of lawful tender for the payment of taxes, judgments rendered in the courts, and for all debts contracted in Soon after the organize the territory, where no special contract had been motion it was resolved made to the contrary-provided that no property called upon to inform the should be sold on execution for less than two thirds of the laws, which he, Burn its value after deducting all encumbrances; and that how many of them were it the value of the property should be fixed by two dis- articles of compact adoptE creet householders, who should be sworn by the officer vious--a piece of irony M making the levy, and they should make a written spared the chief justice, statement of the value, which the officer should ap- the judiciary cornmittee.4! pend to his return. Should the property remain was a prospect of having unsold on the return day of the writ, the officer hav- vised, a company having 1 ing so indorsed it, the writ and indorsement should printing-press and materiz constitute a lien on the property; the defendant hav- application was made for ing the right to remain in possession of the unsold This company was know property by executing a bond with sureties, in double Association, one of the ar its value, to deliver the property at the time and declared that the press place appointed by said officer.40 should never be used by a An act supplementary to the currency law was propagating sectarian prin passed, requiring all those who paid taxes in wheat to the discussion of exclusive deliver it at stated places in their districts; at Fort If it is proper to judge George in Clatsop County; at Cowlitz Farm or Fort of the introduction of this Vancouver in Vancouver County; at the company's men in the association w 3 The act provides: 'The personal estate of every individual, company, Methodist influence, the X/ body politic or corporate, including his, her, or their goods or chattels, also town lots, 1 city property, or improvements claimed and owned in virtue of Or. Laws, 1843-9, 27. These q occupancy secured and allowed by the treaty between Great Britain and the revenue are still the pride of the pione United States, shall be subject to execution, to be taken and sold according was of no advantage to the country whe to the provisions of this act.' 5 Or. Spectator, Feb. 5, 1846. more safely with wheat as a legal tendE Or. Laws, 1843-9. 2 Grover's Or. Archives, 140-1. -k ft it V

RATION OF 1845. THE PRINTING ASSOCIATION. 535

{ to force payment in an op- warehouse at Linnton; at the store of F. W. Petty- Ls this was the first law passed grove in Portland, Tualatin County; at the mills -bts, and the company were either of McLoughlin or the Island Milling Company at the power to enforce pay- in Clackamas County; at the warehouses of the Mill- side the pale of colonial war, ing Company or the Hudson's Bay Company in Chain- is motives in presenting such poeg County; and at some place to be designated by i The law on currency, after the collector in Yamhill County. These places were in to gold and silver treasury to be considered depots for receiving the public rev- , on solvent merchants, and enue, and the persons in charge should give a receipt it at the market price, deliv- stating the amount which should be placed to the r depot for wheat, should be credit of the treasurer of the county or territory.4" payment of taxes, judgments Lnd for all debts contracted in Soon after the organization of the house, on Gray's ) special contract had been motion it was resolved that the supreme judge be -provided that no property called upon to inform them whether he had examined -ion for less than two thirds of the laws, which he, Burnett, had helped to make, and ) all encumbrances; and that how many of them were incompatible with the organic y should be fixed by two dis- articles of compact adopted by the people in July pre- should be sworn by the officer vious--a piece of irony which might well have been they should make a written spared the chief justice, whose reply was referred to which the officer should ap- the judiciary committee.4 2 For the first time there Thould the property remain was a prospect of having the laws printed when re- y of the writ, the officer hav- vised, a company having been formed which owned a writ and indorsement should printing-press and material at Oregon City, to which property; the defendant hav- application was made for proposals to print the laws. i in possession of the unsold This company was known as the Oregon Printing bond with sureties, in double Association, one of the articles of whose constitution Le property at the time and declared that the press owned by the association officer."0 should never be used by any party for the purpose of ry to the currency law was propagating sectarian principles or doctrines, nor for se who paid taxes in wheat to the discussion of exclusive party politics. es in their districts; at Fort If it is proper to judge by appearances, the reason ity; at Cowlitz Farm or Fort of the introduction of this article was that there were jr County; at the company's men in the association who wished to curtail the onal estate of every individual, company, Methodist influence, the Mission being largely repre- g his, her, or their goods or chattels, also ovements claimed and owned in virtue of "1Or. Laws, 1843-9, 27. These quaint laws concerning currency and the treaty between Great Britain and the revenue are still the pride of the pioneers of Oregon, who contend that gold execution, to be taken and sold according was of no advantage to the country when discovered, but that they progressed *pectator, Feb. 5, 1846. more safely with wheat as a legal tender. 52 Grover's Or. Archives, 140-1. 536 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845. SPIRITUiL sented in the company. How tney succeeded will to forego this indulgence appear hereafter. intercourse among the ( The recommendation of Governor Abernethy, that a freedom offensive to t proposals should be received for locating the seat of sedulously cultivated in government, created little interest and small competi- reproach upon the office tion. The only propositions received were from Robert supplied them with lic Moore, whose claim of Robin's Nest, opposite Oregon adversaries a justifiable ce City, was by legislative enactment named Linn City; were already only too ea and Hugh Burns, who occupied an adjoining claim. moral turpitude.4 5 Neither of these proposals meeting with entire appro- The alterations in the I bation, and a petition, signed by sixty persons of it an offence to give awa Cliampoeg County, being received, praying that action sell or barter; the fine on the seat of government question mightfbe deferred," violation of the law. II it was practically postponed by the passage of an act person, officer or privat ordering that the future sessions of the house of rep- distillation of any kind o resentatives be held at Oregon City until otherwise the distilling apparatus directed by law. By the same act the governor was county judge or justice authorized to give notice by publication in the news- issue a warrant causing 1 papers or otherwise, that he would receive sealed pro- to be searched, and all posals from all who desired to make donations to the manufacturing them, disc government for the purpose of aiding in the erection delivered to that officer, -w of public buildings and locating the capital; which and proceed against him a proposals should be submitted to the next legislature. ment being forfeiture of Two other topics of general interest to the people one hundred dollars, one which received attention were the liquor law and the the informant and witne districting of the territory. Burnett's liquor law of the officers engaged in ar 1844 was found to be insufficient to prevent the use inal. No more than ha' of intoxicating drinks since the advent of the British mitted to be sold by prac sloop of war llodeste, whose officers and crew, being '5With regard to this matter 3 independent of colonial laws, not only did not see fit made frequent excursions into the choose the most discreet means of cu jects. The scenes enacted at the rea 43 Gray says the originators of the printing association were the same that did not regard the laws of the colon started the Multnomah circulating library, the Wolf association, and provis- with an American was a cause of sc ional government. The pioneers of 1843 founded the library, and Gray claims admits that the company furnished to have originated the Wolf association, while was the first projector brandy was placed upon the table v of the provisional government. The truth is, that Abernethy was largely addition to the usual wine; not becai interested in the printing association, and that in spite of the protest con- couver, but because Douglas could Y tained in the 8th article, the press was controlled by missionary influence. men sent there to protect the com The first officers of the company were W. G. T'Vault, president; J. W. Recollections, MS., 53. But the colonig Nesmith, vice-president; John P. Brooks, secretary; George Abernethy, for the position in which the compa treasurer; John H. Couch, John E. Long, and Robert Newell, directors. efforts made by the Hudson's Bay 44 This was the beginning of the long fight made by the people of Salem to spirituous liquors, not only in Orego secure the capital. Fitzgerald's [7anc. Isf., 211-13. GRATION OF 1845. SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS. 537 43 How they succeeded will to forego this indulgence, but in their efforts at social intercourse of Governor Abernethy, that among the colonists, introduced it with a freedom eived for locating the seat of offensive to the temperance sentiment so ;le interest and small conipeti- sedulously cultivated in Oregon, thereby bringing reproach ons received were from Robert upon the officers of the fur company who supplied lobin's Nest, opposite Oregoi them with liquors, and furnishing their enactment named Linn City; adversaries a justifiable cause of complaint, where they were already only too eager to discover evidences of occupied an adjoining claim. 45 bls meeting with entire appro- moral turpitude. The alterations signed by sixty persons of in the liquor law in December made Yreceived, praying that action it an offence to give away ardent spirits, as well as to t question might be deferred,4" sell or barter; the fine being fifty dollars for each violation of lied by the passage of an act the law. It made it the duty of every person, officer sessions of the house of rep- or private citizen, who knew of the distillation Oregon City until otherwise of any kind of spirituous liquors, to seize the e same act the governor was distilling apparatus and deliver to the nearest county by publication in the news- judge or justice of the peace, who should issue a warrant he would receive sealed pro- causing the premises of the distiller to be ed to make donations to the searched, and all liquors, or implements flr manufacturing lose of aiding in the erection them, discovered should be seized and locating the capital; which delivered to that officer, who should arrest the offender itted to the next legislature. and proceed against him according to law; the punish- ment ,neral interest to the people being forfeiture of the property, and a fine of one hundred were the liquor law and the dollars, one half of which was to go to the informant and y. Burnett's liquor law of witnesses, and the other half to the officers ulfficient to prevent the use engaged in arresting and trying the crim- e the advent of the British inal. No more than half a pint of liquor was per- mitted se officers and crew, being to be sold by practising physicians for medical 4 ws, not only did not see fit aWith regard to this matter Minto says: The officers of the Modeste made frequent excursions into the Willamette Valley, and did not always choose the most discreet means of cultivating feelings in favor of British sub- printing association were the same that jects. The scenes enacted at the residences they visited indicated that they rary, the Wolf association, and provis- did not regard the laws of the colony; and even their temporary association 13 founded the library, and Gray claims with an American was a cause of suspicion. Early Days, MS., 30. Roberts L, while Jason Lee was the first projector admits that the company furnished rum for the Modeste's crew, and that truth is, that Abernethy was largely brandy was placed upon the table while her officers were at Vancouver, in and that in spite of the protest con- addition to the usual wine; not because temperance was not the rule at Van- as controlled by missionary influence. couver, but because Douglas could not refuse to furnish to the officers and ere W. G. T'Vault, president; J. W. men sent there to protect the company any supplies they might require. rooks, secretary; George Abernethy, Recollections, MS., 53. But the colonists were not disposed to make allowances ng, and Robert Newell, directors. for the position in which the company was placed. As an evidence of the g fight made by the people of Salem to efforts made by the Hudson's Bay Company to do away with the use of spirituous liquors, not only in Oregon but east of the Rocky Mountains, see Fitzgerald's Vanc. Isi., 211-13. 538 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1845. COUNTY I purposesI. Such was the rigor resorted to in the effort to promote temperance, and prevent British Neither of these new cou subjects from defying colonial law. of its own; but the sher But at the following session there was a reaction, pelled to do duty for Lev the legislature taking advantage of its power under hill to serve Polk. Judge the organic law to regulate the manufacture and sale was left for the people to of wine and distilled spirituous liquors, to pass an election of 1846.4" The b( act which allowed the manufacture and sale of them previously created were under certain restrictions. This act, like the previous Clatsop embraced the t( one, was chiefly inspired by opposition to the fur drawn from the middle company; it being held by the majority that so long Columbia River at Oak P. as the company kept liquors in store at Vancouver to to the line dividing Tua sell or to give away, Americans should not be de- west to the Pacific Ocean, prived of the profits of the traffic.46 Every British of the Columbia, and ea, subject in the house voted against the new law, and main channel, to the place Governor Abernethy vetoed it in an admirable mes- The southern line of Ti sage, recommending the repeal of the clauses making Yamhill commenced one it an offence to give away a glass of liquor, and of the Butte, as it was thei that also which allowed the .fines to be divided be- west to the Pacific Oce- tween the informant and the officers of the law, by braced all the territory lyi which they became interested in the conviction of the of the Columbia, east ol person charged; and advising only the alteration of ; and N Burnett's law of 1844, to make it agree with the Tualatin on the north, th organic law, if it was in any way adverse to it. But east, Polk County on the the legislature passed their act over the governor's the west. Clackamas I veto, and prohibition, which up to 1846 was the law Champoeg by a line runn and the rule in colonial Oregon, has never been re- the Willanmette River one stored. an extension of the north Two new counties were created and organized: one these counties stretched e. called Lewis county on the north side of the Colum- and Champoeg covered a bia, comprising all of Oregon Teritory north of that California boundary, in or river, and west of the Cowlitz River, up to the gon the benefits of the pr latitude of 54° 40'; another called Polk County, be enjoyed. south of Yamhill, comprising all the territory between One other matter con the Willamette River and the Pacific Ocean, and society was settled by . extending from the southern boundary of Yamhill 47 Grover's Or. Archives, 152. County, which line extended due west of George 4 This line was definitely fixed by Gay's house, to the northern boundary of California. site the mouth of Pudding River, ri dividing ridges, between the Cheha '" Tolmie's Puget Sound, MS., 22-3. Tualatin. he county seat was also f where the town of Lafayette was laid I-

GRATION OF 1845. COUNTY BOUNDARIES. 539 he rigor resorted to in the 3erance, and prevent British Neither of these new counties was allowed a sheriff lonial law. of its own; but the sheriff of Vancouver was com- session there was a reaction, pelled to do duty for Lewis, and the sheriff of Yam- dvantage of its power under bill to serve Polk. Judges were not appointed, but it ite the manufacture and sale was left for the people to choose them at the annual Dirituous liquors, to pass an election of 1846.47 The boundaries of the nanufacture five counties and sale of them previously created were definitely fixed as follows: * This act, like the previous Clatsop embraced the territory bounded by a d by line opposition to the fur drawn from the middle of the main channel of the by the majority that so long Columbia River at Oak Point Mountain, Lors thence south in store at Vancouver to to the line dividing Tualatin from Yamhill, thence mericans should not be de- west to the Pacific Ocean, thence north to the the 46 mouth traffic. Every British of the Columbia, and east along the middle of the Ad against the new law, and main channel, to the place of beginning. )ed it in an admirable mes- The southern line of Tualatin and northern line of ^epeal of the clauses making Yamhill commenced one mile north of Butteville, y a glass of liquor, and of the Butte, as it was then called, and the extended due fines to be divided be- west to the Pacific Ocean.' Tualatin County the em- officers of the law, by braced all the territory lying north of this line, south 3ted in the conviction of the of the Columbia, east of Clatsop, and ising west of the only the alteration of Willamette River; and Yamhill all that bounded ,o make by it agree with the Tualatin on the north, the Willamette River "y way on the adverse to it. But east, Polk County on the south, and the ocean on ir act over the governor's the west. Clackamas County was divided fh up from to 1846 was the law Champoeg by a line running due east from Iregon, has never a point in been re- the Willamette River one mile below Butteville, being an extension of the north line of Yamhill. Both of 2reated and organized: one these counties stretched east to the Rocky north Mountains, side of the Colum- and Champoeg covered all the territory south to the ,on Teritory north of that California boundary, in order that everywhere iowlitz in Ore- River, up to the gon the benefits of the provisional government might her called Polk County, be enjoyed. g all the territory between One other matter connected with the I the welfare of Pacific Ocean, and society was settled by authorizing every ordained rn boundary of Yamhill

Jed due west of George 47 Grover's Or. Archives, 152. 1 boundary of California. 48 This line was definitely fixed by the legislature of 1846, beginning oppo- site the mouth of Pudding River, running north-west to the summit of the dividing ridges, between the Chehalim and Tualatin and the Yamhill and Tualatin. The county seat was also fixed at or near the falls of Yamhill River where the town of Lafayette was laid off in that year. 540 THLE IMMIGRATION OF 1845. PECEBLE I minister of good standing, of any denomination, the lation of the territories est supreme and district judges, and justices of the peace, of the United States. to solemnize marriages. On the 19th of December last act was to pass a resolut- As to the means of carrying on the government, a pal objects contemplated in t revenue was to be raised by levying an ad valorem ment was the promotion of I tax of one fourth of one per cent for territorial pur- ourselves, and the friendly poses; the county taxes to be regulated by the county ever ought to exist betweei courts, not to exceed the territorial tax; the levy to States and Great Britain; be made upon town lots and improvements, mills, car- house calculated to defeat riages, clocks and watches, horses and mules, cattle, tion of the true intention fo sheep, and hogs; upon every qualified voter under the age of 60 years, a poll-tax of 50 cents; upon every merchant's license where the capital employed was under $10,000, $20; over $10,000, $30; over $15,000, $45; over $20,000, $60; upon each auctioneer's license, $10; upon each pedler's license, $10; upon each ferry license, not less than $5 nor more than $25. There should be paid into the county treasuries, as the costs of the courts, a tax of one dollar upon each petition of a public nature to be paid by the peti- tioners; for hearing and determining each motion of counsel, one dollar; for each final judgment, three dollars; for allowing an appeal, one dollar; and the fee allowed masters in chancery, where like services were performed by the court. Thus, while farming lands and farm products were not taxed, the people were, notwithstanding their former protests, assessed on every other species of property and on their business capital; which taxes the farmers paid principally in wheat. The legisla- ture of 1845, in framing laws, had not, after all, greatly improved upon the committee of 1844, being compelled to conform to the usages of other govern- ments in even a greater degree, as the wants of the community increased. Although the laws were still imperfect even for present uses, they covered, by enactment and adop- tion, nearly the whole ground embraced by the legis-

11 GRATION OF 1845. PEACEABLE INTENTIONS. 541 ing, of any denomination, the lation of the territories established by the authority Iges, and justices of the peace, of the United States. On the 19th of December the house adjourned. Its last act was to pass a resolution, " that one of the princi- arrying on the government, a pal objects contemplated in Ad by levying the formation of the govern- an ad valorem ment was the promotion of peace and per cent for territorial happiness among pur- ourselves, and the friendly relations which to be regulated by the have, and county ever ought to exist between the people of z territorial tax; the the United levy to States and Great Britain; and any measure and improvements, mills, car- of this house calculated to defeat the same is in direct viola- [es, horses and mules, cattle, tion of the true intention for which it was formed." very qualified voter under the ,ax of 50 cents; upon every e the capital employed was $10,000, $30; over $15,000, ipon each auctioneer's license, license, $10; upon each ferry or more than $25. nto the county treasuries, as tax of one dollar upon each ire to be paid by the peti- determining each motion of each final judgment, three peal, one dollar; and the fee ry, where like services were ids and farm products were ere, notwithstanding their on every other species of siness capital; which taxes lly in wheat. The legisla- laws, had not, after all, committee of 1844, being he usages of other govern- legree, as the wants of the e still imperfect even for by enactment and adop- nd embraced by the legis- THE BARLO

vent the passage of the Col and beyond the Cascades. It was still doubtful whet had undertaken to open wo any case it must be difficult mountains near the Columbi CHAPTER XX. at the head waters of the OPENING OF THE SOUTHERN OREGON ROUTE-IMMIGRATION rivers had not yet been f OF 1846. prospect that if war should grants nor troops could for ROAD-MAKING AS A WAR MEASURE-A PASS REQUIRED-A COMPANY OR- GANIZED-THEY PROCEED TO ROGUE RIVER-WHENCE THEY CONTINUE iiients. EASTWARD AND CROSS THE CASCADE RANGE INTO THE HUMBOLDT VAL. LEY-THEY PROCEED TO FORT HALL-HASTINGS AND HIS CUT-OFF-IMMI- GRATION OF 1846-APPLEGATE'S CUT-OFF--J. Q. THORNTON, HIS BOOK AND HIS VINDICTIVENESS-SUFFERINGS OF THE EMIGRANTS BY THE NEW ROUTE-COMMENTS OF THE SETTLERS ON THE SOUTHERN ROUTE-BIO- GRAPHICAL NOTICES.

THE disasters attending the immigrations of 1843, 1844, and .1845 stimulated exploration, as we have seen. The United States government was not indif- ferent to the need of a better route to Oregon, as the attempts for the third time of one of its officers attest, even if he was always floating away toward California. There were other reasons, besides the sufferings of the immigrants, which influenced both the government and the colonists to desire a route into the Willamette Valley which led away from the chain of the fur company's posts. As the British officers Park and Peel had been anxious to know ROUTES AN] whether troops could be brought from Canada over- In order to settle the land to Fort Vancouver, so thoughtful men among south through the Ciscad the colonists were desirous to make sure, in the event offered to raise money for of their being needed, that troops from the United expense of an expedition, States could be brought without interruption into road in that direction, a Oregon,' knowing that in case of war nothing would company was formed in I be easier than for a small force of the enemy to pre- this enterprise; but bein I 'One of the road-hunters,' in Or. Spectator, April 15, 1847; Lindsey Ap- after travelling seventy mi plegate, in Portlawd West Shore, June 1877; TuthIl'ds Hist. Cal., 162. (542' THE . 543

vent the passage of the Columbia from the Dalles to and beyond the Cascades. It was still doubtful whether the road that Barlow had undertaken to open would prove practicable; in any case it must be difficult, from the nature of the PTER XX. mountains near the Columbia. The passes looked for at the head waters of the Santiam and Willamette M OREGON ROUTE-IMIGRATION rivers had not yet been found, and there was the OF 1546. prospect that if war should be declared neither immi- RBE-A PASS REQUIRED-A COMPANY OR- grants nor troops could force their way to the settle- ROGUE RIVER-WHENCE THEY CONTINUE ments. ASCADE RANGE INTO THES HUMBOLDT VAL- HALL-HASTINGS AND HIS CuT-OFF-I-Mz. E'S C(T-oFF-J. Q. THORNTON, HIS BOOK PFERINGS OF THE EMIGRANTS BY THE NEW ETTLERS ON THE SOummEN RouT-BIo. ig the immigrations of 1843, Lted exploration, as we have es government was not indif- Lbetter route to Oregon, as ird time of one of its officers always floating away toward other reasons, besides the rants, which influenced both colonists3 to desire a route ley which led away from the ny's posts. As the British had been anxious to know brought from Canada over- , so thoughtful men among In order to settle the question of a pass to the is to make sure, in the event south through the Cascade Mountains, the colonists hat troops from the United offered to raise money for the purpose of paying the t without interruption into expense of an expedition, and the cost of opening a acase of war nothing would road in that direction, and early in May 1846 a 1 force of the enemy to pre- company was formed in Polk County to undertake this enterprise; but being insufficient in numbers, r. SpeCtator, April 15, 1847; Lindsey Ap- -e 1877; TWlNdiU Hie. CaL, 162. after travelling seventy miles south of the Calapooya ( 542 ___

544 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. THE APPLEGATE

Range, which forms the southern boundary of the The exploring company Willamette Valley, and being deserted by four of California trail. On arrivii their number on the border of the hostile Indian Umpqua River, where trap country, which left them not men enough to stand formerly taken to those higl guard, they returned for reenforceiiients. drought, chaparral, and savag The head of the first company had been Levi Scott, of P. L. Edwards, and tried a native of Illinois, who came to Oregon in 1844 from Young in 1837, finding that i near Burlington, Iowa, a man of character and deter- made over them, they return mination. He appealed to the patriotism of the which they found to be a l Polk County settlers, and secured the cooperation of rocky and filled with a thick Jesse and Lindsey Applegate, who had privately pro- and underbrush requiring m moted the expedition from the first, but who now left The greatest vigilance being i their homes and families with the fixed resolve never natives in the Rogue River - to retrace their steps, never to abandon the enterprise, countered no hostilities, altho until a good wagon-road should be found, if such evidences of trouble to a C existed, as they did not doubt, from what they knew eighty persons who had left of Fr6mont's expeditions, and the accounts given by Cr6ole two weeks before. Thie the lost emigrants of 1845, of the level appearance of in camp in the Rogue Rive the country to the south of their route in the lake- some of their horses, which I basin.2 The company as finally organized consisted vain to recover.4 Signal-fireE of fifteen men, well supplied for a protracted expedi- the mountains nightly, but f tion, who set out from La Creole settlement June watchful, the natives finally 22d.3 followed the California compa I Nathaniel Ford, in Or. Spectator, July 9, 1846. the Siskiyou Mountains. 'They were Levi Scott, Jesse Applegate, Lindsey Applegate, John Scott, On arriving in the Rogue Moses Harris, Henry Bogus, John Owens, John Jones, Robert Smith, Samuel Goodhue, Bennett Osborne, William Sportsman, William Parker, followed was along the river t Benjamin Burch, and David Goff, From notes and reminiscences by Lindsey the south-east, which led ti Applegate, in Portland West Shore from June to September 1877, the follow- ing biographical facts are taken: Siskiyou Range, where the C, John Scott accompanied his father, Capt. Scott, to Oregon in 1843. He from which they turned resided at Dallas in Polk County. eastw Benjamin F. Burch emigrated from Missouri, his native state, in 1845. He has long occupied positions of trust in Oregon, and resides at Salem. married a daughter of Albert T. Davidson David Goff was an immigrant of 1844. He settled in the neighborhood of resided for several years at Salem, but final the Fords, and one of his daughters was the wife of J. W. Nesmith. He William Sportsman came from Missour belonged to that class of pioneers whose patriotism extended beyond a John Owens was a native of Missouri, a desire to secure a grant of land. He died in Polk County in 1875, aged 80 Moses Harris, the ' Black Squire,' a fam years. Willamette Valley in 1844. He was well v William G. Parker was a native of Missouri, and an immigrant of 1843. was in this and other ways of much service t( He left Oregon for California, where he resided many years; but returned to the States in 1847, 4 and died at Independ, finally to Lake County, Oregon, and long resided in the country he assisted Applegate says the party consisted of C to explore in 1846. He was a brother of Mrs Jesse Applegate. bia River natives, with a few Americans. Robert Smith was born in Virginia, and came to Oregon in 1843. He of the Walla Wallas, who were going do married a daughter of Charles Applegate, and was brother-in-law of S. F. White had promised them for the losses sus Chadwick. 1844, and who arrived just in time to joil Samuel Goodhue was a native of New York, and an immigrant of 1844. He Californians. HiST. OR., VOL. I. 35 GRATION OF 1846. THE APPLEGATE EXPEDITION. 545 he southern boundary of the The exploring company proceeded south by the d being deserted by four of California trail. On arriving at the cafion of the border of the hostile Indian Umpqua River, where trappers and travellers had mn not men enough to stand formerly taken to those high, wooded ridges, where r ieenforcenients. drought, chaparral, and savages had so vexed the soul company had been Levi Scott, of P. L. Edwards, and tried the firmness of Ewing came to Oregon in 1844 from Young in 1837, finding that no wagon-road could be a man of character and deter- made over them, they returned to explore the canion, I to the patriotism of the which they found to be a practicable pass, though rd secured the cooperation of rocky and filled with a thick growth of scrubby trees egate, who had privately pro- and underbrush requiring much labor to cut away. m the first, but who now left The greatest vigilance being used in guarding against with the fixed resolve never natives in the Rogue River Valley, the company en- ver to abandon the enterprise, countered no hostilities, although they discovered the A should be found, if such evidences of trouble to a California party of about doubt, from what they knew eighty persons who had left the rendezvous on La s, and the accounts given by Creole two weeks before. This party had been detained 15, of the level appearance of in camp in the Rogue River Valley by the loss of of their route in the lake- some of their horses, which they had endeavored in s finally organized consisted vain to recover.' Signal-fires were seen burning on lied for a protracted expedi- the mountains nightly, but finding the road-hunters La Creole settlement June watchful, the natives finally left the explorers, and followed the California company to ambush them in r, July 9, 1846. the Siskiyou Mountains. )plegate, Lindsey Applegate, John Scott, On arriving I Owens, John Jones, Robert Smith, in the Rogue River Valley the course , William Sportsman, William Parker, followed was along the river to a branch coming from From notes and reminiscences by Lindsey 'om June to September 1877, the follow- the south-east, which led them to the foot of the Siskiyou Range, where the California trail crossed cr, Capt. Scott, to Oregon in 1843. it, He from which they turned eastward toward the Cascade om Missouri, his native state, in 1845. ist in Oregon, and resides at Salem. married a daughter 1844. He settled in the neighborhood of of Albert T. Davidson of the immigration of 1845, and resided for several years at Salem, but finally 3 was the removed to Ohio. wife of J. W. Nesmitl. He William Sportsman came from Missouri whose patriotism extended in 1845, and left Oregon in 1847. beyond a John Owens was a native of Missouri, and le died in Polk County in 1875, aged 80 an immigrant of 1843. Moses Harris, the ' Black Squire,' a famous scout and trapper, came to the Willamette Valley in f Missouri, 1844. He was well versed in the Shoshone dialect, and and an immigrant of 1843. was in this and other ways of much service e he resided many years; to the expedition. Harris returned but returned to the States in 1847, and died at Independence, Mo. long resided in the country he assisted 'Applegate says the r of Mrs Jesse Applegate. party consisted of Canadians, half-breeds, and Colum- bia River natives, with a few Americans. dia, and came to Oregon in 1843. These natives were probably some He of the Walla Wallas, who were going down egate, and was brother-in-law of S. F. to claim the indemnity which White had promised them for the losses sustained in their cattle expedition of 1844, and who arrived just in time to join Fr6mont's battalion against the 1w York, and an immigrant of 1844. He Californians. HIST. OR., VOL. I. 35 IaI I--E0

546 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. THROUGH THE Ml Mountains through a region hitherto unexplored, and previous, and where the Ho from a point now ascertained to be only six miles his three faithful Delawares north of the 42d parallel, or southern boundary of The explorers were mad Oregon. A few miles brought them to slopes of grad- white men had been there ual ascent, where wagons could pass without great papers lying about; doubt difficulty, to a fine stream of water, Keene Creek, brought from the States wi which they followed to a small valley, later known Fr6mont, who turned back as Round Prairie. On the following day, however, finders struck his trail. Ob they found themselves confronted by a rocky ridge, been removed as well as th( which it was impossible for wagons to pass, and trampled on the bank of t three days were consumed in searching for a route also that there were many I over or through it. On the third day, Long Prairie get to the water without ti was discovered, and near it the desired pass, from were convinced that some j which they followed a ridge trending northward to there, and this method ado the summit of the Cascade Range, which they reached bodies from the savages, the on the 4th of July; coming soon after to the Klamath obliterated by driving the an River, and travelling through a magnificent forest of times over the spot. This o yellow pine for six miles farther, where they had a the excitement evident amox first view-of the Klamath Valley. urally judged that these xx " It was an exciting moment," says Lindsey Apple- avenge the murder of the gate, "after the many days spent in dense forests and mont's party whom they w among the mountains, and the whole party broke forth killed,5 and which were the in cheer after cheer. An Indian, who had not been murders committed by this tr observed until the shouting began, started away from to 1873. the river-bank near us, and ran to the hills, a quarter With every precaution not of a mile distant. An antelope could scarcely have attack, they pursued their w. outstripped him, for we continued shouting as he ran, passing around the southern and his speed seemed to increase until he was lost math Lake, arrived on the e from our view, moving among the pines." site the camp on Hot Creel Following up the river about six miles to where it west, and a high rocky rids leaves the lower Klamath Lake, a ford was discovered, This ridge they ascended ne which, though the water was deep, was passed in ered at its eastern base thi safety, and the west shore of the lake followed down Modoc Lake, and apparently for two miles. By this time columns of smoke were east of that a timbered butte, seen rising in all directions, the natives who had dis- be a pass through the rocky r, covered the party telegraphing to others the presence of the lakes. The route se( of strangers. Keeping down the shore of the lake, north end of Tule Lake. In they encamped on Hot Creek, at the identical spot the ridge, however, they foun where Frdmont's party had been a couple of months 'Martin's Nar., MS., 19-21; Shasta Co, 1IGRATION OF 1846. THROUGH THE MODOC COUNTRY. 547 region hitherto unexplored, and previous, and where the Hot Creek Modocs murdered ,ertained to be only six miles his three faithful Delawares. .allel, or southern boundary of The explorers were made aware of the fact that brought them to slopes of grad- white men had been there, by fragments of news- Yons could pass without great papers lying about; doubtless those that Gillespie ;ream of water, Keene Creek, brought from the States with him, on his mission to to a small valley, later known Fremont, who turned back just before the real path- In the following day, however, finders struck his trail. Observing that the turf had 3 confronted by a rocky ridge, been removed as well as the willows, and the ground ible for wagons to pass, and trampled on the bank of the creek, and remarking umed in searching for a route also that there were many places where horses could In the third day, Long Prairie get to the water without this trouble, the company ear it the desired pass, from were convinced that some persons had been buried i ridge trending northward to there, and this method adopted of concealing their ade Range, which they reached bodies from the savages, the marks of digging being fing soon after to the Klamath obliterated by driving the animals of the party many hrough a magnificent forest of times over the spot. This opinion was confirmed by iles farther, where they had a the excitement evident among the Modocs, who nat- ath Valley. urally judged that these white men had come to moment," says Lindsey Apple- avenge the murder of the three members of Fr6- days spent in dense forests and mont's party whom they were conscious of having mnd the whole party broke forth killed,' and which were the first of a long list of An Indian, who had not been murders committed by this tribe, extending from 1846 iting began, started away from to 1873. and ran to the hills, a quarter With every precaution not to expose themselves to antelope could scarcely have attack, they pursued their way along the shore, and continued shouting as he ran, passing around the southern end of the lower Kla- to increase until he was lost math Lake, arrived on the evening of the 5th oppo- among the pines." site the camp on Hot Creek, with the lake to the ver about six miles to where it west, and a high rocky ridge to the east of them. th Lake, a ford was discovered, This ridge they ascended next morning, and discov- bter was deep, was passed in ered at its eastern base the since famous Tule or are of the lake followed down Modoc Lake, and apparently about thirty miles to the time columns of smoke were east of that a timbered butte, near which appeared to ons, the natives who had dis- be a pass through the rocky range encircling the basin raphing to others the presence of the lakes. The route seemed to lie around the down the shore of the lake, north end of Tule Lake. In attempting to descend b Creek, at the identical spot the ridge, however, they found themselves entangled had been a couple of months >'artin's Nar., MS., 19-21; Shasta Courier, July 7, 1876. 548 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. GRANITE MO among short lava ridges, and yawning crevices and eastward over the rocky jur eaves in the rocks, which compelled a retreat to gell Valley and Clear Lake, t smoother ground. Some difficulty was experienced the southern end of which tl in conducting a retreat, as the party had become sep- the 8th on a small stream c( arated and hidden from each other by the numerous east, and where game was fo jutting rocks. Ascending a spur of the m When all, with the exception of Scott, were reas- Lake Valley, a view was obt sembled, a northern course was taken toward the valley, with trees and streai meadow country which was observed from the bluff, mountain ridge supposed to I surrounding Modoc Lake on that side. The lake sierras. This was Surprise I being in full view, great numbers of canoes were seen pass was found, with grass 7 putting off from the shelter of the bluff and tules, gap. and making for what seemed to be an island several The party had now comr miles distant; this was in reality a rocky promontory, between the waters of the I now known as Scorpion Point, projecting into the coast and that other great lake from the south-east side. The wild men were Humboldt River and the g apparently alarmed at seeing Scott riding along the Lake. Their horses had woi margin of the lake, and believing that the whole com- rocks of Klamath land; the pany that they had seen in the lava-beds were close before them beyond the boi at hand, were fleeing from a single horseman. Still seemed to stretch interminal under the impression that the explorers were vengeful water or grass as far as the ey foeman, they remained out of their reach, and gave except by rocky ridges; an them no trouble. future looked gloomy. But On coming to Lost River where it enters Modoc of the day over sand, gravel Lake, and where the water is deep, a native was dis- little spring was most unexpE covered crouching under the shelter of the bank, who ing in an eastward course c on being made to understand by signs that the party middle of the afternoon of t wished to cross, was induced to point out an excellent ellers found themselves confr fording-place, where a ledge of stone runs quite across solid granite, varying in heig the stream.6 He was compensated by some trifling to several hundred feet, and ei presents; his new friends shook hands with him at arating into two divisions, t' parting, and he returned, apparently pleased, to join to the north and south, whel his tribe, while they kept on eastward, finding a good ing from two hundred feet to spring of water at the foot of a ridge to the north, than a single wagon. It wa where they encamped. length. A stream ran thrc Still making for their former landmark, they passed overhanging cliffs. After

6 A gradual rise in the waters of Modoc Lake has overflowed the meadows 'The small stream spoken of as comirn where the exploring party grazed their horses, and backed up the water in Surprise Valley, have taken the name of I Lost River, so named from sinking in the ground in places, until the ford, or I years after the discovery by the Oregon Stone Bridge as it was called by the early immigrants, has become impassable. immigrants through it on to the waters of MlGRATION OF 1846. GRANITE MOUNTAlNS. ges, and yawning crevices and eastward over the rocky juniper ridge, between Lan- which compelled a retreat to gell Valley and Clear Lake, then to Goose Lake, round ome difficulty was experienced the southern end of which they continued, encamping t, as the party had become sep- the 8th on a small stream coming in from the south- m each other by the numerous east, and where game was found in abundance. Ascending a spur of the mountains bordering Goose exception of Scott, were reas- Lake Valley, a view was obtained of another beautiful course was taken toward the valley, with trees and streams, beyond which was a a was observed from the bluff, mountain ridge supposed to be a part of the California LEake on that side. The lake sierras. This was Surprise Valley, into which a good at numbers of canoes were seen pass was found, with grass and water plenty, in the shelter of the bluff and tules, gap.' seemed to be an island several The party had now come to the dividing ridge in reality a rocky promontory, between the waters of the lake-basin of the Pacific on Point, projecting into the coast and that other which contains the ast side. The wild men were Humboldt River and the great inland sea of Salt seeing Scott riding along the Lake. Their horses had worn out their shoes on the 1 believing that the whole coll- rocks of Klamath land; the sandy desert that lay en in the lava-beds were close before them beyond the borders of Surprise Valley from a single horseman. Still seemed to stretch interminably, with no indication of hiat the explorers were vengeful water or grass as far as the eye could see, and unbroken out of their reach, and gave except by rocky ridges; and the prospect for the future looked gloomy. But pressing on to the close River where it enters Modoc of the day over sand, gravel, and rock, at evening a ater is deep, a native was dis- little spring was most unexpectedly found. Proceed- ,r the shelter of the bank, who ing in an eastward course over a sage plain, by the rstand by signs that the party middle of the afternoon of the 10th the weary trav- duced to point out an excellent ellers found themselves confronted by a sheer wall of [edge of stone runs quite across solid granite, varying in height from twenty or thirty compensated by some trifling to several hundred feet, and entirely impassable. Sep- ids shook hands with him at arating into two divisions, the country was explored ed, apparently pleased, to join to the north and south, where was found a gap vary- pt on eastward, finding a good ing from two hundred feet to the width of little more foot of a ridge to the north, than a single wagon. It was about twenty miles in length. A stream ran through it in places under former landmark, they passed overhanging cliffs. After examining this strange f Modoc Lake has overflowed the meadows 7The small stream spoken of as coming into Goose Lake, and the pass into their horses, and backed up the water in Surprise Valley, have taken the name of Lassen, from Peter Lassen, who two 9 in the ground in places, until the ford, or years after the discovery by the Oregon company, led a party of California e early immigrants, has become impassable. immigrants through it on to the waters of the Pit and Sacramento rivers. 550 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. HUMBOLDF. defile for some distance, it was determined to follow it these determined men. Or on the 11th; and on arriving at the eastern end, it was they proceeded southward c found to terminate in a lake-basin containing little burning peat-beds, and corn water but much mud, to which the name of Mud boldt River, near the presei Springs was given. On the farther side of the basin Although rejoiced to re, was another ridge extending parallel to the Granite been from the first an objE Mountains, which appeared to terminate about fifteen found the route from here t miles to the south of the gorge. Travelling toward pose, and began a course the end of this ridge along its base, grass and water easterly direction, looking were found, but not in abundance; and at the extrem- westward from a point ea ity, hot springs, with immense piles of volcanic rock march continued for two an and scoriae of a dark color, from which the place re- came to a dry branch of the ceived the name of Black Rock. At this point the the north, where there we company divided, half going east and the rest south. and where they encamped Finding nothing encouraging in the outlook east- ploring back toward what se ward from the Rabbit-hole Mountains, this party also the ridge round which th turned southward along their base, and at the termi- south. nation found a large spring, but too strongly alkaline At a distance of fifteen in to be used except in making coffee. From this spring came to a fine spring; anc looking east, nothing could be seen but a vast plain gradual rise, to a table-land glittering with an alkaline efflorescence, which greatly from which Black Rock w aggravated the heat of a July sun. In travelling over fied that they had now disc it the party suffered not only from heat and thirst, the Humboldt westward to but from those atmospheric illusions so tormenting to and water, and making assi those who traverse deserts. All that day and night, discovering Rabbit-hole Spr: and until four o'clock in the afternoon of the following Humboldt Meadow to recru day, they were without water, and one of the men had they turned their faces onc succumbed, and was left lying in the shadow of some knowing that the source ( rocks, while his companions in suffering directed their the vicinity of their destir course toward a small green spot several miles distant. could be no lack of water oi While on this errand they fell in with the southern of the way. division, which had also been without water about as On the 25th of July the i long, and was travelling toward the bit of green in intention of the explorers the distance. That night all encamped together again, directly to Bear River, fift the sick man having been brought to camp. But so Fort Hall, there, in case of warm, alkaline, and disagreeable was the little water the American traveller wou found, that few of the company could retain it. The provisions running short, on horses drank it eagerly, and this small relief, with a pany proceeded to Bear R night of rest, sufficed to raise the sinking courage of gate, Harris, Goff. Owens. a WIGRATION OF 1846. HlUMBOLDT RIVER. 551 e, it was determined to follow it these determined men. On the morning of the 18th rriving at the eastern end, it was they proceeded southward over a level plain, passing l a lake-basin containing little burning peat-beds, and coming at noon to the Hum- l, to which the name of Mud boldt River, near the present site of Humboldt City. )n the farther side of the basin Although rejoiced to reach this river, which had tending parallel to the Granite been from the first an objective point, the explorers eared to terminate about fifteen found the route from here too southerly for their pur- the gorge. Travelling toward pose, and began a course up the valley in a north- along its base, grass and water easterly direction, looking for a pass more directly abundance; and at the extrem- westward from a point east of Black Rock. The immense piles of volcanic rock march continued for two and a half days, until they ,olor, from which the place re- came to a dry branch of the Humboldt coming in from lack Rock. At this point the the north, where there was an extensive meadow, going east and the rest south. and where they encamped with the intention of ex- -ouraging in the outlook east- ploring back toward what seemed to be a gap through Wole Mountains, this party also the ridge round which they had travelled to the g their base, and at the termi- south. ring, but too strongly alkaline At a distance of fifteen miles up the dry creek they Lking coffee. From this spring came to a fine spring; and fifteen miles west, up a ould be seen but a vast plain gradual rise, to a table-land covered with good grass, Ine efflorescence, which greatly from which Black Rock was plainly visible. Satis- a July sun. In travelling over fied that they had now discovered a direct route from it only from heat and thirst, the Humboldt westward to Black Point, with grass teric illusions so tormenting to and water, and making assurance doubly sure by re- rts. All that day and night, discovering Rabbit-hole Springs, after remaining in the the afternoon of the following Humboldt Meadow to recruit their horses three days, vater, and one of the men had they turned their faces once more toward the east, lying in the shadow of some knowing that the source of the Humboldt was in ons in suffering directed their the vicinity of their destined point, and that there een spot several miles distant. could be no lack of water or grass for the remainder iey fell in with the southern of the way. been without water about as On the 25th of July the march was resumed. The toward the bit of green in intention of the explorers was to locate their road t all encamped together again, directly to Bear River, fifty or sixty miles south of n brought to camp. But so Fort Hall, 'there, in case of hostilities with England, greeable was the little water the American traveller would not wish to go. But )mpany could retain it. The provisions running short, only two thirds of the com- and this small relief, with a pany proceeded to Bear River, while Jesse Apple- raise the sinking courage of gate, Harris, Goff. Owens. and Bogus turned off from a

552 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. INDEPENDEN' Thousand Springs Valley to Fort Hall for supplies,8 to seventeen hundred went and, if possible, to induce a portion of the immigra- to California." tion, which would probably be in that vicinity, to travel As usual with the migi the new route and open the road. Before arriving adhesiveness, and large c at Fort Hall, Henry Bogus, learning that a son of dozen smaller ones, and Mr Grant of the fort had started for St Louis, and arising from trifling causes. wishing to return there, left the party, and took a intensified by a scarcity cut-off, in the hope of overtaking the St Louis Com- dry.'2 9 pany, but was never again heard from. 1' The authorities differ. The Speci The immigration of 1846 was not so large as that of immigrants for the year at 1,000. (1 at that time several hundred had not of the previous year, and many were destined to Cali- the Oregon immigration is spoken of a, fornia, whither efforts were made to direct the waver- that at St Joseph, Elizabethtown, Ion 10 lected 271 wagons, and at Independen ing. From the best evidence I can gather, about grants at 1,841. The best authority i twenty-five hundred his party of 16 continued to meet for persons left the Missouri frontier wagons, and that in all he passed 541 this year for the Pacific coast. Of these, from fifteen and that 212 wagons were bound for Hist. -IonnerParty, 17. I find corrobc 272, 281, 341, 343, 416. 8 Bryant's What I saw in California, 196-7. An extract fri 9Lindsey Applegate of the Bear River party, who kept a journal, relates ister, says: 'The Oregon emigrants have that in travelling slowly up the monotonous Humboldt Valley, where game to their great encampment on the Kanm was scarce, and the natives seemed to live on crickets and grasshoppers, Scott We have not yet received a census of I and he turned aside one day to pursue a band of antelope, and came to wagon- A letter to the Register, from some on, tracks leading away from the river toward a rocky gulch two or three miles must be strung along the road for 300 i distant. There seemed to have been several wagons, and the prints of bare the 18th of May; 216 wagons exclusi' feet were numerous beside the track. In the gulch were found the ashes each of these 356 wagons had 4 yokl and irons of the wagons which had been burned. No human remains were stock would make 2,000 head of cattle seen. The emigrants had probably been murdered. They were one of the lie estimated at 2,000, 800 of them beb small parties which from 1843 to 1846 sought to enter California by the Hum- This same writer says: 'On yesterday boldt route. from Mexico. It (lid not surprise me ii 10I find that this effort was understood and resisted by the people of Oregon. be sent to overtake the emigrants, af The 15th of June a public meeting was held at Oregon City, to provide for them to make the conquest of Californi sending an express to Soda Springs to meet the emigration, 'to prevent their take it for granted our government will being deceived and led astray by the misrepresentations of L. M. Hastings, A correspondent of the St Louis Reynt wllo is now on his way from California for that object.' The committee selected Oregon emigration was a fine-looking l to compose the express was W. Finley, J. S. Rinearson, and W. G. T'Vault. their expedition. Some wagons were a; The committee took the depositions of Truman Bonney, Jarius Bonney, Abner veniences for families. One old man of Frazer, John Chamberlain, Robert C. Keyes, and Allen Sanders, recently pany his children and grandchildren; from California, concerning the intention of Hastings, and the general condi- wagons. Some of the wagon-covers tion of affairs in California. The first three affiants deposed that by the rep- Josiah Gregg, writing to the Register, resentations of Mr Grant at Fort Hall the year previous, they were induced but that the larger part of it is for Cali to go to California, but on arriving in the Sacramento Valley found the whole fired upon 2 emigrants, killing one, nan country burned by the sun, and no food either for man or beast. Flour was also Houne Missionary, xviii. 89; and Rc $10 or $12 per cwt., and vegetables there were none. Five to eight bushels of 2In volume lxxi. 146, of Niles' Reg., wheat was an average crop. No rain fell from March to January; there was one of the California emigrants, dated no timber except on the mountains. Society did not exist, and it was difficult Fork of Green River, not far from Bear for a man to keep his own. The Catholic missions were destroyed; no land by Capt. Walker, who was returning could be obtained without purchase, and titles were not good; duties were so The letter runs as follows: 'At Fort La high that no shipping came in, and clothing was almost impossible to obtain. of the emigrants, sold off their wagon And above all, Mr Hastings and Captain Sutter were intending to revolution- articles, pursued their journey on hors ize the country as soon as people enough had come to fight the Spaniards. Fort Laramie was deficient, and the ani Similar depositions were made by the other three, to be used in undeceiving in the of the Rocky Mounta the immigrants whom Hastings would endeavor to mislead! Or. Spectator, seen no Indians after leaving Fort Larar June 25, 1846. their dangerous vicinity, and only a fes From Fort Laramie they had pleasant [GRATION OF 1846. INDEPENDENT COMPANIES. 553 ey to Fort Hall for supplies,8 to seventeen hundred went to Oregon; the remainder Lice a portion of the immigra- 1 ,bly be in that vicinity, to travel to California. " ,n the road. Before arriving As usual with the migrations, there was a lack of Bogus, learning that a son of adhesiveness, and large companies split into half a liad started for dozen smaller ones, and there were many quarrels St Louis, and arising from 'e, left the party, and took a trifling causes. In 1846 these feuds were intensified by a scarcity of grass, the season being Overtaking the St Louis Com- 2 ain heard from.9 dry.1 1846 1"The authorities differ. The Spectator of Dec. 10, 1846, gives the number was not so large as that of immigrants for the year at 1,000. (Message of Governor Abernethy.) But d many were destined to Cali- at that time several hundred had not yet arrived. In Hyde's Statement, 6, the Oregon immigration is spoken of as 'large.' Saxton, in his Or. Ter., says rere made to direct the waver- that at St Joseph, Elizabethtown, Iowa Point, and Council Bluffs were col- evidence I can gather, about lected 271 wagons, and at Independence 174 wagons; and estimates the emi- grants at 1,841. The best authority is probably Joel Palmer, who says that ,sons left the Missouri frontier his party of 16 continued to meet for 200 miles companies of from 6 to 40 coast. Of these, from fifteen wagons, and that in all he passed 541 wagons, averaging 5 persons to each; and that 212 wagons were bound for California. Journal, 137; Mcflashan's Hist. Donner Party, 17. I find corroborative evidence in Niles' Reg., lxx. 211, nia, 196-7. 272, 281, 341, 343, 416. An extract from the St Louis Republican, in the Reg- r River party, who kept a journal, relates ister, says: 'The Oregon emigrants have gone on in advance of the Californians, Lonotonous Humboldt Valley, where game to their great encampment on the Kansas River, about 100 miles west of this. to live on crickets and grasshoppers, Scott We have not yet received a census of their company, but will in a few days.' sue a band of antelope, and came to wagon. A letter to the Register, from some one in Weston, Mo., says the emigration toward a rocky gulch two or three miles must be strung along the road for 300 miles; 40 wagons were yet to start, on 'en several wagons, and the prints of bare the 18th of May; 216 wagons exclusive of these had left the Iowa agency; ick. In the gulch were found the ashes each of these 356 wagons had 4 yokes of oxen, which added to the loose I been burned. No human remains were stock would make 2,000 head of cattle on the road. The number of persons y been murdered. They were one of the he estimated at 2,000, 800 of them being 'able-bodied men of resolute spirit.' 46 sought to enter California by the Hum- This same writer says: 'On yesterday, I for the first time heard the news from Mexico. It did not surprise me in the least, but I wish an express could 'stood and resisted by the people of Oregon. be sent to overtake the emigrants, after congress has acted, and authorize was held at Oregon City, to provide for them to make the conquest of California. They could and would do it, and I to meet the emigration, 'to prevent their take it for granted our government will declare war; all they want is a chance.' he misrepresentations of L W. Hastings, A correspondent of the St Louis Republican, quoted in the Register, says the ia for that object.' The committee selected Oregon emigration was a fine-looking body of people, and well fitted out for iley, J. S. Rinearson, and W. G. T'Vault. their expedition. Some wagons were carpeted, and had chairs and other con- of Truman Bonney, Jarius Bonney, Abner veniences for families. One old man of more than 70 years was going to accom- ; C. Keyes, and Allen Sanders, recently pany his children and grandchildren; and this family all together had 10 *ntionof Hastings, and the general condi- wagons. Some of the wagon-covers bore 'Oregon, 540 40'; all or none.!' rst three affiants deposed that by the rep- Josiah Gregg, writing to the Register thinks the emigration numbers 2,000, [all the year previous, they were induced but that the larger part of it is for California. I learn also that the Pawnees n the Sacramento Valley found the whole fired upon 2 emigrants, killing one, named Edward Trimble, from Iowa. See food either for mau or beast. Flour was also Homne Misionery, xviii. 89; and Rbabison's Growth of Towns, MS., 1-5. there were none. Five to eight bushels of "2In volume lxxi. 146, of iles' Beg., is an extract from a letter written by n fell from March to January; there was one of the California emigrants, dated July 23d at Fort Bridger, near Black Society did not exist, and it was difficult Fork of Green River, not far from Bear River Mountains, which was 'brought tholic missions were destroyed; no land by Capt. Walker, who was returning from California with Lieut. Frdmont.' and titles were not good; duties were so The letter runs as follows: 'At Fort Laraie Colonel Russel, and many other ilothing was almost impossible to obtain. of the emigrants, sold off their wagons, and with a pack containing a few tain Sutter were intending to revolution. articles, pursued their journey on horseback. The grass on the route from Lough had come to fight the Spaniards. Fort Laramie was deficient, and the animals fared badly.... The parties were e other three, to be used in undeceiving in the South pass of the Rocky Mountains on the 13th of July, and had then uld endeavor to mislead! Or. Spectator, seen no Indians after leaving Fort Laramie, and considered themselves beyond their dangerous vicinity, and only a few of the emigrants kept a night guard. From Fort Laramie they had pleasant weather, with cool nights and warm -

554 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. THORNTON AND

The character of these pilgrims was in general J. Quinn Thornton '4 dea good; they were intelligent, and in comfortable cir- southern route to the Will cumstances. That this was true, many well-written that appeared in the public prints give evi- or 5 horsemen soon entered the river, letters and clambered up the loose sand-bank dence, both as regards their authors and their travel- and swarthy, with care-worn, anxiouk They had good cause for anxiety; it N ling companions. I find in a book by a writer always here, and on the night of their arrival successful in making a readable narrative, as well as in driven off by the wolves, through the discouraging and alarming calamity v recording useful information, but who occasionally them. Since leaving the settlements gives proof of powers of observation put to good use, fortune. Some of their party had di, Pawnees; and about a week before, the, that there was the usual substratum of the hardy of all their best horses.. .The emigrant pioneer element; and also, that though the companies to follow. First the heavy ox-wagons slowly over the sand-beds; sometimes scattered along the road for two hundred miles were wetted by the thin sheet of water; and all well fitted out at the start, some of them, through boiling against their sides, and eddying inch they receded from the shore, dwind carelessness, or strife amongst themselves, became seemed to be floating far out in the ver much distressed before the conclusion of even the the other bank, a rough group of men s 1 nor large of frame, yet they had an asi first half of their journey. home no scope for their fiery energies, prairie; and in them seemed to be revi spirit which impelled their ancestors, E days, though very dusty roads until they reached Fort Bridger, and during the from the German forests, to inundate E whole route they had not seen more than a dozen buffalo. Col. Russel and empire. A fortnight afterwards this um his party, by hard travelling, reached Fort Bridger 2 or 3 days before while we were there. Not one of thei the others; but his horses had their backs badly worn, and he remained 3 though they had encamped a week in or 4 days to recruit. At that place they were met by Mr Hastings, from compelled to abandon a great part of t1 California, who came out to conduct them in by the new route, by the foot of cows and heifers to their wagons to car Salt Lake, discovered by Captain Frtmont, which is said to be 200 miles the most toilsome and hazardous part ol nearer than the old one, by Fort Hall. The distance to California was said It is worth noticing, that on the to be 650 miles, through a fine farming country, with plenty of grass for the shattered wrecks of ancient claw-foote cattle. Companies of from one to a dozen wagons are continually arriving, massive bureaus of carved oak. These, and several have already started on, with Hastings at their head, who would ancestral prosperity in the colonial ti conduct them to near where the new road joins the old route, and there leave vicissitudes. Imported, perhaps, origi them, and push on with his party. Russel had also started, guided by a man declining fortunes of their owners, born who came through with Hastings. He is said to be very sick of the journey, wilderness of Ohio or Kentucky; then t, and anxious to complete it. Instead of entering California as the commander fondly stowed away in the family wa of a half-military caravan, he had been forsaken by his most cherished com- Oregon. But the stern privations of panions, and even his understrappers had treated him with indignity. Gray- cherished relic is soon flung to scorch son had quarrelled with all his companions, and every one who could raise a man's Cal. and Or. Trail, 105-8. horse had left him. Boggs and many others had determined to go to Oregon, 1' Oregon and California in 184S, by and were expected to arrive at Fort Bridger in a day or two. Curry had also umes, with illustrations and a map, N been persuaded to go to Oregon, and from thence he would go to California was written after one year's residence and the Sandwich Islands. . The Oregon route may be considerably shortened history and the description of Californ by avoiding Fort Bridger and passing a stretch of 45 miles without water, Hall J. Kelley, whose acquaintance he but most of the companies go that way. The emigrants were heartily tired sketch of the early settlement of the c of their journey, and nine tenths of them wished themselves back in the States. sketch of the establishment of the prov The whole company has been broken up into squads by dissatisfaction and of his late participation in its affairs; an bickerings, and it is pretty much every man for himself. The accounts they ogy, mineralogy, forests, rivers, farming had received of Oregon and California, by the parties they met returning to of which, considering the date of public the States, had greatly disheartened them, and they had horrible anticipa. the main correctly given, establishing t tions of the future, in the country which they believed to be, when they set matter of rather unusual merit. But tl out, as beautiful as the Elysian fields.' contained in one by the omission of the 13 'Far off on the other side of the Platte was a green meadow, where we the immigration, which reveal a narro' could see the white tents and wagons of an emigrant camp; and just opposite spirit seldom associated with those mer to us we could discern a group of men and animals at the water's edge. Foer ton gives evidence in his writings. lI

rRATION OF 1846. THORNTON AND HIS WRITINGS. 555 ese pilgrims was in general J. Quinn Thornton 4 dealt with the opening of the ;ent, and in comfortable cir- southern route to the Willamette Valley in a partic- was true, many well-written 1 the public prints give evi- or 5 horsemen soon entered the river, and in 10 minutes had waded across and clambered up the loose 'sand-bank. They were ill-looking fellows, thin 'eir authors and their travel- and swarthy, with care-worn, anxious faces, and lips rigidly compressed. in a book by a writer always They had good cause for anxiety; it was 3 days since they first encamped here, and on the night of their arrival they had lost 123 of their best cattle, adable narrative, as well as in driven off by the wolves, through the neglect of the man on guard. This ation, but who occasionally discouraging and alarming calamity was not the first that had overtaken them. Since leaving the settlements they had met with nothing but mis- observation put to good use, fortune. Some of their party had died; one man had been killed by the al substratum of the hardy Pawnees; and about a week before, they had been plundered by the Dakotahs of all their best horses. ..The emigrants recrossed the river, and we prepared D,that though the companies to follow. First the heavy ox-wagons plunged down the bank, and dragged slowly over the sand-beds; sometimes the hoofs of the oxen were scarcely for two hundred miles were wetted by the thin sheet of water; and the next moment the river would be start, some of them, through boiling against their sides, and eddying fiercely around the wheels. Inch by inch they receded from the shore, dwindling every moment until at length they mongst themselves, became seemed to be floating far out in the very middle of the river.. .As we gained the conclusion of even the the other bank, a rough group of men surrounded us. They were not robust 13 nor large of frame, yet they had an aspect of hardy endurance. Finding at home no scope for their fiery energies, they had betaken themselves to the prairie; and in them seemed to be revived, with redoubled force, that fierce spirit which impelled their ancestors, scarce more lawless than themselves, they reached Fort Bridger, and during the from the German forests, to inundate Europe, and break to pieces the Roman than a dozen buffalo. Col. Russel and empire. A fortnight afterwards this unfortunate party passed Fort Laramie Lched Fort Bridger 2 or 3 days before while we were there. Not one of their missing oxen had been recovered, ir backs badly worn, and he remained 3 though they had encamped a week in search of them; and they had been e they were met by Mr Hastings, from compelled to abandon a great part of their baggage and provisions, and yoke them in by the new route, by the foot of cows and heifers to their wagons to carry them forward upon their journey, Frfmont, which is said to be 200 miles the most toilsome and hazardous part of which lay still before them.' all. The distance to California was said It is worth noticing, that on the Platte one may sometimes see the ing country, with plenty of grass for the shattered wrecks of ancient claw-footed tables, well waxed and rubbed, or Ldozen wagons are continually arriving, massive bureaus of carved oak. These, many of them no doubt the relies of with Hastings at their head, who would ancestral prosperity in the colonial time, must have encountered strange 'road joins the old route, and there leave vicissitudes. Imported, perhaps, originally from England; Russel had also started, guided by a man then, with the declining fortunes of their owners, borne across the Alleghanies to the remote He is said to be very sick of the journey, wilderness of Ohio or Kentucky; then to Illinois or Missouri; and now at last *of entering California as the commander fondly stowed away in the family wagon for the interminable ,en forsaken by his most cherished com- journey to had treated him with indignity. Gray. Oregon. But the stern privations of the way are little anticipated. The anions, and every one who could raise a cherished relic is soon flung to scorch and crack upon the hot prairie. Park- man's Cal. and Or. Trail, 105-8. othersr had determined to go to Oregon, i4Oregon and: California in Bridger in a day or two. Curry had also 1848, by J. Quinn Thornton, etc., in two vol- lumes, with illustrations and a map, New York, 1840. Mr Thornton's book I from thence he would go to California was written after one year's residence in Oregon, his account of its political gon route may be considerably shortened history and the description of California being drawn from the writings ig a stretch of 45 miles without water, of ray. The emigrants were heartily tired Hall J. Kelley, whose acquaintance he formed in 1848. To this is added a sketch of the early settlement of the country by missionaries and others; a emwished themselves back in the States. sketch of the establishment of the provisional government, with an account n up into squads by dissatisfaction and of his late participation in its affairs; an account of the general features, *ryman for himself. The accounts they geol- ogy, mineralogy, forests, rivers, farming lands, and institutions of Oregon; all a, by the parties they met returning to of which, considering the date of publication, is useful and interesting and in them,. and they had horrible anticipa- hich they believed to be, when they set the main correctly given, establishing the author's ability to produce literary matter of rather unusual merit. But these two volumes could well have been contained in one by the omission of the author's narrative of the incidents of PlatteZ was a green meadow, where we the immigration, which of an emigrant camp; and just opposite reveal a narrowness of judgment and bitterness of and animals at the water's edge. Four spirit seldom associated with those mental endowments of which Mr Thorn- ton gives evidence in his writings. 0 i

556 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. THE APPL] i 5 ular and detailed manner, which makes him the prin- to them' with so much 1 cipal authority upon the incidents attending it. It the California company k is there stated that Thornton and his wife left Quincy, off west of Fort Hall. Illinois, on the 18th of April, and went to Indepen- When Applegate's pa dence to join the Oregon and California emigrants. met and conversed with He left that place May 12th, and soon overtook the of routes, among whom w California Company under W. H. Russell. The train Kirquendall, to which be with which Thornton travelled together with Rus- and which determined t sell's made a caravan of 72 wagons, 130 men, 65 piloted by the explorers. women, and 125 children. The ill-fated Donner party gate represented, as he subsequently joined them, and all travelled together, route was superior in n or not far apart, to Fort Bridger, where about 80 the Snake and Columbia persons were persuaded to take the newly discovered the alkali desert, which route to the Humboldt Valley by the way of Weber avoid for the most part, i Canon and Salt Lake, which Hastings, who had come country; there were nc to Fort Bridger to meet the immigrants, recommended coming to the Cascade I it was greatly superior J. Quinn Thornton was born August 24, 1810, near Point Pleasant, Mason while in the Klamath, County, West Virginia. From his manuscript Autobiography, it appears his valleys grass and water w ancestors arrived in eastern Virginia in 1633 from England, and that the Thornton family are now widely scattered over the southern and western and abundance. The dis states. In his infancy Thornton removed with his parents to Champaign than by the old route, t County, Ohio, and grew up a studious boy, reading all the books that came in his way, among others Sully's Memoirs, from which he drew his favorite taken. Influenced by tl 5om0 de plume of 'Achilles De Harley,'used in later years as a signature to certain political articles in the New York Tribune. His mother desired him 15The narration of the misfortun II to study for the ministry; but he chose law as a profession, and went to tings' cut-off does not belong to this England to study, remaining nearly three years in London, living in retirement in Hist. Cal., this series; also in Med and learning little of the great world about him. At the end of that time he Thornton's Or. and Cal., ii. 95-246. returned to Virginia, and studied law under John Howe Peyton, of Staunton Boggs of Missouri, and several of t in that state, being admitted to the bar in May 1833. Thornton says that fornia emigration, including the De during the period of his studies he became interested in trying to discover the concerning them. Hastings undoub nature of gravitation; being of the belief that the word 'attraction,' as applied ner company to take his route, and to gravitation, is a misnomer, and that the force is external to rather than grants to go to California, thereby p inherent in matter; and claims that the identity of that force was discovered already quoted from Niles' Register. by him in August 1832. The results of his investigations on this subject, mittee sent out to counteract his inl being committed to manuscript, were twice destroyed by fire, since which last year's emigrants to California, . no further effort has been made to place his discovery before the world. After travellers knew not which stateme being admitted to the bar, Thornton attended law lectures at the University route to take. According to Hastir of Virginia under Prof. John A. G. Davis. Having had all this preparation, the Pacific was a 'succession of higl he opened a law office in Palmyra, Missouri, in 1835, and in 1836 edited a valleys,' with a scarcity of fuel aloi political paper in that place, in the interest of Martin Van Buren during the Glashan in the Hist. Donner Party, presidential campaign. On the 8th of Feb., 1838, he married Mrs Nancy M. had charge of Fort Bridger, earne Logue of Hannibal in that state; and in 1841 removed to Quincy, Illinois. take Hastings' cut-off, because the The Oregon Question being popularly discussed by all ranks of society about which would otherwise refit at Fort this time, led him, as it did thousands of others, to think of adding his indi- famous hunter and trapper, and e I vidual weight to the American claim, and in 1846 he resolved to emigrate. I departure from facts clouds the crE am indebted to Mr Thornton for many favors. When in Salem, in 1878, he confirmed the merits of the Hastii not only gave me a valuable dictation, but placed me in possession of many is certain that to dissensions among important documents collected by him during an eventful ie. attributed the tragedy of Donner Lo I I 'I GRATION OF 1846. THE APPLEGATE ROUTE. 55c7 ar, which makes him the prin- to them'5 with so much urgency. The remainder of ie incidents attending it. It the California company kept to the old route turning rnton and his wife left Quincy, of!west of Fort Hall. April, and went to Indepen- When Applegate's party were at that post, they 'on and California emigrants. met and conversed with many persons on the subject 12th, and soon overtook the of routes, among whom was a company led by William ler W. H. Russell. The train Kirquendall, to which belonged Thornton and Boggs, travelled together with Rus- and which determined to take the southern route, of 72 wagons, 130 men, 65 piloted by the explorers. Without question Apple- L. The ill-fated Donner party gate represented, as he believed, that the southern m, and all travelled together, route was superior in many respects to that along )rt Bridger, where about 80 the Snake and Columbia rivers. The grass, except on to take the newly discovered the alkali desert, which he expected in returning to Valley by the way of Weber avoid for the most part, was better than in the Snake hich Hastings, who had come country; there were no mountains tp cross before the immigrants, recommended coming to the Cascade Range, and the pass through it was greatly superior to the Mount Hood pass; igust 24, 1810, near Point Pleasant, Mason while in the Klamath, Rogue River, and Umpqua manuscript Autobiography, it appears his ma in 1633 from England, and that the valleys grass and water were of the greatest excellence cattered over the southern and western and abundance. The distance he judged to be shorter removed with his parents to Champaign ous boy, reading all the books that came than by the old route, though in this he was mis- demoirs, from which he drew his favorite taken. Influenced by the misrepresentation y,' used in later years as a signature to of Has- > York Tribune. His mother desired him 5 chose law as a profession, and went to 1 The narration of the misfortunes which attended the emigrants on Has- bhree years in London, living in retirement tings' cut-off does not belong to this division of this history, but will be found I about him. At the end of that time he in Wist. Cal., this series; also in Mc~lashan's Hist. of the Donner Party, and in w under John Howe Peyton, of Staunton Thornton's Or. and Cal., ii. 95-246. Thornton became well acquainted with L bar in May 1833. Thornton says that Boggs of Missouri, and several of the most prominent persons in the Cali- acame interested in trying to discover the fornia emigration, including the Donner party, and has recorded many facts elief that the word 'attraction,' as applied concerning them. Hastings undoubtedly exaggerated in persuading the Don- bhat the force is external to rather than ner company to take his route, and in trying to influence the Oregon immi- the identity of that force was discovered grants to go to California, thereby producing the effect spoken of in the letter ts of his investigations on this subject, already quoted from Niles Register. On the other hand, the Oregon com- re twice destroyed by fire, since which mittee sent out to counteract his influence, by showing the depositions of the wce his discovery before the world. After last year's emigrants to California, added to the feeling of uncertainty. The attended law lectures at the University travellers knew not which statement to believe, and chose at random which Davis. Having had all this preparation, route to take. According to Hastings, the 800 miles between Fort Hall and Missouri, in 1835, and in 1836 edited a the Pacific was a 'succession of high mountains, cliffs, deep cafnons, and small nterest of Martin Van Buren during the valleys,' with a scarcity of fuel along the Snake and Columbia rivers. Mc- )f Feb., 1838, he married Mrs Nancy M. Glashan in the Hist. Donner Party, 22, says that Bridger and Vazquez, who Adin 1841 removed to Quincy, Illinois. had charge of Fort Bridger, earnestly advised the California emigration to r discussed by all ranks of society about take Hastings' cut-off, because they wanted to sell supples to the trains Is of others, to think of adding his indi- which would otherwise refit at Fort Hall. He also says that Hastings was a and in 1846 he resolved to emigrate. I famous hunter and trapper, and employed to pilot the emigration: which iy favors. When in Salem, in 1878, he departure from facts clouds the credibility of the previous assertion. Time a, but placed me in possession of many confirmed the merits of the Hastings cut-off as a road to California; and it during an eventful life. is certain that to dissensions among themselves, and unwise delays, was to be attributed the tragedy of Donner Lake. 558 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. SCARCITY OF GRA tings as to the northern route, and hoping to escape Before the Applegates lef its eight hundred miles of mountains, ravines, and Springs to smooth as far a precipices by taking the southern one, a caravan of the wagons were to follow, ninety or a hundred wagons, including Kirquendall's grants to be careful in pas company, left Fort Hall on the 9th of August, ar- occupied by savages, no com riving at the rendezvous of the exploring party at wagons being considered sa Thousand Springs on the 12th, where David Goff be used in travelling, and and Levi Scott assumed the duty of guiding them drives over the desert por to the Willamette, while the Applegates and the re- precautions should be obser mainder of the company pushed forward to mark out directions, and two reliable X or cut out the road, as the case might demand, accom- hended no difficulty for thos panied by a volunteer party of young men from the The first companies to tU immicration. plorers were those led by On arriving at the tributary of the Humboldt, they Mr Vanderpool; and altho proceeded up the stream to the spring before discov- severer toil of breaking the ered, which they called Diamond, but which is now road over the Cascade M( known as Antelope spring, and which they enlarged gate's company, which a fir( by digging. Thence they took a north-west course fallen timber, they arrived ir 18 to Rabbit-hole Mountains, where they enlarged the on the 9th of October; X Rabbit-hole spring. They found no way of avoiding disregarding the instruction the Black Rock desert of alkali and mud lakes be- by the way, some, indeed, tween there and the Granite Mountains, the same which they had no control,' course being followed in locating the road west of ness and a desire to evade sh Black cafion that was pursued on the first explora- making. These detained t] tion. The real labor of road-making began when the of whom were compelled I company reached the Cascade Mountains, and was parting of the California a repeated in the chain to the north of the Rogue Humboldt, because Goff, tL River Valley, and in the Umpqua cafnon. On ar- to do so, lest they should- riving in the Umpqua Valley, at the north end of the point.20 cafion, feeling that they had removed the greatest obstacles to travel with wagons, and being reduced to 17Or. Spectator, April 15, 1847; L. I Ashland Tidings, Oct. 1877 to July 1878; the necessity' of hunting to supply themselves with Report, 1868, 1042; Burnett's Recollectiown 18D. Goff, in Or. Spectator, April 29, provisions, the passage through the Calapooya Moun- 19 On the 13th of August a young mar tains was left to be opened by the immigrants them- in a consumption died. On the 21st a three children; a few others were ill. selves, and the company hastened to their homes, 2"Thornton says that Applegate affirr from which they had been absent fifteen weeks. to the Willamette Valley by way of the that the distance by the southern route , tance was better supplied with grass and' 16These were Thomas Powers, Alfred Stewart, Charles Putnam, who road was generally smooth, and the dry d married a daughter of Jesse Applegate, Burgess, Shaw, Carnahan, and others. absence of all truth in each of these affii William Kirquendall and J. M. Wair also joined the road company. to judge of the principles of the man r v'RATION OF 1846. SCARCITY OF GRASS AND WATER. Lroute, and hoping to escape Before the Applegates left the caravan at Thousand 3 of mountains, ravines, and Springs to smooth as far as possible the road which - southern one, a caravan of the wagons were to follow, they instructed the immi- .ons, including Kirquendall's grants to be careful in passing through I the country on the 9th of August, ar- occupied by savages, no companies of less than twenty is of the exploring party at wagons being considered safe; that diligence should he 12th, where David Goff be used in travelling, and that in making I the the long duty of guiding them drives over the desert portions of the road the certain Applegates and the re- precautions should be observed. With these explicit pushed forward to mark out directions, and two reliable men as guides, they appre- e case might demand, accom- hended no difficulty for those who were to follow."7 trty of young men from the The first companies to take the road after the ex- plorers were those led by Harrison Linville, and a utary of the Humboldt, they Mr Vanderpool; and although upon them fell the to the spring before discov- severer toil of breaking the track, and reopening Diamond, but which is now the road over the Cascade Mountains made by Apple- g, and which they enlarged gate's company, which a fire had filled in places y took with a north-west course fallen timber, they arrived in the Rogue River Valley s, where they enlarged the on the 9th of October;'8 while the rear companies, y found no way of avoiding disregarding the instructions )f alkali of the guides, loitered and mud lakes be- by the way, some, indeed, from circumstances ~anite Mountains, over the same which they had no control,"9 but many from dilatori- L locating the road west of ness and a desire to evade sharing in the irsued on labor of road- the first explora- making. These detained the main companies, mad-making began some when the of whom were compelled to wait for them at the Lscade Mountains, and was parting of the California and Oregon roads on the the north of the Rogue Humboldt, because Goff, their guide, was compelled Umpqua canion. On ar- to do so, lest they should. mistake the turning-ofi [ley,, at the north end of the point.20 had removed the greatest Lgons, and being reduced to "Or. Spectator, April 15, 1847; L. Applegate's Klamath Lake Road, in to supply themselves with Ashland Tiding8, Oct. 1877 to July 1878; Zabriske, in U. S. Surveyor-general's Report, 1868, 1042; Burnett's Recollections, 229-30. ough the Calapooya Moun- "D. Goff, in Or. Spectator, April 29, 1847. L by the immigrants them- 19On the 13th of August a young man named Roby who had long lingered in a consumption died. On the 21st a Mr Burns died, leaving a wife and hastened to their homes, three children; a few others were ill. absent fifteen weeks. Y9Thornton says that Applegate affirmed that the distance from Fort Hall to the Willamette Valley by way of the Dalles was from 800 to 850 miles; that the distance by the southern route was 200 miles less; that the whole dis- tance was better supplied lfred Stewart, Charles Putnam, who with grass and water than the old road; and that the road was generally smooth, and the dry drive only 30 miles long. 'If the total Burgess, Shaw, Carnahan, and others. absence of ilso joined the road company. all truth in each of these affirmations affords any means by which to judge of the principles of the man making them, he may unhesitatingly 560 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. ANNOYANCES FRO3

According to Thornton's journal, the scarcity of There is no question as grass, water, and fuel was no greater than it had been both by explorers and emig from the South Pass to Fort Hall, nor indeed so great; the Humboldt annoyed the s and the travellers by this route were relieved of the of which Thronton's was oni clouds of dust which accompanied the caravans on the selves behind rocks and sboi Snake River route. But of the sufferings of those men and animals, and often who travelled that route he could not then be aware, while grazing. In return and was intent only on his own supreme wretchedness. Humboldt Indian was shot 22 Every ox that died upon the way was spoken of as a grants. One of the forem sacrifice to the misrepresentations of the explorers of mish with a band of Indians the road, though oxen had died before reaching Fort among some willows, in wl Bridger; and every caravan that crossed the plains wounded, one of whom die had its course marked out by the whitening bones of attacking party were kille, cattle that had fallen exhausted by the way.21 caution might have avoided was not possible for the gui be said to be parthis mendacior.' He also says that he all the time held the or to compel the wagons to opinion that Applegate was attempting to deceive him from motives purely selfish, and that he intended to profit by the misfortunes of the emigrants. sufficient to intimidate the s He excuses himself for following such a man by saying that he was influenced Notwithstanding the ler by Gov. Boggs, who confided in the statements of Applegate. In considering Thornton's statements, I have taken into account, first, the unpractical mind should have warned the tra of the man as set forth in his autobiography, where we discover that with week was wasted in unnec opportunities seldom enjoyed by American young men for acquiring a profes- sion, and with admitted talents of a certain kind, he achieved less than thou- mencing the crossing of the I sands who studied the law in the office of a country attorney; secondly, that he sour of this chain up which was at the time in question in bad health; and thirdly, that he was unused to physical labor. Add to those that he possessed an irritable temper and suspicious disposition, and we have the man who could pen such a record as tion in a different spirit. 'Our cattle st that contained in' the first volume of his Or. and Cal. Rabbison, in his and were being watched by herdsmen. Growth of Towns, MS., 3, mentions that Thornton had a quarrel with a man never saw again. They often stampeded named Good, who furnished him a part of his outfit, and that on the Platte were overtaken the next day nearly 40 n Good undertook to reclaim his property, but the Oregon emigrants decided whole distance through an alkali plain, as Thornton had a family he was not to be entirely dispossessed, but took the many cattle this way, that many wagons wagon out of the California train and cut it in two to make carts, also other wagon-boxes down to 8 feet in len dividing the oxen-in which manner they proceeded; but Thornton gives a we could spare in order to lighten our lo, different version, and says that he conquered in the quarrel by an exhibition jaded cattle we had left. Some men's h of spirit and fire-arms. Or. and CaL, i. 123-5. I do not know which account our women sat down by the roadside, a I is correct, nor is it of any consequence. At Green River, Thornton began to cried, saying they had abandoned all hop( take care of his own team for the first time, and experiencing much difficulty I saw women with babes but a week old, from not knowing how to yoke or drive oxen, only succeeded by the assistance sun, on foot, because our jaded teams we of the charitable Mr Kirquendall and others, who pitied his infirmities. down mountains so steep that we had From information obtained from his own journal, it is evident that he loitered My wife and I carried our children up ml by the way; and from comparing his estimates of distances with others, that a mile high, and then carried the loadin1 he has nearly doubled the length of the worst portions of the road. See R. B. piecemeal, as our cattle were so reduced Marcy's Hand-book of Overland Expeditions published in 1859, in which this up the empty wagon.' Adams' Or. and I route is described; or any railroad guide of the present day giving distances 22 The Indian was killed by Jesse Boo I in the Humboldt Valley. The whole distance to Oregon City was really 950 of Kentucky, and a Mr Lovelin, both of I miles from Fort Hall, whereas Thornton makes it 1,280. Or. and Cal., i. 175; and Cal., i. 171. i Fremont's Cal. Garde Book, 124; Bancroft's Gu(de, 87-8; Hastings' Or. and 23Whately and Sallee were shot wil I Cal., 137. Tanner of Iowa also died from wounds "An emigrant who travelled the Dalles route m o5848, and who wields a Lippincott of was seri( pen not less trenchant than Thorntomi's, treats these incidents of early emigra- 26, 1846. HIsT. OR., VOL. 1. 36 [GRATION OF 1846, ANNOYANCES FROM THE NATIVES. 561 iton's journal, the scarcity of There is no question as to the hardship endured as no greater than it had been both by explorers and emigrants. The natives along Fort Hall, nor indeed so great; the Humboldt annoyed the small straggling companies, ,his route were relieved of the of which Thronton's was one. They concealed them- companied the caravans on the selves behind rocks and shot their poisoned arrows at 3ut of the sufferings of those men and animals, and often stole cattle from the herds be he could not then be aware, while grazing. In return for these depredations, a his own supreme wretchedness. Humboldt Indian was shot in the camp of the em>ii- Dn the way was spoken of as a grants.22 One of the foremost companies had a skir- esentations of the explorers of mish with a band of Indians who were lying in ambush had died before reaching Fort among some willows, in which two white men were ravan that crossed the plains wounded, one of whom died,23 and a number of the )ut by the whitening bones of attacking party were killed. A greater degree of chausted by the way.21 caution might have avoided these encounters; but it was not possible for the guides to be with every train, He also says that he all the time held the or to compel the wagons to keep together in ipting to deceive him from motives purely numbers )rofit by the misfortunes of the emigrants. sufficient to intimidate the savages. uch a man by saying that helwas influenced Notwithstanding e statements of Applegate. in considering the length of the road, which en into account, first, the unpractical mind should have warned the travellers not to lose time, a itobiography, where we discover that with week kimerican young men for acquiring a profes- was wasted in unnecessary delay before com- a certain kind, he achieved less than thou- mencing the crossing of the Cascade Mountains. The fice of a country attorney; secondly, that he d health; and thirdly, that he was unused sour of this chain up which the road was first located that he possessed an irritable temper and e the man who could pen such a record as tion in a different spirit. 'Our cattle stampeded when they were yoked up, ne of his Or. and Cal. Rabbison, in his and were being watched by herdsmen. Many ran off in the yoke that we Ls that Thornton had a quarrel with a man never saw again. They often stampeded in the night, and once over 400 head Lpart of his outfit, and that on the Platte were overtaken the next day nearly 40 miles from camp, having travelled this )perty, but the Oregon emigrants decided whole distance through an alkali plain, without grass or water. We lost so Lot to be entirely dispossessed, but took the many cattle this way, that many wagons were left in the wilderness. We cut n and cut it in two to make carts, also other wagon-boxes down to 8 feet in length, and threw away such articles as ner they proceeded; but Thornton gives a we could spare in order to lighten our loads, now too heavy for the weak and conquered in the quarrel by an exhibition jaded cattle we had left. Some men's hearts died within them, and some of l., i. 123-5. I do not know which account our women sat down by the roadside, a thousand miles from settlements, and snce. At Green River, Thornton began to cried, saying they had abandoned all hopes of ever reaching the promised land. irst time, and experiencing much difficulty I saw women with babes but a week old, toiling up mountains in the burning [rive oxen, only succeeded by the assistance sun, on foot, because our jaded teams were not able to haul them. We went I and others, who pitied his infirmities. down mountains so steep that we had to let our wagons down with ropes. I own journal, it is evident that he loitered My wife and I carried our children up muddy mountains in the Cascades, half is estimates of distances with others, that a mile high, and then carried the loading of our wagons up on our backs by the worst portions of the road. See R. B. piecemeal, as our cattle were so reduced that they were hardly able to haul peditions published in 1859, in which this up the empty wagon.' Adams' Or. and Pac. Coast, 33-4. guide of the piesent day giving distances 22 The Indian was killed by Jesse Boone, a great-grandson of Daniel Boone )le distance to Oregon City was really 950 of Kentucky, and a Mr Lovelin, both of whom shot at him. Thornton's Or. rnton makes it 1,280. Or. and Cal., i. 175; and Cal., i. 171. ?ancroft's Guide, 87-8; Hastings' Or. and 23 Whately and Sallee were shot with arrows, and Sallee died. Daniel Tanner of Iowa also died from wounds received in the skirmish, and a Mr le Dalles route in i848, and who wields a Lippincott of New York City was seriously wounded. Or. Spectator, Nov. en's, treats these incidents of early emigra- 26, 1846. HIST. OR., VOL. I. 36

I __ - __ 0 - _T______

562 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. THE SUFFERI 2 is steep, 4 and teams had to be doubled until eighteen or twenty yokes25 were put to a wagon the rains began,2" and wei to drag it up discomforts before the sharp acclivity. But even this was better they ca than Carnon Mountains, which having to carry the loads up steep hills while the oxen have been bad, the road drew the empty wagons, as sometimes occurred on the pe north road. cient to make a smooth rn its Two months from the time the southern immigra- narrowest part, filled X tion left Thousand Springs, three miles, the stream bei the last companies entered 29 the Rogue River Valley, where according ene to four feet in depth. to Thorn- While ton they were met by Jones of the exploring party the miserable met making their way through with some fat cattle for the relief of those whose pro- visions were consumed. 26 Being extremely weary, was pitiable in the extren and doned their their teams wellnigh exhausted, the last of the fam- wagons, and s( ilies unfortunately lingered too long in this wife, being compelled to , beauti- through ful country, at a season of the year when one the three-mile gor} day of at rain might be productive of disaster by raising the its numerous crossings. destruction streams, and chilling fatally the thin blood of the worn- of property foll( by any loss out oxen." And alas! they tarried in the valley until of life which c these causes."2 The famine 24 The road was subsequently changed so as to avoid going round the south end of Lower Klamath Lake, and proceeded by the eastern shore of the lake the rear of every immigrat to Link River a little below the present town of Linkville, from which point were opened assailed the ascent of the mountains is graduaL these 25 Such is Thornton's statement. the Umnpqua Valley, and all 26 The Spectator of the 29th of October speaks of relief parties already sent was done for their relief by out to assist the southern immigration; but they were behind that sent by the exploring party. new route," and other cit 27 There is a great effort apparent in this portion of Thornton's narrative their situation hastened to make it appear that his misfortunes, and the sufferings of other belated to travellers, were owing to the misrepresentations of the explorers, whom he and flour, nothing availed t( classes with the 'outlaws and banditti who during many years infested the Florida reefs, where they often contrived so to mislead vessels as to wreck tion of some families who h, them, when without scruple or ceremony, they, under various pretences, doned their property in would commence their work of pillage.' As this was written after he had been a year in Oregon, and learned the high character of the men who com- posed the expedition, besides seeing a considerable immigration arrive in the " They were on the western flank of Willamette Valley by the southern route the year following his passage over open country, on the 11th of October, th it, in the month of September, in good health and condition, the vituperative the Umpqua canion being about 60 miles censure indulged in by Mr Thronton is, to say the least, in bad taste. Certain until the 4th of November, the rains ha inaccuracies also in his statement, into which he is led by his desire to cast shoul(i have been in the Umpqua Valley opprobrium upon the men who opened the road, are calculated to bring him 29 Thornton's Or. and Cal., i. 222. into discredit. For instance, he professes to account for not giving the itiner- 3 Thornton mentions a man sudden ary of the journey after leaving the California road, by saying that the third the cation; also that a Mr Brisbane and volume of his journal was stolen by a person who took charge of some of his does not attribute their deaths to their h property left in the Umpqua Mountains, to prevent the true character of the something of the kind without being doi road being made known. Page 170, vol. i. .On page 190 he says: 'A very bad had long been ill, also died, and was b Umpqua Indian having, upon a subsequent part of the road, relieved me of name. Jacksonville Sentinel, May 25, Iso; my third volume of journal notes of this part of the road, I write from mem- ' Oi page 235, vol. i., Or. and Cal., 1 ory only.' It may be asked, what interest had the Umpqua Indian in sup out horses, one of which he had to use, bu pressing the journal? and why was one of this untamed tribe sent to take them demanded a fine suit of clothes in pa3 charge of his property? flour and beef which reached him in the 1 sent by Applegate; but that he was purp

'i p [MIGRATION OF 1846. THE SUFFERINGS ENDURED. 563 lad to be doubled until eighteen re put to a wagon to drag it up the rains began,23 and were subjected to a thousand But even this was better than discomforts before they came to the pass through the ads up steep hills while the oxen Canon Mountains, which in its best condition would ns, as sometimes occurred on the have been bad, the road party not having a force suffi- cient to make a smooth road, but which was now, in he time the southern immigra- its narrowest part, filled with water for a distance of rings, the last companies entered three miles, the stream being cold and swift, and from lley, where according to Thorn- cne to four feet in depth.2 9 y Jones of the exploring party While the miserable men, women, and children were )r the relief of those whose pro- making their way through this defile, their condition Being extremely weary, and was pitiable in the extreme, a number having aban- exhausted, the last of the fain- doned their wagons, and some, like Thornton and his gered too long in this beauti- wife, being compelled to wade the stream, not only in of the year when one day of through the three-mile gorge, but over and over again tive of disaster by raising the at its numerous crossings. A great loss of cattle and tally the thin blood of the worn- destruction of property followed, unattended, however, they tarried in the valley until by any loss of life which could be traced directly to 80 changed so as to avoid going round the south these causes. The famine which so far had attacked d proceeded by the eastern shore of the lake the rear of every immigration since the present town of Linkville, from which point wagon-roads ,adual. were opened assailed these unfortunate travellers in nt. the Umpqua Valley, and although *October speaks of relief parties already sent everything possible ,ration; but they were behind that sent by was done for their relief by the men who explored the new route,"t rent in this portion of Thornton's narrative and other citizens, who on learning of ortunes, and the sufferings of other belated their situation hastened to send them horses, cattle, isrepresentations of the explorers, whom he and flour, anditti who during many years infested the nothing availed to supply the utter destitu- contrived so to mislead vessels as to wreck tion of some families who had thrown away or aban- ceremony, they, under various pretences, pillage.' As this was written after he had doned their property in the Umpqua canion and ed the high character of the men who com- ng a considerable immigration arrive in the 28 They were on the western n route flank of the mountains, a day's drive from the the year following his passage over open country, on the 11th of good health and October, the distance thence to the south end of condition, the vituperative the Umpqua canion being about 60 miles, yet they )n is, to say the least, in bad taste. Certain did not arrive at this pass until the 4th of November, the rains having begun on the 21st, when they into which he is led by his desire to cast should have been ened in the Umpqua Valley. the road, are calculated to bring him 29 Thornton's 'ofesses to account Or. and Cal., i. 222. for not giving the itiner- 30 Thornton mentions a man suddenly falling ie California road, by dead near the entrance to saying that the third the cafnon; also that a Mr Brisbane and a child had y a person who took charge of some died at this place; but of his does not attribute their deaths to their hardships, though he itains, to prevent the true character of the might have said something of the kind without being doubted. A Miss Leland Croley, who vol. i. On page 190 he says: 'A very bail had long been bsequent ill, also died, and was buried on Grave Creek-whence the part of the road, relieved me of name. Jacksonville Sentinel, May f this part 25, 1867; Dowell's Yar., MS., 9. of the road, I write from mem- '1 On page 235, vol. i., Or. *interest had and Cal., Thornton admits that Applegate sent the Umpqua Indian in sup- out horses, one of which he had to use, but s one of this untamed tribe sent to take asserts that the agent who brought them demanded a fine suit of clothes in payment. He admits, too, that the first flour and beef which reached him in the Umpqua Valley, on Nov. 14th, were sent by Applegate; but that he was purposely starved by him, in order that a - ___- __ - - -- __ --R-- - ___ '' a'L:

THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. 5(4 THORNTON VEI

Calapooya Mountains, or to avert their sufferings About a dozen familiei and colder snows of November from the cold rains ary in the Umpqua VAt and December. unable to get out before having recruited on the ex might be found for such articles. From the journal of Thomas Holt, market Canadian and five half-breeds went to the assistance of they were able to resum( who with a French and immigraits, it appears that on learning from Thornton fou the belated in the and stock. These last others who arrived in the settlements the condition of those still ti left the French settlement on the 3d of December with on Elk River through Umpqua Valley, he of the a band of horses and all the provisions he could gather, Father Bolduc winter, except three or f of St Paul freely contributing a portion to be given to the needy. mission had brought On the 5th he met Mr Goff coiing in with a company who property left in camp on through, and particularly in charge of a Mrs Newton, whose their wagons at the escaped to the settlements, husband had been murdered by the Umpqua Indians while sleeping of his tent. Minto's Early Days, MS., 39. On the 8th he overtook door to the relief Moses Harris and three others with horses and provisions, going On tbis day they met three families on horseback and The discussion of the eve of the immigrants. met one wagon, coming in, whom they supplied with flour. On the 9th they iug of the northern and s( and families, and supplied them with provisions. On the 10th eight wagons and on bade fair I they came to a camp of several families whose teams were exhausted, lamette Valley another relief party caineup with horses.Next day the French- had led, the same day the questions which men and three half-breeds turned back, being afraid if they crossed sout they would not be able to return that winter, while establishment of the Calapooya Mountains Valley Bolt and the other two continued. Near the head of the Willamette were formed over the dis five families unable to go farther, who were assisted to resume they found foot of the Barlovi their journey by three men from the other relief parties. At the which favored the were three families without food, whose oxen could travel no mountains I know travellers directly to Oreg farther. 'It is hard for me to pass them,' says the Journal, 'but when there are helpless families amoug hostile Indians, I am bound to go and assist and were left to the mercy of others who longing to Delore. The 22d it snowi them.' They received some flour brz horses. On the summit of the Calapooyas a single family which were brought to the south might follow with the banks. Two o: met on horses, and many dead cattle by the way. At the foot of the water being above was doubt- day the snow was a foot d mountains on the south side were two families with their wagons, but Christmas furnished with flour. day they travelled one and a half mnilem ing if their oxen would be able to cross. They were Hall, and ol folk of Elk River, five families were the families of Kennedy, On the 14th, having come to the north without food for four flour, meat, nor salt, and who were depending upon ilies had been found who had neither water, andHolt proposed to Baker, wh was scarce. One of the half-breeds killed a deer for them, and game, which the settlements, to let the starving pe they received some flour. [These families were those of Ezekial Kennedy, On the 15th, crossing the forks of the Willamette would make good hi Croizen, R. B. Hall, Lovelin, and another.] Kennedy, horses, and ferrying the packs on rafts of tered and divided between of Elk River by swimming their Lovelin having bee camp of the families of James Campbell, Rice Dunbar, joined this camp; logs, they came to the party. This, the 26th of I A. Cornwall. Mr Campbell, having been to the settlements and of Owens' and Rev. J. his the 3d of the month. So many hors, in company with Harris and his party, brought horses to carry returned Jenkins oxen inHolt's company had to be pack family and some of his goods back with him. Harris and a Mr but there were not enough horses three feet deep in places on the Calal remained with these persons to assist them; at the hoi he was left in charge of a considerable prop- cold. The 5th,Holt arrived to take Cornwall's family out, and in the Willamette Vz Campbell. On the 17thHolt met the last company of five ern settlement erty belonging to Eugene now stands. So frosty was itc on the south folk of theUmpqua. 'They rejoiced very much when families for eight who became wet in crossing streams wi they saw us,' says the Journal. There had been no flour among them de the precious horses were high from the recent rains, were too weeks. While busy making pack-saddles, four of On the 12t relieved at this last point were those of ming the horses and oxen. stolen by Indians. The families in Polk County was reach Townsend, David Townsend, J. Baker, and Mrs amute River Crump, Butterfield, James to remain four days on account of cold Butterfield, widow. Those who rescued them wereHolt, Owens, Duskins, company which overtook uary, 1847, did these storm-beaten pil and Patten-the last three being a part of the portion Baptiste Gardapie and Q. Delore. settlers' homes in the central Holt on the 10th-and the two half-breeds, to their rescue we Willamette, the natives refusing to the others who went The 20th all started once more for the service, besides ex] to cross the families over the north fork of the Ump- hardships in their grant the use of a canoe over and above the assistance rendered was too high to be forded, except they were paid with a gun be. qua which Or. Spectator, March 4, 1847.

I 11 MIGRATION OF 1846. THORNTON VERSUS APPLEGATE. 565 Ls, or to avert their sufferings and colder snows of November About a dozen families were detained until Janu- ary in the Umpqua Valley, a part of whom were unable to get out before February, when their cattle having recruited on the excellent h articles. From the journal of Thomas Holt, grass of that region, and five half-breeds went to the assistance of they were able to resume travel with their wagons pears that on learning from Thornton and and stock. These tlements the condition of those still in the last found refuge at Fort Umpqua ench settlement on the 3d of December with on Elk River through the few cold weeks of mid- civisions he could gather, Father Bolduc of the nbuting a portion to be given to the needy. winter, except three or four men who guarded the oming im with a company who had brought property left in camp on that stream by those who ticularly in charge of a Mrs Newton, whose 'y the Umpqua Indians while sleeping at the escaped to the settlements. ly Days, MS., 39. On the 8th he overtook with horses and provisions, going to the relief sy they met three families on horseback and The discussion of the events connected with the open- key supplied with flour. On the 9th they met ing of the northern and southern roads into the supplied them with provisions. On the 10th Wil- families whose teams were exhausted, and on lamette Valley bade fair to overshadow the political y came up with horses. Next day the French- questions which had ned back, being afraid if they crossed the led, among other causes, to the Id not be able to return that winter, while establishment of the southern route. Two parties sd. Near the head of the Willamette Valley were to go farther, who were assisted to resume formed over the discussions of the latter: one I the other relief parties. At the foot of the which favored the Barlow road, because it brought without food, whose oxen could travel no is= them,' says the Journal, 'but when I know travellers directly to Oregon City, and promoted the hostile Indians, I am bound to go and assist ir and were left to the mercy of others who longing to Delore. The 22d it snowed all day; the 24th the empty wagons ,he summit of the Calapooyas a single family which were brought to the south branch of Elk River were there left, the lead cattle by the way. At the foot of the water being above the banks. Two oxen were drowned in swimming across. e two families with their wagons, but doubt- Christmas day the snow was a foot deep, and no progress was made. Next to cross. They were furnished with flour, day they travelled one and a half miles to the north fork of Elk River, where north folk of Elk River, five families were the families of Kennedy, Hall, and others were encamped. These two fam- eat, nor salt, and who were depending upon ilies had been without food for four days, except a little tallow boiled in f the half-breeds killed a deer for them, and water, and Holt proposed to Baker, who had purchased some oxen driven from ge families were those of Ezekial Kennedy, the settlements, to let the starving people have these, telling him the people 1 another.] On the 15th, crossing the forks of the Willamette would make good his loss. They were accordingly slaugh- *horses, and ferrying the packs on rafts of tered and divided between Kennedy, Hall, Croizen, and Cornwall, who had ie families of James Campbell, Rice Dunbar, joined this camp; Lovelin having been taken to the Willamette by Barrows ampbell, having been to the settlements and of Owens' party. This, the 26th of December, was the first clear day since s and his party, brought horses to carry his the 3d of the month. So many horses having died or been stolen, the lean lack with him. Harris and a Mr Jenkins oxen in Holt's company had to be packed. The first of January the snow was ;sist them; but there were not enough horses three feet deep in places on the Calapooya Mountains and the weather very I he was left in charge of a considerable prop- cold. The 5th, Holt arrived at the house of Eugene Skinner, the most south- the 17th Holt met the last company of five ern settlement in the Willamette Valley, presumably where the town of Uinpqua. 'They rejoiced very much when Eugene now stands. So frosty was it on the 8th, that the women and children 'here had been no flour among them for eight who became wet in crossing streams were almost frozen. The streams, being k-saddles, four of the precious horses were high from the recent rains, were too deep to ford, and were crossed by swim- 3 relieved at this last point were those of ming the horses and oxen. On the 12th the house of Williams on the Lucki- isend, David Townsend, J. Baker, and Mrs ainute River in Polk County was reached, where the company was compelled rescued them were Holt, Owens, Duskins, to remain four days on account of cold and storms. Not until the 21st of Jan- g a part of the company which overtook uary, 1847, did these storm-beaten pilgrims reach the friendly shelter of the dlf-breeds, Baptiste Gardapie and Q. Delore. settlers' homes in the central portion of the Willamette Valley. Holt and For the Willamette, the natives refusing to the others who went to their rescue were absent fifty days, and endured great he families over the north fork of the Ump- hardships in their service, besides expending some $400 at their own risk, led, except they were paid with a gun be- over and above the assistance rendered by other companies. Holt's Journal in Or. Spectator, March 4, 1847. 566 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. LATER EXPI improvement of the lands in the lower end of the and also guided a portion ol valley. To this party belonged the Methodist in- following autumn into the I terests; and Thornton, who was a Methodist, and road, arriving in good seas( who soon made the acquaintance of Abernethy and while the main iminigrati( other leading persons among the missionaries, gained partly on account of its n the friendship of that society greatly by his abuse of This established the reputat the explorers of the southern road, who, besides hav- road; and the legislature 0 ing been guilty of this crime, were also of that domi- for its improvement, making nating western element that opposed itself to the and allowing him to collect ( Methodist influence in colonial affairs. tion for his services. The t: Thornton was also a lawyer, and a Methodist law- which broke out in the wi yer was an acceptable addition to the Methodist influ- but for the Oregon voluntee ence, supposing that he should be controlled by it; Snake route, demonstrated t and to gain him over to that position, on the resigna- in providing the mountain- tion of the office of supreme judge by Mr Burnett, Oregon with another means Abernethy appointed Thornton in his place, February the Columbia River; 34 their 9th, or a little more than six weeks after his arrival 3 2 porated for nearly its whole in the territory. most important highways of Article after article on the merits and demerits of In June 1847 a compa: the southern route, as contrasted with the Barlow 33 Gilliam set out with the ir road, came to the Spectator from various sources, the Rogue River and Klamath true effect of which was to call attention to the Rogue time forward continued to b River and Umpqua valleys, their desirability for set- account of their climate, soi tlement, and the need of a road to them leading 14 Applegate says: 'It is a well-know directly from forts Hall and Bridger; and also to the meet the Oregon rifle regiment in 1849, tV fact that a road now really existed by which wagons tIe could not be driven to Fort Hall by on their bones; yet the regiment slaught could go all the way to California, by passing through the Willamette, kept fat by the abundai the Umpqua canon, and over the Applegate pass of Views of History, MS., 49. See Ross' I App. 19; Overland Monthly, v. 581. the Cascade Range to the California road in the s'I find in McKay's Recollections, MS., Humboldt Valley, this happy discovery following im- Americans. He says: 'Shortly after m Oregon to join Mr Paul Frazer, who had e mediately upon the news of the conquest and Ameri- Bay company near the mouth of the Um] at the influx of American immigrants int canization of that country. different parts of the United States. Se In May 1847 Levi Scott led a company of twenty the autumn. On account of this many o tion, hunting was neglected, and our bu men destined for the States over the southern route, the names of those belonging to the imm 2 able to gather them: " If this collusion were not sufficiently, obvious, we have Thornton's own Levi Anderson, J. c. Allen, John: word for it, who says, in his Hist. Or., MS., 11: 'When I came to the coun- Bunton, David Butterfield, John Baker, try one of the early missionaries said to me, " You must under no circum- Breeding, George William Burnett, J. I stances become counsel for Dr McLoughln. Give him no professional advice Brown, D. or assistance; if you D. Bailey, G. W. Bell, M. Br do you will be denounced as a Hudson's Bay man, and Elisha Byrd, William Byrd, sen., Williai you will lose caste among our citizens."' Rev. J. B. Baldrauch, 33Or. Spectator, Jairus Bonney, Ti Oct. 29, 1846. Bryant, J. H. Bridges, Heman C. Buc IIGRATION OF 1846. LATER EXPEDITIONS. 567 lands in the lower end of the y belonged the Methodist in- and also guided a portion of the immigration of the i, who was a Methodist, and following autumn into the Willamette Valley by this cquaintance of Abernethy and road, arriving in good season and in good condition, among the missionaries, gained while the main immigration, by the Dalles route, society greatly by his abuse of partly on account of its number, suffered severely. 'uthern road, who, besides hav- This established the reputation of the Klamath Lake crime, were also of that domi- road; and the legislature of this year passed an act 'it that opposed itself to the for its improvement, making Levi Scott commissioner, colonial affairs. and allowing him to collect a small toll as coinpensa- lawyer, and a Methodist law- tion for his services. The troubles with the Cayuses, ddition to the Methodist influ- which broke out in the winter of 1847, and which e should be controlled by it; but for the Oregon volunteers would have closed the ) that position, on the resigna- Snake route, demonstrated the wisdom of its explorers preme judge by Mr Burnett, in providing the mountain-walled valleys of western Lornton in his place, February Oregon with another means of ingress or egress than ian six weeks after his arrival the Columbia River;8 4 their road to-day being incor- porated for nearly its whole length with some of the )n the merits and demerits of most important highways of the country. contrasted with the Barlow In June 1847 a company headed by Cornelius ator from various sources, the Gilliam set out with the intention of exploring the to call attention to the Rogue Rogue River and Klamath valleys, which from this eys, their desirability for set- time forward continued to be mentioned favorably on of a road to them leading account of their climate, soil, and other advantages. 35 9nd 3 Bridger; and also to the 'Applegate says: 'It is a well-known fact that when it was necessary to lly existed by which wagons meet the Oregon rifle regiment in 1849, then on its march to Oregon, beef-cat- California, tle could not be driven to Fort Hall by the Snake River route with any beef by passing through on their bones; yet the regiment slaughtered at Fort Hall fat bullocks from over the Applegate pass of the Willamette, kept fat by the abundant pasturage of the southern route.' Views of History, MS., 49. See Ross' Rept., in Or. Jour. Council, 1857-8, the California road in the App. 19; Overland Monthly, v. 581. appy discovery following im- 35I find in McKay's Recollections, MS., 2, a reference to the ubiquity of the Americans. He says: 'Shortly after my arrival (1844) I was ordered into of the conquest and Ameri- Oregon to join Mr Paul Frazer, who had established a station for the Hudson's 7. Bay Company near the mouth of the Umpqua River. Mr Frazer was alarmed at the influx of American immigrants into his immediate neighborhood from tt led a company of twenty different parts of the United States. Several trains arrived overland during tes over the southern the autumn. On account of this many of the Indians had shifted their loca- route, tion, hunting was neglected, and our business very poor.' Herewith I give the names of those belonging to the immigration of 1846, so far as I have been riutly obvious, we have Thornton's own able to gather them: ,n MS., 11: ' When I came to the coun. Levi Anderson, J. C. Allen, John B. d to me, " You Albright, , Elijah must under no circum- Bunton, David Butterfield, John Baker, Hugh L. .glin. Give him no professional Brown, Jesse Boone, W. P. advice Breeding, George William Burnett, J. H. Bosworth, Alvin C. enounced as a Hudson's Bay man, and Brown, Orus Brown, D. D. Bailey, G. W. Bell, M. Brock, Sutton Burns, William Burns, Elisha Byrd, William Byrd, sen., William Byrd, jun., L. A. Byrd, Brisbane, Rev. J. B. Baldrauch, Jairus Bonney, Truman Bonney, A. Boon, William P. Bryant, J. H. Bridges, Heman C. Buckingham, Alphonso Boone, Tolbert 568 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. THE APPL In 1849 Jesse Applegate removed to the Umpqua shortened to Yoncalla, on Valley, at the foot of a grassy butte called by the Creek, near which a railroad natives Yonc-calla, or 'eagle-bird,' which use has Charles settled near him;

Carter, George H. Carter, J. S. Church, Jones Cutting, Charles Cutting, bacon to those il. the train who were Thomas M. Chambers, John W. Chambers, J. L. Collins, John Chamberlain, mnpqua canion, on Oct. 28th, he was re Samuel Y. Coop, M. Chambers, B. F. Cooper, A. S. Cone, J. M. Currier, ten pounds of the former. They were J Dr W. M. Carpenter, Stephen C. Cummings, C. W. Cooke, George Law almost impassable gorge. Much of the Curry, Henry Croiyers, Croley, Crabtree, Richard S. Caldwell, Smith Collins, bed of the cold, rocky stream with the Henry Cooper, William Connel, James Campbell, E. B. Comfort, John W. The two eldest children were lying sicb Champ, Rev. J. A. Cornwall, Crump, Croizen, Conduit, W. Champ, Clopzore, with a babe that came on the journey James Cluse, T. Canlo, G. S. Cox, John Coats, Davidson, Dodd, Samuel Davis, they got through the cation they met William Dodson, Rice W. Dunbar, John N. Durham, Dickinson, Duskins, supplies, from whom Mr Henderson an( John Edgar, William Elliott, N. A. Eberman, Milton Elliott, J. Elliott, about 700 pounds for $60 in cash. ThU Gardiner Elliott, Espy, Eastburn, Everest, Abner Frazer, Isaac A. Flint, ox-team and wagon to begin life with am Jesse Fleming, Nathan Fry, E. C. Fitzhugh, Frederick W. Geer, Rev. A. E. hill, where in due time he obtained a Garrison, Waterman Gale, Laurence Gale, David M. Guthrie, Geddes, Reason donation act, which he still owns, an, B. Hall, John B. Hall, Washington Hall, Rev. Helm, Robert Henderson, made the handsomest farm in Oregon. Capt. Richard Hoyt, William Lhbbert, John Hammond, J. D. S. Hardi- surrounded by their descendants to t son, H. H. Hunt, James Howard, J. J. Heath, Mark Hattan, Thomas F. beloved by all who know them, The Howard, Joseph L. Hunsaker, Andrus Harper, Calvin W. Ish, Williani are all married, and among the most rei Kirkquendall, Ezekiel Kennedy, Thomas Knight, Henry Knowland, F. oldest child, Lucy Henderson, was n Ketchum, Andrew Layson, Harrison Linville, Vanderpool Linville, Wilson United States district judge, on June 2 Lee, Thomas Linklater, Robert Logan, Geo. C. Lawton, Thomas Leggett, Elijah Bristow migrated from Ky. Lovelin, J. W. Ladd, D. H. Lownsdale, A. R. T. Locey, Lord, Long, Luce, which he was a soldier, fighting under A. R. Lancefield, F. Martin, W. Mulkey, S. C. Morris, Joel McKee, Josiah in Tenn. He came to Cal. in 1845, wii Milorn, H. McDonald, G. C. Motley, Henry Marlin, Richard Miller, W. R. removed to Oregon, and took a land cli Munkers, McKissick, J. McCormick, Josiah Morin, Laban Morin, John the first settler in that co. He was a McCord, McGunigale, William C. McClay, T. G. Naylor, Chauncy Nye, He died Sept. 1872, aged 73. P. C. Ad Newton, Nealy, Franklin Nicoll, John M. Pugh, William Pringle, Virgil K. Reason B. Hall, born in Ga. 1794, i Priiigle, Truman P. Powers, George C. Preston, William Porter, James to Oregon in 1846, settling where Buen Parkinson, James Porter, Piper, Eli Perkins, Charles Putnam, James Nathan was proprietor. He died Dec. 13, 186t Putnam, Thomas Powell, A. Phillips, H. B. Polley, Thomas Purvis, J. W. John Williamson settled in West ( Pugh, A. Pugh, William Parker, L. C. Rainey, A. B. Rabbison, Thomas liamson was a daughter of Nathaniel I M. Read, John Robinson, William Riley, Robey, J. T. Rainey, Walter the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, Au Ross, Lewis Rogers, F. R. Smith, Henry M. Smith, Towner Savage, James parents to Indiana, and from there to Savage, Charles Stewart, Sallee, William Stokes, Allen Sanders, Levi L. married April 30, 1846, and started so Smith, Thomas Stevens, Felix Scott, Morgan R. Savage, D. E. Savage, 18, 1872. Id., May 30, 1872. William Sheldon, D. C. Smith, H. N. Stephens, G. W. Smith, James Smith, F. R. Smith, born in Rochester, NE J. S. Scoggin, D. Shumake, A. Stewart, Daniel Stewart, William M. Smith, 1846, and settled near Salem. He was John Striethoff, Reuben Striethoff, John W. Shrum, N. Shrum, Asa Stone, tally; and was a member of the stat. William Sherley, Carlos W. Shane, R. Slocum, St Clair, Rev. Win Simpson, Oct. 14, 1876. ienjkmin Simpson, Sappington, Sturgiss, Joseph S. Smith, John Savage, Smith Collins settled near the Li Henry Smith, James Stanley, Shelton, R. R. Thompson, J. Quinn Thornton, died in 1870. Mrs Collins, who was a A. H. Thompson, David Towvnsend, W. P. Tyrrell, Towler, Thomas Towns- settler in Missouri, was born near A end, James Townsend, Lazarus Van Bibber, Martin Vaughn, Vanderpool, 1812, and removed to Missouri at the William Webb, William Wheeler, C. Wheeler, J. T. Wingfield, R. White, and with her husband went to Oregon Whately, Joseph Waldo, Charles Wren, A. E. Wait, J. M. Wair, John hastened her death, which occurred. Williamson, J. B. Walling, Henry Worden, E. Wask, A. C. West, Watkins, 12 children, 10 surviving her, 8 of wh( Rev. Andrew Zumwalt. instance of filial affection that all thes Robert Henderson was born in Green County, Tennessee, on February 14, father's will during the life-time of th 1809, and at the age of 8 years moved with his father to Fleming Co., Ky. of the use of a part of the estate. I In 1830 he immigrated to Mo., where in 1834 he married Rhoda C. Holman, County. Portland Advocate, May 16, 1 the (laughter of John Holman of the immigration of 1843. Here he lived Smith Collins was born in Virginia in until 1846, engaged in farming and trading in stock, when, in consequence in 1828, and to Oregon in 1846. Dal of losses sustained by going security for friends, he determined to remove to Collins, eldest son of Smith Collins, - Oregon. Well provided with teams and supplies of food and clothing, the Oregon. In 1855 he was employed as first part of the journey was comparatively a pleasant one. But later in the He belonged to the regiment of Colows season, in the journey over what is known as the southern or Applegate route, In 1859 he was admitted to the practi the family suffered great hardship. Mr Henderson gave away his flour and clerk of the house of representatives IGRATION OF 1846. THE APPLEGATES. 569 ate removed to the Umpqua shortened to Yoncalla, a grassy butte called by on the head waters of Elk the Creek, near which a railroad now passes. 'eagle-bird,' which use has His brother Charles settled near him; and Lindsey Applegate Church, Jones Cutting, Charles Cutting, Shambers, J. L. Collins, John Chamberlain bacon to those in the train who were in want, until, when he B. F. Umpqua caflon, on Oct. 28th, entered the Cooper, A. S. Cone, J. M. Currier he was reduced to two pieces of the latter and J. Cummings, C. W/. Cooke, ten pounds of the former. They were five days George Law almost impassable struggling through this then rabtree, Richard S. Caldwell, Smith Collins, gorge. Much of the way they toiled bed of the cold, rocky over and along the James Campbell, E. B. Comfort, John W. stream with the rain pouring down on them The two eldest children were steadily. mp, Croizen, Conduit, W. Champ, Clopzore, lying sick and helpless in the jolting wagon, John Coats, Davidson, with a babe that came on the journey only Dodd, Samuel Davis, they a few weeks before. Soon after r, John N. Durham, Dickinson, got through the canon they met some of the Duskins supplies, from whom Applegate party, with A. Eberman, Milton Elliott, J. Mr Henderson and Mr Collins bought a Elliott, about 700 pounds for beef weighiiig Everest, Abner Frazer, Isaac A. Flint, $60 in cash. This left Mr Henderson with $2 Fitzhugh, ox-team and wagon to begin and one Frederick W. Geer, Rev. A. E. life with anew. He settled on the South Yam- :e Gale, David M. hill, where in due time he obtained a grant Guthrie, Geddes, Reason donation of a section of land under the n Hall, Rev. Helm, Robert act, which he still owns, and where he and Henderson made the handsomest his three sons have bbert, John Hammond, J. D. S. Hardi. farm in Oregon. Mr and Mrs Henderson surrounded by their descendants are still living. 1, J. J. Heath, Mark Hattan, Thomas F. to the third generation, and honored and .ndrus Harper, Calvin beloved by all who know them, They W. Ish, William are have eight surviving children, who Thomas Knight, Henry all married, and among the most respectable people Knowland, F. oldest child, of the country. Their on Linville, Vanderpool Linville, Wilson Lucy Henderson, was married to Matthew United P. Deady, since ogan, Geo. C. Lawton, Thomas Leggett, States district judge, on June 24, 1852. dale, A. R. T. Locey, Elijah Bristow migrated from Ky. to Ill. Lord, Long, Luce, which he after the war of 1Sle-12, in Iulkey, S. C. Morris, Joel McKee, was a soldier, fighting under Johnson at Talladega, Josiah in Tenn. He and afterward ~y, Henry Marlin, Richard Miller, W. came to Cal. in 1845, wintering at Sutter's R. removed to Oregon, and Fort. In 1846 he ick, Josiah Morin, Laban Morin, John took a land claim at Pleasant Hill, in Lane Co., the first settler in that co. He being McClay, T. G. Naylor, Chauncy Nye, was a liberal and just man, respected byall. hn M. Pugh, William He died Sept. 1872, aged 73. P. C. Advocate, Pringle, Virgil K. Reason B. Hall, Oct. 3, 1872. 'ge C. Preston, William Porter, born in Ga. 1794, removed to Ky 1802, to James to Oregon in 1846, Ind. 1811, and Perkins, Charles Putnlam, James Nathan settling where Buena Vista now stands, of which ps, was proprietor. He died town be H. B. Polley, Thomas Purvis, J. W. Dec. 13, 1869, Salem Statesrman, Jan. 29, 1870. L. C. Rainey, John Williamson settled in West Chehalem, A. B. Rabbison, Thomas liamson Yamhill County. Mrs Wil- n Riley, Robey, J. T. Rainey, was a daughter of Nathaniel M. and Mary Walter the Shenandoah Martin, and was born in [enry M. Smith, Towner Savage, James Valley, Virginia, Aug. 29, 1825. parents to Indiana, She removed with her 7ll1iam Stokes, Allen Sanders, Levi L. and from there to Missouri, while still a child. tt, married April 30, 1846, and She was Morgan R. Savage, D. E. Savage, started soon after for Oregon. She died May Stephens, G. W. Smith, 18, 1872. Id., May James Smoth F. 30, 1872. irt, Daniel Stewart, William M. R. Smith, born in Rochester, New York, in Smith, 1846, and settled 1819, went to Oregon in rohn W. Shrum, N. Shrum, Asa Stone, near Salem. He was a vigorous man physically t. tally; and was a member and men- Slocum, St Clair, Rev. Wimi Simpson, of the state legislature in 1876. Salem States8man, rgiss, Joseph S. Smith, John Savage, Oct. 14, 1876. R, Smith Collins settled near . R. Thompson, J. Quinn Thoriton, the Luckiamute River, inPolk County, and W. P. Tyrrell, died in 1870. Mrs Collins, who was a daughter Towler, Thomas Towns- settler in of Douglas Wyatt, an early Bibber, Martii Vaughn, Missouri, was born near Mount Sterling, Kentucky, Vanderpool 1812, and removed to January 12, .Wheeler, J. T. Wiugfed, R. Missouri at the age of 12. She married Dec. T White, and with her husband went 24, 1830, ren, A. E. Wait, J. M. Wair, John to Oregon in 1846. Excessive grief over his hastened her death, which occurred loss orden, E. Wask, A. C. West, Watkinis, April 29, 1872. She was the mother of 12 children, 10 surviving her, 8 of whom were instance sons. It is mentioned as an men County, Tennessee, on February of filial affection that all these children agreed 14, father's will during in not opening their mdwith his father to Fleming Co., Ky. the life-time of their mother, lest they should in 1834 of the use of a part of the deprive her he married Rhoda C. Holman, estate. The eldest son was J. L. Collins of Polk >immigration of 1843. Here County. Portland Advocate, May 16, 1872; Dalles he lived Smith Collins Republican, May 11, 1872. rading in stock, when, in consequence wasborn in Virginia in December 1804, emigrated or friends, in 1828, and to to Missouri he determined to remove to Oregon in 1846. Dalles Republican, March 26, Collins,eldest son of Smith 1870. J. L. end supplies of food and clothing, the Collins, was 15 years of age when he came Lvely a Oregon. In 1855 he was employed to pleasant one. But later in the as reporter in the legislature of the state. wn as the southern or Applegate Hebelonged to the regiment of Colonel Cornelius in the route, In 1859 he was of 1856. OrHenderson gave away his flour and admitted to the practice of law at the Dalles. clerk of the house of representatives He was chief inI 6.5lme Statesman, May 7, 1866. 110 --I

5i70 THE IMMIGRATION OF' 1846. BIOGRAP

somewhat later made himself a home on Ashland ing. Their children are Creek, where the town of Ashland now stands, and the grass valleys of the directly on the line of the road he assisted in open- they were the first of the . Boone, married George L. Curry, after Curry's Biography, MS., 4. John Coats, one of the earliest settlers of Douglas County, and whose W. P. Breeding settled at Salem, an home was about 10 miles from Roseburg, died suddenly while walking, in the there. He served in the Cayuse war ur summer of 1876. S. F. Call, June 19, 1876. turned to Missouri, to bring to Oregon I Samuel Davis died at his home in Yamhill County, Feb. 28, 1875. Mon- lowing year was married, and removed mouth Christian Messenger, March 6, 1875. present town of Junction City. In 187 D. H. Good was born in Pennsylvania, June 19, 1818. On arriving in Washington, where he erected a flourin, Oregon in 1846, he settled near Oregon City, where he resided till his death, at the same time laying off the town of September 18, 1871. Oregon City Enterprise, Sept. 22, 1871. of River. Mr Breeding was a John Robinson settled in Bouton County in 1846. Mrs Robinson was born with 'keen, kindly blue eyes and rugged in South Carolina, Feb. 14, 1792, married in 1815, and died Aug. 27, 1878. was stamped. Nichol's Indian Affairs, NJ Corvallis Gazette, Sept. 6, 1878. George William Burnett was born John Baker settled in Benton County. Mrs Baker was born in East Ten- 1811. At 6 years of ageheremovedwit nessee, in 1801; married in 1821, and removed to Missouri in 1843, whence ried in that state to Miss Sidney A. I she emigrated with her husband in 1846. Mrs Baker died Nov. 27, 1877, at autumn of 1847 on a land claim in Yan Corvallis, where her son William R. Baker resided. Id., Dec. 7, 1877. death in December 1877. He was a br( Rev. J. A. Cornwall was born in Georgia in 1798. He lived in the south- minded, exemplary man, and useful cit ern and western states till 1846, when he joined the Oregon emigration, taking state legislature. Or. Pioneer Assoc., T the southern route, and wintering in the Umpqua Valley. In 1865 he removed Ezekiel Kennedy was born in Kenti to Ventura County, California. He was a Cumberland Presbyterian, and a to Frankfort at an early age. He built minister for 53 years. He died January 2, 1879. His son, Rev. J. H. Corn- His wife was Fanny Thurston of Shell wall, is a resident of Eugene City, Oregon. Eugene State Journal, Jan. 18, 1879. this time. In 1834 he removed to Mi J. T. Rainey, in 1851, with his brother, L. C. Rainey, purchased of Wm southern branch of the immigration, be Mosgrove, for a horse, a squatter's right to the land on which the town of the Umpqua Valley. In the spring o Roseburg was afterward laid out. The only improvement on the land was a where for a number of years he remain pile of newly cut logs for a cabin. The brothers erected a frame house, and and honor. He finally settled at Dallas sold the land to Aaron Rose, who laid it off in lots and blocks, long residing a widow and 4 children. Dallas Times, there. J. T. Rainey removed to the Rogue River country, where he settled Frederick W. Geer, with his wife on a farm in Sam Valley. Roseburg Western Star, Nov. 14, 1879. on the west bank of the Willamette, o] James Campbell was born in Greenville, Kentucky, April 6, 1807. He The family was increased after arriv emigrated with his parents to Missouri at an early age, and to Oregon in 1846, others of this name in Oregon, Mr Geei spending the early part of the winter of 1846-7 in the Umpqua Valley with Portland Oregonian, May 20, 1876. the belated immigrants of that season. He settled near Salem, but in 1859 Towner Savage was born in the stat removed to Puget Sound, where he resided 7 years, when he returned to to Kalamazoo Co., Mich., and thence to Salem. He died on the 31st of July, 1873, leaving the memory of a good He died at Salem, March 3, 1871. Sale man. Salem Statesman, Aug. 5, 1873. David Colver settled 14 miles east c Virgil K. Pringle and Pherne T. Pringle emigrated from Warren County, until his death, December 31, 1874, at Missouri, to Oregon in 1846, and settled in Marion County. A son, Albra Jan. 9, 1875. Moffett Pringle, torn in Missouri in 1834, died at Seattle, Washington, June James Smith, born in Virginia in 21, 1876. Virgilia E. Pringle Smith, born in Missouri, June 7, 1828, married in 1846, where he died March 25, 1872. Fabritus R. Smith of Salem, September 1, 1847, and died December 3, 1875. James D. Fay came to Oregon, an Portland Advocate, Dec. 23, 1875; Id., Sept. 21, 1876; Salem Farmer, Dec. talents, and studied law under A. A. S 16, 1875. He married a daughter of Jesse Applep Andrew Zumwalt and Elizabeth Zumwalt, his wife, settled in Polk County obnoxious to her family, there was un in 1846, where their son Isaac continued to reside. Andrew Zumwalt was a Miss Rosa Young of Jacksonville. H deacon in the Methodist church. Mrs Zumwalt's maiden name was Fraser. by his second wife. He committed si She was born July 17, 1792, in Kentucky, and died September 10, 1878, at June 4, 1879. Portland Oregonian, Jun I her son's home, near Lewisville, Polk County; her husband preceded her. James T. Crump, whose father ope ii Portlund P. C. Adeocate, Sept. 26, 1878. about 1864, was born in Missouri, and Hugh L. Brown emigrated from Tennessee, and settled in Linn Countr. He was a young man of promise, but ( The town of Brownsville on Calapooya Creek is named after him, and owes few months after his marriage, on ace( I much of its prosperity as an agricultural and manufacturing place to Mr a business situation. He had two brotl Brown's ability and example. Portland Weekly Standard, Feb. 20, 1880. and two sisters, living in Salem. Or. Li I!I Alphouso Boone, a great-grandson of Daniel Boone of Kentucky, with his Wilson Lee settled on the Little L II family, was a member of this emigration. His daughter, Chloe Donnely ii

is MIGRATION O 1846. BIOGRAPHICAL. 571 ' himself a home on Ashland ing. Their in of Ashland the children are many of them living in now stands, and grass valleys of the Klamath the road he assisted they were the first basin which in open- of the American frontiersmen to [lest settlers of Douglas County, Boone, married George L. Curry, afterward :oseburg, died and whose Territory. uddenly while walkengin Curry'sW. P. Biography, Breeding MS.,settled 4. ie19, 1876. sudny the at Salem, and put up the wlig there. He served in the Cayuse first blacksmith's forge mne in Yamhill County, Feb. turned war under Colonel Waters. 28, 1875. Afan. to Missouri, to bring to Oregon In 1850 he re- -i 6, 1875. lowing year was his father and mother, and :nnsylvanj, June married, and removed to in the fol- 19, 1818. On arriving present town of Junction a farm in Lane County, near )regon City where he in City. In 1875 he removed the resided till his death, Washington, where he erected to Whitman County in Enterprice, Sept. 22, 1871. at a flouring mill and made ton the same time laying off the other improvements, County in 1846. Mrs Robinson of Palouse town of Palouse City on married was born River. Mr Breeding was his land, at the falls in 1815, and died Aug. with 'keen, kindly a genial man, his head as white 27, 1878. blue eyes and rugged features as snow, was stamped. on which the glow of health' County. Mrs Baker George Nichol'sIndian Affairs, was born in East Ten- William Burnett was MS., 17, 18. and removed to 1811. born in Nashville, Tennessee, in Missouri in 1843, whence At 6 yearsof ageheremovedwithhisparentstoMissouri, October 18, 1846. Mrs Baker died Nov. ried in R. 27, 1877, at that state to Miss Sidney andwasmar- Baker resided. Id., Dec. autumn of A. Younger in 1831. in Georgia 7, 1877,7 1847 on a land claim in Yamhill He settled in the in 1798. He lived in the death in December County, where he resided hen he joined the south- 1877. He was a brother till his Oregon emigration, takin minded, exemplary man, of Peter H. Burnett, a religious- n the Umpqua Valley. and useful citizen. In In 1865 he removed state legislature. Or. Pioneer 1868 he was elected to the le was a Cumberland Presbyterian, Ezekiel Assoc., Irans., 1877, p. inuary and a Kennedy was born in 74; Burnett'sRec., 182. 2, 1879. His son, Rev. to Frankfort Kentucky in December 1789, Jregon. Euqene J. H. Corn. at an early age. He built but removed State Journa4 Jan. 18, His wife was Fanny the state-house in that C brother, t. 1879. Thurston of Shelbyville, city in 1817. C. Rainey, purchased of Wm this time. In 1834 Ky., whom he married right to the land he removed to Missouri, and about on which the town of southern branch of the immigration, in 1846 to Oregon in the The only improvement on the the Umpqua being one of those who The brothers land was a Valley. In the spring weredetained in erected a frame house, where for a number of 1847 he settled in Yamhill aid it off in and of years he remained County, lots and blocks, long residing and honor. He finally and occupied offices of public ,he Rogue River country, settled at Dallas, where hedied trust where he settled a widow and 4 June11, 1869, leaving Western Star, Nov. 14, 1879. Frederick children. Dallas Times, June 'reenville, W. Geer, with his wife 26, 1869. Kentucky, April 6, 1807. on the west bank Mary Ann, and 2 children, )uri He of the Willamette, opposite settled at an early age, and to Oregon in 1846, The family was increased the present town of Butteville. Lter of 1846-7 in the after arriving in Oregon Umpqua Valley with others of this name in Oregon, to 10 children. Like Ison. He settled near Salem, Mr Geer achieved success me but in 1859 Portland in his undertakings. resided 7 years, when he returned TownerOregonian, May 20, 1876. to Savage was born in the ly, 1873, leaving to Kalamazoo state of New York in 1801. the memory of a good Co., Mich., and thence to Oregon, He removed He died at Salem, and settled in Marion County. Pringle emigrated March 3, 1871. Salem Statesman, from Warren County, David Colver settled 14 miles March 4, 1871. 3ttled in Marion County. until east of Salem, where A son, Albra his death, December 31, he continued to reside 1834, died at Seattle, Washington, 1874, at the age of 80 years. born June Jan. Salem Statesman, in Missouri, Jnne 7, 1828, married James9, 1875. Smith, iber 1, 1847, born in Virginia in 1802, and died December 3, 1875. in 1846, where he settled in Polk County, Oregon, rd., Sept. 21, 1876; Salem died March 25, 1872. Dalles Farmer, Dec. James D. Fay came to Republican, March 30, 1872. talents, Oregon, an orphan, in 1846. and studied law under A. He possessed good ;umwalt, his wife, settled Re married A. Skinner and Judge Thayer ned in Polk County a daughter of Jesse Applegate; of Corvallis. to reside. Andrew Zumwalt obnoxious but his politics and Is Zumwalt's was a to her family, there was unhappiness. conduct being maiden name was Fraser. Miss Rosa Young of Jacksonville. She died, and he married tucky, and died September by his second He had a son by his first 1k County; 10, 1878, at wile. He committed suicide and a daughter her husband preceded at Empire City in Coos her. June 4, 1879. Portland Oregonian, County, 78. James T. Crump, whose June 7, 1879. ennessee, and settled about father opened the first store a Creek in Linn County. 1864, was born in Missouri, in Salem, and died IS named after him, and He was and emigrated with his Itural and owes a young man of promise, but parents in 1846. manufacturing place to few months committed suicide in February d ~eelklyStanda~rd, Mr after his marriage, on account 1870, a Feb. 20, 1880. a business situation. of disappointment in not Of Daniel Boone of He had two brothers, one securing Kentucky, with his and two sisters, of whom is William R. Crump, ration. His daughter, living in Salem. Or. Statesman, Chloe Donnely Wilson Lee settled on the Little Luckiamute Feb. 25, 1870. in Polk County. 'Mrs Lee

- -1ii ii[i

ll 572 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1846. explore. Levi Scott was the founder of Scottsburg, on the Umpqua River. He died in 1878, in Lane County, at the age of eighty, respected for his many virtues and his generous character. was married while en route to Oregon in June 1846. She died July 14, 1872, at Dallas, aged 47 years. Dalles Republican, July 20, 1872. Rev. A. E. Garrison settled in Yamhill County. His wife, Margaret Garrison, died at Salem, August 29, 1870. She was born in Pennsylvania, CHA March 26, 1813, emigrated with her parents to Indiana, was married at the age of 17 to Mr Garrison, and in 1846 accompanied him to Oregon. She was the mother of 14 children, only 9 of whom outlived her. Portland Advocate, THE WAR ] Oct. 1, 1870. Rice Dunbar was born in Ohio, February 6,1802. While a young man he removed to Illinois, where he married Jane Miller Bisbin, January 22, 1830. Together they emigrated, and settled in the Waldo hills. His wife died in SOCIAL EFFORTS OF THE CRE) 1868. He died in September 1870. Id. ENTERTAINMENTS - FIRST Martin Vaughn emigrated from Indiana. He lived on the Nachess River, Washington; one of his daughters married a Gibbs. Id., March 27, 1873. COAST-A MILITARY COMP) Andrus Harper and his wife, Eliza, settled in the Tualatin plains. A SHIP 'FISGARD '-PRESIDEN daughter married L. P. Pratt in 1854, removed to Wasco County in 1871, SCHOONER 'SHARK '-HORS where she died April 17, 1873. Id., May 1, 1873. WRECK OF TIlE 'SHARK '-s Mrs Cynthia Howard was born in Kentucky, October 19, 1810; removed early in life to Illinois, was married in 1828 to R. R. Howard, and with him THE NOTICE BILL-OVERLAN crossed the plains and settled in Oregon City, where she resided the remain- How TIDINGS OF THE TREA der of her life. She was the mother of 10 children, two of whom were Meth- odist ministers. She died August 20, 1877. Id., Aug. 30, 1877. Rev. John Howard, son of R. R. and Cynthia Howard, married Miss WHILE the events jI Jane E. Wingfield, daughter of J. T. Wingfield, in November 1854. She the political condition was born in Missouri, July 19, 1840, and died January 1, 1876, leaving 4 children. Id., Jan. 13, 1876. changed. From the I J. W. and A. Pugh lived for several years in Yamhill County, but after- ward settled in Linn, where they married. Mrs John Pugh, their mother, migrants, and occasion was born in Virginia, October 1, 1791; removed with her parents to Ken- Hawaiian Islands, the tucky, and was there married to John Pugh, about 1818, who was killed by lightning 2 or 3 years afterward, leaving her with 2 boys. After the death of ened war. Among o0 her husband Mrs Pugh removed with her children first to Illinois and then to British plenipotentiary Iowa, and finally they brought her with them to Oregon. She died January 23, 1872. Id., March 21, 1872. sort to leave the ques Joseph Waldo was born March 19, 1805, in Harrison County, West Vir- be settled finally by t ginia. Thence he first emigrated to St Clair County, Missouri, and from toe latter place to Oregon in 1846. He was a brother of Daniel Waldo, but un- this was believed by like him he was of a religious turn of mind, and a generous supporter of the because it was shown , of which he was a trustee, and other Methodist insti- tutions. He died while on a visit to Clarksburg, West Va., Nov. 24, 1871. country must be settli Id., Feb. 8, 1872. immigrations had dem, received the rumor w that England would r

I by which the country be endangered.' So u

1 ,O I 1 Honolulu Polynesian, Jan. 1 I 2 Roberts' Recollections, MS., Divide, 330; Yreka Union, Jun 1 i 29, 1871; Antioch Ledger, Aug. 'RATION OF 1846. s the founder of Scottsburg, He died in 1878, in Lane ghty, respected for his many character. n in June 1846. She died July 14, 1872, 'ublican, July 20, 1872. Yamhill County. His wife, Margaret I, 1870. She was born in Pennsylvania parents to Indiana, was married at the CHAPTER XXI. ~6accompanied him to Oregon. She was whom outlived her. PortlandAdvocate, THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. ebruary 6,1802. While a young manhe ~dJane Miller Bisbin, January 22, 1830. 1846. I in the Waldo hills. His wife died in SOCIAL EFFORTS OF THE CREW OF THE 'MODESTE -FIRST THEATRICAL adiana. He ENTERTAINMENTS-FIRST lived on the Nachess River, AMERICAN NEWSPAPER ON THE PACIFIC arried a Gibbs. Id., March 27, 1873. COAST-A iza, settled in the Tualatin plains. MILITARY COMPANY-ARRIVAL IN THE SOUND OF H. B. M. A SHIP 54, removed to Wasco County in 1871, 'FISGARD '-PRESIDENT POLK'S MESSAGE-ARRIVAL OF THE U. S. lay 1, 1873. SCHOONER 'SHARK '-HORSE-RACING-HOWISON ON THE SITUATION-. Kentucky, October 19, 1810; removed WRECK OF THE 'SHARK '-A FLAG AND GUNS a 1828 to R. R. Howard, and with him FOR OREGON-PASSAGE OF THE NOTICE BILL-OVERLAND on City, where she resided the remain. RAILWAY-THE BOUNDARY DETERMINED- of1 children, two of whom were Math- How TIDINGS OF THE TREATY WERE RECEIVED. .1877. Id., Aug. 30, 1877. .and Cynthia Howard, married Miss Wingfiald, in November 1854. She WHILE the events just narrated were taking place ,and died January 1, 1876, leaving 4 the political condition of the colony remained un- il years in Yamhill County, but after- changed. From the newspapers brought by the im- rried. Mrs John Pugh, their mother, migrants, and occasional l; removed with her parents to Kei- news received by way of the Pugh, about 1818, who was killed by Hawaiian Islands, the Oregon question still threat- Ig her with 2 boys. After the death of ened ler children first to Illinois and then to war. Among other rumors was one that the ,h them to Oregon. She died January British plenipotentiary had proposed as a dernier res- 1805, in Harrison County, West Vir- sort to leave the question open for twenty years, to Clair County, Missouri, and from the be settled finally by the choice of the people. S a brother of Daniel Waldo, but un- But mind, and a generous supporter of the this was believed by Americans to be improbable, s a trustee, and other Methodist insti- because it was shown by Gallatin in Clarksburg, West Va., Nov. 24, 1871. 1827 that the country must be settled by Americans, and the late immigrations had demonstrated it.' British subjects received the rumor with equal incredulity, believing that England would not consent to any compromise by which the country north of the Columbia would be endangered.' So unce-tain and critical seemed the

I Honolulu Polynesian, Jan. 10 and March 14, 1846. 'Roberts' Recollections, MS., 6; Niles' Reg., lxix. 242; Dunavan's Great Divide, 330; Yreka Union, June 28, 1871; San Bernardino GOuardian, July 29, 1871; Antioch Ledger, Aug. 5, 1871; McKay, in his Recollections, MS., 3, {573) THE ' OREGON 574 THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. position of affairs, that an agent was sent in March, Little of all this would ha by the fur company, to San Francisco and the Sand- the printing association, ju wich Islands, to make arrangements for obtaining sup- thought of the crew, comi the Oregon Spectator, the fir plies for the Hudson's Bay Company's posts, in case 5 their farming lands should be seized.' The Russians the Pacific coast. This F also, who depended on Oregon for the larger part of in time to record the occuri their supplies, anticipating trouble, forestalled the of 1846. a second performance in May, Love in o action of the British company, and purchased, early of Garratt were played. Or. Spectator, in the spring, the whole tara crop of the Islands, and 247. 5 There had been a small press in C large quantities of sugar and rum, for Sitka. was published until after the Americ. Everything in the Pacific seemed to point' to an publication of the Oregon newspaper. journal of 4 pages, 15 by 11 inches in si early collision. The Modeste, as a British man-of war in clear type and a tasteful style, by J in the Columbia, was regarded ominously, an immigrant of 1844. The paper wa stationed Oregon printing association, W. G. T'A and to soften the resentment thus created, the officers were employed and removed in quick s the advice of the fur company, to the controlling power in the associat and men, following was, while advocating good morals, ter gave a series of entertainments, to which all were in- Hudson's Bay Company with unremiti the minds this respect it might be considered the vited, which served the purpose of diverting against the British merchants. T'Vaul of many from that strained feeling which McKay for being too lenient. H. A. G. Lee missed for publishing some articles refl says obtained between the rival nations, perceptible of the American merchants toward tl even in the Sandwich Islands. A better acquaint- peared without any ostensible editor, v an immigrant of that year, took the cb ance enabled men of either nation to express political both sides a fair hearing, and after sue( bias freely, and wordy encounters were harmless, as time than any of his predecessors, was tions of the house of representatives there were no offensive exhibitions of patriotism.' candidate for the important office was succeeded by A. E. Wait, and 1850 the paper and press were sold tb says the officers of the British war ship A merica expressed to him the opinion for a time to edit it, but displaced I that the country between the Columbia River and Puget Sound must be held came proprietor, and associated with at all hazards-' an opinion which apparently carried no weight with the home March 1854 the paper was again sold 1 government.' tinned in March 1855. It was publish IThis was J. W. McKay, who says that he found the whole population when it changed to a weekly; and wa much excited over the prospect of annexation to the United States; and vari- presses. Its first printer, John Flemir i ous rumors were afloat concerning Frdmont's intentions. 'Such of my coun- and continued to reside in Oregon Ci trymen,' he says, ' as I had an opportunity to converse with during my stay 1872, at the age of 78 years. He lef i , in San Francisco seemed to take sides with the Americans; though they returned. He was esteemed in his ad( i blamed the English government for not taking prompt action with a view of plary man. He was appointed postma! securing to the British crown a colony which would certainly prove valuable bor a time was T. F. McElroy, who aft in the future.' Recollections, MS., 4, 5; MAarsh's Letter, MS., 14, 15. formed with C. W. Smith a partnersh 'As the first theatrical representations ever produced on the Pacific coast, were succeeded in the publishing depa the performances on the Afodeste are worthy of mention. I find by the Boyd, and they by Boyd alone. Rai Spectator of Feb. 19, 1846, that on the 3d of the month, under the patronage Oregon City dwindle from the first to, of Captain Baillie and the officers of the lllodeste, and before a full and third, the press and material of the Sj respectable audience, was performed the comedy of Three Weeks after Mar- paper inder another name, and for p( riage, followed by The Deuce is in Him, and The Mayor of Garratt. The finally merged in another at Salem, z scenery was painted by the crew. The prologue was composed and spoken to Roseburg to start a paper at the by Pettman, and ended with the mot referred to in the note, 'Modeste is our where it remains. The type and mate ship,' etc. The young ladies who took part in the play were the daughters in the publication of the Daily Unior of Oregon settlers: Miss Allen, Miss Hedgecock, Miss Lloyd, and Miss Rossi. taken to Astoria, where was printed oi These were the earliest pupils of the mimic art on the Northwest Coast. At

I FEELING IN OREGON- ITHE 'OREGON SPECTATOR.' 575 an agent was sent in March, Little of all this would have been preserved had not San Francisco and the Sand- the printing association, just previous to this happy irrangemnents for obtaining sup- thought of the crew, commenced the publication of Bay Company's posts, in case the Oregon Spectator, the first American newspaper on Duld be seized.3 The Russians the Pacific coast.' This publication was begun just Oregon for the larger part of in time to record the occurrences of the eventful year ating trouble, forestalled the of 1846. ,omnpany, and purchased, early a second performance in May, Love in a Village, The Mfeek Doctor, and Mayor of Garratt were played. Or. Spectator, May 12, 1846; Taylor's Spec. Press, e tara crop of the Islands, and 247. r and rum, for Sitka. 5 There had been a small press in California since 1834, but no newspaper was published until after the American conquest, 6 months later than the Pacific seemed to point to an publication of the Oregon newspaper. The Spectator was a semi-monthly odeste, as a British man-of war journal of 4 pages, 15 by 11 inches in size, containing 4 columns each, printed in clear type and a tasteful style, by John Fleming, a practical printer, and ibia, was regarded ominously, an immigrant of 1844. The paper was first edited by the president of the ment thus created, the officers Oregon printing association, W. G. T'Vault, after whom several other editors were employed and removed in quick succession for holding opinions adverse advice of the fur company, to the controlling power in the association. The general aim of the Spectator inments, to which all were in- was, while advocating good morals, temperance, and education, to pursue the Hudson's Bay Company with unremitting, if often covert, hostility; and in purpose of diverting the minds this respect it might be considered the organ of the American merchant class against the British merchants. T'Vault was dismissed at the end of 10 weeks ained feeling which McKay for being too lenient. H. A. G. Lee then issued 9 numbers, and was dis- the rival nations, perceptible missed for publishing some articles reflecting with good reason on the course of the American merchants toward the colonists; and several numbers ap- Islands. A better acquaint- peared without any ostensible editor, when in October 1846, George L. Curry, ier nation to express political an immigrant of that year, took the chair. He pursued the plan of allowing both sides a fair hearing, and after successfully conducting the paper a longer encounters were harmless, as tihe than any of his predecessors, was dismissed for publishing some resolu- zexhibitions of patriotism) tions of the house of representatives 6f 1849, reflecting on the Methodist candidate for the important office of Oregon delegate to congress. He was succeeded by A. E. Wait, and subsequently by Wilson Blain. In ship America expressed to him the opinion 1850 the paper and press were sold to Robert Moore, who employed Blain nbia River and Puget Sound must be held for a time to edit it, but displaced him by D. J. Schnebley, who soon be- pparently carried no weight with the booms came proprietor, and associated with himself C. P. Culver as editor. In March 1854 the paper was again sold to C. L. Goodrich, and by him discon- says that he found the whole population tinued in March 1855. It was published semi-monthly until September 1850, nnexation to the United States; and vari- when it changed to a weekly; and was printed on one of Hoe s Washington trfmont's intentions. 'Such of my coun- presses. Its first printer, John Fleming, went from Ohio to Oregon in 1845, )rturnity to converse with during my stay and continued to reside in Oregon City till the time of his death, Dec. 2, sides with the Americans; though they 1872, at the age of 78 years. He left a family in Ohio, to whom he never not taking prompt action with a view of returned. He was esteemed in his adopted home as an honorable and exem- mny which would certainly prove valuable plary man. He was appointed postmaster in 1856. Associated with Fleming 5; Marsh's Letter, MS., 14, 15. for a time was T. F. McElroy, who after Fleming's retirement from business Etions ever produced on the Pacific coast formed with C. W. Smith a partnership as printers and publishers. These ire worthy of mention. I find by the were succeeded in the publishing department by T. 1). Watson and G. D. R. ,e 3d of the month, under the patronage Boyd, and they by Boyd alone. Having outlived colonial times and seen of the lrodeste, and before a full and Oregon City dwindle from the first town in Oregon to the rank of second or I the comedy of Three Weeks after Mar- third, the press and material of the Spectator were sold in 1855 to publish a Him,and The Mayor of Garratt.The paper ander another name, and for political purposes. That paper became The prologue was composed and spoken finally merged in another at Salem, and the old Spectator press was taken t referred to in the note, 'Modeste is our to Roseburg to start a paper at that place, and finally to Eugene City, Wokpart in the play were the daughters where it remains. The type and material were carried to Portland to be used Hedgecock, Miss Lloyd, and Miss Rossi. in the publication of the Daily Union, for a short time, after which it was mimic art on the Northwest Coast. At taken to Astoria, where was printed on it~the M1arive Gazette, in which Gray'8

.. A G576 THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. OFFICERS OF THE With the exception of drinking, no objection seems 6 inoffensive, but never cordial to have been made to the llodeste's officers or men. and missionary portion of ti Captain Baillie rarely left his ship; but the younger them with disfavor, and ben officers, besides giving theatrical entertainments, horse- covert sneer could be detecte races, balls, and curling matches, visited among the There was another object settlers wherever invited, and attended a ball given Modeste, which was to avert tI at Oregon City, in honor of Washington's birthday, of the inferior officers and se by H. M. Knighton, an immigrant of 1845, who was up a section of land, without the second marshal of Oregon under the provisional land law. Though the legish government, and sergeant-at-arms of the house of an act in relation to deserting representatives in the winter of 1846. The editorial be returned to their vessels, t notices received of these amusements were studiedly their officers, the practice of in the Columbia River was oi first appeared. On the termination of that journal, what was left of the material of the Spectator was taken back to Oregon City. The much trouble. In a country authorities through which I have followed the course of Oregon's first press useless to employ severe mea are Portland Oregonian, Match 25, 1854; Olympia Columbian, Sept. 10, 1853; Olympia Pioneer and Democrat, March 18, 1854; Parrish'sOr. Anecdotes, MS., might venture it, and kindne 5, 6; Lane's Nar., MS., 5, 6; Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1875, p. 72; Portland by the officers of the Mlodeste Week-ly Oregonian, Dec. 26, 1868; Olympia Transcript, Dec. 26, 1868; Eans' Hist. Or., MS., 333; Applegate's Views of Hist., MS., 50; Brown's Willamette Company as more effectual. Valley, MS., 34; Pickett's Paris kEposition, 10; Or. City Weekly Enterprise, sufficient importance has ner Dee. 19, 1868; Solano (Cal.) Herald, Jan. 9, 1869; Olympia Wash. Standard, Jan. 2, 1869; Niles' Beg., lxx. 340-1; S. P. Alta, March 15, 1855; Sac. Union, influence of the good order i April 10, 1855; Portland Wfest Shore, Nov. 1878. The general news chronicle in the Spectator was usually at least 6 months old, and was obtained from couver in preserving the pel papers brought out by the annual iminigrations, from the Sandwich Island also that the naval service g papers brought over in chance sailing vessels, or through the correspondence and mail of the fur company, which arrived once or twice a year overland than the landsmen, the captai from Canada, or by the aunnual vessel from England. But the intelligence to appeal to the authority of conveyed was read as eagerly as if the events had but just transpired, and by the extracts published, it is easy to gather what kind of news was considered to keep their men under contr most important. Vancouver during the Chr 6 The officers of the Modeste were Thomas Baillie, captain; T. M. Rodney, T. G. Drake, and T. P. Coode, lieutenants; G. J. Gibbon, master; John Gib- son, surgeon; J. M. Hobbs, purser; A. A. D. Dundas, mate; A. Gordon, 7 Recollections, MS., 5. At a ball heb asst. surgeon; A. T. De Horsey, J. Montgomerie, Charles Grant, and R. T. Alodeste's officers wagered a bottle of win( Legge, midshipmen; Thomas James Clarke, G. Pearce, master's assistants; ent would fight on the British side in th, J. White, clerk's assistant; J. Hickman, gunner; J. Stevens, boatswain; Wm count being made he lost his bet. He Ellicott, carpenter. Or. Spectator, Feb. 5, 1846. Roberts says these officers offered to bet would fight on England's were fine fellows, and that the men could not be induced to desert by the being put, 'Sir, which flag would you si temptation of 640 acres of land, the ship losing but one seaman during a replied, 'I fight under the stars and stx stay in the river of more than a year. McLoughlin also says: 'I am con- of the challenger. linto's Early Days, 3 vinced that it was owing to the Modeste being at Vancouver, and the gentle- 1874, 26-7. 'At one of the plays,' says manlike conduct of Captain Baillie and his officers, and the good discipline ship, and modest men are we-one word and good behavior of the crew, that the officers of the Hudson's Bay Company more I sus- Ladies and gentlemen all--God save the ( have had less trouble (though they have had a great deal than removed amongst the uncovered crowd, pected) than they would have had, and which certainly they have done may I pitch that chap overboard?"' RI nothing to incur, but everything they could to avoid.' Private Papers, MS., side: George W. Jackson, an immigrant 2d ser., 16, 17. One of the midshipmen of the Modeste was afterward Admiral on board the Modeste, where there was si De Horsey. Rodney, 1st lieutenant, was grandson of Admiral C. R. Rodney. the 'Star-spangled Banner,' to which the Drake, 2d lieutenant, was the author of Lines to Mary and other similar 'Ye Parliaments of England' of 1812 m effusions published in the Spectator. Roberts' Recollections, MS., 38-9. tainers. Camp-fire Orations, MS., 8, 9; P, It HIST. OR., VOL. I. 37

El 1I l:

1 FEELING IN OREGON. OFFICERS OF THE ' MODESTE.' 577 a of drinking, no objection seems to the l0lodeste's officers or men." inoffensive, but never cordial. The ultra-American y left his ship; but the younger and missionary portion of the inhabitants regarded 9 theatrical entertainments, horse- them with disfavor, and beneath guarded phrases a Ing matches, visited among the covert sneer could be detected.' iited, and attended a ball given There was another object in the gayeties of the ,onor of Washington's birthday, lllodeste, which was to avert the temptation on the part an immigrant of 1845, who was of the inferior officers and seamen to desert and take f Oregon under the provisional up a section of land, without price, under the Oregon geant-at-arms of the house of land law. Though the legislature of 1844 had passed winter of 1846. The editorial an act in relation to deserting seamen, that they should ese amusements were studiedly be returned to their vessels, there to be dealt with by their officers, the practice of abandoning their ships 1. On the termination of that journal, what in the Columbia River was one that gave sea-captains pectator was taken back to Oregon City. The ve followed the course of Oregon's first press much trouble. In a country so wild and free, it was 25, 1854; Olympia C'olumbian, Sept. 10, 1853; useless to employ severe measures, even March 18, 1854; Parrish'sOr. Anecdotes Ms., if a captain . Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1875, p. 72; Portland might venture it, and kindness and tact were judged '; Olympia Transcript, Dec. 26, 1868; Evans' by the officers of the Alodeste and the Hudson's VExwsitof li"t-, MS., 50; Brown's Willamette Bay Expo ilt Io 10; Or. City Weekly Enterprise, Company as more effectual. Roberts remarks. that "'Id, Jan. 9, 1869; Olympia Wash. Standard, sufficient importance 0-1; S. F. Alta, March 15, 1855; Sac. Union, has never been attached to the 'ore, Nov. 1878. The general news chronicle influence of the good order maintained at Fort Van- least 6 months old, and was obtained from al immigrations, from the Sandwich Island couver in preserving the peace of the country; and Liling vessels, or through the correspondence also that the naval service gave them more hich arrived once or twice a year overland trouble vessel from England. But the intelligence than the landsmen, the captains of vessels often having ofthe events had but just transpired, and by to appeal to the authority of McLoughlin to gather what kind of news was considered or Douglas to keep their men under control. Palmer, who visited ere Thomas Baillie, captain; T. M. Rodney Vancouver during the Christmas ,utenants; G. J. Gibbon, master; John Gib- holidays, one of 8er; A. A. 1D. Dundas, mate; A. Gordon I. Montgomerie, Charles Grant, and R. T. nes Clarke, G. Pearce, ' Recollections, MS., 5. At a ball held in McLoughlin's mill, one of the masters assistants; Atodeste's kman, gunner; J. Stevens, boatswain; officers wagered a bottle of wine that the majority of the men pres- Wm ent would fight on the Feh. 5, 1846. Roberts says these officers British side in the event of having to choose; but a, ,en could not be induced count being made he lost his bet. He then singled out one man who to desert by the offered to he the ship losing but one seaman bet would fight on England's side, W. H. Rees. On the question during a being put, 'Sir, which year. McLoughlin also says: 'I am con- flag would you support in the event of war?' Rees odeste being replied, 'I fight under the stars and stripes, sir !' to the no at Vancouver, and the gentle. of the challenger. small chagrin and his officers, and the good discipline Minto's Early Days, MS., 10; Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., b the officers 1874, 26-7. 'At one of the plays,' says Roberts, 'I heard, "Modeste is of the Hudson's Bay Company ship, our ey have had a great deal more and modest men are we-one word more, and up shall rise the scene: than I sus- Ladies and gentlemen id, and which certainly they have done all-God save the Queen !" One slouched hat was un- they could to avoid.' removed amongst the uncovered crowd, and I heard altar say, " Please, sir, Private Papers, MS., may I pitch 'men of the Modeste was afterward that chap overboard?"'X Roberts' Rec., MS., 38. On the other Admiral side: George W. Jackson, It, was grandson of Admiral C. R. Rodney. an immigrant of 1845, being at an entertainment on board the Aodeste, where there was singing, treated the audience first thor of Lines to Mary and other similar the 'Star-spangled to IRoberts' Recollections, MS., 38-9. Banner,' to which they did not object, and afterward to, 'Ye Parliaments of England' of 1812 memorv, which displeased his ente&-- tainers. Camp-fire Orations, MS., 8, 9; Palmers Journal, IIl. 1M1ST.OR., VOL. I. 37 578 THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. THE ' FISI those rare occasions, as aleady mentioned, on which Captain Kaiser's company of the company's servants received their small allowance took that name, some of I of spirits, describes a grand carouse, ending on ship- again enrolled, and the form, board.' dent of the meeting. On the very day that Kais The subject of military organization had been proceedings to Oregon's joui neglected in the amended organic law, through a wise Fort Vancouver to the san forbearance, as its existence was calculated to create at Nisqually of H. M. frigate suspicion and prevent the perfect fusion of rival ele- and a crew of three hundred ments. The apparently critical aspect of affairs in come to remain for the sumn the spring of 1846, however, induced some public- cloud threatened.'0 The new spirited citizens to call a meeting at the house of as late as December from Ei David Waldo, in Champoeg County, and organize a New York, was rather quie company of mounted riflemen.9 Charles Bennett was was thought that the corn la made captain. It appears to have been a revival of free-trade instituted, which to American I' This was holiday with the servants of the Hudson's Bay Company, and bread-stuffs, an, such ranting and frolicking has perhaps seldom been seen among the sons of lessen the war feeling in t men. Some were engaged in gambling, some singing, some running horses, President Polk's many promenading on the river-shore, and others on the large green prairie supporters above the fort. H. B. M.'s ship of war Mfodeste was lying at anchor about president had also made pi fifty yards from the shore. The sailors also seemed to be enjoying the holi- days-many of them were on shore promenading and casting sheep's-eyes at tariff, favorable to Great B the fair native damsels as they strolled from wigwam to hut, and from hut to reassuring. At the same t wigwam, intent upon seeking for themselves the greatest amount of enjoy- ment. At night a party was given on board the ship, and judging from the the French government, wh noise kept up until ten at night, they were a jolly set of fellows. About this ian Islands courted the fav time a boat came ashore from the ship with a few landlubbers most gloriously drunk. One of them fell out of the boat and his comrades were barely able English fleet in the Pacific, to pull him ashore.' Joueern, 111. of Great Britain; and the p 9The preamble to this organization reads: 'Whereas, the people of Oregon Territory are situated remote from, and without the protection of, any gov- *in the Pacific were tolerated ernment, we therefore, as members of a free and enlightened community, obtain 2 wishing to preserve the principles of a free and republican form of gov- this support." ernment, and being well aware that the body of the people is the only power capable of sustaining such institutions, therefore, we deem it advisable to 10The Fisgardwas officered as follows form ourselves into military bodies, for the purpose of preserving peace and John Rodd, Charles Dyke, George Y. Pa order at home, and preventing aggressions from abroad.' Or. Spectator, June D. Ashe; marines, Lieutenant Henry H. 11, 1846. The officers of the company were: captain, Charles Bennett; 1st ards; master, Edmund P. Cole; chaplain, lieut., A. A. Robinson; 2d lieut., Isaac Hutchins; 3d lieut., Hiram English; R. Durm; purser, Thomas Rowe; second ord. sergeant, Thomas Holt; 2d sergeant, Thomas Howell; 3d sergeant, S. Robert M. Joship; 14 midshipmen. Robs C. Morris; 4th sergeant, William Herring; 1st corporal, P. C. Kaiser; 2d for a midshipmen's school at Nisqually corporal, Robert Walker; 3d corporal, B. Frost; 4th corporal, John Rowe. It was known to us as the " castle of indc The privates were 33 in number. This company, when called upon to pursue "Had the corn laws of England been; some supposed horse-thieves, charged upon a peaceable native village, and a market could have been found for the gr shot an Indian who was innocent of any offence. It seems an anomaly that the history of Oregon might now be read men who were able to pen sentiments as lofty as those contained in their pre- emigrated to the Pacific coast would ha amble were so little to be trusted in the execution of their duty. It is due, and wheat for Great Britain. however, to Captain Bennett to state that he was not in command; and to "The N. Y. Herald of Nov. 30, 1845, r the company, to say that all regretted the occurrence which happened rather state that H. B. M. ship Collingwood, Admi through a mistake than by design. Kaiser's EmigrantRoad, MS., 6, 7; Kaiser's there and saluted the French Protectorat Nar., 12-14. seems to indicate that the English, in ord( I FEELING IN OREGON. THE 'FISGARD.' 579 as aleady mentioned, on which ts received their small allowance Captain Kaiser's company of Oregon Rangers, as they grand carouse, ending on ship- took that name, some of the same members being again enrolled, and the former captain acting as presi- dent of the meeting. lilitary organization had been On the very day that Kaiser sent his report of these ded organic law, through a wise proceedings to Oregon's journal, Ogden, writing from istence was calculated to create Fort Vancouver to the same, announced the arrival the perfect fusion of rival ele- at Nisqually of H. M. frigate Fisgard, forty-two guns, tly critical aspect of affairs in and a crew of three hundred and fifty men, which had however, induced come to remain for the summer, or as long as the war- some public- 0 all a meeting at the house of cloud threatened." The news brought by the Fisgard, inpoeg County, and organize a as late as December from England and January from iflemen.R Charles Bennett was New York, was rather quieting than otherwise. It ears to have been a revival of was thought that the corn laws would be repealed and free-trade instituted, which would open British ports servants of the Hudson's Bay Company, and to American bread-stuffs, and it was believed perhaps seldom been seen among the sons of greatly Imbling, some singing, some running horses, lessen the war feeling in the western states, where -shore, and others on the large green prairie President Polk's supporters were strongest."1 of 'war Modeste was lying at anchor ablout The sailors also seemed to be enjioying the hoi- president had also made proposals for altering the re Promenading and casting sheep's-eyes at tariff, favorable to Great rolled from wigwam to hut, and from hut to Britain; all of which was themselves the greatest amount of enjoy- reassuring. At the same time it was evident that en n bardtheshi,ad jdgig fom the the French hey were a jolly setoffellows.judg bout this government, whose officers in the Hawai- shilp with a few landlubbers most gloriously ian Islands courted the favor of the officers of the boat and his comrades were barely ab~le the English fleet in the Pacific, would support the claims tion reads: 'Whereas, the people of Oregon of Great Britain; and the pretensions ni, and without the protection of, any gov- of the French 3rs of a free and enlightened community, *in the Pacific were tolerated by England in order to 8 of a free and republican form of gov- obtain this support."2 t the body of the people is the only power tions, therefore, we deem it advisable to s, for the purpose of preserving peace and Ii The Fisgard was officered as follows: captain, J. A. Duntz; lieutenants, ,,ressions from abroad.' Or. Spectator, June John Rodd, Charles Dyke, George Y. Patterson, Edward W. Lang, riPany were: D. Edward captain, Charles Bennett; 1st Ashe; marines, Lieutenant Henry H. M'Carthy, and Fleetwood J. Rich- Isaac Hutchins; -3d lieut., Hiram English; ards; master, Edmund P. Cole; chaplain, Robert Thompson; srgeant, surgeon, Thomas Thomas Howell; 3d sergeant, S. R. Durm; purser, Thomas Rowe; second master, James Crosby; instructor, Herring; 1st corporal, P. C. Kaiser; 2d Robert M. Joship; 14 midshipmen. Roberts says: 'A small building iral, B. Frost; for erected 4th corporal, John Rowe. a midshipmen's school at Nisqually was standing only a few years ago. is company, when called upon to pursue It was known to us as the " castle of indolence."' Recollections, led MS., 78. upon a peaceable native village, and 11Had the corn laws of England been abolished a few years earlier, iany offence. a so that It seems an anomaly that market could have been found for the grain raised in the Mississippi Valley, ts as lofty as those contained in their pre- the history of Oregon might now be read differently, since the emigrated the farmers who execution of their duty. It is due, to the Pacific coast would have remained at home to raise corn ,te that he was not and wheat in command; and to 2 for Great Britain. ed the occurrence which happened rather " The N. Y. Herald of Nov. 30, 1845, remarks: ' The aiser's accounts from Tahiti EmigrantRoad, MS., 6, 7; Kaiser's state that H. B. M. ship Collinigwood, Admiral Sir George Seymour, there had arrived and saluted the French Protectorate flag. This is rather singular, and seems to indicate that the English, in order to carry some point in the Pacific, 580 THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. OREGON BEFOR] The newspaper mail of the Fisgard, however, cessors, who had offered to revealed the fact that there was a majority of the the 49th parallel, two of ti democratic party in the United States house of repre- navigation of the Columbia sentatives of nearly two to one, and in the senate a accordingly been made, repe, majority of six. This latter circumstance was re- parallel, but withdrawing tl garded as indicating that the president's policy would Columbia; and which in its I be carried out as defined in his message. rejected by the British pleni On the 23d of August, 1844, said President Polk, of opinion that the year's n the negotiations on the subject of the Oregon boun- vention of 1827 should be dary, which had been pending in London since October joint occupancy terminated, 1843, were transferred to Washington. The proposi- ernment could rightfully as& tion of the British plenipotentiary was to divide the jurisdiction over any portion Oregon Territory by the 49th parallel, from the Rocky In the mean time he recoi Mountains to the point of its intersection with the by congress as would be p northernmost branch of the Columbia River, and treaty, and considered it bey thence down that river to the sea, leaving the free tection of the United States 1; navigation of the river to be enjoyed by both parties; immediately to be extended the country south of this line to belong to the United gon, who had just cause to States, and that north to Great Britain. In addition and who had been driven t to this, it was proposed to yield a strip of coast north for themselves. The extei of the Columbia extending from Bullfinch Harbor to might be extended over the the Strait of Fuca, and from the Pacific to Hood as far as the British govei Canal; and to make free to the United States any act of parliament of July ports they might desire, either on the Mainland or on courts of Upper Canada wer Vancouver Island-a proposition identical with one nizance of civil and crimin offered in 1826, with the exception of the free ports. justices of the peace and oth and which was promptly rejected by the United States gon. He also recommendE plenipotentiary. A request was then made that the United States regulating ti United States should frame a proposal. Nothing, the natives east of the Roc however, had been done when the administration extended over the tribes wee changed, and Polk came into office. a suitable number of militai The president said that though he held the opinion lished on the route to Oreg that Great Britain had no title to the Oregon Terri- emigrants; that an overlanc tory that could be maintained upon any principle of month, should also be estab public law recognized by nations, he had felt it these proposed measures, cot his duty to defer to the opinions and acts of his prede- 1329th Colly., 1st Sess., Sen. Doc. No. have concluded to recognize and tolerate the French aggressions in that sea. 1845; Or. Spectator, June 11, 1846. See also Mofras, Explor., tom. i. 294; Id., tom. ii. 254; Greenhow's Hist. Or., 14Civil cases, not exceeding in the c; 159, 341-3. criminal cases, where the punishment wa FEELING IN OREGON. OREGON BEFORE CONGRESS. 581 ail of the Fisgard, however, cessors, who had offered to adjust the boundary on there was a majority of the the 49th parallel, two of them also offering the free 3 United States house of repre- navigation of the Columbia; and a proposition vo had to one, and in the senate a accordingly been made, repeating the latter offer of the 49th circumstance was re- parallel, but withdrawing the free navigation of the at the president's policy would Columbia; and which in its turn had been indignantly d in his message. rejected by the British plenipotentiary. st, 1844, said He was now President Polk, of opinion that the year's notice required by the con- subject of the Oregon boun- vention of 1827 should be given, and the treaty of ending in London since October joint occupancy terminated, before which to Washington. neither gov- The proposi- ernment could rightfully assert or exercise exclusive iipotentiary was to divide the jurisdiction over any portion of the territory."3 A49th parallel, from the Rocky In the mean time he recommended such legislation t of its intersection with the by congress as would be proper under the existing )f the Columbia River, and treaty, and considered it beyond question that the pro- r to the sea, leaving the free tection of the United States laws and jurisdiction ought to be enjoyed by both parties; immediately to be extended over s line to Americans in Ore- belong to the United gon, who had just cause to complain of o Great Britain. long neglect, In addition and who had been driven to organize a government to yield a strip of coast north for themselves. The extent to which ng from Bullfinch jurisdiction Harbor to might be extended over the territory should be in d from the Pacific full to Hood as far as the British government had gone in the -e to the United States any act of parliament of July 2, either 1821, by which the on the Mainland or on courts of Upper Canada were empowered reposition identical to take cog- with one nizance of civil and criminal cases,14 and to e exception of the appoint free ports, justices of the peace and other political officers in Ore- rejected by the United States gon. He also recommended that test the laws of the was then made that the United States regulating trade frame and intercourse with a proposal. Nothing, the natives east of the Rocky Mountains [e when should be the administration extended over the tribes west of the mountains; into office. that a suitable number of military posts should be t though he held the estab- opinion lished on the route to Oregon, to give protection to lo title to the Oregon Terri- emigrants; that an overland mail, tained as often as once a upon any principle of month, should also be established; and in addition by nations, he to had felt it these proposed measures, congress should be prepared, zinions and acts of his prede-

13 29th Cony., 1st Sess., Sen. Doc. No. 1, 11-14; London Chronicle, Dec.. 24, Xrate the French aggressions in that sea. 1845; Or. Spectator, June 11, 1846. ; Id., tom. ii. 254; Greenhow's Hist. Or., 14Civil cases, not exceeding in the cause of action the sum of £200, and crimmal cases, where the punishment was not capital. Wyse's America, ii. 304. 31,;,I],! Iii THE FOURTH I 582 THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. iI t iiI same paper they learned th i as soon as the year's notice had expired, to make lib- Commander Dupont, with ( ,Ii eral grants-of land to the settlers in Oregon. I portion of his message board, had sailed for the P jI The president closed that II to be the ; I of his ground supposed r which related to Oregon with the avowal 1 that it was rumored that tl- I belief in the Monroe doctrine of non-interference of 14, 1 and the Pacific was making sail 'i 1 foreign powers with North American territories, t someti the assurance that should any such interference be There was always attempted it would be resisted at all hazards.'5 yet the colonists continued Notwithstanding this decided policy of the new fields, building, anal road-ma] administration, it was generally thought by the lead- that their claims to land an, !:I protected. In this spirit pi t d ing inen in congress that there would be no war. The iL a Fourth-of-July celebrati' E ii senate was entirely against it, and it was ridiculed City. even in the house, though the propriety of increasing named, and in Oregon the navy was considered, as a peace measure. The erected a liberty-pole presE F house would probably be in favor of giving notice; arrangements by William particu- one guns was fired, and an ( but in the senate the measure was opposed, 1 larly by southern members." H. Burnett, " which was I fil Such was the intelligence that reached Oregon in toasts, with cheering and ir May, and was published in the Spectator in June. being concluded by a ball the managem News of a few weeks' later date, received from the At Salem of the Islands, informed the colonists that a resolution had placed in the hands I company, the Oregon Rang passed the house to give the notice, by a vote of one hundred and sixty-three to fifty-four; but that in the sion that the company was] senate, the vote, if taken, it was believed would stand by Mrs Horace Holden it. Bv the twenty-two for and thirty-four against "Honolulu Friend, May 1, 1846; Pc Ivi 1' As this was the first public celebr .V July, the following facts concerning 1The president's message changed the tone of the French press. In the i Union, taken interest. The procession was formed Spectator of August 20th was a quotation from the Washington the City Hotel, ] containing these comments on President marshal of the day, at from the Courrier des Etats Unis, Methodist church, the flag of I8 'Not that the message does not bear the impress, in all the to the Polk's message: head. The ceremonies opened with pi questions to which it refers, of a frankness and vigor which invest it with a an ad- of independence was read by A. L. Lo powerful interest or thrilling importance, but Mr Polk has displayed the and the boldness of inten- of Judge Burnett. The assembly mirable skill in disguising the energy of thoughts after which of moderation, address, and courtesy. It has been public dinner was served, tions under forms full ing and firing of guns, but without th many years since the people of the United States held toward foreign nations Oregon Question the Courrier 13 regular toasts, full of the spirit a language so proud and so calm. Upon the by the peculiar been little suspicion of the extent of the concessions more or less colored remarked that 'there had 'Oregon belonging to the United Sta which had, up to the last hour, been offered to Great Britain, and which are scandalized, and with tion, and ever ready to repel any ine now for the first time revealed. Public opinion is from which England has shown in refusing path by hired emissaries, come great reason, at the blundering obstinacy cheers and 3 guns. 'The I and those even who were least disposed to insist on the with 10 these concessions; for the world, a bone of jealousy to to the United States are of opinion that concessions were carried suf- rights of the brave, and an asylum of the opE ficiently far; and if they have any regrets, they are not disposed to blame the more to John Bull, whose avid- Among the volunteer toasts was one resolution taken by Mr Polk to yield nothing come when the lion and unicorn may ity is insatiate.' continent seeking whom they may bil '5 N. Y. Jour. of Commerce, Jan. 21, 1846. R FEELING IN OREGON. THE FOURTH OF JULY. 583 3 notice had expired, to make lib- ) the settlers in Oregon. same paper they learned that the frigate Congress, sed that portion of hismesg Commander Dupont, with Commodore Stockton on )regon with the avowal message board, had sailed for the Pacific coast, her cruising ground supposed to be the ; and also Ndoctrine of.non-interference of North American territories, and that it was rumored that the whole British force in 7 ;hould any such interference be the Pacific was making sail for the Columbia River.' 3 resisted at all hazards. There was always something to protract anxiety; his decided policy of the new yet the colonists continued the cultivation of their fields, building, any generally thought by the lead. road-making, with unceasing faith lat there would be no war. The that their claims to land and improvements would be gainst it, and it was ridiculed protected. In this spirit preparations were made for ugh the propriety of increasing a Fourth-of-July celebration in Salem, recently so red, as a peace measure. The named, and in Oregon City. At the latter place was be in favor of giving notice; erected a liberty-pole presented to the committee of arrangements measure was opposed particue by William Holmes; a round of thirty- one guns was fired, and an oration delivered by Peter 8 !gence that reached Oregon in H. Burnett,' which was followed by a dinner and ted in the Spectator in June. toasts, with cheering and firing of guns, the festivities later date, received from the being concluded by a ball in the evening. olonists that a resolution had At Salem the management of the celebration was e the notice, by a vote of one placed in the hands of the newly organized military to fifty-four; but that in the company, the Oregon Rangers. It was on this occa- a, it was believed would stand sion that the company was presented with a flag made rty-four against it. Bv the by Mrs Horace Holden and Miss Looney. The

7 Honolulu Friend, May 1, 1846; Polynesian, April 25, 1846. ?ed the tone of the French press. In the 8 As this was the first public celebration by the colonists of the Fourth of tation from the WashintnU July, the following facts concerning coetamgtontUnion, taken its observance may not be without conaiingthsecomments on President interest. The procession was formed under the management of Wm Finley, Safdoeno bar th mpress, in all the marshal of the day, at the City Hotel, kept by H. M. Knighton, and marched in esand vi or 'Which invest it witha to the Methodist church, the flag of the United States being borne at the tanc,bu Mr olkhas displayed an ad. head. The ceremonies opened with prayer by J. L. Parrish; the declaration ~'tougts f ndthe boldness of inten- of independence was read by A. L. Lovejoy, after which followed the oration )n,ddrss nd ourtesy. It has been of Judge Burnett. The assembly then marched back to the hotel, where a Jniedtats hldtoward foreign nations public dinner was served, after which the usual toasts were read, with cheer- Uponhe OegonQuestion the Courrier ing and firing of guns, but without the use of wines or liquors. There were 5fsicioof he e tentof the concessions 13 regular toasts, full of the spirit of 1776, and a number of others, all more or less colored by the peculiar situation of the country. ubIC Opinon The toast, is scandai 'Oregon belonging to the United States and rightfully claiming her protec- tion, and ever ready to repel any insult offered in seducing her from that Lcy hichEnglndhs sh ed, andwit path by hired emissaries, come from what source they may,' was received with 10 cheers and 3 guns. 'The United States of America, an example for the world, a bone of jealousy to tyrants, the home of the free, the land of the brave, and an asylum of the oppressed,' received 13 cheers and 5 guns. Among the volunteer toasts was one by A. L. Lovejoy, ' I, 1846. May the time soon come when the lion and unicorn may cease to go about the North American continent seeking whom they may bite !' Oregon Spectator, July 9, 1846. - ^ v z

I

i < 584 THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. OTHER VESSEL

ornition was delivered by W. G. T'Vault, after which a cending that river as far as ba:rbecue and public dinner was served, followed, not able to get the schooner ove by a ball, but by a sermon, as was considered proper Vancouver, while a party of 19 111I TI a missionary town, delivered by Harvey Clark. ceeded in a boat to Oregon ( Howison arrived at Vanc It had been a subject of annoyance to the colonists pate in the first formal hors that two well-equipped British men-of-war should be occurred on the 25th of Ji stationed in Oregon waters, and that while a fleet of with the advent of a Unitec American vessels sported in the Pacific, not one was in together an unusual number the Columbia. But this grievance was removed when the American officers an there entered on the 18th of July the schooner Shark, acquainted with the prevailin twelve guns, Neil M. Howison, commander," 0 which courtesy was extended to the had been repairing at the Islands since the month of which attentions were receiv April, and left Honolulu on the 23d of June. Reach- dered; but, as in the case of ing the mouth of the Columbia, she anchored, and fired American settler would have guns signalling for a pilot, but no pilot appearing, States officers should not ha, Lieutenant Howison, with the master, pulled in be- obligations. tween the breakers and sounded the channel, after Howison's report is prol which he brought the vessel in. On rounding Cape extant upon the condition o1 Disappointment he was hailed by a boat which con- time. He came as an observ tained A. L. Lovejoy, H. H. Spalding, and W. H. of hearing both sides of the Gray. The negro pilot, already mentioned, was recom- have written fairly, and m mended, but in twenty minutes he ran the schooner was no motive for him to c hard aground on Chinook shoal. Lovejoy and Gray eyes of government. He a immediately put off to Astoria for assistance, and in vailing an intense excitement the morning Mr Latta, the pilot of the Hudson's among all classes; and that Bay Company, was brought on board, who took the writing to refrain from argui Shark to her anchorage off Astoria, the vessel having ship of the soil, but to alla worked off the sands during the night. Howison excitement, while at the sar then proceeded with his ship to Vancouver, where he all the information they cot was received July 24th with the utmost cordiality by country.23 the officers of the llodeste and the fort. On the But it would have been 26th he made an attempt to cross the bar at the cunmstance,', to prevent the mouth of the Willamette, with the intention of as- mixing with the people, an 19 The ceremonies took place where the house of now stands. 21Howison's Coast and Country, 1-3. Kaiser's Nar., MS., 11-12. 1, 2 "Oregon Spectator, Aug. 20, Oct. OThe Shark's officers were Neil M. Howison, lieut. commanding; W. S. 21 Coast and Country, 3. The exciter Schenck, acting rmaster; James D. Bullock, lieut. ; Wm S. Hollis, purser; the Sandwich Islands papers concerning Edward Hudson, assist. surgeon; T. McLanahan, T. J. Simes, an]l H. David- the Polynesian of the 6th of June repo son, midshipmen; J. M. Maury, passed midshipman, captain's clerk. Oregon to Puget Sound, to deposit naval stores Spectator, Aug. 6, 1846. 1846. Z FEELING IN OREGON. OTHER VESSELS OF WAR. 585 by W. G. T'Vault, after which a dinner was served, followed, not cending that river as far as possible; but not ermon, as was considered being proper able to get the schooner over, was forced to return delivered by to Harvey Clark. Vancouver, while a party of the Shark's officers pro- ceeded in a boat to Oregon City.21 'ct of annoyance to the colonists Howison arrived at Vancouver in time to partici- d British men-of-war should be pate in the first formal horse-races on record,22 which vaters, and that while a fleet of occurred on the 25th of July, and which, together ted in the Pacific, not one was in with the advent of a United States war vessel, 'is grievance Bas drew removed when together an unusual number of people, and furnished 8th of July the schooner Shark, the American officers an opportunity to become Howison, commander,so which acquainted with the prevailing state of feeling. Every the Islands since the month of courtesy was extended to the commander of the Shark, lu on the 23d of June. Reach- which attentions were received as courteously as ren- )lunibia, she anchored, and fired dered; but, as in the case of Wilkes, the independent pilot, but no pilot appearing, American settler would have preferred that the United vith the master, pulled in be- States officers should not have been thus placed under id sounded the channel, after obligations. vessel in. On rounding Cape Howison's report is probably the best authority 3 hailed by a boat which conl- extant upon the condition of affairs in Oregon at H. H. this Spalding, and W. H. time. He came as an observer, had good opportunities already mentioned, was recom- of hearing both sides of the question, and appears minutes to he ran the schooner have written fairly, and without prejudice. There Ak shoal. Lovejoy and Gray was no motive for him to conceal anything from the Xstoria for assistance, and in eyes of government. He affirms that he found , the pre- pilot of the Hudson's vailing an intense excitement on the boundary question Ight on board, who took the among all classes; and that he enjoined his officers in )ff Astoria, the vessel havino writing to refrain from arguments touching the owner- Luring the night. Howison ship of the soil, but to allay instead of increase the shlip to Vancouver, where he excitement, while at the same time they were to seek 'ith the utmost cordiality by all the information they could gather respecting the Wste and the fort. On the country.2 " pt to cross the bar at the But it would have been impossible, under the cir- i, with the intention of as- cunistance's, to prevent the marines and sailors from mixing 'e the house of Asahel Bush now stands. with the people, and becoming inspired with 4. Howison, 21 Howison's Coast and Country, liet. coman l W. . 1-3. "Oregon IcLloak lieut. ;Win S. Hollis, Spectator, Aug. 20, Oct. 1, 29, 1846. purser; 23 Coast I~naa, T J. Sines, and Country, 3. The excitement was kept up by the a' H. Da,"'id.' the Sandwich surmises of inidshipwa c~apltain's cleirk. Islands papers concerning the destination of the 2 11 Oreyon the Polynesian English fleet, of the 6th of June reporting that the Collingivood was going to Puget Sound, to deposit naval stores and to fortify. Or. 1846. Spectator, Aug. 20, 586 THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. SHIPWRECK OF T much of their intolerance of foreign intrusion; for in he became the guest of Al that spirit, notwithstanding the facts in the case, they by the governor, he made a insisted on viewing the presence of the British men- Valley, after which Abernetl of-war, the Modeste, Fisgard, and Cormorant, which Vancouver, where for two da latter strongly armed vessel was stationed at the board the Shark. A warm 24 entrance to Puget Sound. tween the commander and The presence of the British flag, which had been a opportunity was afforded tl source of ill-suppressed ire, was rendered more openly acquainted with the social i obnoxious by the appearance of the United States While the commander was 25 colors, and the intelligence brought by the Shark officers were visiting points o that the United States squadron, consisting of the same object, Howison being 1 frigates Congress and Savannah, and the sloops of war river by the 1st of Septemi Cyane, Portsmouth, Levant, and Warren, were on the his men deserted, tempted b, coast of Mexico and California, while the store-ship and the prospect of owning lar Erie was at the Islands provisioning for the fleet. ment to sailors. Two of the Thus sustained, the belligerent feelings of the ultra- to the vessel, but the othei patriotic were privileged to exhibit themselves. Nor arrest. Howison perceived t was the feeling of hostility with which many of the must shorten his stay, and on colonists regarded the officers of the British vessels his departure from VancouvE entirely of a national character. In the eyes of the the river, in going out on I free and independent emigrants from the border of the Shark was carried on the s United States, anything so cultivated, disciplined, and total wreck. formal as a British military officer was an offence. This disaster, the second to They were not inspired with awe, like an Englishman, of the Columbia, X 2 6 the mouth but with dislike and envious contempt. cers and men were cast asho After ascertaining that the Shark could not be ing, helpless and miserable. taken into the Willamette, Howison visited Oregon sheltered at Astoria, Howiso City, where the people received him with a salute meeting by the way the cut fired from a hole drilled in an anvil, probably the same with provisions, clothing, ai which had done service on the 4tih of July, and where likely to be needed, which fort where the news of the MN 24 'The Shark people had said they would take the Modeste out of the 14th. Purchasing the neces river any time they were ordered.' Jackson, in Camp-fire Orations, MS., 9. '1' Any future Martin who may write from the British side will say we got favorable terms at Vancouvc on smoothly, even lovingly, with the early immigrants, until after the advent of the U. S. schr. Shark, Capt. Howison. She came to show the flag. There "I'The few American merchant vess( found, a noticeable change after that.' Roberts' Rec., MS., 49. suffered the greatest inconvenience from t was, we it is now customary for them to procui 2' The English officers used every gentlemanly caution to reconcile our countrymen to their presence, but no really good feeling existed. Indeed, passing the Sandwich Islands, to meet there could never be congeniality between persons so entirely dissimilar as an Country, 4. Y8 and with the man and a British naval officer. But the officers never, to Cash, at Oregon City, Houison~s Coast and per cent more than bills; yet the compe my knowledge, had to complain of rude treatment.' for cash or clothing, taki Gibbs, in Pacific R. Rept., i. 421. tions, whether Country, 4; Coast and Country, 5. FEELING IN OREGON. SHIPWRECK OF THE 'SHARK.' 587 ance of foreign intrusion; for in ending the facts in the case, they he became the guest of Abernethy. Accompanied 'le presence of the British men- by the governor, he made a tour of the Willamette Fisgard, and Cormorant, which Valley, after which Abernethy returned with him to I vessel was stationed at the Vancouver, where 4 for two days he was entertained on mid. 1 board the Shark. A warm intimacy sprung up be- , British flag, which had been a tween the commander and the governor, and every I ire, was rendered more openly opportunity was afforded the former for becoming )earance of the United States acquainted with the social interests of the country. ligence brought by the Shark While the commander was thus engaged, the other es squadron, consisting of the officers were visiting points on the Columbia with the 'avannah, and the sloops of war same object, Howison being under orders to leave ant, the and Warren, were on the river by the 1st of September. Meanwhile ten of California, while the store-ship his men deserted, tempted by the high price of labor ds provisioning for the fleet. and the prospect of owning land,27 always a great allure- ligerent feelings of the ultra- ment to sailors. Two of the deserters were returned d to exhibit themselves. Nor to the vessel, but the others succeeded in escaping tility with which many of the arrest. Howison perceived that to retain his crew he officers of the British vessels must shorten his stay, and on the 23d of August took haracter. In the eyes of the his departure from Vancouver. Passing slowly down tigrants from the border of the the river, in going out on the 10th of October the so cultivated, disciplined, and Shark was carried on the south spit, and became a litary officer was an offence. total wreck. vith awe, like an Englishman This disaster, the second to a United 26 States vessel at IOUs contempt. the mouth of the Columbia, was most complete. Offi- at the Shark could not be cers and men were cast ashore without food or cloth- te, Howison visited Oregon ing, helpless and miserable. Leaving his crew poorly received him with a salute sheltered at Astoria, Howison returned to Vancouver, a an anvil, probably the same meeting by the way the cutter of the Modeste loaded n the 4th of July, and where with provisions, clothing, and such articles as were likely to be needed, which had been sent from the hey would take the Modeste out of the fort where the news of the wreck was received on the ackson, in Camp-fire Orations, MS., 9. 14th. rite from the British side will say we got Purchasing the necessary supplies on the most early immigrants, until after the advent favorable terms at Vancouver,2 8 Howison on. She came to show the flag. There returned to fter that.' Roberts' Rec., MS., 49. 27 'The few American merchant vessels which had visited the Columbia, suffered y gentlemanly caution to reconcile our the greatest inconvenience from the loss of their men in this way, and D really good feeling existed. Indeed, it is now customary for them to procure a reenforcement of passing kanakas, in reen persons so entirely dissimilar as an the Sandwich Islands, to meet this exigency.' Howison'8 Coast and maval officer. But the officers never, to Country, 4. 28Cash, rude treatment.' Howisonj Coast end at Oregon City, and with the American merchants, was worth 12 i. 421. asan per cent more than bills; yet the company furnished all Howison's tions, whether requisi- for cash or clothing, taking bills on Baring Brothers at par. Coast and Country, 5. 588 THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. THE NOTIC

Astoria, where three houses were erected for the colonists, as damaging to the winter quarters of the crew, there being then no ex- bia's entrance. They chafed pectation of leaving the country for some time." The United States had lost two United States flag was planted on shore, the place at the mouth of the river, taking on quite an air of military life.30 About the government officers were of end of October the fur company's vessel Cadboro masters and keep commerc was chartered for the removal of the Shark's crew to was seized upon to discuss tE San Francisco,3 1 and the 16th of November they went ings in the columns of the on board, but the winter storms prevented the vessel of more importance, the leg from crossing the bar before the 18th of January. pelled to pass a pilotage law, On the breaking-up of the Shark's quarters at to appoint commissioners to Astoria, Howison presented to the government of for the bar and river, who Oregon the colors of the wrecked schooner, and also suitable boats, and collect as many of the vessel's guns as could be recovered. Under this act, in April 18L This was the first flag owned by the territory; and pointed the first pilot for t] the only gun they had hitherto was a twelve-pounder which office he retained un which had been presented to the corporation of Ore- California. 1 Thus little by gon City by Benjamin Stark, Jr., who arrived in manded, were added those i Oregon as supercargo of the American bark Toulort and from the colony, by land in June previous.3 at hand afforded. The loss of the Shark was especially regretted by the While Lieutenant Howisc

29 The houses were two log structures, 30 by 24 feet, 1J stories, well floored intelligence arrived that cong and boarded, with kitchen and bake-oven, and a large, square, 2-story frame building, intended for officers' quarters, but which was never finished. The the notice bill-that is to sa3 latter, long known as the Shark House, was left in charge of Colonel John should lawfully terminate t] McClure. It was afterward put to a variety of uses, and served at one time as a custom-house; but was finally taken as a residence by W. Hl. Gray; and by the president, and which later turned to account as a cheap tenement-house. Scammon, in Orerland desired.86 This agreeable ne Monthly, Dec. 1869, 496; Crawford s War., MS., 136. 3 '5 Howison says the flag was hoisted on the 'very spot which was first E. Woodworth, bearer 1of settled by the white men on the banks of the Columbia;' seeming unaware of " Howison in his report said that tl the settlement made by the Winship brothers at Oak Point. really great, but were magnified for poli 31The price asked for the vessel's charter was £500, which Howison says Company, it not being to their interest in his opinion was an extravagant one. Coast and Country, 6. The company the entrance. If Howison had said for in this way, perhaps, reimbursed themselves for a part of their advances to been right; he was right in saying they h American citizens; or considering the risk of crossing the bar at that season, ,5 Or. Spectator, April 15, 1847. Re 1 the amount charged may not have been exorbitant. sailor. He went to California in the au 3' Or. Spectator, Dec. 24, 1846. carrying two spars to be thrown over in E 4 33Three of the Shark's carronades came ashore at Tillamook with a part storm. Two men from Astoria accompai of the hull, but only one of them could be dragged above high-water mark ship in the winter of 1848-9, and again a. I by the party sent by Howison to recover them. He notified Abernethy of i a small sloop, the Flora, on the bay, wh the position, hoping that during the smooth seas of summer they might be month of May, drowning Reeves and E I11 taken on board a boat. But there is no account of their recovery. Howison Craufobrd's Var., MS., 191. I remarks the singular fact that all the articles recovered were of metal, and Or. Spectator, Sept. 3, 1846; Id., O0 heavy; and was evidently ignora' i the current setting into this Strait of Son of the author of 'iThe Old Oak( I Fuca, which would have carri northward all the lignter portions of the February 1847, he vent to the assistanc :I wreck. took the Hastings cut-off, and were snou, i l

~i 'EELING IN OREGON. THE NOTICE BILL. 589 houses were erected for the colonists, as damaging to the character of the Colum- crew, there being then no ex- 29 bia's entrance. They chafed under the fact that the country for some time. The United States had lost two men-of-war on the sands s planted on shore, the place 80 at the mouth of the river, and that the reports of of military life. About the government officers were of a nature to alarm ship- ur company's vessel Cadboro masters and keep commerce away.34 The occasion 'emoval of the Shark's crew to was seized upon to discuss this subject in all its bear- 16th of November they went ings in the columns of the Spectator, and, what was jr storms prevented the vessel of more importance, the legislature of 1846 was im- &fore the 18th of January. pelled to pass a pilotage law, authorizing the governor of the Shark's quarters at to appoint commissioners to examine and license pilots ented to the government of for the bar and river, who should give bonds, keep ie wrecked schooner, and also suitable boats, and collect fees, according to law. guns as could be recovered. Under this act, in April 1847, S. C. Reeves was ap- 3wned by the territory and pointed the first pilot for the Columbia River bar, iitherto was a twelve-pounder which office he retained until the gold discovery in ed to the corporation of Ore- California.35 Thus little by little, as necessity de- Stark, Jr., who arrived in manded, were added those means of safe passage to )f the American bark Toulon and from the colony, by land and sea, which the means at hand afforded. was especially regretted by the While Lieutenant Howison was yet at Vancouver, tures, 30 by 24 feet, 1l stories, well floored 2 intelligence Le-oven, and a large, square, -story frame arrived that congress had at length passed rters, but which was never finished. The the notice bill-that is to say, the year's notice which louse, was left in charge of Colonel John a variety of uses, and served at one time should lawfully terminate the treaty-recommended taken as a residence by W. HI. Gray; and by the president, and which the colonists had so long p tenement-house. Scammon, in Overland s Nar., MS., 136. desired."e This agreeable news was brought by Seliin )isted on the 'very spot which was first E. Woodworth,37 bearer of the despatches to the ks of the Columbia;' seeming unaware of p brothers at Oak Point. 34 Howison in his report said that the dangers of the bar were not only I's charter was £500, which Howison says really great, but were magnified for political purposes by the Hudson's Bay ne. Coast and Country, 6. The company Company, it not being to their interest to remove the fancied difficulties of temselves for a part of their advances to the entrance. If Howison had said for commercial purposes, he would have se risk of crossing the bar at that season, been right; he was right in saying they had no charts, and wanted none. een exorbitant. 3o Or. Spectator, April 15, 1847. Reeves was a good pilot and daring sailor. He went to California in the autumn of 1848 in a ship's long-boat, as came ashore at Tillamook with a part carrying two spars to be thrown over in a triangle as outriggers in case of a could be dragged above high-water mark storm. Two men from Astoria accompanied him. He returned as pilot of a recover them. He notified Abernethy of ship in the winter of 1848-9, and again sailed for California, where he sailed ie smooth seas of summer they might be a small sloop, the Flora, on the bay, which was capsized in a squall in the 3 no account of their recovery. Howisou month of May, drowning Reeves and a son of James Loomis of Oregon. L'Ile articles recovered were of metal, and Crawford's Nar., MS., 191. 36 - the current setting into this Strait of Or. Spectator, Sept. 3, 1846; Id., Oct. 1, 1846. rthward all the lignter portions of the LTSon of the author of 'The Old Oaken Bucket.' While in California, in February 1847, he went to the assistance of the California immigrants who took the Hastings cut-off, and were snow-bound in the Sierra, 590 THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. THE BOUNDARY United States squadron in the Pacific, including the animation prevaded the enti] commander. of the Shark. No'special communication the thought of a glorious ft was made to the government of Oregon, but a bundle union extending from the A of newspapers contained sufficient good tidings in the this hopeful humor, and notice bill, and a bill requiring the president to estab- occurring on the influx of lish military posts between the Missouri and the months passed rapidly by, Columbia, at suitable distances, and authorizing the announcement of the settle raising of a regiment of mounted riflemen for service dary. The gratifying intell along the line of travel and in Oregon; with the lulu papers brought from promise also of a mail route to the Pacific, and talk Toulon.4" The British coI of a railroad to the Columbia River. A pamphlet by other papers to McLoughlir George Wilkes was received, containing a memorial ing the announcement that to congress, praying for the construction of such a settled, was an extract fro road, appended to which was a memorial to the consul at Tepic, to Sir Geoi speaker and representatives of the legislature of Ore- the English squadron in the gon, asking for an expression from them to the con- The Oregon government gress of the United States on the subject of a cation; this chance inform, national railroad to the Pacific Ocean, in the hope with care which threatened that their prayer, joined to his own, might procure tion, the colony now threw the passage of a bill then before congress for this congress would establish th( purpose.38 a proper government at on These subjects, so full of interest to the colonists, with no further trouble, th promising the fulfilment of their loftiest dreams, dulled and such a country, broad, tI their appreciation of the accompanying intelligence the cliffs round Oregon Ci that the United States was actually at war with boom of cannon, and from a Mexico, and that, therefore, since England still main- of the Willamette, over the l tained a belligerent tone, there was prospect of serious proudly wave the stars and work for the government. Nor did the fact create homes and lofty endeavor. any obvious dissatisfaction that Benton, Oregon's by the hand, and the organ champion for more than two decades, as well as Web- broad capitals across its fror ster, Calhoun, and other distinguished statesmen, now Columbia, happy land!' 41 advocated the final settlement of the question on the Such was the state of i 49th parallel instead of the popular 'fifty-four forty' known in general terms the boundary. A salute was fired, and the American flag at the 49th parallel, that ^ hoisted, while a general expression of cheerfulness and eluded from the possession

38 "9Or. Spectator, Sept. 3, 17, 1846. This scheme was for a free national road to be supported by tolls suffi- 40 cient to pay its expenses, and not a corporate monopoly. Wilkes was in Polynesian, Aug. 29, 1846; New Y advance of his times; but the principle he advocated is undoubtedly the cor- S. L News, August 1846. rect one for developing the great interior of the continent. See Cong. Globe, 41 Oregonian Spectator; Victor's Rire2 1845-6, 414, 445, 1171, 1206; Or. Spectator, Sept. 17, 1846. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1877, 27; Evans' FEELING IN OREGON. THE BOUNDARY ESTABLISHED. 591 ron in the Pacific, including the animation 39 ark. prevaded the entire community, inspired by No special communication the thought rnmnent of Oregon, of a glorious future as a part of a federal but a bundle union extending from led sufficient good tidings the Atlantic to the Pacific. In in the this hopeful humor, and requiring the president to estab- occupied by the changes occurring on the influx of a large between the Missouri and the inmnigration, two months passed rapidly by, and then came the grand distances, and authorizing the announcement of mounted of the settlement of the Oregon boun- riflemen for service dary. The gratifying Lvel and in Oregon; intelligence was found in Hono- with the lulu papers brought from I route to the Pacific, and the Islands by the bark talk Toulon.40 The British consul lumbia River. A pamphlet by at the Islands sent other papers to McLoughlin, in one of which, contain- eceived, containing a memorial ing the announcement or the construction that the Oregon Question was of such a settled, was an extract hich was a memorial from a letter by A. Forbes, to the consul at Tepic, to Sir George tives of the legislature of Seymour, commanding Ore- the English squadron in the Pacific. iression from them to the con- The Oregon government received no official notifi- States on the subject of a cation; this Le Pacific chance information was all; but eroded Ocean, in the hope with care which threatened ed to his own, might procure to wear away its founda- tion, the colony now threw off anxiety, then before congress for this assured that congress would establish the Territory of Oregon with a proper government at once; 11 of interest to the colonists, that without war and with no further trouble, this great boon was theirs; , of their loftiest dreams, dulled and such a country, he broad, beautiful, majestic! Again accompanying intelligence the cliffs round ,s was actually Oregon City fling back the jubilant at war with boom of cannon, and from fore, since England a tall flag-staff on the banks still main- of the Willamette, over the , there was prospect newly captured wilderness, of serious proudly wave the stars and stripes, nt. Nor did the fact promise of happy create homes and lofty endeavor. Men tion that Benton, Oregon's grasp each other by the hand, and the organ of a free people two decades, as well as Web- spreads in broad capitals across its front the stirring words 'Hail distinguished statesmen, now Columbia, iment happy land ! '41 of the question on the Such was the state the popular of feeling when it was only 'fifty-four forty' known in general terms 3 fired, and the that the boundary was fixed American flag at the 49th parallel, that Vancouver xpression of cheerfulness and Island was ex- cluded from the possession of the United States, and tional road to be supported by tolls suffi- '90'r. Spectator, Sept. 3, 17, 1846. a corporate monopoly. Wilkes was in 4 iple he advocated is undoubtedly 9 Polynesian, Aug. 29, 1846; New York Gazette and Times, June 19, 1846; the cor- S. L News, August Aterior of the continent. See Cong. Globe, 1846. ectator, Sept. 17, 1846. 41 Oregonian Spectator; Victor's River of the West, 380-1; Evans, in Cr. PioneerAssoc., Trans., 1877, 27; Evans' Hist. Or., MS., 288-93. 592 THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. 4' DISSATISYA that the navigation of the Strait of Fuca and neigh- in that promise, they had i boring waters was left open, while the Columbia covers " 54° 40', all or non remained free to the Hudson's Bay Company till the and piggish, had wended th expiration of its charter. But when the treaty itself the faith that they were h( reached Oregon the disapproval of the Americans was high destiny for the Unite( general; not because of failure to secure the whole of tiny for themselves; when lo Oregon, but because in the territory claimed by and not only gave up nearly fivi relinquished to the United States, the Hudson's Bay actually granted to the Briti Company were confirmed in the possession of land or south of the boundary all other property occupied by them in the territory,4 2 them, the same being severa and promised payment for the same in case they re- of the now undisputed Am linquished it to the United States. land," said the Spectator, "c( Man is a preposterous pig; probably the greediest ing more. We can say noth animal that crawls upon this planet. Here were the document. It can ne- fertile lands and temperate airs; meadows, forests, great body of Americans in and mountains; bright rivers and a broad ocean sea- anxiously to see how this s board, enough of earth for half a dozen empires; and be accounted for at home, an all for nothing-all stolen from the savages, and never unconditional surrender of ri yet a struggle, never yet a dollar in return, only The people of Oregon we fevers, syphilis, and the like by way of compensa- Mr Polk on the Oregon Qi tion; and yet these colonial representatives of the liancy of his administration c great American nation grudge their brethren, but can we fail now to see that I little later than themselves from Great Britain, a few the management and final se squares of land round the posts which they had built puted Oregon affairs. He I and occupied so long, and that when they could not by informing the world in: positively say with truth that these same British controversy as to title, the brethren had not as good a right as they to the whole rejected by Great Britain, h of it. And they fell to cursing; they cursed the at last upon the United Sta British, and particularly President Polk for failing to Oregon, and with advice to cc carry out his policy avowed before election. Believing months' notice required of th vention of 1818. 42 Articles III. and IV. of the treaty ran as follows: 'In the future appro- priation of the territory south of the 49th parallel of north latitude, as pro- Thus Great Britain was i vided in the first article of this treaty, the possessory rights of the Hudson's instead of gaining greater con Bay Company and all British subjects who may be already in the occupation of land or other property lawfully acquired within said territory, shall be in danger of losing all. Hei respected. The farm, lands, and other property of every description, belong- cific, but so did Mr Polk's, a ing to Puget's Sound Agricultural Company, on the north side of the Colum- bia River, shall be confirmed to the said company. In case, however, the difference in number of the g situation of those farms and lands should be considered by the United States either side; while on the soil to be of public and political importance, and the United States government should signify a desire to obtain possession of the whole or any part thereof, zens of the republic greatli the property so required shall be transferred to the said government at a proper valuation, to be agreed upon between the parties.' "3Or. Spectator, April 1, 15, 1847. HIST. OR., VOL. I. 38 EELING IN OREGON. DISSATISFACTION. 593 4 the Strait of Fuca and neigh- in that promise, they had inscribed on their wagon- t open, while the Columbia covers " 54° 40', all or none," and poverty-stricken udson's Bay Company till the and piggish, had wended their way to the Pacific in r. But when the treaty itself the faith that they were helping to accomplish this tpproval of the Americans was high destiny for the United States, this broad des- failure to secure the whole of tiny for themselves; when lo! here was a treaty which the territory claimed by and not only gave up nearly five degrees of latitude, but ted States, the Hudson's Bay actually granted to the British company in possession d in the possession of land or south of the boundary all the lands 4 2 occupied by I by them in the territory, them, the same being several of the choicest portions for the same in case they re- of the now undisputed American territory. "Eng- bed States. land," said the Spectator, "could have expected noth- 3 pig; probably the greediest ing more. We can say nothing for and much against mn this planet. Here were the document. It can never be popular with the -rate airs; meadows, forests, great body of Americans in Oregon. We shall wait rivers and a broad ocean sea- anxiously to see how this singular circumstance can 'or half a dozen empires; and be accounted for at home, and how this surprising and i from the savages, and never unconditional surrender of right will be justified."4 3 {et a dollar in return, only The people of Oregon were unable to do justice to like by way of compensa- Mr Polk on the Oregon Question, though the bril- onial representatives of the liancy of his administration could not be denied. Nor grudge their brethren, but can we fail now to see that he displayed great tact in *es from Great Britain, a few the management and final settlement of the long-dis- e posts which they had built puted Oregon affairs. He began his administration d that when they could not by informing the world' in his message of the long ,h that these same British controversy as to title, the concessions offered and a right as they to the whole rejected by Great Britain, his determination to insist cursing; they cursed the at last upon the United States claim to the whole of President Polk for failing to Oregon, and with advice to congress to give the twelve d before election. Believing months' notice required of the termination of the con- vention of aty ran as follows: 'In the future appro- 1818. 3 49th parallel of north latitude, as pro- Thus Great Britain was made to understand that y, the possessory rights of the Hudson's ts who may be already in the occupation instead of gaining greater concessions by delay she was acquired within said territory, shall he in danger of losing all. Her fleet repaired to the Pa- er property of every description, belong. 'mpany, on the north side of the Colum- cific, but so did Mr Polk's, and there was no material said company. In case, however, the difference in number of the guns that were carried ould be considered by the United States on nce, and the United States government either side; while on the soil of Oregon itself the citi- ession of the whole or any part thereof, zens of the republic greatly outnumbered ansferred to the said fgvernment at a those of )etween the parties. ' 43 Or. Spectator, April 1, 15, 1847. HIST. ORi., VOL. I. 38 594 THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. AS TO TH] Great Britain. England sent her spies to report if left entirely to them mi upon these facts, and they found nothing to encourage than the present offer. them to expect a victory. The United States appeared These considerations w, quite as willing to maintain their rights as Sir Robert weight, and President Poll Peel. So far Polk had redeemed his pledge to the ter before the senate, and people. But in May 1846 Buchanan, secretary of message on this occasion l state, after the passage of the notice bill, received a and my action on the Oi proposition from the British plenipotentiary embody- made known to congress in ing the main points of a treaty which would be agree- 2d of December last, and able to the English government; namely, the 49th pressed remain unchanged parallel and the Strait of Fuca for the northern boun- the constitutional majority dary of the United States; security to British sub- tion of treaties, advise the jects north of the Columbia River and south of the tion, or advise it with such 49th parallel, of a perpetual title to their lands and upon full deliberation, deei stations of which they were in actual occupation, in my action to their advice. all respects the same as to citizens of the United ever, decline by such const States; and lastly, the present free navigation of the such advice, or to express a Columbia River, on the same footing as United States I shall consider it my duty citizens. In asking the advice of But in reference to the lands occupied by the sub- so much importance as a w~ jects of threat Britain, it was represented that their president only discharged I settlements north of the Columbia were not numerous; vice he was relieved, not on but consisted of " a few private farms, and two or three of war, but also from the te forts and stations;" and Buchanan was reminded that no important alterations we by their charter the Hudson's Bay Company were dent's advisers. prohibited from acquiring title to lands, and that There were many, indee only the lands of these few private settlers, or the shared the somewhat uni Puget Sound Company, would be required to be se- partisan feelings of the late cured to them. As to the actual extent of the Puget the president had betrayed Sound Company's lands the negotiators on both sides him. It was, besides, the seemed equally ignorant, as well as the senate, when the Hudson's Bay Compar called upon for advice. It was also suggested to the treaty, which was anot Buchanan that as there was impending a change in had ever regarded that com the British ministry, which was likely to take place trust. There was at once t] before the end of June, it might be well for the presi- mise. The governor" of the dent to make such modifications of the proposition offered as might be deemed necessary in case of its "Cong. Globe, 1845-6, App. 1168. acceptance, in the hope that the whig minister, when "Roberts' Recollections, MS., 80; Ni of Hist., MS., 43. No member of the co he came into power, would not meddle with that which Sir Henry Pelly, governor in 1846, wa, PEELING IN OREGON. AS TO THE TREATY. 595 md sent her spies to report if left entirely hey found to them might be more objectionable nothing to encourage than the present offer. r. The United States appeared These considerations were certainly tain their rights as Sir Robert not without weight, and President Polk hastened to lay the mat- td redeemed his pledge to the ter before the senate, 1846 Buchanan, and to seek its advice. In his secretary of message on this occasion of the notice he declared: "My opinions bill, received a and my action on the Oregon ,ritish plenipotentiary embody- Question were fully made known to congress in my annual a treaty which would message of the be agree- 2d of December last, and the opinions overnment; namely, the 49th therein ex- pressed remain unchanged. Should the senate, by of Fuca for the northern boun- the constitutional majority ,ates; security required for the ratifica- to British sub- tion of treaties, advise the imbia River acceptance of this proposi- and south of the tion, or advise it with such petual title to modifications as they may, their lands and upon full deliberation, deem proper, I were in actual occupation, shall conform in my action to their advice. Should the senate, as to citizens of the United how- ever, decline by such constitutional majority to give present free navigation of the such advice, or to express an opinion same footing as United on the subject, States I shall consider it my duty to reject the offer."44 In asking the advice of the senate on ,he lands occupied by a matter of the sub- so much importance as a war with Great Britain, it was represented that their the president only discharged his duty; in taking its ad- Columbia were not numerous; vice he was relieved, not only from the responsibility private farms, and two or three of war, but also from the terms of the treaty to which Buchanan was reminded that no important alterations fudson's were proposed by the presi- Bay Company were dent's advisers. ing title to lands, and that There were many, indeed, outside of Oregon, who few private settlers, or the shared the somewhat unintelligent and extremely would be required to be se- partisan feelings of the late immigrants, he actual extent who thought of the Puget the president had betrayed the party which elected the negotiators on both sides him. It was, besides, the general t, as well as impression that the senate, when the Hudson's Bay Company arranged the It was also suggested terms of to the treaty, which was another affront to those who was impending a change in had ever regarded that company with dich was hatred and dis- likely to take place trust. There was at once truth and t might be error in the sur- well for the presi- mise. The governor4 of the Hudson's Bay Company, Jifications of the proposition med necessary in case of its "Cong. Globe, 1845-6, App. 1168. that the whig minister, when 4S Roberts' Recollections, MS., 80; Niles' Reg., lxx. 341; Applegate's Views Idnot meddle with that which of Hist., MS., 43. No member of the company was ever in the British cabinet. Sir Henry Pelly, governor in 1846, was an influential man. He afterward at<

596 THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. THE UNITED STATI while not a member of the government council of wayward child. And in this I England, was consulted as to the third and fourth England been as unreasonable articles of the treaty, which were for a long time in ing as the people of the Unite( contemplation by the company in Oregon, and in an- would have been war. Yet,, ticipation of which the posts south of the Columbia opposing views of the Britis] were not withdrawn, as the directors at one time itants of Oregon, I would r ordered, to the north side of the river. From the wrong. Both were educated Oregon-American standpoint, the United States had they professed, and to see in been overreached in the matter of these two articles; firmation of their belief. Th and instead of the treaty making an end of the fur a disinterested spectator mighl company's monopoly, it seemed to fix it upon the ter- of the crudest selfishness was ritory more firmly than ever. insisting in a manly spirit on There was, however, a weak spot in the treaty Americans were most demon which was overlooked by the British plenipotentiary, of feeling was natural. 4 EngL and by the company itself; and that was in the the American colonies, and h second article, which left the Columbia River free to young United States, had b( British traders, but placed them " on the same footing The greed and selfishness ol as citizens of the United States." Citizens of the grown with its increasing strE United States paid duties on imported goods; and so of Oregon knew; and they hereafter must the fur company on the Columbia and vented Great Britain from oc on the Sound. This point, on the other hand, was tory on the American contit not overlooked by Benton while the treaty was under privilege as well as a duty to discussion in the senate, but was pointed out to the any portion of it that by the r objecting members by that avaricious but astute states- might be claimed as territor3 man. 46 In Oregon this point was not at first perceived Maintaining this position, thi by either side, and it was only when a United States not only doing their duty to collector of customs appeared at the mouth of the posterity and enlarging free ir Columbia that the company itself awoke to its true But while, as I have ec position. statesman were as opposed as As to the boundary, the company in Oregon held the Northwest Coast with C that England had made a concession, but that it had had come when a settlement i been wise to do so; and that in the settlement the come, too, at a juncture when t United States had been treated by England, whose ment were filled by the acqui people could afford it, much as a kind parent treats a south of the southern limits o was a director of the Bank of England, and also a director of the East India 47Even the most temperate Americans i Company, and had the ear of government. quishment of so much territory. Mr Appl 4 Cong. Globe, 1845-6, App., 868. Roberts says: 'Most certainly, in my well to keep the peace, remarked later: 'If opinion, the having to pay duties on importations did not occur to them; and across the continent, and had taken possess no provision for supplying the interior posts (in advance) was made on that months before a British fleet could reach t] account. The company's own stores at Vancouver were, for a time, con. have taken a much lower key, and Mr I structive bonded warehouses.' Recollections, MS., 80. have dared to yield an inch of Oregon.' Vie 'EELING IN OREGON. THE UNITED STATES RAMPANT. 597 )f the government council of I as to the third and fourth wayward child. And in this they were right; for had which were for a long time in England been as unreasonable, overbearing, and insult- ompany in Oregon, and in an- ing as the people of the United States, there assuredly posts south of the Columbia would have been war. Yet, after all, in regard to the s the directors at one time opposing views of the British and American inhab- 4ide of the river. From the itants of Oregon, I would not say that either was point, the United States had wrong. Both were educated to a belief in the views matter of these two articles; they professed, and to see in every circumstance con- ty making an end of the fur firmation of their belief. That which in the eyes of seemed to fix it upon the ter- a disinterested spectator might appear as an exhibition aver. of the crudest selfishness was in their estimation only a weak spot in the treaty insisting in a manly spirit on their rights. That the z the British plenipotentiary, Americans were most demonstrative in this display self; and that was in the of feeling was natural. England in her dealings with ; the Columbia River free to the American colonies, and her behavior toward the d them " on the same footing young United States, had been far from reputable. d States." Citizens of the The greed and selfishness of that nation has ever s on imported goods; and so grown with its increasing strength. This the people mpany on the Columbia and of Oregon knew; and they would gladly have pre- int, on the other hand, was vented Great Britain from occupying a rood of terri- 1 while the treaty was under tory on the American continent, and esteemed it a but was pointed out to the privilege as well as a duty to defend from her grasp , avaricious but astute states- any portion of it that by the most liberal construction )int was not at first perceived might be claimed as territory of the United States. only when a United States Maintaining this position, they felt that they were 'ared at the mouth of the not only doing their duty to themselves, but serving mny itself awoke to its true posterity and enlarging free institutions.4 7 But while, as I have elsewhere shown, many ,e company in Oregon held statesman were as opposed as ever to the division of concession, but that it had the Northwest Coast with Great Britain, the time that in the settlement the had come when a settlement must be made. It had ;reated by England, whose come, too, at a juncture when the hands of the govern- ment h as a kind parent treats a were filled by the acquisition of new territory south of the southern limits of Oregon, extending L,and also a director of the East India to en+. 17Even the most temperate Americans in Oregon felt sore over the relin- Roberts says: 'Most certainly, in my quishment of so much territory. Mr Applegate, who labored portations so wisely and did not occur to them- and well to keep the peace, remarked later: 'If we had then as now a railroad posts (in advance) was made on that across the continent, and had taken possession with an army of 100,000 men at Vancouver were, for a time, con. months before a British fleet could reach the coast, British ion, MS., 80. arrogance would have taken a much lower key, and Mr Polk's administration would not have dared to yield an inch of Oregon.' Views of History, 'MS., 48. f------

598 THE WAR FEELING IN OREGON. EXIT FORlT A the gulf of Mexico; and when Great Britain, perceiv- couver, and was factotum ing the rapidly growing strength of the republic, was been sent to the Cowlitz beginning to consider whether it was not best to affairs of the Puget Sound defer somewhat to its demands for more favorable The ancient glory was d commercial treaties. To involve the nation in a war The lrodeste remained thr at a moment so favorable to its prosperity would have cers amusing themselves as been poor statesmanship. The treaty secured the to their entertainment, then better portion of the disputed territory to the United Kane, a painter whom Sir States, and made their northern boundary one con- ized; who studied Indian ci tinuous line westward from the Lake of the Woods tumes, and wrote a book e to the gulf of Georgia, where alone it deflected south Artist, which contains muc and continued through the Strait of Fuca to the ocean. struction, though for the Ir As to Oregon itself, the boundary left it in the best visit was preceded by that o possible shape, with the Columbia River, Puget Sound, Teck, who sailed from Ore and all the harbors of the mainland belonging to it. ands,50 in the autumn of 18L But notwithstanding its apparent merits, the treaty April 1847 the Al:odeste too was not a popular one in Oregon. Instead of healing company she came to prot all wounds, and establishing peace by removing causes when they were most assail of contention, it confirmed the hostility of the anti- their rights under the form British monopoly and missionary party, and set them end. I to devising methods of doing for themselves what the How the adventurers of IF treaty had not done for them-that is, to providing son's Bay succeeded in defer for the ejectment from the lands occupied by them disasters consequent on the of the members of the Hudson's Bay Company.' of the great republic, the The year of 1846, the most exciting and eventful reveal. of any since the settlement of the country, witnessed S'Hinzes' Or. Hist., 248. a great change at Fort Vancouver. John McLough- lin was no longer at the head of affairs, having retired to private life in Oregon City. James Douglas had removed to Vancouver Island, where a post had been established at Victoria, which became the company's headquarters, and Peter Skeen Ogden" was in con- mand on the Columbia. Mr Roberts, a clerk in the company's service, who had been fifteen years at Van-

"I I have before quoted a remark by Roberts, that it was the appearance of the American flag in the Columbia which first occasioned the colonists to show openly their dislike of the compary. It was not, however, the flag, it was the treaty which immediately followed it, which brought out the apparent change. 49 The factors at Vancouver after Ogden were Ballenden and McTavish. R FEELING IN OREGON. EXIT FORT VANCOUVER. 59 and when Great Britain, perceiv- couver, and was factotum of the establishment, had ing strength of the republic, was been sent er to the Cowlitz farm to superintend the whether it was not best to affairs of the Puget its demands Sound Company. for more favorable The ancient glory was departing To involve the nation from Vancouver. in a war The Hodeste remained through the ~able to its prosperity would have winter, her offi- cers amusing themselves as best they could. To add Eiship. The treaty secured the to their entertainment, disputed they had the society of Paul territory to the United Kane, a painter whom zir northern boundary Sir George Simpson patron- one con- ized; who studied Indian character, I from the Lake of the Woods customs, and cos- tumes, and wrote a book entitled Wanderings of an a, where alone it deflected south Artist, which contains i the Strait much diversion and some in- of Fuca to the ocean. struction, though for the most ; the boundary left part superficial. His it in the best visit was preceded by that of the e Columbia River, Puget Sound, Prussian naturalist, Teck, who sailed from Oregon to the Hawaiian Isl- r the mainland belonging 50 to it. ands, in the autumn of 1845. In its apparent merits, the treaty the latter part of April 1847 the ilodeste took her departure, and the in Oregon. Instead of healing company she came shing peace to protect were left, at a time by removing causes when they were most assailed, rined the hostility of the anti- to care for themselves, their rights under the former convention being at an missionary party, and set them end. I doing for themselves what the How the adventurers 'or them-that of England trading into Hud- is, to providing son's Bay succeeded in n the lands occupied defending themselves from the by them disasters consequent on the inexorable Hudson's Bay Company.' outspreading of the great republic, the pages which follow will he most exciting and eventful reveal. nent of the country, witnessed 5' Hines' Or. Vancouver. John MeLough- Hist., 248. ] head of affairs, having retired )n City. James Douglas had Island, where a post had been which became the company's r Skeen Ogden"4 was in con- Mr Roberts, a clerk in the had been fifteen years at Van- rk by Roberts, that it was the appearance ibia which first occasioned the colonists to )mpary. It was not, however, the flag, it Followed it, which brought out the apparent ,r Ogden were Ballenden and McTavish. cw - --- I

II t i Ii I J! I DELEGATE TO Cl i iI by hundreds of men who ha i Oregon, and could speak intm for railroad building. This d mote the mail service to Ore t4 with regret that the bill befor. a territory would allow a de when there were 5,000 votei CHAPTER XXII. in the country, and this coi three or four years. The p POLITICS AND PROGRESS. not afford to wait; they were 1846-1847. were far advanced beyond po in favor of demanding, if nee WAITING FOR A TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT-THE QUESTION OF A DELE- GATE TO WASHINGTON-ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE FOR THE EJECTMENT OF On the 26th of Septembe BRITISH SUBJECTS FROM THEIR LXND-LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS- held at Oregon City to take ii MEMORIAL TO CONGRESS-PUBLIC REPROOF TO TRESPASSERS-REELEC- relating to the interests of the TION OF ABERNETHY-DOUGLAS' BILL FOR ESTABLISHING A TERRITOBY, ing McCarver offered a resole AND ITS FAILURE-ACTION OF THE PEOPLE-PRIVATE DELEGATE TO CONGRESS-BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES-THE IMMIGRATION OF 1847. primaries in each of the cown delegates to a general convei WITH the news that the notice bill had been passed, City, which convention shoult and before it was known that a treaty had been con- gress. The resolution also cluded, the subject of sending a delegate at once to delegates to the convention Washington to make known to congress the wants of law of apportionment would Oregon began to be agitated; for it was not doubted the legislature. that immediate action would be taken to adopt the In the apportionment of t] colony as a territory, and there were those who were had five members, or two ml solicitous as to the changes which must follow, and ty, and would probably secu for official positions for themselves or friends. They fore the resolution was not i said that thousands of people had been induced to citizens of Clackamas Count emigrate to Oregon by a promise of land, which had the meeting; and it became e been selected and located under the land law of the spirit would be developed in provisional government; and they wanted these claims never been before. The res confirmed as they were, before any United States amended by P. G. Stewart, surveyor should arrive with power to alter their instructed to draught a mem, boundaries in conformity to section lines and subdi- T'Vault embodied the severe visions. lution, to the effect that it wa They needed a delegate to represent the matter in to petition congress to relie congress, and to give the cooperation asked for to in order to obtain unanimity the scheme of a national railroad to the Pacific; an held at Oregon City on the agent who should go armed with a memorial signed I Or. Spectator, Sept. 17, 1846. (600) DELEGATE TO CONGRESS. 601

by hundreds of men who had travelled the road to Oregon, and could speak intelligently of its facilities for railroad building. This delegate should also pro- mote the mail service to Oregon. It was mentioned with regret that the bill before congress for organizing a territory would allow a delegate to be sent only [ER XXII. when there were 5,000 voters or 25,000 inhabitants in the country, and this could not be expected for ND PROGRESS. three or four years. The present population could [6-1847. not afford to wait; they were not numerous, but they were far advanced beyond political infancy, and were VERNHENT-THE QUESTION OF A DELE- in favor PTS TO PROVIDE FOR THE EJECTMENT OF of demanding, if need be, the rights of men.' [R LIND-LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS- On the 26th of September a public meeting was .IC REPROOF TO TRESPASSERS-REELEC- held at Oregon City to take into consideration matters BILL FOR ESTABLISHING A TERRITORY, relating to the interests of the country. At this meet- THE PEOPLE-PRIVATE DELEGATE TO ing McCarver offered CES-THE IMMIGRATION OF 1847. a resolution in favor of holding primaries in each of the counties, which should send notice bill had been passed, delegates to a general convention to meet at Oregon that a treaty had been con- City, which convention should elect a delegate to con- iding a delegate at once to gress. The resolution also provided for as many vn to congress the wants of delegates to the convention from each county as the ted; for it was not doubted law of apportionment would give them members in )uld be taken to adopt the the legislature. there were those who were In the apportionment of the legislature, Champoeg :es which must follow, and had five members, or two more than any other couin- emselves or friends. They ty, and would probably secure the election. There- ,ople had been induced to fore the resolution was not cordially received by the )romise of land, which had citizens of Clackamas County, who chiefly composed under the land law of the the meeting; and it became evident at once that party id they wanted these claims spirit would be developed in colonial politics as it had before any United States never been before. The resolution of McCarver was 'ith power to alter their amended by P. G. Stewart, who wished the delegates to section lines and subdi- instructed to draught a memorial to congress; and Mr T'Vault embodied the several suggestions in one reso- to represent the matter in lution, to the effect that it was the duty of the colonists cooperation asked for to to petition congress to relieve their wants, and that %ilroad to the Pacific; an in order to obtain unanimity, a convention should be d with a memorial signed held at Oregon City on the 2d of November for the

(600) I Or. Spectator, Sept. 17, 1846. 602 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. CONVENTION purpose of draughting memorials, which should be circu- ment being finally adopted lated for the people to sign, and to devise means of vote, it was lost, by fourteen forwarding the same, whether by delegate or other- egates to the convention w( wise; the inhabitants of the several counties being meeting adjourned amidst e requested to hold meetings therein for that purpose. the minority to obtain a hea They then adjourned to the 10th of October. When the convention met At the appointed time it was apparent why a dele- at Oregon City, three counti gate to congress was so much desired by certain Champoeg by W. J. Bai persons, and what certain other persons would require Barnaby, and F. Bernia, a him to do in their interest. After resolving that Tualatin by Hugh Burns c Clackamas County should have five delegates in the owners of town sites; Clacka convention, D. Stewart broached the subject that Philip Foster, H. Wright, congress should be asked to make reservations, first White, and J. McCormick, of the falls of the Willamette, with the land one mile Oregon City. The first r in extent on every side of this water power; together Bailey, and declared that I with Fort Vancouver, Fort Nisqually, Cape Disap- indignation and contempt t' pointment,' and the Cascade Falls of the Columbia; and obnoxious efforts of cer thereby preventing British subjects who held land at vious meeting in Oregon C these places under the colonial land law, which con- their rights, through a mem( gress would be asked to approve, from deriving any town sites, water-falls, and c benefit from their claims. The resolution was so for years, and were at that modified, however, as to partially obscure their inten- value by improvement. tion, and congress was requested to reserve all water- This was followed by anc falls, capes, and town sites, the proceeds to be applied resolved that the convention to the improvement of the bays, rivers, and roads in constituted authority, the the territory; thus making a benefit apparently accrue body to memorialize congre from it to the country. In this form the resolution wants of the territory, and was adopted by the meeting; and after discussing the ture to petition the governi proposal of a delegate, the meeting again adjourned to to allow the land law to rem the 1 5th. according to the organic co] The subject of this resolution coming up at the At this stage of the proc( meeting of the 15th, it was so amended as to make sine die was made by one of the proceeds of each town site produce a fund for the which was rejected, and Rol benefit of public schools and local improvements, tion declaring that it was t when P. G. Stewart proposed to insert " so far as they that it was highly imprope can do the same without interfering with private The amend- 3As nearly as can be gathered from rights," which excited warm discussion. at these several meetings in Oregon White, and M. M. McCarver were reu I The land at Cape Disappointment was owned by Ogden, who purchased government reservations, though how it of previous claimant in February 1846. Or. Spectator, Feb. 19, 1846. conjectured. P. G. Stewart earnestly 'ICS AND PROGRESS. CONVENTION CALLED. 603 r memorials, which should be circu- to sign, and to devise means of nient being finally adopted and the resolution put to , whether by delegate or other- vote, it was lost by fourteen to twenty-two. Six del- s of the several counties being egates to the convention were then chosen, and the eetings therein for that purpose. meeting adjourned amidst excitement and efforts by to the 10th of October. the minority to obtain a hearing.' line it was apparent why a dele- When the convention met according to appointment 's so much desired by certain at Oregon City, three counties only were represented, lain other persons would require Champoeg by W. J. Bailey, J. Sanders, Joseph interest. After resolving that Barnaby, and F. Bernia, all from French Prairie; ould have five delegates in the Tualatin by Hugh Burns and Robert Moore, each crt broached the subject that owners of town sites; Clackamas by Samuel McSwain, ;ked to make reservations, first Philip Foster, H. Wright, H. M. Knighton, S. S. lamette, with the land one mile White, and J. McCormick, each wanting a slice of of this water power; together Oregon City. The first resolution offered was by Fort Nisqually, Cape Disap Bailey, and declared that the meeting viewed with ascade Falls of the Columbia; indignation and contempt the unwarrantable, unjust, tish subjects who held land at and obnoxious efforts of certain individuals, at a pre- colonial land law, which con- vious meeting in Oregon City, to deprive citizens of to approve, from deriving any their rights, through a memorial to congress to reserve I's. The resolution was so town sites, water-falls, and capes that had been settled ) partially obscure their inten- for years, and were at that time rapidly advancing in *equested to reserve all water- value by improvement. Les, the proceeds to be applied This was followed by another from Mr Burns, who the bays, rivers, and roads in resolved that the convention had full confidence in the ng a benefit apparently accrue constituted authority, the legislature, as the proper In this form the resolution body to memorialize congress on matters touching the ting; and after discussing the wants of the territory, and recommended the legisla- le meeting again adjourned to ture to petition the government of the United States to allow the land law to remain under its present form, esolution coming up at the according to the organic compact of Oregon. vas so amended as to make At this stage of the proceedings a motion to adjourn n site produce a fund for the sine die was made by one of the Oregon City delegates, s and local improvements which was rejected, and Robert Moore offered a resolu- Dsed to insert " so far as they tion declaring that it was the sense of the convention ut interfering with private that it was highly improper to meddle with the rights rin discussion. The amend- 3 As nearly as can be gathered from the resolutions and amendments offered at these several nt was owned by Ogden, who purchased meetings in Oregon City, D. Stewart, James Taylor, S. S. White, and M. M. McCarver were responsible for the resolution 1846. Or. Spector, Feb. 19, 1846. government concerning reservations, though how much they were influenced can only be conjectured. P. G. Stewart earnestly resisted the movement. JUDICIARY 604 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. gress was memorialized, i or locations of the inhabitants of the territory, such to the members of the leg interference being detrimental to the growth, pros- the probability that the perity, and interests of the country. Bailey followed would soon be extended with another, recommending the legislature to em- should attempt legislation body in its memorial that claim-jumpers, or persons appointments, fill vacanci interfering with the rights of others touching land propriations.6 They prefi claims, should be debarred from receiving any land or business of the session, du donation in the territory. eral important laws. An Once more one of the Oregon City delegation made the judicial system, by wh a motion to adjourn, which was rejected; and Moore formed into one circuit t: again resolved that the convention considered it un- by a judge commissioned necessary to obey the mandates of the agitators of the should hold his office two late movement to memorialize congress, or to send a hundred dollars, to be pE delegate or messenger to that body; after which Burns ritorial treasury. These moved that the proceedings of the convention be signed original jurisdiction of cii by the president and secretary, and published in the and of criminal cases oi Spectator, the motion being carried.' The adoption of counties, and were to ex( each of these resolutions, so opposite to the intention all matters of law and ec of the movers of the convention, was effected by the had done; the criminal delegates of the other counties voting solidly against judges were to be electei the Oregon City delegates, whose number, six, was ing power being taken am reduced to five by making one of themselves, P. Foster, in case of vacancies; a chairman of the convention. Thus ingloriously ended for the several counties, the first attempt to devise means to evict British president of the count, claimants under the organic law Two days later came changes effected. the news of the settlement of the boundary question, The committee on ju in anticipation of which these measures had been taken, Tolmie, and Looney. TV but the full tenor of which was unknown for several the judiciary organizatib months afterward. 5 change in territorial affa In the mean while the legislature met, and con- legislature, which was n( 4 Or. Spectator, Nov. 26, 1846. of making laws to gove 5 The members of the house of representatives for 1846 were, for Clackamas, the conduct of colonial a A. L. Lovejoy, W. G. T'Vault, Hiram Straight; Tualatin, Joseph L. Meek, D. H. Lownsdale, Lawrence Hall; Yamhill, A. J. Hembree; Clatsop, George creditable than that of Summers; Vancouver, Henry N. Peers; Lewis, W. F. Tolmie; Champoeg, Skinner, an immigrant Angus McDonald, Jesse Looney, A. Chamberlain, Robert Newell; Polk, Boone, Williams. There were several of the name of Boone or Boon in the territory, judge by the legislature and I can find nothing to guide me in determining which of either family this was, for his name is spelled without the final e in the house journal, and with it in secretary, vacated by the the Spectator, and in neither place are the initials given. The same concern- ing Williams, to whose identity ther-*is no clew. Tolmie was from Fort Nis- 6 Grover's Or. Archives, 159. qually, and Peers from Vanco- er. Angus McDonald was another British 7 Or. Spectator, Dec. 24, 1846. subject. A. L. Lovejoy was elected speaker. AND PROGRESS. JUDICIARY COMMITTEE. 605 bitants of the territory, such gress was memorialized, the governor having left it mental to the growth, pros- to the members of the legislature whether, in view of he country. Bailey followed the probability that the laws of the United States iding the legislature to em- would soon be extended over the territory, they at claim-jumpers, or persons should attempt legislation any further than to confirm hts of others touching land appointments, fill vacancies, and make necessary ap- ,d from receiving any land or propriations.' They preferred to continue the regular business of the session, during which they passed sev- Oregon City delegation made eral important laws. Among others, one reorganizing ich was rejected; and Moore the judicial system, by which the several counties were convention considered it un- formed into one circuit that should be presided over ndates of the agitators of the by a judge commissioned by the governor, and who rialize congress, or to send a should hold his office two years, with a salary of eight ,hat body; after which Burns hundred dollars, to be paid quarterly out of the ter- Ds of the convention be signed ritorial treasury. These circuit courts were given retary, and published in the original jurisdiction of civil suits of whatever nature, ig carried.4 The adoption of and of criminal cases occurring in their respective so opposite to the intention counties, and were to exercise the same control over vention, was effected by the all matters of law and equity that the county courts unties voting solidly against had done; the criminal court was abolished; county tes, whose number, six, was judges were to be elected by the people, the appoint- one of themselves, P. Foster, ing power being taken away from the governor, except )n. Thus ingloriously ended in case of vacancies; a probate court was provided rise means to evict British for the several counties, to be presided over by the ic law Two days later came president of the county courts; and several minor it of the boundary question, changes effected. ese measures had been taken, The committee on judiciary consisted of T'Vault, h was unknown for several Tolmie, and Looney. Tolmie was opposed to altering the judiciary organization, in view of the expected e legislature met,5 and con- change in territorial affairs, but was overruled by the legislature, which was not to be deprived of the glory esentatives for 1846 were, for Clackamas, of making laws to govern, even for a brief period, m Straight; Tualatin, Joseph L. Meek, the conduct of colonial affairs, nor was their work less amhill, A. J. Hembree; Clatsop, George 'ers; Lewis, W. F. Tolmie; Champoeg, creditable than that of their predecessors.' A. A. iamberlain, Robert Newell; Polk, Boone, Skinner, an immigrant of 1845, was elected circuit name of Boone or Boon in the territory, i determining which of either family this judge by the legislature; and the office of territorial a final e in the house journal, and with it in secretary, vacated by the death of John E. Long, the initials given. The same concern- was is no clew. Tolmie was from Fort Nis- Angus McDonald was another British 6 Grover's Or. Archives, 159. speaker. 7 Or. Spectator, Dec. 24, 1846. 606 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. MEMORIAL TO C( filled by Frederick Prigg; H. M. Knighton was elected Proceeding to the expression c marshal; John H. Couch, treasurer; George W. Bell, ment was made that bread-stu auditor; and Theophilus McGruder, territorial re- be supplied to the amount of corder. The organic law concerning partnerships in flour, and should a demand a] land of "two or more persons" was amended by re- could be furnished to the an pealing the words "or more; " a measure which had barrels-low estimates, it was ( been much discussed previously, as a means of break- regard to flour, which, were E ing the monopoly of the fur company and the missions, be greatly increased in quant as well as of other speculators. By an act regulating furnished in abundance; and weights and measures the imperial bushel of the Hud- factured if required. Flax ai son's Bay Company, so much complained of, was cessfully cultivated in small abolished. made articles of export. All these acts, though good and proper, did not in- This paragraph was a bid i terest the people as did the memorial, about which so the vessels of the United Stb much had been said. The committee first chosen by vessels in the Pacific; the pu the legislature to frame this important document was Vancouver by the commande composed of Hall, Peers, Summers, McDonald, and been a subject of complaint on t Boone. Their joint production was placed in the who thought it the duty of the hands of a revisory committee consisting of T'Vault, ize and encourage Oregon indu Summers, and Peers; and finally was remodelled by that American merchants re( Peers, who was a man of good parts, and a writer of more for their goods than Brit considerable ability, whose verses sometimes graced Congress was next deferent the columns of the Spectator, so that at the last the settlers of Oregon had been in American petition to the congress of the United States cult journey to Oregon and c was penned by a British subject.9 That the colonists' by the promise of the goverr interests were not less happily represented the memo- should be secured to them; and rial shows for itself. they had a right to expect a After respectfully soliciting the attention of con- only they, but those who shot gress to their wants, the proud position which Oregon the next few years. Their cla would soon occupy before the world was briefly men- made under the organic law of tioned, and reference made to the flattering report of vided that any person might the congressional committee on post-offices and roads forty acres of land. These cla for 1846, in which the climate, soil, and other advan- confirmed to them, in the sar tages of the country west of the Rocky Mountains were located. were said to be correctly set forth; from which it They asked also that the i would seem that Oregon was "destined soon to be- which in new countries alway come a central point of commerce and happiness." to the general diffusion of edu( founded the principles of the 8 Couch soon resigned and W. K. Kilborn was appointed. 9Or. Spectator, Dec. 24, 1846. of the United States (whose -S AND PROGRESS. MEMORIAL TO CONGRESS. 607 g'g; H. M. Knighton was elected Proceeding to the expression of their wants, the state- ich, treasurer; 8 George W. Bell, ment was made ilus MeGruder, that bread-stuffs could on short notice territorial re- be supplied to the amount law concerning partnerships of five thousand barrels of in flour, and should a demand arise, salt beef persons was amended by re- and pork could be furnished to the amount of two thousand more; " a measure which had barrels-low )reviously, estimates, it was declared, especially with as a means of break- regard to flour, e fur company which, were a market opened, could and the missions, be greatly increased in quantity. culators. By an act Lumber could be regulating furnished in abundance; and he imperial bushel of tar and pitch manu- the Hud- factured if required. Flax and hemp so much complained of, was had been suc- cessfully cultivated in small quantities, and could be made articles of export. ;h good and proper, did not in- This paragraph was a bid for I the memorial, about which contracts to furnish so the vessels of the United States, and The committee first chosen by all American vessels in the Pacific; the purchasing of supplies at b this important document was Vancouver Irs, by the commander of the Shark having Summers, McDonald, and been a subject of complaint roduction was placed on the part of the colonists, in the who thought it the duty of the government Imittee consisting of T'Vault, to patron- ize and encourage Oregon industry, in spite of the fact and finally was remodelled by that American of merchants required twelve per cent good parts, and a writer of more for their goods hose verses than British merchants. sometimes graced Congress was ltator, so that next deferentially reminded that the at the last the settlers of Oregon had been congress of the induced to make the diffi- United States cult journey to Oregon and cultivate L subject." its fertile fields That the colonists' by the promise of the government iappily represented the memo- that their homes should be secured to them; and they therefore thought they had a right to expect a grant [iciting the attention of of land; and not con- only they, but those who should come proud position which after them for Oregon the next few years. Their claims already *e the world was briefly men- taken were made under the organic law of the territory, and pro- ,de to the flattering report of vided that any person .ttee on post-offices might hold six hundred and and roads forty acres of land. These claims Limate, soil, and other advan- they asked to have confirmed to them, in the same shape in which they ,st of the Rocky Mountains were located. fly set forth; from which it They asked r also that the insurmountable barriers was "destined soon to be- which in new countries r commerce and happiness." always presented themselves to the general diffusion of education, upon which were . Kilborn was appointed. founded the principles of the republican government of the United States (whose extension over them- -- _ - - - 1hIIbU*"

608 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. NEWS OF THE TI

selves they prayerfully awaited), might be in part re- the third was reserved to be c moved by the liberality and wisdom of the government spring by W. Finley, who was r in making grants of land for that purpose. The navigation of the Columbia and the risk to Months passed away after merchant vessels in crossing the bar were next alluded treaty without bringing any me to, and congress was petitioned for a steam tow-boat ment of the United States to e which would remove these difficulties and dangers, at gon. In February the Spectat all seasons of the year; and of information on the the disappointment of the pea subject of the intricacies of the river-channels, the "expected and expected until prevailing winds, and strength of the current and There was indeed a feverish tides, it was politely presumed that congress was in- which there was no very justifie formed, though that was far enough from the truth. chiefly from the desire of ever And finally an expression of wonder and admiration direct benefit from the change so was indulged in, that a project so grand as that of was now no fear of war wit] the national railroad to the Pacific should have been was secured,1' and was already proposed to congress. That such a road should be Oregon;12 the crop of 1846 ha built they declared was obvious, particularly to those there was promise of still greE who had travelled from the United States to Oregon. coming harvest. The health ol And although it might be years before the great high- lent, and improvements were way would be completed, yet they would look with side with encouraging rapidit5 anxiety for its commencement. were dissatisfied at the tardinE These subjects, the memorial declared, were the in furnishing them with titles most important to the well-being of Oregon, and they many were covetous of the pos prayed that congress would meet their wishes in a some had trouble to defend ti manner which should redound to the peace and pros- gression, for there were those perity of all interested, and the furtherance of an readiness to seize the lands of attachment to the government of the United States Puget Sound companies as so( which 0 should cease only with their existence.' treaty should be made known. In this rather tame but perfectly proper manner When the terms became kr was congress memorialized by its chosen representa- high hopes was there! The tives. They wanted a market, a donation of land, a the company in their possessors tug-boat, schools, and a highway to the Pacific; and need to memorialize congress to solicited the help of the government to procure these things. No provision was made for sending a dele- 1About 50 persons emigrated from Oreg gate to congress; but the address was prepared in 1847, and among them James Marshall, the tam Charles Bennett, who also worked with I triplicate, one copy to be sent to California and one Staats. Bennett and Staats returned to Ores to the Islands by the bark Toulon, to await the first 12C. E. Pickett wrote from California t Waldo, that 20,000 barrels of flour and se, opportunity of being forwarded to Washington, while wheat, besides lumber, potatoes, and butter all of which would bring high prices; lumber 10Or. Spectator, Dec. 24, 1846. per lb.; potatoes $2.50 per bushel, and flour HiST. OR., VOL. I. 39 S AND PROGRESS. NEWS OF THE TREATY. 609 awaited), might be in part re- and wisdom of the government the third was reserved to be carried overland in the nd for that purpose. spring by W. Finley, who was returning to the States. the Columbia and the risk to ssing the bar were next alluded Months passed away after the first news of the )etitioned for a steam tow-boat treaty without bringing any message from the govern- iese difficulties and dangers, at ment of the United States to eagerly expectant Ore- r; and of information on the gon. In February the Spectator gave expression to ies of the river-channels, the the disappointment of the people, who it said had strength of the current and "expected and expected until they were heart-sick." resumed that congress was in- There was indeed a feverish state of anxiety, for s far enough from the truth. which there was no very justifiable cause, which arose sion of wonder and admiration chiefly from the desire of every man to receive some I project so grand as that of direct benefit from the change so long desired. There the Pacific should have been was now no fear of war with England; California That suc~h a road should be was secured,'" and was already seeking supplies 2 from obvious, particularly to those Oregon;` the crop of 1846 had been abundant, and 'he United States to Oregon. there was promise of still greater abundance in the we years before the great high- coming harvest. The health of the colony was excel- 1, yet they would look with lent, and improvements were being made on every ment. side with encouraging rapidity. But many persons iemorial declared, were the were dissatisfied at the tardiness of the government 4l-being of Oregon, and they in furnishing them with titles to their land claims; )uld meet their wishes in a many were covetous of the possessions of others, and round to the peace and pros- some had trouble to defend their rights against ag- and the furtherance of an gression, for there were those holding themselves in nment of the United States readiness to seize the lands of the Hudson's Bay and with their existencewD Puget Sound companies as soon as the terms of the ut perfectly proper manner treaty should be made known. d by its chosen representa- When the terms became known, what a falling of arket, a donation of land, a high hopes was there! The government confirmed uighway to the Pacific; and the company in their possessory rights; there was no overnment to procure these need to memorialize congress to reserve town sites and s made for sending a dele- a address was prepared in 11About 50 persons emigrated from Oregon to California in the spring of 1847, and among them James Marshall, the discoverer of gold in 1848, Cap- sent to California and one tain Charles Bennett, who also worked with him at Sutter's mill, and Stephen k Toulon, to await the first Staats. Bennett and Staats returned to Oregon. Or. Spectator, June 10, 1847. "2C. E. Pickett wrote from California to Burnett, McCarver, Ford, and rded to Washington, while Waldo, ,that 20,000 barrels of flour and several thousand bushels of seed- wheat, besides lumber, potatoes, and butter, were wanted in that country, all of which would bring high prices; lumber $50 per M.; butter 50c. to 62c. per lb.; potatoes $2.50 per bushel, and flour $15 to $17 per barreL Id. HIST. OR., VOL. I. 39 POLITICS 610 AND PROGRESS. ELECTION OF GO water-falls now; their disappointment was complete; tice of claim-jumping, as this the indignation of the schemers knew no bounds. popularly designated, at whic And then began an ill-suppressed rebellion which fifty persons signed a strong pr vaunted itself in threats of an independent empire to 3 declared that the meeting reg, be made out of California and Oreoon,' which never lated to prejudice the claim o could be more than idle threats-for opposed to them complied with the laws, as a was always the wise and loyal majority. faith of the community and de& And while all this seething discontent arose from of all honorable mcel; that the c not being able to get rid of the possessory rights of it might be avoided by some the British companies, the Canadian settlers of the to secure the rights of every cil Cowlitz Valley, to the disturbance of good discipline, or incongruous with the right were imitating the ways of loyal Americans and pray- United States government; " t ing to be made citizens of the United States, for by in the movement assailing the 14 this means only they could secure their claims. On to be regarded as a disorg the 23d of March, while the Modeste was still in the weakened the golden bond of river, the Canadians of Lewis County raised the sion to mob violence; that all I American flag, made by Canadian women, at a public points, advised trespassing, sA meeting, and resolutions were passed declaring their guilty with the offenders; that i joy at being permitted to fling to the breeze the star- ing jurisdiction of the Uniteo spangled banner of their adopted country, which they themselves to maintain the sup promised to protect from harm as long as they should laws until that time; and tha live, and to gladly perform any service which the no man for any public office m United States might require of good naturalized or indirectly connected with the citizens."J claim-jumping. Finding themselves prevented by the treaty from Other meetings followed, at invading the lands of the two British corporations, made against trespass, and mc the disaffected made themselves amends by trespass- the pledge, both in Oregon City, ing upon the private claim of McLoughlin, who others, Lewis County sent ove brought suit in the circuit court of Clackamas County ordinary judgment appearance against the corporation of Oregon City, and published spirit as well as the letter of l a notice forbidding trespassers upon his land. Much served, and that no one's righ excitement grew out of the proceedings, and a public But the cunning brain framinr meeting was held at this place te denounce the prac- saved his honor by the introdi 13 HoMe Missionary, xx. 20. looking proviso which promisec "Roberts complains of the demoralizing effect on the Canadians of the the right of the government to donation law, both in fact and in expectancy. It made the servants of the company restless and independent, and destroyed their former systematic obedience. This, he says, with the duties on imported goods, and the dis- Notwithstanding the expecte covery of gold, ruined the company's business in Oregon long before the expiration of their charter. Recollections, MS., 81. tion, canvassing for the differen 11Or. Spectator, April 1, 1847. under the provisional governme S AND PROGRESS. ELECTION OF GOVERNOR. 611 disappointment was complete; e schemers knew no bounds. tice of claim-jumping, as this form of trespass was ill-suppressed rebellion which popularly designated, at which over a hundred and Ls of an independent empire to fifty persons signed a strong protest. The resolutions nia and Oregonj which never declared that the meeting regarded any action calcu- 3 threats-for opposed to them lated to prejudice the claim of any cititzen who had d loyal majority. complied with the laws, as a violation of the good seething discontent arose from faith of the community and deserving the reprobation rid of the possessory rights of of all honorable mei; that the organic compact, though the Canadian settlers of the it might be avoided by some technicality, was made Disturbance of good discipline, to secure the rights of every citizen " not incompatible 3 of loyal Americans and pray- or incongruous with the rights of reservation of the s of the United States, for by United States government; " that every man engaged 'uld secure their clairns.14 Oin in the movement assailing the rights of citizens was le the Modeste was still in the to be regarded as a disorganizer, whose conduct )f Lewis County raised the weakened the golden bond of society, and gave occa- Canadian women, at a public sion to mob violence; that all persons who, upon small 3 were passed declaring their points, advised trespassing, should be held equally Lo fling to the breeze the star- guilty with the offenders; that in view of the approach- adopted country, which they ing jurisdiction of the United States they pledged harm as long as they should themselves to maintain the supremacy of the existing form any service which the laws until that time; and that they would vote for require of good naturalized no man for any public office who should be directly or indirectly connected with the form of trespass called 01 'revented by the treaty from claim-jumping. the two British corporations, Other meetings followed, at which speeches were mselves amends by trespass- made against trespass, and more names appended to claim of McLoughlin, who the pledge, both in Oregon Cityand elsewhere. Among it court of Clackamas County others, Lewis County sent over fifty names. To the f Oregon City, and published ordinary judgment appearances indicated that the assers upon his land. Much spirit as well as the letter of the law was to be ob- the proceedings, and a public served, and that no one's rights would be infringed. ; place te denounce the prac- But the cunning brain framing the resolutions had saved his honor by the introduction of the innocent- looking proviso which promised not to interfere with Loralizing effect on the Canadians of the =pectancy. It made the servants of the the right of the government to reserve. and destroyed their former systematic duties on imported goods, and the dis- y's business in Oregon long before the Notwithstanding the expected territorial organiza- eos, MS., 51. tion, canvassing for the different candidates for offices under the provisional government went on with more .

THE AMERICAN AND M 612 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. than ordinary spirit. Abernethy and Lovejoy were and silent, but implacable. I the popular candidates for governor. ing openness a man who diff4 The June election came round, and still no news or who competed with him from the United States except a few excerpts from favor, while scheming again newspapers copied first into the Polynesian, and from for him a holy hatred. Wi that into the Spectator. Congress had evidently for- and it was through these c( gotten them, or was treating them with silent con- was reelected, while the maj tempt. They would go on with their own affairs as preferred Lovejoy. if congress did not exist. The contest for the guber- Abernethy was nominally natorial office was close. In the Willamette Valley ican party as it had been wh Lovejoy had a small majority, but when the returfis Bay party. No such assoc from Lewis County came in, Abernethy had sixteen existed, because the British votes over his opponent, and was really elected by the ically fused with the Amer Canadian voters.17 were only waiting for an oF Governor Abernethy was a native of Aberdeen, zens of the United States. Scotland, though reared under American institutions. party was now, what it had He has been called a good governor by men of all the provisional government, parties; and so far as being discreet, temperate in eign corporations and the X speech, and careful not to offend the popular opinion, he could be elected, enterta whether religious or political, he is deserving of this to the free American as wel judgment. Perhaps it was impossible to avoid censure tions, was owing to the qua: in exciting times without being secretive and design- time for several years, the on ing; Abernethy was both. The most odious word the American and missionarn that could be applied to a Protestant in those days to the latter. was that of Jesuit; yet Protestant and Methodist The summer rolled round Abernethy possessed all the traits usually ascribed by more than a year after the a Protestant to a Jesuit. He was courteous, smooth, dary-before any inforniati doings of the national legil 16Dr Presley Welch announced himself as a candidate, but received no Oregon's establishment as a votes. 17The representatives elected were: from Clackamas, J. M. Wair, S. S. only to inflict further disapp White; Champoeg, Robert Newell, A. Chamberlain, W. H. Rees, W. H. had indeed recommended tl Rector, Anderson Cox; Tualatin, Ralph Wilcox, J. L. Meek, David Hill; Yamhill, L. A. Rice, Lewis Rogers, A. J. Hembree; Polk, J. W. Nesmith, ritorial government in Ores M. A. Ford, St Clair; Vancouver, Henry N. Peers; Lewis County, S. Plo- reported by Douglas of Illi mondon; Clatsop, John Robinson. Justices of the peace elected in the sev- eral counties south of the Columbia were: Joseph Hull, Columbus Wheeler, had passed the house the 16 F. X. Matthieu, Morgan Keyes, Rice Dunbar, Barton Lee, D. T. Lennox, southern jealousy of free soil C. D. Smith, John Rowland, William Dawson, D. D. Bailey, John Rounds, James Howard, James Taylor, David Ingalls, A. H. Thompson; north of the Other rumors reached 0: Columbia: Richard Lane, R. R. Thompson, John White, Jacob Wooley, S. B. tions of congress and the prn Crockett, J. R. Jackson. County assessors: E. B. Comfort, S. C. Morris, Thomas Leggett, John W. Champ, William Ryan, M. Brock. County gave it as certain that an Or( treasurers: John H. Couch, David Waldo, Amos Harvey, N. Ford, R. W. riflemen was being raised; Morrison, A. L. Lewis, James Birnie. Or. Spectator, July 22, 1847. 'S AND PROGRESS. THE AMERICAN AND MISSIONARY PARTIES. 613 Abernethy and Lovejoy were and silent, but implacable. He could for governor.'6 treat with seem ing openness a man who differed from him in opinion, came round, and still no news or who competed with him for the public money or es except a few excerpts from favor, while scheming against into the Polynesian, him, and entertaining and from for him a holy hatred. Withal he Congress hated Catholics; had evidently for- and it was through these combined qualities reating them with silent that he con- was reelected, while the majority of American voters o on with their own affairs as preferred Lovejoy. b. The contest for the guber- Abernethy was nominally the head of the Amer- e. In the Willamette Valley ican party as it had been raJority, when there was a Hudson's but when the returns Bay party. No such association ne in, Abernethy had as the latter now sixteen existed, because the British inhabitants were , and was really elected by polit- the ically fused with the Americans, and most of them were only waiting for an opportunity to become citi- was a native of Aberdeen, zens of the United States. under But the real American American institutions. party was now, what it had been rood in the first days of governor by men of all the provisional government, opposed both being discreet, temperate to the for- in eign corporations and the Methodist Mission. That to offend the popular opinion, he could be elected, entertaining itical, sentiments adverse he is deserving of this to the free American as ras well as the foreign corpora- impossible to avoid censure tions, was owing to the qualities b being secretive named. From this and design- time for several years, the only parties in Oregon ,th. The most odious were word the American and missionary, the governor belonging ) a Protestant in those days to the latter. t Protestant and Methodist The summer rolled round, and the September came- traits usually ascribed by more than a year after the settlement He was courteous, of the boun- smooth, dary-before any information was received of the doings of the national legislature himself as a candidate, but received no in the matter of Oregon's establishment as a territory, and then it was ere: from Clackamas, J. M. Wair, S. S. only to inflict further A. Chamberlain, W. H. Rees, XT. H. disappointment. *The president alph Wilcox, J. L. Meek, David Hill; had indeed recommended the establishment of a ter- A. J. Hembree; Polk, J. W. Nesmith, ritorial government .enry N. Peers; Lewis County, S. Plo- in Oregon, and a bill had been Justices of the peace elected in the sev- reported by Douglas of Illinois in December, which were: Joseph Hull, Columbus Wheeler, e Dunbar, Barton Lee D. T. Lennox had passed the house the 16th of January; but there * Dawson, D. D. Bailey John Rounds, southern jealousy of free soil nipped it. Ingalls, A. H. Thompson. north of the' ipson, John White, Jacob Wooley, S. B. Other rumors reached Oregon City of the inten- 3sessors: E. B. Comfort, S. C. Morris, tions of congress and the president. William Ryan, M. Brock. County Private advices Valdo, Amos Harvey, N. Ford, R. W. gave it as certain that an Oregon regiment of mounted Or. Spectator, July 22, 1847. riflemen was being raised; a splendid regiment, it M r

614 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. NEGLECT OF GO)

was said, commanded by Persifer F. Smith of New it asked, "or believe that the Orleans." The only definite intelligence was that an ment could have made its appE act had been passed establishing certain post-routes, At a time, too, when the including one from Oregon City by way of Fort Van- alarmingly insolent, requiring couver and Fort Nisqually to the mouth of Admiralty deal with or restrain them.2 Inlet, and another from Oregon City up the Willa- people of Oregon displeased mette Valley to the Klamath River, said routes to go should afflict them thus? into operation on the Ist of July, 1847, or sooner if The people of Oregon fou practicable, or if any one could be found to contract perceive any benefit that the3 for transporting the mails over these routes for the gress, or the presidential apl revenues to be derived from them. As the greater still without a proper governn portion of both routes lay through an uninhabited no shipping, no light-houses, country, and as the correspondence of the savages priations-nothing,21 if they was not great, the matter rested. The postmaster- to places where there were n general was empowered to contract for transporting a offices-the distributing officE mail from Charleston, South Carolina, touching at the Columbia, a hundred and St Augustine, Key West, and Havana, across the gon City, with no other cc Isthmus of Panami to Astoria; the mail to be car- between the two places than ried each way once in two months, or oftener should to their indignation, a lead the public interest require it, provided the expendi- gratulated its readers that nc ture should not exceed $100,000 per annum. In case Oregon, because it was a sav of the route being put in operation he could establish when the government was ov, a post-office at Astoria, and such other places on the can war,22 and regretted that Pacific coast as might be required by public necessity. lised a port of entry at the i The same act fixed the postage on letters from Oregon and appointed a collector to ii or California to the States at forty cents. the imports of the British fu In accordance with this act, post-offices were estab- to injury by complimenting t lished at Astoria and Oregon City. Cornelius Gilliam ritory on their good sense, g( was appointed superintendent of postal matters in Oregon, David Hill postmaster at Oregon City, and 29A writer in the Spectator, Sept. 2, ] 3 Oregon, but was absent at the Islands; ar John M. Shively postmaster at Astoria." An Indian grants on the road to California to 'kill Oregon to California. ' What Pickett did agent had also been appointed, namely, Charles E. along the road, but trust them not. Aftei Pickett, a man ill suited to any office, if the Spectator use your pleasure in spilling blood, but w on to the first sight of the Sacramento 5 may be believed. "Who can credit the appointment,'> these treacherous, cowardly, untamable The character of their country precludes or ever maintaining treaties if made; so t 18Or. Spectator, July 22, 1847. in cases of necessity, while self-preserv 19'Mr Shively,' says Burnett, 'is an engineer, a plain, unassuming man, but being killed off as soon as possible. Spedt possessed of much greater genuine ability than most people supposed. Justice 21 The citizens of Clatsop County, becor has never been done him. He was in Washington in the winter of 1845-6, a subscription for a temporary light-hous and was the originator of the project of a steamship line from New York to ment; but it was never established. this coast, by way of Panama. Recol., 141. 22 New York Tribune, Aug. 26, 1846 MSAND PROGRESS. NEGLECT OF GOVERNMENT. 615 by Persifer F. Smith of New it asked, "or believe that the United States govern- lefinite intelligence was that an ment could stablishing certain post-routes, have made its appearance in such a shape?" At a time, too, when the Indians were becoming egon City by way of Fort Van- alarmingly ially to the mouth of Admiralty insolent, requiring the utmost wisdom to deal with or restrain them.20 In what way had the m Oregon City up the Willa- people of Oregon [amath River, said routes to go displeased the president that he 1st should afflict them thus? of July, 1847, or sooner if The people of Oregon ne could be found to contract found it indeed difficult to perceive any benefit that they had received from con- qails over these routes for the gress, or the I from them. As the greater presidential appointments. They were still without a proper government; they had no troops, A lay through an uninhabited no shipping, no light-houses, orrespondence of the savages no pilot-boats, no appro- priations-nothing,21 if they excepted two post-routes tter rested. The postmaster- to places [to contract for transporting where there were no settlers, and two post- a offices-the distributing office South Carolina, touching at being at the mouth of est, and the Columbia, a hundred and twenty miles from Ore- Havana, across the gon City, with no other Astoria; the mail to be car- conveyance for the mails between the two places than Indian canoes. To add ,wo months, or oftener should to their Lire it, provided the expendi- indignation, a leading eastern paper con- gratulated its readers that nothing had been $100,000 per annum. In case done for n Oregon, because it was a saving of expense at a time operation he could establish when the government and such other places on the was overburdened by the Mexi- can war,22 and regretted that congress had not estab- e required by public necessity. lised a port postage on letters from Oregon of entry at the mouth of the Columbia, and appointed a collector to increase the revenue from es at forty cents. the imports LiS act, post-offices were estab- of the British fur company, adding insult to injury by complimenting the inhabitants of the ter- ,gon City. Cornelius Gilliam ritory on their good endent of postal matters in sense, good order, and good laws. 3tmaster at Oregon City, and 2'A writer in the Spectator, Sept. 2, 1847, says that Pickett was not in ster at Astoria.`3 An Indian Oregon, but was absent at the Islands; and alleges that he had advised emi- grants on the road to California to 'kill all the Indians you may find from pointed, namely, Charles E. Oregon to California.' What Pickett did say was: 'Treat the Indians kindly to any office, if the Spectator along the road, but trust them not. After you get to the Siskiyou Mountains, use your pleasure in spilling blood, but were I travelling with you, from this can credit the appointment," on to the first sight of the Sacramento Valley my only communication with these treacherous, cowardly, untamable rascals would be through my rifle. The character of their country precludes the idea of making peace with them, or ever maintaining treaties if made; so that philanthropy must be set aside an engineer, a plain, unassuming man, but in cases of necessity, while self-preservation here dictates these savages hilty than most people supposed. Justice being killed off as soon as possible. Spectator, April 29, 1847. in Washington in the winter of 1845-6 11The citizens of Clatsop County, becoming impatient, in November started Sitof 1al steamship line from New York to a subscription for a temporary light-house to be erected on Cape Disappoint- 4. b., ment; but it was 22 never established. New York Tribune, Aug. 26, 1846 616 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. YET ANOTHER Somewhat ashamed of it all, Secretary Buchanan wrote Shively, on his departure for Oregon, express- According to eastern joui readiness a full register of c ing the sympathy of the president, and his regret at 27 the failure of the Oregon bill.22 He assured the peo- bill passed the senate. I ple of Oregon that the president would reiterate his Oregon who thought the c recommendations to congress in regard to Oregon, and self-government to be trea assured him there could be no doubt of a near relief. and that they were entitle( He referred to the act establishing post routes and cers. A convention at La offices, and the act of the 19th of May, 1846, provid- the purpose of memoriali2 ing for a regiment of mounted riflemen, to protect appointing Oregon men to travellers2" on the road to Oregon. Strong assurance but local jealousies defeate was given that the United States would never aban- the convention appointed a don or prove unmindful of the welfare of Oregon, Burnett, George L. Curry, but that everything possible should be done for the tator, and L. A. Rice, to drau welfare of that country." Thomas H. Benton also upon the wants of Oregon wrote a letter of condolence. 6 people for their signatures. plained of neglect. They c leave their homes to travers 23 'It failed in the senate, not, as I am firmly convinced, from any want of disposition on the part of the majority to provide a government for that uninhabited wastes to reach interesting portion of the republic, but because other urgent and important business connected with the Mexican war did not allow the necessary time, ignoble motives; they had before the close of their short discussion, to discuss and perfect its details.' not only to benefit themselb Or. Spectator, Extra, Sept. 8, 1847. "It2 was asking a good deal of the Oregon people to appreciate that act, to aid their common countr since the regiment was no sooner raised than it was sent to Mexico. Steele's on the Pacific, and to bring Rige Refyt., MS., 1. 25 Cong. Globe, App. 1847-8, 40. long and harassing controv 25He said: 'The house of representatives, as early as the middle of Jan. uary, passed a bill to give you a territorial government, and in that bill had Woods. A home agitation for election sanctioned and legalized your provisional organic act, one of the clauses of intended by thrusting this firebrand qu, which forever prohibited the existence of slavery in Oregon. An amendment session, when it is thrust in again, we wi from the senate's committee, to which this bill was referred, proposed to abro- it ought to be. I promise you this in tl gate that prohibition; and in the delays and vexations to which that amend- north; and the event will not deceive l ment gave rise, the whole bill was laid upon the table and lost for the session. will give you all the protection which e This will be a great disappointment to you, and a real calamity; already 5 years army and navy can enable him to exten without law or legal institution for the protection of life, liberty, and property, to act, your friends must rely upon yoi and now doomed to wait a year longer. This is a strange and anomalous con- heretofore done, under the provisions dition, almost incredible to contemplate, and most critical to endure, a colony with the justice, harmony, and moderath( of freemen 4,000 miles from the metropolitan government, and without law or and to the honor of the American naT government to preserve them. But do not be alarmed or desperate. You assurance that the writer was the same i will not be outlawed for not admitting slavery. Your fundamental act 30 years, that he was when he oppc against that institution, copied from the ordinance of 1787, the work of the 1818, and that he was when he wrote I great men of the south in the great day of the south, prohibiting slavery in that country, which he hoped to live la a territory far less northern than yours, will not be abrogatedYnor is that the Sept. 8, 1847; Cong. Globe, 1845-6, 92 intention of the prime mover of the amendment. Upon the record of the Louis Republican, April 1847; Oregon 2 judiciary committee of the senate is the author of that amendment; but not 148. His letter is preserved in the arch so the fact. It is only midwife to it. Its author, Mr Calhoun, is the same in his JHst. Cal., 254, remarks that it mind that " generated the firebrand " resolutions, of which I send you a copy, special mission to give California a govei and of which the amendment is the legitimate derivation. Oregon is not the Benton concerning Oregon from 1842-8. object. The most rabid propagandist of slavery cannot expect to plant it on 27 Judge Semple of Illinois was menti the shores of the Pacific, in the latitude of and the Lake of the Rowan of Kentucky was said to be the Johnson was recommended by the Tribu 3 AND PROGRESS. YET ANOTHER MEMORIAL. 617 of it all, Secretary Buchanan lepaiture for Oregon, express- According to eastern journals, the president had e president, in and his regret at readiness a full register of officials in case the Oregon on bill.23 27 He assured the peo- bill passed the senate. But there were those in president would reiterate his Oregon who thought the colony too far gress advanced in in regard to Oregon, and self-government to be treated like a new territory, be no doubt of a near relief and that they were entitled to select their own t establishing offi- post routes and cers. A convention at Lafayette was proposed for ie 19th of May, 1846, provid- the purpose of memorializing the president mounted as to riflemen, to protect appointing Oregon men to offices in the territory; 3o Oregon. Strong assurance but local jealousies defeated the scheme. However, ;ed States would never aban- the convention appointed a committee, consisting of 1 of the welfare of Oregon, Burnett, George L. Curry, then editor of 3ible the Spec- should be done for the tator, and L. A. Rice, to draught a memorial to congress 25 2Thomas6 H. Benton also upon the wants of Oregon, to be )nce. submitted to the people for their signatures. The memorialists com- plained of neglect. They declared that they did not *I am firmly convinced, from any want of leave their homes to ority to provide a government for that traverse, with wives and children, but because other urgent and important uninhabited wastes to reach their present abode from *nwar did not allow the necessary time, ignoble ssion, to discuss and perfect its details.' motives; they had been animated by a desire not only to benefit themselves and their children, but e Oregon people to appreciate that act ised than it was sent to Mexico. Steele',s to aid their common country in sustaining her rights on the Pacific, and to bring to a satisfactory close the ,ntatives, as early as the middle of Jan- long and harassing controversy with a foreign rival; itorial government, and in that bill had sional organic act, one of the clauses of Woods. A home agitation for election and disunion purposes intended is all that is e of slavery in Oregon. An amendment by thrusting this firebrand question into your bill, and at the next this bill was referred, proposed to abro- session, when it is thrust in again, we will scourge it out, and it ought pass your bill as Lys and vexations to which that amend. to be. I promise you this in the name of the south as well as of the I upon the table and lost for the session. north; and the event will not deceive me. In the mean time the president you, and a real calamity; already 5 years will give you all the protection which existing laws and detachments army of the protection of life, liberty, and property, and navy can enable him to extend to you; and until congress has time . This is a strange and anomalous con- to act, your friends must rely upon you to govern yourselves heretofore as you have te, and most critical to endure, a colony done, under the provisions of your own voluntary compact, and politan government, and without law or with the justice, harmony, and moderation which is due to your own character lo not be alarmed or desperate. You and to the honor of the American name.' The letter concluded assurance with the ting slavery. Your fundamental act that the writer was the same friend to Oregon that he had been for bhe ordinance of 1787, the work of the 30 years, that he was when he opposed the joint occupation treaty ay 1818, in of the south, prohibiting slavery in and that he was when he wrote his articles on the grand destiny of s, will not be abrogatednor is that the that country, which he hoped to live long enough to witness. Or. Spectator, amendment. Upon the record of the Sept. 8, 1847; Cong. Globe, 1845-6, 921-2; Or. Argus, March 28, ie Louis 1857; St author of that amendment; but not Republican, April 1847; Oregon Archives, MS., 61; Wiles' Req., lxxii. Its author, Mr Calhoun, is the same 148. His letter is preserved in the archives of the state of Oregon. Tuthill, esolutions, of which I send you a copy, in his lhst. Cal., 254, remarks that it was said of Douglas that he special had a tilnate derivation. Oregon is not the mission to give California a government. The same might be said of If slavery cannot expect to plant it on Benton concerning Oregon from 1842-8. le of Wisconsin and the Lake of the 27Judge Semple of Illinois was mentioned by some as the future governor. Rowan of Kentucky was said to be the president's choice; and Richard M. Johnson was recommended by the Tribune o Aug. 26, 1846. --- - . I.------aa-Ii i.I Ii.

618 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. DONATION OF

as also to extend the area of freedom and Christianity, moments of relaxation and kin, by which they hoped to confer a lasting benefit upon wears a smile." mankind. The particular injuries of w Neither did they intend to expatriate themselves as arising from the condition by emigrating to Oregon. But when they had reached from the discomfort of uncer this distant country they found themselves in embar- enterprise, and the inability rassing circumstances-in the midst of a jealous and ment to treat with the sur predatory Indian population, among the subjects of were every day becoming mo Great Britain in the height of the excitement over the the non-fulfilment of promise; boundary question; without law or protection, except lands. They could not tell w as they governed and defended themselves, which them, and the coming of thei they had done amid many trials; it being much more off. Their position with re difficult to administer temporary laws than a fixed equally embarrassing. They system of government. money, nor means of punishi] While their means were slender, their taxes were turning to the branding-irc high, owing to the necessity of improving the country, whipping-post. opening roads, building bridges, and erecting school- The conclusion of the whole houses and churches. They could not raise money to reference to the donation of pay the members of their legislature for more than expected from congress, and v two weeks' service at a time, and were compelled to had justly earned in the aid t adopt the laws of Iowa, modified by a few local acts. ernment in settling the vexed They had no printing-press, and no books on law to think we merit the respectfr refer to; nor any means of making the laws known government. It is with our cc to the people until the Spectator was established, in hear us or not." With this p whose columns only the local laws were published. the address concluded. It xv The memorialists declared that they had been covertly, and sometimes open grieved at being debarred from enjoying the protec- were the settlers of Oregon, tion which the subjects of Great Britain received in enough to disregard a governn their very midst; but comforted themselves that the for them. omission of their government to afford it was out of By common consent the sub regard to the sacredness of treaty obligations; but to have been avoided, for it 'w that when the boundary question was settled they choice could be made wholly sa could see no reason for the studied neglect of' con- and since as yet they had n( gress. They had acted under the conviction that the clique to insist on sending a duties of citizens and government were mutual. "Our represent the colony would on forefathers," said they, "complained that they were confusion. The memorial, aft oppressed by the mother country, and they had a just right to complain. We do not complain of op- 28The jail erected at Oregon City with Young in 1844 was burned by an incendia pression, but of neglect. Even the tyrant has his Sept. 3, 1846. rICS AND PROGRESS. DONATION OF LANDS. 619 ^ area of freedom and Christianity i to confer a lasting benefit upon moments of relaxation and kindness, but neglect never wears a smile." intend to expatriate themselves The particular injuries of which mention was made gon. But when they had reached as arising from the condition of affairs were aside they found themselves in embar- from the discomfort of uncertainty, of suspension of ,-in the midst of a jealous and enterprise, and the inability of the colonial govern- pulation, among the subjects of ment to treat with the surrounding natives, who ieight of the excitement over the were every day becoming more aggressive, owing to 7ithout law or protection, except the non-fulfilment of promises of payment for their d defended themselves, which lands. They could not tell when war would be upon ,iany trials; it being much more them, and the coming of their friends to Oregon cut temporary laws than a fixed off. Their position with regard to criminals was equally embarrassing. They had no prison 28 and no were slender, their taxes were money, nor means of punishing offences without re- essity of improving the country, turning to the branding-iron, cropping-knife, and , bridges, and erecting school- whipping-post. They could not raise money to The conclusion of the whole matter was the usual heir legislature for more than reference to the donation of land which the settlers %time, and were compelled to expected from congress, and which they insisted they a, modified by a few local acts. had justly earned in the aid they had given the gov- press, and no books on law to ernment in settling the vexed question of title. "We Is of making the laws known think we merit the respectful consideration of our Spectator was established, in government. It is with our country, whether she will local laws were published. hear us or not." With this parting note of warning dclared that they had been the address concluded. It was the threat so often *ed from enjoying the protec- covertly, and sometimes openly, made, that loyal as of Great iBritain received in were the settlers of Oregon, they were independent )mforted themselves that the enough to disregard a government which had no care iment to afford it was out of for them. ;s of treaty obligations; but By common consent the subject of a delegate seems y question was settled they to have been avoided, for it was well known that no the studied neglect of con- choice could be made wholly satisfactory to all parties; inder the conviction that the and since as yet they had no right to one, for any ernment were mutual. "Our clique to insist on sending a man of their choice to complained that they were represent the colony would only lead to protests and r country, and they had a confusion. The memorial, after being circulated for We do not complain of op- 28The jail erected at Oregon City with funds from the estate Even the tyrant has his Young of Ewing in 1844 was burned by an incendiary in August 1846. Or. Spectator, Sept. 3, 1846. i . ,I Ii I I I I I " i 1i PROGRESS. THORNTON'S Al i t 620 POLITICS AND 1, 1i 11i 1 1 I I signatures, was placed in the mail of the bark Whiton, of November, where the ba i While at this II Captain Galston, to sail on the 19th of October for of December. I I and Pananmi, in the expectation that ive American was making f San Francisco it would be received and read in congress in time to was extremely brisk, Thorni influence the legislation for Oregon at the session of of flour which constituted I I by D Ik 1847-8.29 Whiton, loaned to him I But the power in Oregon behind the throne had who came in 1844,31 as a n settled the matter of a delegate without consulting his expenses. He had re the people; and when the WVhiton sailed, it carried J. Gary a draft on the treasure Quinn Thornton, the private agent of Abernethy, to in the east, and from Abe represent in a general way the wants of the territory, required to furnish him wit] but in a more particular manner the views of the At San Jose in Lower Methodist missionaries with regard to those sections sloop of war Portsmouth, C, in the which related to the possessory to which Thornton was tr rights of British subjects.3 0 the commander, and was ca Thornton endeavors to explain away the odium arrived May 5, 1848.32 attaching to his position as a delegate not chosen by the people, by implying that the general desire for When the legislature n office was likely to frustrate the wishes and wants of resolutions were introducec the community; therefore, he took it upon him to remonstrating against the become the savior of the people by appropriating the to any office in the terri for himself; but professes to have adopted, afterward reconsi best paying position 33 feared that letters would be written to Washington the speaker's vote. It in revenge, which would damage his power with the government. This becomes the logical reason of his 31The career of Noyes Smith is g century since, the world was astonishe secret departure, his going on board the Whiton at appearance of an Albany bank offic night after the bark had already weighed her anchor, world, he some years afterwards appea a merchant's clerk, then himself a f] and the general mystery surrounding the transaction. when he was recognized by an office succeeded in getting to sea without any inter- him to dissipation and ruin. His fri He compromised his case, and his family ruption, and arrived in San Francisco on the 10th did to find his children grown up, his long absence.' S. A. Clarke, in On 29 Thornton erroneously says the memorial was addressed to Thomas H. name was said to be Egbert Olcott. B Benton. He also says that 'it was proposed to elect a delegate, but that it 32 Titornton's Or. and Cal., ii. 247 was decided to be impracticable.' Or. and Cal., ii. 37-8. Whiton was looking for a vessel of the 30 That the discovery of Abernethy's action in this matter resulted in unfa. Benton in his letter to the people of vorable comment may be gathered from Curry's remarks in the Spectator, ments of the army and navy should which, though an Abernethy organ, was not taken into the secret of the pri- power, while waiting the action of th vate delegate. Some will have honors, said the editor, whether or no, and we ernor seems promptly to have acted. understand that one of our distinguished functionaries has gone to the States, 3 Or. Spectator, Dec. 25, 1847; a that another started in the height of desperation in a Chinook canoe to go had the secret of Thornton's agene: around along the coast in order to head off the first one, and that one of the resolutions declares only that it is members of the late Yamhill convention intends crossing the mountains on been secretly despatched to Washin snow-shoes to be in at the death, etc. Or. Spectator, Nov. 11, 1847; Deady's tions, and memorials for the purpose Hist. Or., MS., 3-4. most important offices in the territor, AND PROGRESS. THORNTON'S ADVENTURES. 621 the mail of the bark Whiton, on the 19th of October for of November, where the bark remained till the 12th anit, in the expectation that of December. While at this port, where the progress- read in congress in time to ive American was making a great stir and business for Oregon at the session of was extremely brisk, Thornton disposed of a quantity of flour which constituted a part of the cargo of the ,gon behind the throne had Whiton, loaned to him by Noyes Smith, one of those delegate without consulting who came in 1844,31 as a means of raising money for Whiton sailed, it carried J. his expenses. He had received from Rev. George vate agent of Abernethy, to Gary a draft on the treasury of the Methodist society { the wants of the territory, in the east, and from Abernethy whatever more it * manner the views of the required to furnish him with means for his journey. ith regard to those sections At San Jos6 in Lower California was found the h related to the possessory sloop of war Portsmouth, Captain J. B. Montgomery, 0 to which Thornton was transferred on invitation of explain away the odium the commander, and was carried to Boston, where he s a delegate not chosen by arrived May 5, 1848.32 ;hat the general desire for te the wishes and wants of When the legislature met in December, a set of , he took it upon him to resolutions were introduced in the house by Nesmith, eople by appropriating the remonstrating against the appointment of Thornton iself; but professes to have to any office in the territory, which were at first be written to Washington adopted, afterward reconsidered, and finally lost by 33 unage his power with the the speaker's vote. It is but just to Thornton, s the logical reason of his on board the Whiton at IIThe career of Noyes Smith is given as follows: 'Over a quarter of a century since, the world was astonished at hearing of the defalcation and dis- ,eady weighed her anchor, appearance of an Albany bank officer. Having made the circuit of the rrounding the transaction. world, he some years afterwards appeared in Oregon under this name, became a merchant's clerk, then himself a merchant, and was rich and prospering to sea without any inter- when he was recognized by an officer of the U. S. army. Exposure drove n Francisco on the 10th him to dissipation and ruin. His friends at the east seem to have finally compromised his case, and his family sent for him to return home, which he did to find his children grown up, and everything much changed during morial was addressed to Thomas H. his long absence.' S. A. Clarke, in Overland Monthly, x. posed 410- 15. Noye's real to elect a delegate, but that it name was said to be Egbert Olcott. Buck's flnterprises, MS., 13. d al., ii. 37-8. 32 Thornton's Or. and Cal., ii. 247-8. I think it not unlikely that Letion in this matter resulted the in unfa. Whiton was looking for a vessel of the U. S. navy for this very purpose; since n Curry's remarks in the Spectator, Benton in his letter to the people of Oregon had assured not them that detach- taken into the secret of the pri- ments of the army and navy should give them all the assistance Lid the editor, whether in their or no, and we power, while waiting the action of the government; on which hint the gov- functionaries has gone to the States, ernor seems promptly to have acted. speration in a Chinook canoe 33 to go Or. Spectator, Dec. 25, 1847; Grover's Or. Archives, 232, 242. So well >if the first one, and that one of the had the secret of Thornton's agency intends been kept that the preamble to the crossing the mountains on resolutions declares only that it is 'generally believed' r. Spectator, Nov. 11, 1847; that Thornton had D~ead~y's been secretly despatched to Washington City with recommendations, peti- tions, and memorials for the purpose of obtaining for himself and friends the most important offices in the territory. IMMIGRATION 622 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. whose position was sufficiently odious, to remind the gration, the still existing h, reader that the author of the resolutions was a son- and the threatening attitude in-law of David Goff, whom Thornton had mercilessly abused in the Spectator for his share in inducing the Owing to the settlement o immigration to take the southern route. For the and the prospect that a don same reason, however, the selection of Thornton for passed, between four and fiv to Oregon in 1847, most of t the position of delegate was an unfortunate one. For 3 allowing the resolutions to be printed in the Spectator ble means. " They commenc the directors of the printing association dismissed as early as the 22d of Augus Curry from the editorship." until November, when two h Trusting to time's obliteration of the evidences of in- on the eastern side of the nim trigue, Thornton says in his manuscript History of Every expedition by wagc Oregon, that he was " sent by the provisional govern- suffering and loss; nor was tl ment of Oregon" to Washington; in which case the number was the principal cat governor, and not the legislature, was the government. foremost companies exhausti He also says in an address before the pioneer associa- the rear to delay in order to tion of 1874, that be obeyed the desire of Whitman, brought them in late, with who in the spring of 1847 urged him to yield to the ing condition. For the sam solicitations hle had received to go to Washington on the trains, an epidemic calle, behalf of the people and the provisional government. vailing, from which many d There were some persons besides the governor who the journey or after arrival. were willing Thornton should go to Washington; and was also a cause of hostility there were strong reasons why Whitman should be ages, from the Blue Mouni one of them, in the yearly increasing danger of his attacked several small compE situation among the Cayuses, which nothing could and in some instances tearir avert but the sword or the purse of the United persons of the women, leavir States. derness, and committing oth Of this fact the authors of the memorial were well There being now two rot advised when they said that they did not know how have been a division of the soon they might be involved in an Indian war. For vented by the efforts of some reasons connected with the speedy settlement of Ore- elect 35It was said that not one wagon wa gon by a population which would entitle them to evident mistake, as is shown by the ac( a delegate, and to enjoy other privileges dependent on attempted to pass through the mountaii mento, and failing, turned back to the numbers, they had touched but lightly upon those arrived in California,in the spring of I facts which if known in the States might retard immi- fornian, April 19, 1848. A correspond writing from California, says that 1,000 w that Oregon agents met them on th referred bitterly to the attempt but 31 In his remarks on his dismissal, Curry lamette Valley, by representations of th to muzzle the press, on the part of George Abernethy, Rev. W. Roberts, and life. Ex of the board the insecurity of property J. R. Robb, and Robert Newell, ' who constitute a bare majority 6; Johnson's C Polynesian, iv. 1847; Niles' Reg., lxxiii. of directors.' Or. Spectator, Jan. 6 and 20, 1848; Honolulu meet, MS., 2; Victor's River of the West, 206; Friend, vi. 47 68: Pickett's Paris Exposition, 10. OS AND PROGRESS. IMMIGRATION OF 1847. 623 ufficiently odious, to remind the )r of the resolutions was a son- gration, the still existing hardships of the journey, &vhom Thornton had mercilessly and the threatening attitude of the Indians. r for his share in inducing the the southern route. For the Owing to the settlement of the boundary question, and the selection of Thornton for the prospect that a donation law would soon be passed, L was an unfortunate one. For between four and five thousand persons came 3 to be printed to Oregon in 1847, most of them people of comforta- in the Spectator 35 ble means. They commenced arriving at the Dalles printing3 association dismissed bip. 4 as early as the 22d of August, and continued to arrive until iteration of the evidences of in- November, when two hundred wagons were still on the eastern in his manuscript History oj side of the mountains. Every 3nt by the provisional govern expedition by wagon had been attended by suffering ,shington; in which case the and loss; nor was this one an exception. Its gislature, was the government number was the principal cause of its misfortunes; the foremost Ass before the Pioneer associa companies exhausting the grass, compelling eyed the desire of Whitman the rear to delay in order to recruit their cattle, which brought 17 urged him to yield to the them in late, with great loss and in a starv- ing condition. ived to go to Washington on For the same cause, sickness attacked the provisional government the trains, an epidemic called the black measles pre- vailing, s besides the governor who from which many died on the latter part of the Lould go to Washington, and journey or after arrival. The caravan of wagons was as why Whitman should be also a cause of hostility on the part of the sav- ages, brly increasing danger of his from the Blue Mountains to the Dalles, who attacked Muses, which nothing could several small companies, robbing the wagons, and in the purse of the United some instances tearing the clothing from the persons of the women, leaving them naked in the wil- derness, and I of the memorial were well committing other outrages. There at they did not know how being now two routes opened, there should have been ed in an Indian war. For a division of the travel; but this was pre- vented by the efforts ' speedy settlement of Ore- of some who had met with losses would entitle them to elect 3J It was said that ier privileges dependent on not one wagon was bound for California this year; an evident mistake, as is shown by the account of the 'Wiggins attempted party,' which Ad but lightly upon those to pass through the mountains on the head waters of the Sacra- mento, and failing, turned back States might retard immi- to the southern Oregon road. This party arrived in California in the spring of 1848, by the brig Henry. fornian, S. F. Cali- April 19, 1848. A correspondent of the Polynesian, iv. 123, 137, arry referred bitterly to the attempt writing from California, says that 1,000 wagons were destined but for that country, G~eorge Abernethy, Rev. '". Roberts that Oregon agents met them on the road and turned them Onstitnte lamette to the Wil- a bare ma"jority Of the board Valley, by representations of the disordered state of California, and 1(1 20, 1848. Hooll Polynesian, iv. the insecurity of property and life. Expositor, Independence, 1847; Mo., May 17, '.V)28ieion, 10. Niles' Reg., lxxiii. 6; Johnson's Cal. and Or., 202-3; Findlay's State- ment, MS., 2; Victor's River of the West, 394. 624 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. NAMES OF ENUNI on the new route, by others interested in having the worst consequence of the large* travellers brought to the Dalles and Oregon City, ing into and through the Indi, and by the owners of the Mount Hood road. Letters River to meet them, in which 39Of the 5,000 persons added to the pops were sent to Green ture few names have been preserved. Th they were counselled to starve, whip, and even kill some biographical notes showing the chara the southern road. R. S. Allen, Samuel Athouse, Ephraii any person advising them to take Adams, James Anderson, John W. Allen, ' A circular was distributed containing an exaggerated L. Aikin, William Allphin, Arim, D. Aven year, Robert Alexander, Richard Andrews, John account of the calamities suffered the previous N. Aubrey, Elias Buell, C. B. Bellinger, and recommending the Barlow road. As the circular John P. Brooks, Benjamin J. Burch, Wdls( Brown, J. Henry Brown, J. H. Bellinger, I made no mention of the hardships and losses of trav- Bonser, William S. Barker, J. C. Braly, Jo' ellers by the Mount Hood pass of the Cascade Moun- Bushinel, John W. Bewley, Isaac W. Be, Bewley, Leander Burkhart, C. D. Burkart, tains, and as it was signed by the govenor, all but Bouser, Nathamiel Bowman, Benjamin Brati of the wagons took the route by way of J. Butler, A. C. Browis, T. M. Buckner, forty-five D. I). Burroughs, Charles Blair, T. R. Blai the Snake and Columbia rivers, with the results be- ship, James A. Brown, E. Bidwell, John B, 06 Burpee, Glen 0. Burnett, Samuel T. Bur fore mentioned. Bennett, J. A. Baker, William Blackstom From a manuscript narrative of the overland jour- John Blain, R. A. Barker, Hiram Buffu L. David- Baum, Thomas Carter, Lafayette Carter, ney called the Southern Route, by Thomas Edward Cartwright, John C. Cartwrighl son,3 7 it appears that the natives on the Humboldt mings, C. M. Cook, W. W. Chapman, Jos Robert Canfield, Thomas Cox, Joseph Cc and about the lake county of southern Oregon were Hugh Cosgrove, Churchill, Turner Crum troublesome, shooting cattle, and wounding a herder Peter W. Crawford, John Davis Crawford, Cline, Jason S. Clark, G. A. Cone, 0. H. C named Henry Williamson. They soon after attacked Luther Collins, Nebuzarden Coffey, Jacol a train as it was passing under a rocky point on Crooks, Finice Caruthers, James Coleman, A. R. Dimick, William H. Dillon, J. T. I the border of 'Modoc or Tule Lake, which was saved Leander L. Davis, C. Davis, Henry W. Da by a dash of two savage dogs putting the natives to endorf, John Dise, John N. Donnie, Maul, 38 Dostins, S. T. Duffield, Dunbar, Thomas flight. James Davidson, Albert Davidson, Doane, Levi Scott to I. Douglas, Joseph W. Downee, H. H. One of the men who accompanied J. L. Eoff, George Eoff, Rev. St M. Facklem and from Fort Hall, named Garrison, was killed near Fulton, James Fields, Fox, Samuel Fields, Rezin D. Foster, John Foster, Isaac W. Granite Ridge, and Scott himself was wounded, but Frazer, John Feat, Edward F. Folger, Job with one arm pinned to his side by an arrow, shot one Fisher, Ford, William Glover, Cal. Geer, C. Geer, George T. Geer, Joseph Carey Ge Indian, and put another to flight. Had this been the Bernard Genoise, Isaac Gillilland, John I Green, G. N. Gilbert, Daniel 0. Garlaum Jacob Gracer, James A. Graham, Leonai 36Levi Scott, in Or. Spectator, Nov. 11, 1847; Ross' Nar., MS., 4-8; Grim's S. H. Goodhue, S. J. Gardner, Dr D. G Emigrant Anecdotes, MS., 1-6; Or. Spectator, Nov. 25, 1847. Samuel Gordney, Benjamin Gordon, Harv soT. L. Davidson, son of James Davidson, sen., was born in Illinois in 1833. Huntington, Hoffman, John Hiner, Robc When he was 12 years old his brothers Albert and James went to Oregon. In D. Holman, D. Harper, S. A. Holcomb, J 1846 Albert returned to the States, and by his enthusiastic discriptions of mond Hayes, Charles Hubbard, Hugh the induced his father and many persons in Iowa, Illinois, Hubbard, William Hawkins, Wdlliam He and Missouri to emigrate. Southern Route, MS., 1, '2. Davidson mentions the ford, James Harpole, King L. Hibbard, G. death in the Klamath country of Mrs Benj. F. Burch, of consumption. She Howell, J. M. Hendricks, T. G. Hemlricim was going to join her husband. Humphrey, Samuel Headrick, T. H. Hun 31In In. Aff. Rept., 1873, mention is made of a massacre at this place in Zacharias Hawkins, John Hudson, Haun, 1847, which is an error. No massacre was effected at this pass until after the Jory, Hiram A. Johnson, B. Jennings, A. year 1850. son, Judson, Jacob Johnson, Rufus Johns fIST. OR., VOL. I. 40 MSAND PROGRESS. NAMES OF IMMIGRANTS. 625 )thers interested in having the the Dalles and Oregon worst consequence of the large number 80 this City, ing into and through year pour- ie Mount Hood road. Letters the Indian country, disregarding Ziver to meet them, in which 39 Of ture the 5,000 persons added' to the population of the country at this to starve, whip, few names have been preserved. These junc- and even kill some biographical are subjoined, and with them em to take notes showing the character of the settlers. the southern road. R. S. Allen, Samuel Athouse, Ephraim Adams, James Adams, Charles Adams, A. J. ted containing an Anderson, John W. Allen, Samuel Allen, exaggerated L. Aikin, William Allphin, T. B. Allen, Henry es suffered Arim, D. Averson, Thomas Allphin, the previous Robert Alexander, Richard Andrews, John Aikin, years John T. Apperson, James Aikin, Barlow N. Aubrey, Elias Buell, C. B. Bellinger, Thos. road. As the John John Bolton, William Beekman, circular P. Brooks, Benjamin J. Burch, Wilson , hardships Brown, J. Henry Blain, Elias Brown, Damascus and losses of trav- Brown, J. H. Bellinger, Bradshaw, William Bonser, William S. Barker, Barey, Stephen )od pass of the Cascade J. C. Braly, John Brisby, Daniel Bushinel, Moun- Bushinel, John W. Bewley, IsaacW. Oliver gned Bewley, Leander Bewley, Crockett Bewley, James F. by the govenor, all Burkhart, C. D. Burkart, Albert Briggs, but Bouser, Nathaniel Bowman, Hilt. Bonser, John is took the route Benjamin Bratton, William Berry, James by way of J. Butler, A. C. Brown, T. M. Buckner, Bachan, ia D. D. Burroughs, A. M. Baxter, Jackson Beattie, rivers, with the results Charles Blair, T. R. Blair, Henry be- ship, James A. Brown, Blacker, J. H. Blanken- E. Bidwell, John Bird, L. A. Bird, William Burpee, Glen 0. Burnett, Samuel Brisbane, T. Burch, Horace Burnett, William arrative Bennett, J. A. Baker, William Blackstone, H. of the overland jour- John Blain, Rollin L. Belknap, Belknap, Route, R. A. Barker, Hiram Buffum, William by Thomas L. Baum, Thomas Carter, Lafayette S. W. Brooks, John David- Carter, Jefferson Carter, C. ie natives Edward Cartwright, John C. Cartwright, M. Carter, on the Humboldt mings, Henry W. Coe, Stephen Cum- C. M. Cook,W . W. Chapman, Joseph ty of southern Robert Canfield, Chamberlain,W . D. Canfield, Oregon were Thomas Cox, Joseph Cox, William. Hugh Cosgrove, Churchill, Cox, Thomas H. Cox, ttle, and wounding Turner Crump, C. B. Crosby, Stephen a herder Peter W. Crawford, John Davis Crawford, Coffin, n. Cline, George Cline, Joseph Cline, Lewis They soon after attacked Jason S. Clark, G. A. Cone, 0. H. Cone, Luther Collins, J.H. Crain, Chandler Cooper, ng under Nebuzarden Coffey, Jacob Comegys, a rocky point on Crooks, Finice Robert Cowan, J. T. Caruthers, James Coleman, George W. Tule Lake, A. R. Dimick,W illiam Carey, Core, Caywood, which was saved H. Dillon, J. T. Dillon, Eli Davis, Albert Leander L. Davis, C. Davis, Henry G. Davis, dogs putting endorf, W. Davis, John C. Danforth, C. H. the natives to, John Dise, John N. Donnie, Manly Dev- Dostins, S. Danforth, James Dickson, D.D. T. Duffield, Dunbar, Thomas L. Davidson, James Davidson, Allaert Davidson, Green C. Davidson, Doane, Dyer, John Downing, J. S. Dunlap, accompanied Levi Scott to R. Douglas, JosephW . Downee, H. J. L. Eoff, H. Everts, Abel Endy,W W. . Eng, ed Garrison, was George Eoff, Rev. St M. Fackler, Samuel killed near Fulton, James Fields, Fackler, Franklin, James ,t himself Fox, Samuel Fields, William Fellows, was wounded, Rezin D. Foster, John Foster, Albert H. Fish, but Frazer, IsaacW. Foster, Wallace Foster, George is side by John Feat, Edward F. Folger, John Z. an arrow, shot one Fisher, Ford, Farley, James R. Friedley, John William Glover, Cal. Geer, L. C. Geer, o flight. Had C. Geer, George T. John N. Grim, Ralph this been the Geer, Joseph Carey Geer, William Graham, Bernard Genoise, Isaac Gillilland, G. N. Graves, John G. Gibson, Samuel Gethard, Green, G. N. Gilbert, Daniel 0. J. N. Garland, Andrew Gribble, J. J. Garrish, 11, 1847; Ross' 3/ar., MS., 4-8; Grim's Jacob Gracer, James A. Graham, Leonard aetetor, S. H. Goff, B. B. Griffin, Peter Gill, Nov. 25, 1847. Goodhue, S. J. Gardner, Dr D. Gardner, vidson, Samuel Gordney, Albert Gaines, E. Gendis, sen., was born in Illinois in 1833. Benjamin Gordon, Harvey Gordon, John Albert and James went to Oregon. Huntington, Hoffman, John C. Holgate, H. D. In Hiner, Robert Houston, J. D. Holman, and by his enthusiastic discriptions of D. Holman, D. Harper, S. A. Holcomb, Frank er mond John P. Hibbler, Joseph Hull, Rich- andM any persons in Iowa, Illinois, Hayes, Charles Hubbard, Hugh Harrison, Hubbard, William Horace Hart, Goalman ene, MS., 1, Davidsonf. mentions the Hawkins, William Hock, G. H. Hughes, Benij. F. Burch, of consumption. ford, James Harpole, King Joseph E. Hum. She L. Hibbard, G. W. Hunt, John S. Hunt, Howell, J. M. Hendricks, T. G. Hendricks, Theophilua is made Humphrey, Harford, MJesse . Hedges, A. of a massacre at this place in Samuel Headrick, T. H. Hunsaker, L. was effected Zacharias Hawkins, J. T. Hunsaker, Henry Hill, at this pass until after the John Hudson, Haun, D. R. Hodges, Jory, Hiram A. Johnson, Nelson Hoyt, H. S. B. Jennings, A. L. Johnson, R. A. Jack, son, Judson, Jacob Johnson, Rufus S. A. Jack. Johnson, H. Johnson, George I. Johnson, HuST. Olt., YOL. I. 40 626 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. THE INCOMERS the jealous opposition of the natives to the settlement gon Territory, the mischief whi of white people upon the unbought lands of the Ore- been sooner repaired, if not alt

Rev. Hezekiah Johnson, James Johnson, Joseph Jeffers, Jolly, John W. Jack- Goeway, Mrs W. K. Kilborne and children, son, William A. Jackson, B. Jennings, Noah Jobe, Isaac M. Johns, Thomas D. Markwood, Rev. P. J. McCormick, G. B. Justin, John Jewett, Robert C. Kinney, Samuel Kinney, Jehial Kendall, and two children, S. C. Reeves, C. C. Sham Kimball, Clinton Kelley, Penumbra Kelly, A. Kinsey, Eason Kinsey, Thomas wife, Rev. J. H. Wilbur, wife and daughter, C S. Kinsey, John Kinsey, A. Kennedy, S. B. Knox, Elias Kearney, James Dr Perry Prettyman was born March 20, Killingworth, J. Keller, Joseph Kelly, John Kelly, Kent, J. Kestor, A. N. married Elizabeth H. Vessels, Dec. 25, 1825, Locke, Samuel Laughlin, D. 0. Lownsdale, Lockwood Little, A. C. Little, in 1828, at the botanic medical school in B H. Levalley, Larogue, Philemon Lee, Phelaster Lee, J. W. Lingenfelter, moved to Mo., and 7 years later to Oregon John Lousingnet, Oliver Lowden, James H. Lewis, J. H. Laughlin, Davis near East Portland, where he remained till Lator, A. Luelling, Leonard, Henderson Luelling, William Meek, Dr James land Advocate, April 4, 1872. Mrs Prettymr McBride, Rev. Thomas McBride, Israel Mitchell, Lucius Marsh, William P. year of her age. She was born in Lewist Martin, George H. March, S. D. Maxon, H. J. G. Maxon, John Morely, mother of 10 children, only 4 of whom survi' Frederick McCormick, William McKinney, Alexander McQuinn, Sylvanus John Marks, born in Virginia Jan. 10, 17 Moon, John McCoy, Joseph Merrill, Thomas Monteith, Walter Monteith, and in 1818 married Faniy Forrester, in 18 Samuel T. McKean, J. Magone, Joel McKee, J. W. Morgan, J. H. McMillan, and in 1847 to Oregon, and settling in Clack George Moore, Gilbert Mondon, William Milbern, Marshall Martin, Horace his death, Jan. 5, 1874. He was a soldier of Martin, Isaac Morgan, John Miller, N. G. McDonnell, Madison McCulley, his declining years a pension from the goveri James M. Morris, William Moulton, W. T. Matlock, Samuel Miller, Richard Thomas N. Aubrey was born in Va., in Miller, W. G. Maley, William McGunigalo, Henry Marland, William Mc- the ever-advancing line of the frontier unt Alphin, R. Mendenhall, Daniel Mosier, Elias Mosier, Mills, John Marks, Pacific. He was the oldest mason in Oreg( Johnson Mulkey, George Merrill, McPherson, 0. C. Motley, T. F. McElroy, City Guard, May 31, 1879. C. Mulligan, J. C. Nelson, Josiah Osborne, James Officer, John W. Owen, Rev. William Robinson left Missouri in 0. Pravillot, Lewis Pettyjohn, R. Patton, Aaron Payne, Dr Perry Pretty- his wife, was born in Pa. in 1793; married man, Ira Patterson, Joel Palmner, William Patterson, Miriam Poe, William Indiana, thence to Platte Co., Mo., and finall Parker, Joseph B. Proctor, Thomas Purvis, John B. Price, Richard Pollard, lived her husband, dying at the home of I Frederick Paul, Henry Pollet, Thomas P. Powers, Peter Polley, J. R. Payne, Cottage Grove in Lane Co., Sept. 30, 1870. 1 Aaron Purdy, William P. Pugh, Dr John P. Ponjade, J. H. Pruett, L. H. Mrs Alice Claget Mosier, born in New Y4 Pomijade, Matthew Patton, Rev. William Robinson, John E. Ross, Edward her parents to Indiana, where she married D Robson, J. C. Robinson, Jeremiiah R. Ralston, Reason Read, David Read, she came to Clackamas Co., Oregon. She spi Johln Rodgers, Talmon H. Rolfe, B. B. Rogers, Saul Richards, Frederick her son Elias, her husband having died befor Ramsey, James 0. Rhynor, A. E. Robinson, A. A. Robinson, Richard Rich- 2, 1870. Id., Sept. 10, 1870. ards, George Richies, Rolani, A. M. Rainwater, Randolph, John W. Shively, Mrs Polly Grimes Patton was born Sept. Amos Short, Joseph Smith, R. V. Short, Aaron Staiiton, Alfred Stanton, She was the daughter of Joshua and Ellen Peter Scholl, Benj. E. Stewart, Jonas Spact, J. W. Schrnm, Thomas Schrum, to Adams Co., Ohio, where she was marrie Henry Schrum, Cyrus Smith, David Stone, Alamander Stonc, Nathaniel 1830, who soon after removed with her to I Stone, Switzler, Andrew J. Simmons, Spear, Wesley Shannon, Morgan L. to Davis Co., Mo., whence they went to Oreg Savage, Luther Savage, John Savage, Charles Sanborn, Sanborn, Christopher died January 7, 1868. Id., Jan. 11, 1868. Shuck, Beverly Simpson, C. W. Savage, Lewis Savage, L. W. Saunders, James Johnson was born April 4, 1809, i Shepperd Sales, Dr Henry Saffarans, Dr Snyder, Israel Shaw, Robert Shaw, 1841, and thence to Oregon in 1847, settling Thomas Shaw, Rev. John Spenser, Hiram Simpkins, Sturgess, Samuel R. August 20, 1870. Id., Sept. 3, 1870. Thurston, Christopher Taylor, William Turpin, James Terwilliger, Timmons, Mrs Anna Clark was born in Dearborn C, Tulliston, R. C. Tainey, W. S. Torrance, A. J. Thomas, 0. Tupper, R. S. the age of 16 she married Jason S. Clark, -, Tupper, Tallantine, John F. Taylor, True3dale, Luke Taylor, W. H. Tappan, She was the mother of 7 children. In 186i Isaac Thompson, Ira S. Townsend, David D. Tompkins, L. L. Thomas, J. W. Valley, in Washington, where Mrs Clark died Townsend, Van Vource, William Vanderwal'ier. Tohn Vaughn, G. W. Walling, Mrs Susan Bowles White was born in Fre Henry Warren, Charles E. Warren,Wmlliam W jitney, James Whitney, Robert She was the daughter of Rev. Jacob Bowles Whitney, John Whitney, Jason Wheeler, A. J. Welch, T. C. Waller, Samuel married Dr Thomas White, and eventually Whitely, Jacob Wooley, Columbus Wheeler, Richard E. Wiley, Robert she died Aug. 13, 1867. Willis, Benjamin Woods, Caleb Woods, George L. Woods, James C. Woods, Chandler Cooper, born 1823, was a nati David Weston, John Wilson, Darius Whseelr, Joseph Willianis, Leander parents to Ind. when a boy, and at the agi Wallace, Isaac Walgamouts, Jacob Witchey, George Westley, Andrew Wise, Yamhill, he married Alvira Frye, by when George Weston, Solo-non Wheolar, W. W. Walters, A. Williams, W. Wil- March 24, 1865, at his home in Yamhill. Id. liams, A. S. Welton, E. West, Luther White, Elijah Weeks, Rev. White, Dr Peter Scholl was born in Clark Co., Ky., i Thomas White, Watson, , John Warnock, Winchester, R. Yar- and thence to Oregon. He settled at Scholl' brough, Elam Young, Daniel Young, John Young, James Young. There died November 23, 1872. Id., Nov. 28, 1872. arrived by sea this year Tho-na3 Brown, Elward Folger D H. Good J M Elias Buell, born July 20, 1797, in the sta \>/4

[CS AND PROGRESS. THE INCOMERS OF 1847. 627 of the natives to the settlement the unbought lands of the Ore- gon Territory, the mischief which followed might have been sooner repaired, if not altogether averted. Johnson, Joseph Jeffers, Jolly, John W.Jack. 3nings, Noah Jobe, Isaac M. Johns, Thomas Goeway, Mrs W. K. Kilborne and children, G. WV.Lawton, B. P Marcellus, C. Kinney, Samuel Kinney, Jehial Kendall D. Markwood, Rev. P. J. McCormick, G. B. Post, Rev. William Roberts, wife ibra Kelly, A. Kinsey, EssonKinsey, Thomas and two children, S. C. Reeves, C. C. Shaw, J. M. Stanley, H. Swasey and ennedy, S. B. Knox, Elas Kearney, James wife, Rev. J. H. Wilbur, wife and daughter, George Whitlock, J. F. Wiickley. Kelly, John Kelly, Kent, J. Kestor, A. N. Dr Perry Prettyman was born March 20, 1796, in Newcastle Co., Del. He '.Lowndale, Lockwood Little, A. C. Little married Elizabeth H. Vessels, Dec. 25, 1825, and began the study of medicine DnLee, Phelaster Lee, J. NIT.Lingenfelter in 1828, at the botanic medical school in Baltimore, Maryland. In 1839 he n, James H. Lewis, J. H. Laughlin, Davis moved to Mo., and 7 years later to Oregon. He settled in 1849 on a farm anderson Luelling, William Meek, DrJames near East Portland, where he remained till his death, March 27, 1872. Port- Israel3, Mitchell, Lucius Marsh, Wl liam P. land Advocate, April 4, 1872. Mrs Prettyman died Dec. 26, 1874, in the 71st D. Maxon, H. J. G. Maxon, John Morely year of her age. She was born in Lewiston, Del., in 1803. She was the McKinney, Alexander McQuin, Sylvanus mother of 10 children, only 4 of whom survived her. Id., Jan. 7, 1875. errill, Thomas Monteith, Walter Monteith, John Marks, born in Virginia Jan. 10, 1795, removed when a boy to Ky., Joel McKee, J. W.Morgan, J. H.McMillan, and in 1818 married Fanny Forrester, in 1838 moved to Johnsoii Co., Mo., William Milbern, Marshall Martin, Horace and in 1847 to Oregon, and settling in Clackamas Co., where he resided until ller,N. G. McDonnell, Madison M cCulley his death, Jan. 5, 1874. He was a soldier of the war of 1812, and received in ton, W.T. Matlock, Samuel Miller, Richard his declining years a pension from the government. McGunigalo, Henry Marland, WilliamnMc- Thomas N. Aubrey was born in Va., in 1791, and moved westward with Mosiar, Elias Mosier, Mills, John Marks the ever-advancing line of the frontier until he settled on the shore of the McPherson, . C. Motley,T. F. McElroy, Pacific. He was the oldest mason in Oregon, except Orrin Kellogg. E ugene eb Osborne, James Officer, John Wv.Owen, City Guard, May 31, 1879. Bt.Patton, Aaron Payne, Dr Perry Pretty- Rev. William Robinson left Missouri in 1847. Mrs Susannah Robinson, Willlam, Patterson, Miriam Poe, William his wife, was born in Pa. in 1793; married in Ohio, and in 1833 removed to ia3Purvis, John B. Price, Richard Pollard Indiana, thence to Platte Co., Mo., and finally to Polk Co., Oregon. She out- onias P. Powers, Peter Polley, J. R. Payne, lived her husband, dying at the home of her daughter, Mrs Cannon, near DrJohn P. Ponjade,J. H. Pruett, L. H. Cottage Grove in Lane Co., Sept. 30, 1870. PortlandAdv., Oct. 15, 1870. William Robinson, JohnE. Ro3s, Edward Mrs Alice Claget Mosier, born in New York, May 31, 1794, removed with "I R. Ralston,Reason Read, David Read, her parents to Indiana, where she married Daniel Mosier in 1830, with whom B. B. Rogers, Saul Richards, Frederick she came to Clackamas Co., Oregon. She spent the last years of her life with Robinson, A. Robinson, Richard R ich- her son Elias, her husband having died before her. Her death occurred July Rainwater,. Randolph, Joh N.n Shively, 2, 1870. Id., Sept. 10, 1870. /. Short, AaronS tanton,Alfred Stanton Mrs Polly Grimes Patton was born Sept. 23, 1810, in Frederick Co., Md. ) as Spct, J. W.S chrmim,Thomas Scbruin, She was the daughter of Joshua and Ellen Grimes, and removed with them 'avid Stone, Alamander Stone, Nathaniei to Adams Co., Ohio, where she was married to Matthew Patton in April ions, Spear, Wesley Shannon, Morgan L. 1830, who soon after removed with her to La Fayette, Indiana, and in 1839 g Ciharlesg, Sanborn, Sanborn, Christopher to Davis Co., Mo., whence they went to Oregon and settled in Portland. She Savage, Lwis Savage, L. Wv. Saunders, died January 7, 1868. Id., Jan. 11, 1868. is, Dr Snyder, Israel Shaw, Robert Shaw, James Johnson was born April 4, 1809, in Tenn. He moved to Ohio in r, HiramSimpki ns,Sturgess, Samuel R. 1841, and thence to Oregon in 1847, settling in the Tualatin plains, and died hiam Turpihl, James TerwIier T issons August 20, 1870. Id., Sept. 3, 1870. orrance, A. J. Thomas, 0. Tupper, R. S' Mrs Anna Clark was born in Dearborn Co., Ind., February 26, 1823. At r, Truesdale,Luke Taylor N h. Tappain, the age of 16 she married Jason S. Clark, with whom she came to Oregon. David D. Tompkins, L. L. Thuioas, J. WV. She was the mother of 7 children. In 1865 they removed to White River inderwalker. Tohn Vaughn, G. W.Y'Wallin g Valley, in Washington, where Mrs Clark died Aug. 13, 1867. Id., Sept. 7, 1867. William Wnhitney, Jamoes Whitney, RohRe Mrs Susan Bowles White was born in Frederick Co., Md., Sept. 18, 1793. heeler, A. J. Welch, T. C. Wvallr, Samuel She was the daughter of Rev. Jacob Bowles of the Methodist church. She is Wheeler, Richard E. Wiley Robert married Dr Thomas White, and eventually settled at French Prairie, where )oda, Geor L.ge Woods,James C. Wood, d she died Aug. 13, 1867. ma3 W heeler,Jos3eph Williams, Leander Chandler Cooper, born 1823, was a native of Vt. He moved with his W itchey, George Westley, Andrew Wise, parents to Ind. when a boy, and at the age of 24 to Oregon. Settling in N. Walters,.. A. Williams, V. Wil- Yamhill, he married Alvira Frye, by whom he had 3 children. He died icr White, Elijah Weeks, Rev. White, Dr March 24, 1865, at his home in Yamhill. Id., April 29, 1865. oaib, John Warnock, Winchester, R. Yar- Peter Scholl was born in Clark Co., Ky., in 1809, when young went to Ill., 'ig, John Young, James Young. There and thence to Oregon. He settled at Scholl's Ferry in Washington Co. He lown, Edward I'ulger D H. Good J M died November 23, 1872. Id., Nov. 28, 1872. Elias Buell, born July 20, 1797, in the state of New York. At the age of BIOGRAPHIC 628 POLITICS AND PROGRESS.

The immigration of 1847 from its numbers and ment of the country; and by general competency materially assisted in the develop- to Tenn., thence to Ind., and thence in 1839 to Oregon in 1847, and settling in Benton C, of his son, D. R. Hodges, March 28, 1877. 19 he removed with his parents to Ind., where he married Sarah Hammond, up to his latest moments, though over 88 Oct. 15, 1817. In 1835 he went west as far as Louisa Co., Iowa, where he. April 6, 1877. resided until 1847, when he came to Oregon and settled in Polk Co., in the J. H. Crain, born in Warren Co., Ohio, spring of 1848, where he lived till his death, November 14, 1871. Id., Nov. parents, in 1837 to Fountain Co., Ind., and 30, 1871. in and about Portland till 1852, when he Mrs Emmeline Buell Blair, wife of T. R. Blair, and daughter of Elias Oregon, finally settling in the Rogue River V Buell, was born in Tippecanoe Co., Ind., Feb. 29, 1829. She married Mr in the Indian war of 1855-6, after which he Blair in Oregon in 1850; and died July 6, 1877, leaving several children. Id., pation of farming. In 1876 he still reside Aug. 9, 1877. Tidings, Oct. 14, 1876. Mrs Margaret McBride Woods, born May 27, 1809, in Tenn., was a daughter John Baum, born in Richland County, of Elder Thomas and Nancy McBride. The family removed to Missouri in with his parents to Porter Co., Ind., in 183 1816, where Margaret was married to Caleb Woods in 1828, and emigrated years of age. He located at Salem, but tI with him to Oregon, in company with her brother Dr James McBride and his him to Cal. Here he mined for a few mont] family. The sons of this marriage were two, George Lemuel Woods, who pentering more attractive, and also profitable was governor of Oregon for one term, and James C. Woods, merchant. She died at her home in Polk Co., Jan. 27, 1871. Caleb Woods has since re- 1850 he drifted back to Oregon from the married Phcebe S. Tieters, who died in Jul1 sided at Columbia City on the Columbia river. Id., Feb. 25, 1871. 3 of whom were sons, namely, James T., Jol Benjamin E. Stewart, youngest of 11 children, was born near Newark, I-fist., 631. Ohio, April 18, 1815. He was apprenticed to a saddler, and engaged in this Jonas Spect, another who went to the C, business at Findley, Hancock Co., where he married Ann Crumbacker, Sep- and had lived in Ohio and Mo. He settled tember 28, 1837. Before coming to Oregon he lived for several years in raphy properly belongs. See Sutter Co. Ilist Putnam Co., Ohio. He settled finally in Yamhill Co., on a farm, where he James Davidson, father of T. L., James, died of injuries received by a fall, on the 18th of Aug., 1877, leaving a wife at Salem, September 1876, in the 85th ye and 3 sons and 3 daughters. Id., Sept. 6, 1877. Transcript, Sept. 3, 1876. Susanna T. Hurford, wife of Joseph E. Hurford, born in Va., died at Port- Morgan Lewis Savage was born in 1816; land in the 58th year of her age, Aug. 19, 1877. Id., Aug. 23, 1877. Oregon February 9, 1880. He was twice n Joseph Jeffers was born in Washington, D. C., October 17, 1807, removed children. Lute Savage, as he was familiar to Wheeling, Va., in 1825, and was married to Sarah Crawford of that place, the pioneers of the Pacific coast. He serve November 19, 1829. He moved to Burlington, Iowa, in 1837, where he be- came a licensed exhorter of the Methodist church. On going to Oregon he talion raised in the spring of 1848, and 1 resided 3 years at Oregon City, after which he made Clatsop Co. his home. Oregon became a state. 'As a citizen, sol 3 friend, he did his whole duty.' Nesmith, in His family consisted of 11 children, only of whom survived him. He died 54-5. in Portland, Jan. 2, 1876. Id., Jan. 27, 1876. Rev. St M. Fackler, a native of Stauntor Mrs Mary Watson, one of the arrivals in 1847, died at King's Valley, Ben- and thence to Oregon in 1847. He conductc ton Co., February 11, 1873, aged 64 years. Id., Feb. 27, 1873. Portland, and continued faithfully in his profi Henry W. Davis, known as the Hillsboro Hermit, was born in London, he removed to to establish the church i Eng., whence he emigrated to Canada, where he participated in the patriot part in politics or money speculations, but I war of 1837-8, having commanded a gun in one of the battles, and is said to tion of religion. His first wife dying, she have been a colonel. After the insurrection he fled to the United States to Wands of New Scotland, N. Y. In 1867, be escape arrest. He was employed in a flouring mill at Cincinnati for some bound east to meet his wife and child, he time, and when he went to Oregon took with him a set of mill-stones. He January from unintermitting attentions to erected a flouring mill on Dairy Creek, near Hillsboro, Washington Co., which was in operation for several years. Davis lived alone, dressed in rags, and epidemic. S. F. Alta, Jan. 16, 1867; La Ore commission of lunacy, who 1, 1868. avoided his fellow-men. He was once tried by a Thomas Cox was by birth a Virginian. decided him sane, but eccentric. He died alone in his cabin in the summer moved with his parents to Ross Co., Ohio. In: of 1878, leaving considerable real estate and several thousand dollars in though of the same name was not a relative money, which went to a nephew by the name of Tremble. Portland Bee, of three children and their mother to Barth, Aug. 30, 1878. in 1791, served in first grist and carding mills in that place. J. H. Bellinger was born in the state of New York Wabash River country, and there also ere, the war of 1812, and built the first canal-boat for the Erie canal. He settled the mouth of the River. He als in Marion County, and his family have been much noted in state politics. powder, and carried on a general blacksmiti He died of paralysis Nov. 13, 1878. Portland Bee, Nov. 14, 1878; Corvallis another remove, this time to Illinois, where Gazette, Nov. 22, 1878. laid out the town of Winchester, the name e Jesse Monroe Hodges was born in Melburne Co., S. C., Dec. 18, 1788. In to Wilmington, and where he again erected n 1811 he married Catherine Stanley of N. C. He served in the war of 1812, opened a general merchandise business. Di and fought under General Jackson at Horse Shoe Bend. In 1817 he moved 's4,

AND PROGRESS. BIOGRAPHICAL. 629

1847 from its numbers and ment of the country; and by greatly increasing the erially assisted in the develop- to Tenn., thence to Ind., and thence in 1839 to Mo., making his last remove to Oregon in 1847, and settling in Benton County. He died at the residence Ind., where he married Sarah Hammond, of his son, D. R. Hodges, March 28, 1877. His mental condition was sound zestas far as Louisa Co., Iowa, where he up to his latest moments, though over 88 years of age. Albany Democrat, to Oregon and settled in Polk Co., in the April 6, 1877. I his death, November 14, 1871. Id., Nov. J. H. Crain, born in Warren Co., Ohio, in 1831. He removed with his parents, in 1837 to Fountain Co., Ind., and thence to Oregon. He remained fe of T. R. Blair, and daughter of Elias in and about Portland till 1852, when he went to the mines of southern ., Ind., Feb. 29, 1829. She married Mr Oregon, finally settling in the Rogue River Valley. He served as a volunteer July 6, 1877, leaving several children. Id., in the Indian war of 1855-6, after which he married and followed the occu- pation of farming. In 1876 he still resided in Jackson County. Ashland )orn May 27, 1809, in Tenn., was a daughter Tzdings, Oct. 14, 1876. ride. The family removed to Missouri in John Baum, born in Richland County, Ohio, August 12, 1823, removed I to Caleb Woods in 1828, and emigrated with his parents to Porter Co., Ind., in 1835, and came to Oregon when 24 ith her brother Dr James McBride and his years of age. He located at Salem, but the gold discovery of 1848 drew ewere two, George Lemuel Woods, who him to Cal. Here he mined for a few months, but finding his trade of car- ,m, and James C. Woods, merchant. She pentering more attractive, and also profitable, he followed it for a season. In n. 27, 1871. Caleb Woods has since re- 1850 he drifted back to Oregon from the Shasta mines, and in July 1851 mbia river. Id., Feb. 25, 1871. married Phoebe S. Tieters, who died in July 1873, leaving 8 living children, of 11 children, was born near Newark, 3 of whom were sons, namely, James T., John N., and Edgar C. ASonoma Co. 'enticed to a saddler, and engaged in this hist., 631. where he married Ann Crumbacker, Sep- Jonas Spect, another who went to the California mines, was born in Pa., to Oregon he lived for several years in and had lived in Ohio and Mo. He settled in Cal., to which state his biog- ally in Yamhill Co., on a farm, where he raphy properly belongs. See Sutter Co. list., 24, and Yuba Co. Hist., 36. mnthe 18th of Aug., 1877, leaving a wife James Davidson, father of T. L., James, jun., and Albert Davidson, died pt. 6, 1877. at Salem, September 1876, in the 85th year of his age. Olympia (W. '.) 'ph E. Hurford, born in Va., died at Port- Transcript, Sept. 3, 1876. g. 19, 1877. Id., Aug. 23, 1877. Morgan Lewis Savage was born in 1816; came to Oregon in 1847; died in ington, D.C., October 17, 1807 removed Oregon February 9, 1880. He was twice married, and left a widow and 6 married to Sarah Crawford of that place, children. Lute Savage, as he was familiarly called, was a favorite among Burlington, Iowa, in 1837, where he be- the pioneers of the Pacific coast. He served in the Cayuse war in the bat- thodist church. On going to Oregon he talion raised in the spring of 1848, and was elected to the senate after -r which he made Clatsop Co. his home. Oregon became a state. 'As a citizen, soldier, legislator, husband, father, only 3 of whom survived him. He died friend, he did his whole duty.' Nesmith, in Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1879, 27, 1876. 54-5. ivals in 1847, died at King's Valley, Ben- Rev. St M. Fackler, a native of Staunton, Virginia, removed to Missouri, years. Id., Feb. 27, 1873. and thence to Oregon in 1847. He conducted the first Episcopal services iu Hillsboro Hermit, was born in London Portland, and continued faithfully in his profession in that city till 1864, when la,where he participated in the patriot he renioved to Idaho to establish the church in that territory. He never took *gun in one of the battles, and is said to part in politics or money speculations, but kept an eye single to the promo- irrection he fled to the United States to tion of religion. His first wife dying, she married a daughter of John B. a flouring mill at Cincinnati for some Wands of New Scotland, N. Y. In 1867, being on the steamer San Francisco ook with him a set of mill-stones. He bound east to meet his wife and child, he met his death about the 7th of c,near Hillsboro, Washington Co., which January from unintermitting attentions to others on board suffering by an Davis lived alone, dressed in rags, and epidemic. S. F. Alta, Jan. 16, 1867; La Grande Blue Mountain Times, Aug. 'e tried by a commission of lunacy, who 1, 1868. died alonein his cabin in the summer Thomas Cox was by birth a Virginian. When but a small child he re- astate and several thousand dollars in moved with his parents to Ross Co., Ohio. In 1811 he married Martha Cox, who y the name of Tremble. Portland Bee, though of the same name was not a relative. He removed with his family of three children and their mother to Bartholomew Co., where he built the state of New York in 1791, served in first grist and carding mills in that place. He afterward removed to the 6nal-boat for the Eriecanal. He settled Wabash River country, and there also erected flour and carding mills at avebeen much noted in state politics. the mouth of the Shawnee River. He also manufactured guns and gun- Portland Bee, Nov. 14, 1878; Corvallis powder, and carried on a general blacksmithing business. In 1834 he made another remove, this time to Illinois, where he settled in Will County, and MelburneCo., S. C., Dec. 18, 1788. In laid out the town of Winchester, the name of which was afterward changed N.! C. He served in the war of 1812, to Wilmington, and where he again erected mills for flouring and carding, and ;Horse Shoe Bend. In 1817 he umoved opened a general merchandise tusiness. During the period of land specula. BIOGRAPHIC. 633 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. populataion rendered possible the introduction of coun- try schools, though they were tion and ' wild-cat' banks, Cox resisted the gambling spirit, and managed to 1841-2, and early took an interest in Oreg save his property, while others were ruined. In 1846 he made preparations his family to the new west in 1847, and settl for emigrating to Oregon, in company with his married son Joseph, and two many years he lived, a useful and honore5 sons-in-law, Elias Brown and Peter Polley. Elias Brown, father of J. Henry education and temperance. Early in the hisi Brown, died on the way; and Mr Cox, in company with Damascus Brown, as he was elected to the council; and in the pol before related, brought the family through to Salem, where he set up a store, of 1861-5, was an ardent supporter of the ad with goods he had brought across the plains and mountains to Oregon. He eldest son, John R. McBride, was in congr purchased the land claim of Walter Helm and placed upon it Mr Polley. pointmnent of U. S. commissioner to the San When gold was discovered in California his son William went to the mines, held for several years. He died at St Helem and being successful, purchased a large stock of goods in San Francisco, and leaving a numerous family of useful and returned with them to Salem, where his father retired from the merchantile Portland Oregonian, Dec. 25, 1875. His w business, leaving it in the hands of William and Mr Turner Crump. Thomas talent, survived him 2 years, dying Februar, Cox then engaged in farming, raising choice fruits from seeds which he im- Transcript, March 3, 1877. ported in 1847. 'Cox's goldncling' has been called the finest yellow peach Jeremiah Ralston in 1847 removed fron on the coast. The fruit business proved remunerative, Cox's first apples in 1798. He laid out the town of Leban: selling readily at e6 a bushel and peaches at $10 and $12. Mr Cox died at claim. He died Aug. 1877, leaving a large Salem October 3, 1862, having always possessed the esteem of those who knew namely, Joseph Ralston, Tacoma; William 1E him. Or. Literary Vigette, April 1879. John Ralston, Lebanon; Mrs Moist, Alban Joseph Cox, son of Thomas Cox, was born in Ohio in 1811, and removed Or.; and Mrs John Hamilton, Corvallis, Or. with his parents to Indiana, where, in 1832, he married, and two years after- Luther Collins came to Oregon in 1847, r ward went to Ill., settling at Wilmington, whence he removed to St Joseph, went to Puget Sound, and was the first to Missouri, and remained there till 1847, when he joined the emigration to Ore- King County. He was drowned in the gon. He was a member of the convention that framed the present state widow, a native of New York, died in constitution. Without being a public speaker, he wielded considerable influ- Stephen Collins and Mrs Lucinda Fares. See ence. Of an upright nature and practical judgment, his opinions were generally Andrew J. Simmons arrived in Oregon accepted as sound. 'A good man in any community, Oregon was the gainer prairie. He died Feb. 12, 1872, in Lewis C( by his becoming a citizen.' He died in 1876. Or. Pioneer Assoc., Treans., 1876, the age of 45. Seattle litelligencer, Feb. 26, 67. Thomas H. Cox, born in Willington, Illinois, was a son of Joseph Cox. 2, 1872. I-le died at Salem, of paralysis of the heart, Sept. 25, 1878. Salem Statesman, Mr and Mrs Everest located in 1847 ni Sept. 25, 1878. where they permanently settled. They we R. C. Tainey was one of the founders of Muscatine, Iowa, and served, after the 8th of March, being of equal age. Th coming to Oregon, in the state legislature. He was engaged in the flouring whom married and had also large families, business, being principal owner in the largest mill in Oregon. Died March 2, tion of land. Olympia Courier, Aug. 9, 1873. 1875, at Salem. Sac. Record-Union, March 31, 1875. Mrs Agnes Tallentine, mother of Mr The Albert Briggs, a native of , with a number of others, joined a April 13, 1876. She was born at Harrisburi company of 115 wagons at St Joseph, Mo., commanded by Lot Whitcomb. in 1847, and settled in the Puget Sound couI He arrived at Portland October 14th, and went to Oregon City, where he a son and a daughter. Olympia Transcript, I remained till 1852, when he removed to Port Townsend. Further mention of Samuel Fackler, a native of Md., in 18 Mr Briggs will be foumd in the history of Washington. died at Bethany, Marion County, Feb. 22, 1 Aaron Payne was a pioneer of Putnam County, Illinois. He was elected ican Unionist, March 11, 1867. first coroner, then county comnissioner, and afterward delegate to the state John Davis Crawford, born in Onondag convention which was held at Rushville, Schuyler County. He was a ranger by trade a printer; thence he came to Mi? under Gen. Harrison, was also in the Black Hawk war of 1832, and was but repeated solicitations from his brother M, severely wounded at the battle of Bad Axe. At the age of 73, when the coun- him to come to Oregon in 1847. In the ( try was under the excitement of war, he longed to take up arms for the flag. the commissary department under General He came to Oregon in 1847, and settled in Yamhill County. Oregon Argus, established the Free Press, Crawford was for March 28, 1863. as printer; but when the California gold excit John C. Holgate was identified with the early histories of Oregon, Wash- to the mines, returning soon to Oregon with ington, and Idaho. He was killed in a mining difficulty at Owyhee in March which he purchased in 1851 a half-ownersh 1868. Sacramento Reporter, April 10, 1868. boat that ran on the Willamette River, bet John F. Farley came to California in 1846-7 with the New York volun- Vancouver; and afterward on the upper Wi teers. While in California he belonged to the veteran association, soldiers 1852 he went into mercantile business wi of the Mexican war. He was one of the original members of the Washington where he continued to reside till the flood of guard of Portland, in which place he died, Feb. 16, 1869. Portland Oregonian, Crawford was a member of the state legislal Feb. 18, 1869. member of the state grange, and of the Orec Dr James McBride, a Tenneseean by birth, but brought up in Missouri, in Clackamas County in the summer of 1A was a leading man in his community both in Missouri and Oregon. A friend 1877, 66-7. of Linn, he discussed with him the features of his famous bill of 'S AND PROGRESS. BIOGRAPHICAL. 6.31 'ossible the introduction of coun- try schools, though they were still supported by pri- *esisted the gambling spirit, and managed to 1841-2, and early took an interest in Oregon matters. vere ruined. In 1846 lie his family to He emigrated with made preparations the new west in 1847, and settled in Yanihill County, where ipany with his married son Joseph, many years he lived, for and two a useful and honored citizen. He was the friend of yter Polley. Elias Brown, father of J. Henry education and temperance. Early in the history - Cox, of the territorial government in company with Damascus Brown, as he was elected to the council; 'and in the political excitement y through to Salem, of 1861-5, of the civil war where he set up a store, was an ardent supporter of the administration. In 1863, IS the plains and mountains eldest while his to Oregon. He son, John R. McBride, was in congress, Dr McBride received ralter Helm and placed upon it pointment of U. S. the ap- Mr Polley. commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, which position he tlifornia his son William went to the mines held for several years. He died a large at St Helen, Oregon, in Dec. 1875, aged 73, stock of goods in San Francisco, and leaving a numerous family of useful and respected Lere his father retired Portland sons and daughters. from the merchantile Oregonian, Dec. 25, 1875. His wife Mahala, a woman if William and Mr Turner Crump. talent, survived of marked Thomas him 2 years, dying February 23, 1877, at St Helen. Olympic ising choice fruits from seeds which he Transcript, .ng' has inh- March 3, 1877. been called the finest yellow peach Jeremiah Ralston in 1847 removed from Tennessee, 3s proved remunerative, in where he was born Cox's first apples 1798. He laid out the town of Lebanon, Marion County, I peaches at $10 and $12. claim. He died on his land Mr Cox died at Aug. 1877, leaving a large property, a wife, and 7 children, rays possessed the esteem of those who knew namely, Joseph Ralston, [879. Tacoma; William Ralston, Albany, Or.; Charles and John Ralston, Lebanon; Mrs Moist, )x, was Albany; Mrs D. C. Rowland, Salen, born in Ohio in 1811, and removed Or.; and Mrs John Hamilton, Corvallis, Or. Seattle e, in 1832, he married, Tribune, Aug. 17, 1877. and two years after- Luther Collins came to Oregon in 1847, residing there until mington, whence went to Puget 1850, when he he removed to St Joseph Sound, and was the first to take up a claim in what 1847, when he joined the emigration King County. He is now to Ore- was drowned in the Upper Columbia in 1852. His convention that framed the present state widow, a native of New York, died Lblic speaker, in July 1876, leaving 2 children, he wielded considerable influ- Stephen Collins and Mrs Lucinda Fares. Seattle Intelligencer, ctical judgment, Andrew July 8, 1876. his opinions were generally J. Simmons arrived in Oregon in 1847, and settled in any community, Oregon was the prairie. He in Cowlitz gainer died Feb. 12, 1872, in Lewis County, of which he was sheriff, din 1876. Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1876, the age of 45. Seattle Intelligencer, at lington, Feb. 26, 1872; Olympia Standard, March Illinois, was a son of Joseph Cox. 2, 1872. the heart, Sept. 25, 1878. Salem Mr and Mrs Statesman, Everest located in 1847 near Newburg in Yamhill County, where they permanently settled. inders They were both born in Eng. in 1792, on of Muscatine, Iowa, and served, after the 8th of March, being of equal age. They islature. He reared a large family, most of was engaged in the flouring whom married and had also large families, nearly all the largest mill in living on the same sec- Oregon. Died March 2, tion of land. Olympia Courier, Aug. 9, 1873. March 31, 1875. Mrs Agnes Tallentine, mother of Mr Thomas Tallentine, died at Olympia, 'mont, with a number of others, joined a April 13, 1876. She was born at Harrisburg, eph, Mo., Pa., in 1820, crossed the plains commanded by Lot W~hitcoinb. in 1847, and settled in the Puget Sound country in 1851. 4th, and went to Oregon She left 2 children, City, where he a son and a daughter. Olympia Transcript, April 15, 1876. J to Port Townsend. Further mention of Samuel Fackler, a native of Md., ory of Washington. in 1847 came fromIII. to Oregon, and died at Bethany, Marion County, Feb. 22, 1867, Putnam County, aged 81 years. Salem Amer- Illinois. He was elected ican Unionist, March 11, 1867. oner, and afterward delegate to John Davis Crawford, the state born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., Aug. 16, 1824, was ville, Schuyler County. He was a ranger by trade a printer; thence he came the Black to Milan, Ohio, where le studied law; Hawk war of 1832, and was but repeated solicitations from his brother Medorumn ad Axe. At the Crawford, finally induced age of 73, when the coun- him to come to Oregon in 1847. In the Cayuse war r, he longed to take up arms the commissary he was appointed in for the flag. department under General Palmer. When Geo. *ttled in Yanihill County. Oregon Argus, established the Free L. Curry Press, Crawford was for a time employed upon that paper as printer; but when the California gold excitement came, with the early histories to he joined the exodus of Oregon, Wash- the mines, returning soon to Oregon with some of the precious n a mining difficulty at Owyhee which he purchased metals, with in March in 1851 a half-ownership in the Hoosier, the first steam- , 1868. boat that ran on the Willamette lia in River, between Oregon City, Portland, and 1846-7 with the New York volus- Vancouver; and afterward on the upper Willamette nged to the veteran and Yamhill rivers. In association, soldiers 1852 he went into mercantile business with Robert Newell the original members of the Washington where he continued in Champoeg, to reside till the flood of 1861 swept the town away. ) died, Feb. 16, 1869. Portland Oregonian, Crawford was a member Mr of the state legislature in 1872. He was a mason, a member of the state grange, and of the ,n by birth, Oregon pioneer association. He died but brought up in Missouri, in Clackamas County in the summer of both in Missouri and Oregon. 1877. Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., A friend 1877, 66-7. him the features of his famous bill of - - I - -1 I I I " - - --- __ __ -I - __

632 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. BIOGRAPHIC,

vate means. To this addition more than to any previous one the colony was ind( Walter Monteith, with his brother Thomas Monteith, came to Oregon in Dr John P. Ponjade died at his residenc 1847. They were natives of Fulton County, New York, but when littlemore was born in France in 1790, and was a surge( thaii 20 removed to Wilmington,Illinois, emigrating from that place to Oregoi. He came to Oregon in 1847. His son, T. C.] The brothers purchased and settled upon that section of land where the town Record, July 9, 1875. of Albany now stands, and laid it out in town lots in 1848. The result was an Robert Crouch Kinney was born July 4, abundant return upon their investments. Like many others, they visited the years of age he married Eliza Bigelow, and sl California gold mines, and returned with some money which assisted them in catine, Iowa, of which city he was one of the starting in business. The first house in Albany, then the finest residence in milling besiness, he remained 15 years at Me Oregon, was built by the brothers at the corner of Washington and Second eiiiigiation bore him to the shores of the Paci streets. In 1850 they organized a company of which they were the principal he farmed for 10 years, save a short interval members, and erected the Magnolia Mills, near the mouth of the Calapooya mines of California. lie served in the territ Creek, and have always been most active in all enterprises which have con- her of the state constitutional convention. tributed to the prosperity of Albany. Walter Monteith died June 11, 1876. business of milling, and with his sons own( He had married in 1858 Margaret Smith. Three sons were the fruit of this where he died March 2, 1875. Mr Kinney union. State Rights Democrat, June 16 and 23, 1876. Kinney Smith, wife of J. H. Smith of Harri Henry Warren was one of the young men who came from Missouri to December 16, 1839, at Muscatine. Albert Oregon to help build a state. He had not been long married, and brought a Virginia Newby, daughter ofW. T. Newby. wife and babe to the new land. The young people settled in Yamhill County, 1843, and resided at Salem. Augustus Cri where they remained for several years, until Mr Warren was appointed re- Welch, was born July 26, 1845, at Muscat ceiver of the land-office at Oregon City. His eldest son, Charles E. Warren, at Salem. Marshall Johnson Kinney, born was carefully educated and studied law, in which profession he graduated resided in San Francisco. Alfred Coleman with credit. When about 26 he married a daughter of Dr Henry Saffarans, Valley, Yamhill County, January 30, 1850, of Oregon City; but in his 28th year died, much lamented, disappointing the College, New York; residence, Portland. J hopes of his family and the community. Salem Mraercury, April 3, 1874. wife of James S. Walker of San Francisco,v Mrs Jane L. Waller, born in Fayette County, Kentucky, in 1792, was Chehalem Valley. William Sylvester and married to Thomas C. Waller in 1815, and went with him to Illinois, where Chiehalein in 1854 and 1858. Robert C. Kin he died, leaving her with a family of several young children, whom she who in 1800 settled on Horse Prairie, west reared and educated, and with whom she removed to Oregon, settling in Polk and Samuel Kinney was son of Joseph Ki County in 1847. She lived a useful life, respected by all, and died full of Louisville, Ky., and had a family of 7 sons am years and honor Nov. 23, 1869, being 77 years old on the day of her death. William, drove the first wagon over the roat Dallas Times, Dec. 4, 1869; Salem Statesman, Dec. 10, 1869. home of the family in Illinois, of which sta James Davidson was born ill Barren County, Ky., Aug. 30, 1792. Like governor. Robert had a brother named Say most western men of his time, he was self-educated; but his talents being leon, and who died October 20, 1875. His o0 above the average, he became a leader among his fellows. When a youth he in the States. SalemFarmer, March 12, 187 took part in the war of 1812, and was in the battle of the Thames, where SalemMerctas-, March 5, 1875. Tecunisel was killed. He niarried inl187, and lived at Nashville, Tennessee, Robert Cowan, a native of Scotland, e from 1823 to 1829, at St Louis in 1830, and in Greene County, Illinois, from married, and joined the Oregon companies o 1831 to 1836. He then removed to the Black Hawk purchase, Iowa, and settled in the Umpqua Valley, Yoncalla Pr( lived in Burlington until 1847, when lie came to Oregon, and settled in Salem. Levi Scott and sons, was the first white se Mr Davidson has represented his county iii the legislature, and in all respects cabin stood near the old trail which the pion enjoyed th e confidence and esteem of his neighbors. Nine children blessed travelled, and is remembered by many as th the union. His sons, Albert and Thomas, were among the most enterprising of the Sacramento Valley.' He was killed b agriculturists in Oregon. Albert, the elder, first came to Oregon in 1845, was felling March 9, 1865. Or. Statesman, M and returning, induced the family, and many others, to return with him. Samuel Allen settled on the Abiqua, in A They took the southern route. Salem Record, Aug. 29, 1874; Salem Statesman, Joseph Hunsaker settled 10 miles south Oct. 13, 1876. J. H. Pruett resided at McMinnville in5 Nebuzardan Coffey, born in North Carolina in 1790, moved to Kentucky, Jacob Comegys, of Hagerstown, Md., bo where in 1810 he married Miss Easley, 14 days older than himself. He re- removed to San Jos6, Cal., in 1856, where h( moved to Illinois in 1831, and came to Oregon in 1847. He died at his home Charles Sanborn was drowned in the Wil in Marion County on the 20th of January, 1867, leaving his wife, who with Oct. 1875. him had borne the vicissitudes of 57 years on the frontier. Salem Unionist, John F. Taylor never had a home, but lit Feb. 11, 1867. at the age of 78, and buried at public chari Samuel Headrick, born in Pettis Co., Mo., Nov. 13, 1836, came to Oregon habits to his old companions. with his father when a boy. Like most boys who crossed the plains, he early J. C. Crooks, of Marion County. learned self-reliance. In Marion County where he resided Headrick was Samuel Whitley resided on the souther esteemed the soul of honor and the defender of the right. He was 4 years native of Virginia-and died September 1861 sheriff of his county, and 2 years treasurer just previous to his death, which William S. Barker, a cabinet-maker, sett? occurred March 26, 1869. Salem Unionist, March 27, 1869. 2, 1869, having been a respected citizen of 0 AND PROGRESS. BIOGRAPHICAL. 633 addition more than to any previous one the colony was indebted for improvements 'ther Thomas Monteith, came to Oregon in l County, Dr John P. Ponjade died at New York, but when little more was born his residence at Gervais, in July 1875. He inois, emigrating in France in 1790, and was a surgeon in the army of Napoleon from that place to Oregon. He came to Oregon 1812. upon that section of lauid in 1847. His son, T. C. Ponjade, resided in Salem. Salem where the town Record, tnt in town lots in 1848. The result July 9, 1875. was an Robert Crouch Kinney was born July ients. Like many others, they visited the 4, 1813, in St Clair Co., Ill. At 20 I with some years of age he married Eliza Bigelow, and shortly afterward money which assisted them in catine, removed to Mus- se in Albany, Iowa, of which city he was one of the principal founders. then the finest residence in milling besiness, Engaging in i at the corner of Washington he remained 15 years at Muscatine, when the tide of and Second emigration bore him to Oregon *ompany of which they were the shores of the Pacific. Settling in Yamhill County, the principal he farmed for 10 years, save a a Mills, near the mouth of the Calapooya short interval when he was absent at the gold mines of California. He served in the territorial t active in all enterprises which have con- legislature, and was a mem- .y. ber of the state constitutional convention. After Walter Monteith died June 11, 1876. business 1857 he returned to his old Smith. Three of milling, and with his sons owned large flouring mills sons were the fruit of this where he died March at Salem, 16 and 23, 1876. 2, 1875. Mr Kinney had 8 children. Mrs Mary Jane young Kinney Smith, wife of J. H. Smith of Harrisburg men who came from Missouri to December in Lane County, was born had not been long 16, 1839, at Muscatine. Albert William Kinney, married, and brought a Virginia Newby, who married e young people settled daughter of W. T. Newby, was born at Muscatine, in Yamhill County, 1843, and resided at Salem. Oct. 3, ears, until Mr Warren was appointed Augustus Crouch Kinney, who married Jane re- Welch, was born July 26, 1845, at ity. His eldest son, Charles E. Warren Muscatine; studied medicine and lived I law, in at Salem. Marshall Johnson Kinney, born at Muscatine, which profession he graduated resided January 31, 1847, tarried a daughter in San Francisco. Alfred Coleman Kinney, born of Dr Henry Saffarans, Valley, Yamhill in the Chehalem r died, much lamented, disappointing County, January 30, 1850, graduated at Bellevue the College, New York; residence, Medical ity. Salem Alercury, April 3, 1874. Portland. Josephine Elarena Kinney Walker, eyette County, wife of James S. Walker of San Francisco, was born Kentucky, in 1792, was Chehalem January 14, 1852, in the Q15,and went with Valley. William Sylvester and Eliza Lee Kinney him to Illinois, where Chehalem in 1854 were born at V of several young children, and 1858. Robert C. Kinney was a son of Samuel Kinney, whom she who in 1800 settled on Horse Prairie, a she removed to Oregon, settling in Polk west of the Kaskaskia River, Illinois, L1life, respected and Samuel Kinney was son of Joseph Kinney, who by all, and died full of Louisville, in 1799 resided near ilig 77 years old on Ky., and had a family of 7 sons and 4 daughters. One the day of her death. William, drove the of his sons, atesman, Dec. 10, 1869. first wagon over the road from the Ohio River to the new home of the family in Illinois, of which .ren County, Ky., Aug. 30, 1792. Like state he was afterward lieutenant- was self-educated; governor. Robert had a brother named Samuel who but his talents being lem, and settled in West Cheha- er among his fellows. who died October 20, 1875. His other brothers and sisters When a youth he in the States. Salem remained was in the battle of the Farmer,March 12, 1875; Or. Statesman, March 6, Thames, where Salem 1875; 1817, and lived at Nashville, Telnessee, Mercury, March 5, 1875. 30, and in Robert Cowan, a native of Scotland, emigrated Greene County, Illinois, from married, to Missouri, where he the Black Hawk and joined the Oregon companies of 1847. In the following purchase, Iowa, and settled in the Umpqua year he he came to Oregon, and settled Valley, Yoncalla Precinct, and with the exception in Salem. Levi Scott and sons, was of sty in the legislature, and in all the first white settler in Douglas County. 'His respects cabin stood near the old trail which f his neighbors. Nine children blessed the pioneer gold-seekers of 1848 and 1849 nmas, were travelled, and is remembered by many as the last mark among the most enterprising of the of civilization north te elder, first came Sacramento Valley.' He was killed by a splinter from to Oregon in 1845, was felling a tree which he and many others, to return March 9, 1865. Or. Statesman, March 20, 1865. with him. Samuel Allen settled Record, Aug. 29, 1874; Salem Statesman, on the Abiqua, in Marion County Joseph Hunsaker settled 10 miles south of Salem. J. H. Pruett resided Carolina in 1790, moved to Kentucky, at McMinnville in Yamhill County. ey, 14 days older Jacob Comegys, of Hagerstown, Md., born 1798, came than himself. He re- removed to Oregon in 1847; Oregon in 1847. He to San Jos6, Cal., in 1856, where he died in 1870. died at his honme Charles Sanborn was drowned uary, 1867, leaving his wife, who with in the Willamette River near Eugene City, years on the frontier. Oct. 1875. Salem Unionist, John F. Taylor never had a home, but lived among the old settlers, dying at the age of 78, and buried at public a., Mo., Nov. 13, 1836, came to Oregon charge, an exception generally in his it boys who crossed the habits to his old companions. plains, he early J. unty where he resided Headrick C. Crooks, of Marion County. was Samuel Whitley resided on the Jefender of the right. He was 4 years southern border of Marion County-a surer just native of Virginia-and died September previous to his death, which William 1868, aged 80 years. wet,March 27, S. Barker, a cabinet-maker, settled at Salem, where 1869. 2, 1869, he died July having been a respected citizen of Oregon for 22 years. 634 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. BIOGRAPH in stock and farm products, and particularly in fruit- raising. The men of 1847 w

William Whitney, a native of Sately, Huntingdonshire, England, born in City, and edited the Gazette. He several 1808, at the age of 19 married Elizabeth Taylor of Bourn, Lincolnshire, and and about 1870 was elected justice of th, moved to the United States in 1832. Their first residence was in Pennsyl- failing health drove him to San Bernardi, vania; from there they removed to Indiana, and in 1847 joined the emigration William Allphin, a native of Kentuck to Oregon, having at this time a family of 6 children. Whitney settled in coming of age he removed to Indiana, set Marion County, and in 1848 went to the California mines and met with good the manufacture of brick, furnishing the success. He died at Butteville June 1, 1878, 3 years after his wife, who house in that city. In 1837 he removed died April 4, 1875. gon, where he located in Linn County, 8 Rev. P. J. McCormick, who came to Oregon in the ship L'Ektoile du Matin, a member of the territorial legislature, as before mentioned, was a man of very plain parts, and of an Irish family of not he was elected by the people. He died the very best blood. On arriving at Oregon City he was stationed there for the age of 100 years, leaving a memory rei some time, where he was compelled to perform every menial service, even to Albany Weekly Register, Dec. 11, 1876; S washing his lineii, though a man of accomplishments. Falling ill from this A. N. Locke, born in Virginia in 1U cheerless way of living, he was ordered to the uplands of Chili, where he Oregon in 1847. He was among the late X resided 20 years; thence returning to Oregon, he resided there until his death incredible hardships.' He settled in B in 1874, well known for his talents and virtues. PortlandBulletin, Dec. 14, Corvallis. There helived for many yea 1874. family. He was several times sheriff an William McKinney was born in Howard County, Missouri, Aug. 20, 1820. in an honorable manner, and enjoying In April 1847 he married Matilda Darby, and started with the emigration for county he served. He died on the 14t] Oregon, settling in Marion County. He died Oct. 20, 1875, leaving a family Oct. 18, 1872. of 11 children, to whose welfare he was truly devoted. In losing him the Robert Houston, born in Madison community lost a good citizen. Portland Oregonian, Nov. 6, 1875. removed to Shelby County, Ohio, in 18( James Fulton, born at Paoli, Orange County, Ind., in 1816, emigrated to 1827 he married Miss Mary Brown, havii Missouri in 1840 and to Oregon in 1847. His father laid out the town of in Ohio, he served as associate justice fo Paoli, and with Blackstone, Hallowell, Lindley, and Hopper, built the Half - trust with credit. On reaching Oregon Moon Fort at that place in Gen. Harrison's campaign. Settled in Yamhill in Linn County, where he resided till his County, where he remained for 10 years, when he removed to the Dalles, his by his children and grandchildren, and e present residence. Mr Fulton's Dalles and Eastern Oregon, MS., contains some enjoyment of the simple pleasures of co instructive matter concerning the changes which have taken place since the State Rig/its Democrat, Sept. 15, 1876. settlement of the country, in the character of the soil and also in the climate. Leander C. Burkhart was born in H; It furnishes, besides, some facts of importance concerning the title to the 14, 1823. EmigratingtoOregoninl 1847, Dalles town site, which has been long in litigation. with his father, and a numerous relatio Ephraim Adams, born in New Jersey in 1799, removed in 1835 to Ohio, in out losing his high reputation for integri 1839 to Missouri, and thence to Oregon with his family. Located in Yamhill acknowledged by all men. He died at h County, he spent the remainder of a long life in Oregon, dying January 15, November 3, 1875. 1876, at McMinuville, respected and regretted by his acquaintances of 29 Samuel Laughlin was born in South' years. Or. Statesoman, Janl. 22, 1876. in 1823, where he resided until 1847, be H. L. Aikin, born in England in 1818, emigrated with his parents to the dren by each wife, an equal number of United States in his childhood. At the age of 29 he left Illinois, where his Mrs Asenath M\. Luelling Bozarth, father was settled, to go to Oregon. He chose a residence in Clatsop County, with her parents to Oregon from Indi where he lived a man of note in his community, dying at Astoria in April 11 children, 4 sons and 7 daughters, 10 1875, leaving 3 immediate descendants, a son and 2 daughters, his wife the home of her husband, John S. Boza having died before him. Portland Oregonians, April 24, 1875; Or. City Enter- where she had resided 22 years, on the 1 1875. Vancouver Beqister, Dec. 25, 1874. prise, April 23, Charles Hubbard settled at what Isaac W. Bewley began the westward movement by leaving Indiana for Missouri in 1837, and thence on to Oregon. He is a brother of John W. County, in the spring of 1848. Mrs M Bewley, of Lafayette, Ind., and of Rev. Anthony Bewley, who was hanged that place December 7, 1879, aged 68 by a southern mob in Texas, at the breaking-out of the rebellion, for his fear- married Mr Hubbard in Mo. After mi less advocacy of human rights. Mr I. W. Bewley settled on a farm in Tilla- Had she lived a few days longer, her E mook County, Oregoim, about as near sunset as any spot in the United States. brated. She was the mother of 4 sons Lafayette (Ind.) Bee, in Portland Oregonian, Oct. 31, 1874. Dec. 13, 1879. Tollman H. Rolfe, a printer, joined the Oregon immigration of 1847, but Hugh Harrison was born in Harrise proceeded in the spring of 1848 to California, where he was engaged on the after his grandfather. He was for seve Star. T'uthill's Hi.st. Cal., 215. He was elected alcalde of Yuba County, and , but settled in South Sales afterward, in 1853, went to Nevada City, where he was employed on the 76 years, May 27 1877. Portland Stan Journal, and afterward started the Nevada Democrat, which he edited in Joseph Merriil, born in Ross Co., I company with his brother, I. J. Rolfe. When Austin was founded Rolfe parents to Ill. at the age of 10 years, i went to that place, and for a time edited the Reveille, but returned to Nevada majority, and married the next year a AND PROGRESS. BIOGRAPHICAL 635 ucts, and particularly in fruit- raising. The men of 1847 were not Sately, Huntingdonshire, England, like those of 1843 abeth Taylor of Bourn, born in Lincolushire, and City, and edited 3 heirfirst residence was in Pelsyb and about 1870 the Gazette. He several times filled was elected justice of the peace, the office of city trustee, failing health drove which office he held until family of 6children him to San Bernardino, where Indiaia,nd in1847joinethe W,hditnhey smettledem IgaiII in William Allphin, a native he died in 1872. e alifornia of Kentucky, was born Nov. mines and met with good coming of age he removed to Indiana, 17, 1777. On be- le, 1878, 3 years after his the manufacture settled at Indianapolis, and engaged wife, who of brick, furnishing the material in house in that city. In for the walls of the state- 1837 he removed to Illinois, and 1 to Oregon in the ship L'ttoieu de AMaei gon, where he located in Linn 10 years later to Ore- y plain a member County, 8 miles east of Albany. Parts, and of anl Irish fa'mily of notj of the territorial legislature, He was twice t Oregon City he was stationed he was elected and held several other offices there for by the people. He died October to which tco performeerty the age of 100 years, leaving a 1876, within 13 months of menialiservtice, even to Albany memory revered. Corvallis Gazette, accoplihmetsFallng Weekly Register, Dec. 11, 1876; Oct. 13, 1876; ered to the uplands ll romthis SalemB Stateswman, Oct. 13, 1876. of Chili, where he A.N. Locke, born in Virginia in 1810, moved to Mo. in 1820, and to Oregon, he resided there until his death Oregon in 1847. He was among the late arrivals of that year, ' having suffered and virtues. Portland: Blletin, Dec. 14, incredibleCorvallis. hardships.' He settled in Benton County a few miles north of There helived for many years, Coward County, family. He was several and raised alarge andinteresting Missouri, Aug. 20, 1820. times sheriff and county judge, ,rly, and started with in an honorable manner, and filling these positions the emigration for county enjoying the confidence He died Oct. 20, 1875, leaving a family he served. He died on and esteem of the the 14th of October, 1872. Corvallis was truly devoted. In losing Oct. Gazette, mnd Oregonian, him the Robert18, 1872. Houston, Nov. 6, 187. born in Madison County, Kentucky, ige County, Id., in 1816, removed to Shelby County, February 1793, emigrated to 1827 Ohio, in 1805, and resided there S7. His father laid he married Miss Mary Brown, until 1847. In out the town of in Ohio, having by her6 children. While 1, Lindley, and Hopper, built he served as associate justice residing rrison's the Half- trustwith credit. for 7 years, and filled other stations campaign. Settled On reaching Oregon in September of irs, when in Yamhill in Linn County, where 1847, he selected a farm he removed to the Dalles, his he resided till his death in and Eastern Oregon, by his children and grandchildren, September 1876, surrounded MS., contains some and esteemed by all. oges which have taken enjoyment of the simple pleasures He lived long in the ucter place since the of country life, as he had desired. of the soil and also in the state Rights Democrat, Albany anportance climate Leander C. BurkhartSept. 15, 1876. concerning the title to the was born in Hawkins County, In litigatioii. 14,1823. Emigrating to Oregon East Tennessee, Nov. sy in with in1847, he settled inLin County, 1799, removed in 1835 to Ohio, his father, and a numerous relationship, in company Ewith in amassing a his family. Located in Yamnhl out losing his high reputation large fortune with- )ig life acknowledged for integrity, being possessed of in Oregon, dying January i1, by all men. He dedd at his residence a sterling worth regretted by his acquaintances half a mile east of Albany, of 29 NovemberSamuel 3, 1875. Laughlin was born in South IS, emigrated in 1823, where Carolina in 1791, removed to Missouri with his parents to the he resided until 1847, being twice age of 29 he left Illinois, dren by each married, and having 7 chil- where his wife, an equal number of boys Bchose a residence in Clatsop County, Mrs Asenath M. Luelling Bozarth, and girls. i)mmunity, with daughter of Henderson Luelling, dying at Astoria in April her parents to Oregon from Indiana came s, a son 11 children, 4 in 1847. She was the mother and 2 daughters, his wife sons and 7 daughters, 10 of whom of mianai,April 24, the home of her husband, survived her. She died 1875; Or. City Enter- John S. Bozarth, on Lewis at where she had resided 22 years, River, Cowlitz County, on the 30th of November, 1874, A movement by leaving Indiana Vancouver aged 40 years. egon. He is for Charles Register, Dee. 25, 1874. a brother of John W. Hubbard settled at what .fAnthony County, is now Hubbard Station, Bewley, who was hanged in the spring of 1848. Mrs Margaret in Marion aug-out of the rebellion, for his fear- that place December Hubbard died at her home in '. 7, 1879, aged 68 years. She Bewley settled on a farm in Tilla- married Mr Hubbard in Mo. was a native of Ky., but 3et as any Had After marriage she resided in Pike spot in the United States she lived a few days longer, her County,IIl. n, Oct. 31, 1874.-teUie brated. She golden wedding would have tts was the mother of 4 sons and been cele- le Oregon immigration of 1847, but 3 daughters. Portland Oregonian, Dec. 13, 1879. rnia, where he was engaged Hugh Harrison was born in ected alcalde ofaYuebae on the after Harrison Co., Ky., whica county County and his grandfather. He was for was named y,where he was employed Kit Carson, several years in the Rocky Mountains on the but settled in South Salem in with walaDemocrat, which he edited 76 years, 1847, where he died at the age Wen Austin in May 27, 1877. Portland Standard, of was founded knlfe Joseph Merrill, born June 1, 1877. he Reveille, but returned in Ross Co., Ohio, Nov. 15, 1818, to Nevada parents to Ill. at the age of removed with his majority, 10 years, returned to Ohio when and married the next year a he attained his Miss Freeman of Chillicothe, the cere- 636 POLITICS AND PROGRESS. IMMIGR

and 1844 animated by a romantic idea of founding a Pacific state. They

mony being performed by Justice of the Peace Thurman, afterward U. S. mained 8 years, finally leavin senator from Ohio. Merrill subsequently returned to Ill., where he resided former friend, F. X. Matthieu, until 1847. In the spring of 1848 he settled in Columbia County, Oregon. attracted nearly the whole a He died at his home May 6, 1879, regretted by the community in which he joined in the exodus, returning lived. Portland Standard, May 13, 1879. business at Butteville and Oreg Mrs John Fisher lost her husband at the crossing of the Platte River, land, Cal.,Feb. 23, 1877. Orego June 6, 1847; and on Snake River she buried her little girl 2 years of age. AshbelMerrill died at Fort She arrived late in the autumn at Tualatin plains, where during the winter and children pursuing their N she met W. A. Mills, who had arrived in 1843. Hle proposed marriage, and Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, they were united in 1848, continuing to reside near Hillsboro. Mrs Mills had Merrill April 23, 1823, in Ross 5 children, 2 sons and 3 daughters. She was born in Wayne County, Ind., in 1847 to Oregon. Their chil April 20, 1822, and died December 11, 1869. Salem Farmer, March 26, 1870. Lyman, Electa, Alvin, and Ly, William Glover settled in Marion County. Mrs Jane Jett Graves Glover Columbia Co., and had numer, was born in Pittsylvania Co., Va., in 1827, removed with her parents to Mis- 82d birthday. St. Helen Colum, souri in 1830, and was married to William Glover in 1843, with whom she came Joseph Carey Geer went to Oregon in 1847. She died December 31, 1876. Id., Jan. 12, 1877. family removed to Ill., and fro Leander L. Davis was born in Belmont Co., Ohio, and crossed the plains gon family of Geer was born i in 1847, settling in Marion Co. He served in the state legislature in 1866. He and in the number of his desc died June 29, 1874, at Silverton, aged 48 years. Id., July 4, 1874. of his line 164 on the Pacific Mrs Olive Warren Chamberlain was born in Covington, New York, Feb. besides being physically peopl' 12, 1822. While she was a child, her father, an itinerant Methodist preacher, Ralph C. Geer was the pio removed with her to Michigan, where in 1843 she married Joseph Chamber- taught the first public school i lain, and came to Oregon. She was the mother of 10 children, 8 of whom in 1848, all but 4 of whom we survive her. She died October 27, 1874, at Salem. Salem, Or., Statesman, climate had nothing to do wit Nov. 7, 1874. ried off the natives in early ti Mrs R. A. Ford, who settled with her husband in Marion County in 1847, his nursery in the red soil of 1 after becoming a widow studied medicine, and practised in Salem, educating for his purpose. His father a a son for the profession. She died in March 1880, in the city of Portland. in the black soil of the Cla Portland Standard, April 2, 1880. returns, which were not eque T. S. Kinsey died at Cornelius, in Washington County, November 15, 1877. a fruit farm and nursery for r John Jewett died January 25, 1880. Henderson Luelling and A William H. Dillon was a native of Kent Co., Del., from which he removed gon a 'travelling nursery,' wI when a child to the Scioto Valley in Ohio. When a young man he removed shrubs in boxes 12 inches dee again to Indiana, and thence to Oregon. Dillon lived one year on Sauv6 of a wagon. In this way, pr, Island, when he went to the California gold mines, returning in a few months ing them, 700 young trees we with a competency, and settling near Vancouver. set out at a place called Milw Samuel T. McKean was from Delaware County, New York, where he City, having been taken out 1 married a Miss Hicks in 1817, and removed to Richmond, Ohio, from which in cloths to protect them fror place many years later he again removed to Illinois, where he founded the from the Dalles to their desti town of Chillicothe, naming it after the old Indian village of that name ful, and Meek and Luelling in Ohio. When he came to Oregon he had a family of 6 children. In the afterward of Cal. autumn of 1848 the family settled at Astoria, remaining there till 1863, John Wilson drove to the when they removed to San Jos6, Cal. During his residence in Oregon Mc- cattle, from Henry Clay's he' Kean held several places of trust and honor, as member of the legislative horses, greatly to the impro assembly, clerk of the district court of Clatsop County, and afterward as also drove a fine cow from th county judge, and president of the board of trustees of the town of Astoria. Stephen Bonser, who se He died at San Jose in 1873, and his wife followed him in 1877, leaving many cattle, which Improved the s descendants. San Jose Pioneer, April 28, 1877. Luther Savage took to t John W. Grim was born in Ohio in 1820. He settled on French Prairie George, whose descendants a near Butteville. I have a valuable manuscript by him entitled Emigrant A Mr Fields drove a flocl Anecdotes, which treats in an easy conversational style of the events of the the Waldo hills. Before get journey overland, his settlement in Oregon, the Cayuse war, the Canadian large fir-tree, with the ineasl French, etc. and being superior, the FPh George La Rocque, a native of Canada, was born near Montreal in 1820. Headrick, Turpin, and Mul At the age of 16 he entered the United States, and like most Canadians, Saxony. This lot stocked I soon sought employment of the fur companies. Being energetic and intelli- Yamnhill County. gent, he became useful to the , with whom he re- Mr Haun of Haun's Mill the plains to Oregon. ND PROGRESS. IMMIGRATIONS COMPARED. 637 omantic idea of founding a Pacific state. They realized that this had the Peace Thurman, afterward U. S. already mtly returned to Ill., where he resided mained 8 years, finally leaving ) settled in Columbia County, former friend, the service and settling in Oregon, near his Oregon. F. X. Matthieu, on French Prairie. When fretted by the community in which attracted nearly the the gold discoveries ~9.comnt he whole adult male population of Oregon joined in the exodus, returning soon to Cal., he l at the crossing business with $12,000. This capital invested of the Platte River, at Butteville and Oregon City made in buried her little him a fortune. He died at Oak- girl 2 years of age. land, Cal., Feb. 23, 1877. Oreqon City Enterprise, tlatin plains, where during the Ashbel Merrill March 8, 1877. winter died at Fort Hall, his wife, Mrs Susannah in 1843. He proposed marriage, and and children pursuing their Sigler Merrill, *reside way to Oregon. Mrs Merrill was born near Hillsboro. Mrs Mills had Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, March in the he was born 20, 1800. She was married to Ashbel in WAayne County, Ind., Merrill April 23, 1823, in Ross Co., 1869. Salem Ohio, and moved to Illinois, and thence Farmer, March 26, 1870. in 1847 to Oregon. Their children were ounty. Mrs Lyman, William, George, Mary A., Emerit, Jane Jett Graves Glover Electa, Alvin, and Lyda. Six of these 327, removed with her parents Columbia Co., resided in Oregon, chiefly ii; to Mis- and had numerous families. Mrs Merrill mnGlover in 1843, with whom she came 82d birthday. has celebrated her 31, 1876. St. Helen Columbian, March 31, 1881. Id., Jan. 12, 1877. Joseph Carey Geer went from Windom, ont Co., family Conn., to Ohio, in 1816. The Ohio, and crossed the plains removed to Ill., and from there to Oregon. od in the state legislature in gon family of Geer The founder of the Ore- 8 years. Id., 1866. He was born in 1795. He settled in Yamhill July 4, 1874. and in the number of county in 1847, horn in Covington, New York, his descendants has outdone the Canadians, Feb. of his line 164 on the Pacific coast, there being ther, an all honorable men and virtuous women, itinerant Methodist preacher besides being physically people of weight. 11843 she married Joseph Ralph PortlandlWest Shore, Feb. 1880. Chamber- C. Geer was the pioneer nurseryman of 3 mother of 10 children, 8 taught the first Marion County. He also of whom public school in the section where he settled, 74, at Salem. Salem, Or., Statesman, in 1848, all but 4 of whom having 30 pupils were living 30 years afterward-a proof climate had nothing to do with that the r husband the fatal character of the diseases which in Marion County in 1847, ried off the natives in early times. Geer car- e, and practised in his nursery planted apple and pear seeds to start Salem, educating in the red soil of the Waldo hills, which larch 1880, in the city of Portland. for his purpose. he found to be excellent His father also put an equal amount of in the black soil of the apple and pear seeds ihington Clackamas bottoms, but was disappointed County, November 15, 1877. returns, which were not equal in the to the Waldo hills, whereR. C. Geer has a fruit farm and nursery for had nt Co., Del., Henderson more than 30 years. from which he removed Luelling and William Meek, immigrants . When a young man gon a 'travelling of 1847, took to Ore- he removed nursery,' which was begun in 1845, by Dillon lived one year on Sauv6 shrubs in boxes 12 inches planting trees and ,Id mines, deep, and just long and wide enough to returning in a few months of a wagon. In this way, protected fill the bed icouver. by a frame to prevent cattle from ing them, 700 young trees were safely brows- are County, set carried across 2,000 miles of land, and New York, where he out at a place called Milwaukee, on the ed to Richmond, Ohio, City, having Willamette River, below Oregon from which been taken out of the boxes at the Dalles, I to Illinois, where he founded in cloths to protect them and carefully wrapped the from frost or injury by handling during : old Indian village of that name from the Dalles to their destination the transit ad a by boat. The experiment was success- family of 6 children. In the ful, and Meek and Luelling were the Lstoria, remaining first great nurseryman of Oregon, and there till 1863 afterward of Cal. uring his residence in Oregon John Wilson Mc- drove to the Willamette Valley a number mnor, as member of the cattle, from Henry Clay's of choice Durham legislative herd, at Blue Grass Grove, Ill., and Dlatsop County, and afterward horses, greatly to the improvement also some fine )f trestees as of the stock in the valley. of the town of Astoria. also drove a fine J. C. Geer ollowed him cow from this herd. in 1877, leaving many Stephen Bonser, who settled on Sauv6 377. cattle, Island, drove a herd of choice which improved the stock on the Columbia 20. He settled on French Luther Savage took River bottoms. Prairie to the Willamette Valley a blood race-horse iscript by him entitled Emzgrant George, whose descendants called 5ational are numerous and valuable. style of the events of the A Mr Fields drove a flock of fine mn,the the sheep from Missouri, which he took to Cayuse war, the Canadian Waldo hills. Before getting settled he large fir-tree, and his wife both diedunder a with the measles. The sheep were was born near Montreal and being sold at auction in small lots; in 1820. superior, the Fields sheep are still a States, and like most Canadians Headrick, Turpin, favorite breed in Oregon. and Mulkey took a flock of fine sheep. ies. Being energetic and intelli' Saxony. This lot stocked Howell Turpin's were ur Company, Prairie. R. Patton took a large flock with whom lie re Yamnhill County. to Mr Haun of Haun's Mills, Mo., carried a pair of mill buhr-stones across the plains to Oregon. 638 POLITICS AND PROGRESS been done, and came to gather whatever advantage was to flow from it to their generation. A. R. Dimick carried the seeds of the 'early,' or 'shaker blue,' potato from Mich., planting them on his farm in the north part of Marion Co. From these seeds sprung the famous Dimick potato, the best raised in Oregon. Mr Watson of King's Valley, Benton Co., drove some short-horn stock to Oregon. The above notes are taken from Geer's Blooded Cattle, MS., a valu- CHAPTET ble contribution on the origin of stock in the Willamette Valley. See also his address before the pioneer association for 1879, on the immigration of 1847; see also Salem Or. Statesman, June 20, 1879. THE WHITMAN John E. Ross was born in Madison Co., Ohio, Feb. 15, 1818. Emigrated with his parents to Ind. when 10 years of age, and to Ill. when 16 years old. 1847 At the age of 29 he started for Or., and was capt. of his train of forty wagons. In the Cayuse war which broke out soon after he arrived in Or. he SAVAGES AS A HANDIWORK OF THE CREAM served as lieut and capt. He resided for some time at Oregon City, engaged MADE-BUT THEY ARE NOT so MUCH was discovered in Cal. he went to the in various pursuits. When gold BAD ENOeGH-RIVAL CLAIMANTS I Feather River mines, and in 1850, after having returned to Oregon, explored in the southern valleys and in northern Cal. for gold, discovering several rich CONVERSIoN-PORTENTOUS CLOUDS placers, known as Yankee Jim's, Wambo Bar, Jacksonville, etc. For a STRANGE HE CANNOT SEE THE DARK numbers of years he was almost constantly engaged either in mining or selling BY THE WHITE MAN'S DISEASES, A again commanded a company who went out supplies to miners; and in 1852 TAKE FROM THEM THEIR LANDS- to fight the Indians on the southern route. In the winter of 1852-3 he was married to Elizabeth Hopewood, of Jacksonville, theirs being the first wed- TANTs-RIVAL ROADS TO HEAVEN ding solemnized in that place. They have 9 children, 5 girls and 4 boys. WAY-AND THEREUPON THEY PE] When the Rogue River war broke out, in 1853, Ross was elected col., and again in 1855 was elected col. of the 9th reg., and commissioned by Gov. Davis. He was a member of the ter. council in the same year; and in 1866 THE origin of Indian war was elected to the state leg. When the broke out, in 1872, he Mother Nature is a capric was commissioned by Gov. Grover as brig.-gen. in command of the state troops. In 1878 he was a member of the state senate from the county of clothes her children indiffern Jackson, where he has resided for many years. The Salem Statesman, in the Colun remarking upon the personal appearance of Ross, describes him as having a and Clarke saw well-shaped head, pleasant face, and a reserved but agreeable manner Asih- best. They had apparentl; land Tidings, Dec. 13, 1878. One whole night I spent with Ross at Jackson- anm ville, writing down his experiences; and when at early dawn my driver fort and were as healthy summoned me, I resumed my journey under a sickening sensation from~the cumstances they could be. tales of bloody butcheries in which the gallant colonel had so gloriously participated in that condition for generi doubt that they would ha peace and prosperity as be would it be contrary to the them to advance morally while living under such hai of the upper Columbia savages. It is true, they natural benevolence prom necessities of the white themselves the first oppc There is no generosity in an I] experience.' Strong's Hist. Or., MS., ( pertinence of white men. AND PROGRESS o gather whatever advantage heir generation. of the 'early, or 'shaker blue, 'potato from, nIthe north part of Marion Co.' Froths o0tato, the best raised in Oregon. O hs lenton Co., drove some short-horn stock to en from Geer's Blooded Cw~le MS . aIn-_ Lock in the Willaomette valley. eeas sociation for 1879, on the immigreeationo CHAPTER XXIII. ,June 20, 1879.mgaino ison Co., Ohio, 'Feb. 15, 1815. Emigrate THE . Dar.,o and, iand to Ill. when 16 years old. Oadws capt. of his train of forty 1847 broke Ont soon after he arrived in Or. he [ed for some timeatOeoCiyengd was discovered in a.h ett SAVAGES AS A HANDIWORK OF THE CREATOR-THEY MIGHT HAVE BEEN BETTER ,fter h having toe0 xploed MADE-BUT THEY ARE NOT SO MUCH WORSE THAN WHITE MEN, WHO ARE emn Cal. for gold, dscver BAD ENOUGH-RIVAL CLAIMANTS Wamibo Bar, Jac nilngsvrlrich FOR THE REWARDS TO FOLLOW THEIR 3tantly engage)d CONVERSION-PORTENTOUS CLOUDS HANGING OVER MARCITS WHITMAN- eite in 1 e t.For a n1commanded a wow ntgulipn STRANGE HE CANNOT SEE THE DARKENING SKY-TiHE NATIVES MADDENED route. -In the wine ofo52 e ta BY THE WHITE MAN'S DISEASES, AND BY THE COMING-IN OF SO MANY TO Jacksonville, theirs bIng th fis wed TAKE FROM THEM THEIR LANDS-ATTITUDE OF CATHOLICS AND PROTES- ey have 9 children, 5 girls and 4 boys. TANTS-RIVAL ROADS TO HEAVEN-THE SAVAGES PREFER ut, in 1853, Ross was elected col., and THEIR OWN 'he 9th. reg., and commissio1ned by'Goy. WAY-AND THEREUPON THEY PERPETRATE A MOST HORRIBLE DEED. counctl in the same year;- and in 1866 th Modoc war broke out, in 1872, he THE astbrig.-gen. in commnand of the state origin of Indian wars is always much the same. ?f the state senate from the county of Mother Nature is a capricious parent and feeds and many years. The Salem Statesman, in ance of Ross, describes him shvn clothes her children indifferently well. In 18 0 5 Lewis and Clarke saw the Columbia Valley tribes at their vaneerk best. They had apparently attained to as much coin- sao~ the fort and were as healthy and powerful as under the cir-- the oloelallnt hd s glriosly cumstances they could be. Could they have remained in that condition for generations, there is no reason to doubt that they would have continued to enjoy such peace and prosperity as belongs to savage life. Nor would it be contrary to the course of things to expect them to advance morally and intellectually, even while living under such hard conditions. The savages of the upper Columbia were very good men, for savages. It is true, they were thieves, and if their natural benevolence prompted them to relieve the necessities of She white strangers, they rewarded themselves the first opportunity.' Thieving was a There is no generosity in an Indian that I have ever seen in all my experience.' StronegsHist. Or., MS., 66. One might say the same with equal pertinence of white men. Ii)J) ,

6;40 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE. THE CGENTTLE SJ

legitimate means of securing themselves against want, about introducing missionaries. and lying only a defence against discovery and loss. was a strong desire on the pat When the pleasing ceremonies of the Catholic taught. The mistake their t religion were introduced, giving them under certain believing it to be a proof of ti restrictions the right of appeal to a superior intelli- bility, when it was, in fact, an gence and power, who would have compassion on their emulation, to put themselves sufferings if they conformed to requirements which superior race. In this matt( their reason showed them to be just, they seized will- pupils were deceived; the sava ingly and even joyfully upon the prospect. After quire in a single life-time the practising these forms for several years with remark- the slow growth of unknown a: able constancy, and finding themselves better off than believing that he could graft on before, inasmuch as they were more at peace with each whose fruit would not be tinctu other, and enjoyed further the pleasures of human of the uncultivated tree. society and intercourse with something beyond the Having once entered into rc reach of the senses, the race from which they under- learner, it was not easy to dis stood this beneficial religion to be derived began to violence. The longer they ren make its appearance among them. the more difficult it became. The first feeling that is awakened by the contact for many years before, it had of the two races is covetousness. There are men failure of mission usefulness w who have everything desirable, and pretend to what in that direction was doubtful they persist in calling the devil's gift, the knowledge failure sprang in a great measu of good and evil. The Indian wished to steal, to istic covetousness of the aborig take these things at once, as soon as he saw them or to understand why it was that learned their use; but was restrained by fear of the become the equal of his teache consequences.2 Then came to him in this dilemma was mortified. He began to su the offer of knowledge, which he immediately seized were governed by selfish and < upon as a legitimate means to the end he coveted, the truding into his country. The i possession of property. The offer of knowledge was the more this conviction gre, accompanied by the tender of a new religion; but to practise what the missionaries that no objection was made. What they knew of the should he? Was it not all a sc white man's religion was good; why should more of it of his country? They were los2 harm then ? If it made the others wise, powerful, and when the Catholic fathers bet rich, why not adopt it? Thus there was no difficulty the Protestant missions, remin( times when they were all Cat] 2 Rev. Thomas Condon, at the Dalles, going away from home with his fam- ily, left a domesticated native in charge of his house. Returning, he found disturbed the old harmony of tl his seorvant sitting outside the house, shivering in the cold; and on asking It was difficult to control indo] him why lie did not remain by the comfortable fire, was told that the tempta- tion of seeing so many useful and desirable things, together with the oppor- and overbearing savages, even tunity of appropriating them, had been so tormenting to him, that he had voluntarily banished himself from their presence rather than take them and ' I refer here to the visits of the priests si subject himself to the consequences. at this time no Catholic mission in the Walla HIST OR., VOL. I. 41 ITINIAN MASSACRE. THE GENTLE SAVAGE. 641 uring themselves against want, e against discovery and loss. about introducing missionaries. Without doubt, there ceremonies of the Catholic was a strong desire on the part of the natives to be d, giving them under certain taught. The mistake their teachers made was in f appeal to a superior intelli- believing it to be a proof of their spiritual suscepti- lould have compassion on their bility, when it was, in fact, an evidence of a natural )rmed to requirements which emulation, to put themselves on a footing with the in to be just, they seized will- superior race. In this matter both teachers and y upon the prospect. After pupils were deceived; the savage in expecting to ac- r several years with remark- quire in a single life-time the civilization which was ng themselves better off than the slow growth of unknown ages; the missionary in Were more at peace with each believing that he could graft on this wild stock a germ her the pleasures of human whose fruit would not be tinctured with the bitter sap with something beyond the of the uncultivated tree. race from which they under- Having once entered into relations of teacher and Pion to be derived began to learner, it was not easy to dissolve them, unless by lg them. violence. The longer they remained in this position is awakened by the contact the more difficult it became. And yet in 1847, and etousness. There are men for many years before, it had been evident that if a irable, and pretend to what failure of mission usefulness was not certain, success devil's gift, the knowledge in that direction was doubtful. The reason of the Indian wished to steal, to failure sprang in a great measure from the character- as soon as he saw them or istic covetousness of the aboriginal, and his inability .s restrained by fear of the to understand why it was that he could not at once se to him in this dilemma become the equal of his teacher. Here his self-love lich he immediately seized was mortified. He began to suspect that his teachers , to the end he coveted, the were governed by selfish and sinister motives in in- he offer of knowledge was truding into his country. The more white men he saw of a new religion; but to the more this conviction grew. They did not all practise what the '. What they knew of the missionaries taught; and why then od; why should more of it should he? Was it not all a scheme to get possession others wise, powerful, and of his country? They were losing faith in everything Ius there was no difficulty when the Catholic fathers began to interfere' with the Protestant missions, reminding them of the good going away from home with his fain- times when they were all of his house. Returning, Catholics, and no one had he found disturbed the old harmony of their lives. rtahlcli re, was told that the tempta. It was difficult to control indolent, be things, together with the Oppor. impatient, jealous, so tormenting to him, that he had and overbearing savages, even when they were most presence rather than take them and II refer here to the visits of the priests several years earlier. There was at this time no Catholic mission in the Walla Walla Valley. HIST OR., VOL. I. 41 W

642 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE. SIGNS OF DIS strongly animated with a desire to be made acquainted with the white man's civilization. But the moment From the immigrants the a controversy appeared among the white instructors, cattle, and pillaged and vex( and it was observed that they denied the validity of while knowing well enough each other's beliefs, and especially that they denounced deemed worthy of punishmei each other as false teachers, the task became tenfold laws they had themselves sul greater. The suspicion of the savages once aroused grants, being advised, bore tl that some kind of deception had been practised upon as they were able, seldom co them, it was not possible to allay it, particularly since tion, trading with them for so many circumstances confirmed it. A division, as I sometimes selling them cat have previously shown, had almost immediately taken There was, indeed, nothing of place, the Cayuses and Walla Wallas generally choos- complain, their hostility proci ing the Catholic religion, and the Nez Perc6s the and suspicion than from wick Protestant. man more than in the white. The mercenary nature of the aboriginal to which I They were angry with W have just referred led him to be governed somewhat not leave the country, becai by the example or advice of the traders to whom he their land and sold it to the brought his furs, and of whom he procured such goods had mills and comfortable as he most needed or desired. Where the teacher added to his facilities for reap and the trader were of the same faith, it was easy to his residence among them. I control, in appearance, the views and conduct of the per all along; but in 1847 ii natives. But where the trader was one thing and more aggressive form, either the teacher another in religious matters, the native told that the United States tl according to his nature followed the trader. This had or because in their own mind been illustrated at Fort Walla Walla, where while fully ripe, and the sword, so lo Protestant McKinlay was in charge Whitman had to fall. been able, though not without difficulty, to restrain As soon as the immigran the violence of the Cayuses, which broke out with in- country at the foot of the BLt creased force when Catholic McBean replaced him. informed by Spalding of the the Cayuses, and advised not Ever since the return of Whitman, in 1843 from 4 his unsuccessful mission to the American panies. That this was tim board, he events had lived over a smouldering volcano. Year after proved. year an army of white people came from east of the Whitman was at this time Rocky Mountains, on whom the aborigines looked country to bring up machine with distrustful anger. It was true, they did not tarry order to make flour for the imw in the Nez Perc6 or Cayuse country, but hastened to was he that an outbreak must the Willamette. Yet how long should they continue as I have said, he purchased ( to come in such numbers before the Willamette would 4P. J. Ponjade, in Brouillet'8 Authientic not hold them? Spalding inquired anxiously whether the U 'Palmer'8 Wagon Train, MS., 28-9; Gri MAN MASSACRE. SIGNS OF DISCONTENT. 643 desire to be made acquainted vilization. But the moment From the immigrants the Indians stole horses and imong the white instructors, cattle, and pillaged and vexed them in various ways, t they denied the validity of while knowing well enough that these offences were specially that they denounced deemed worthy of punishment, and were against the ers, the task became tenfold laws they had themselves subscribed to. The immi- of the savages once aroused grants, being advised, bore these depredations as well ion had been practised upon as they were able, seldom coming to blows or retalia- to allay it, particularly since tion, trading with them for vegetables or grain, and )nfirmed it. A. division, as I sometimes selling them cattle which they coveted. ad almost iminmediately taken There was, indeed, nothing of which they could justly 7alla Wallas generally choos- complain, their hostility proceeding rather from envy 1, and the Nez Perc6s the and suspicion than from wickedness innate in the red man more than in the white. of the aboriginal to which I They were angry with Whitman because he did n to be governed somewhat not leave the country, because he raised grain on of the traders to whom he their land and sold it to the immigrants, because he hom he procured such goods had mills and comfortable houses, and every year ~sired. Where the teacher added to his facilities for reaping greater profits from e same faith, it was easy to his residence among them. This had been their tem- e views and conduct of the per all along; but in 1847 it had seemed to take a trader was one thing and more aggressive form, either because they had been -ligious matters, the native told that the United States then claimed sovereignty, [owed the trader. This had or because in their own minds their disaffection was Walla Walla, where while fully ripe, and the sword, so long suspended, was ready 3 in charge Whitman had to fall. thout difficulty, to restrain As soon as the immigrants entered the Cayuse s, which broke out with in- country at the foot of the Blue Mountains they were lie McBean replaced him. informed by Spalding of the unfriendly disposition of f Whitman, in 1843 from the Cayuses, and advised not to travel in small com- o the American board, he panies. 4 That this was timely counsel subsequent Xring volcano. Year after events proved. ple came from east of the Whitman was at this time on a visit to the lower Di the aborigines looked country to bring up machinery for his grist-mill, in was true, they did not tarry order to make flour for the immigrants.' So convinced ;e country, but hastened to was he that an outbreak must occur before long, that, long should they continue as I have said, he purchased of the Methodists their ~fore the Willamette would 4P. J. Ponjade, in Brouillet's Authentic Account, 90. Ponjade said that Spalding inquired anxiously whether the U. S. dragoons were not coming. I Palmer's Wagon Train, MS., 28-9; Grim's Emigrant Anecdotes, MS., 5. AFFAIR AT THE 644 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE. and land 1 station at the Dalles, from which they were willing ritorial organization missions each their mile squar to retire notwithstanding its prospective as well as value, for the same reason-the fear of Indian be lost by abandonment. present remains a qu This purchase was made in the spring of But there still troubles. determination, ul 1847, or at all events before the last of August. a justifiable and imperil, not on Waller was at that time contemplating a removal to to remain 6 and Whitman, when bringing lives of all those associated wi the Willamette Valley, Willar Vancouver his milling machinery, early in volve the colony of the up from his eye left his nephew, Perrin B. Whitman, at That he did this with September, For even w the Dalles, in company with' a man from the Willa- clearly apparent. his mill to Waiilatpu the Ca me4tte Valley named Hinman. 8 from these arrangements that Whit- acts portending an outbreak. It would seem the consider the Dalles Indians dangerous. at the Dalles, as soon as man did not on th Dalles besides was within two days' travel by arrived at that place, or The with the I canoe of Fort Vancouver, which was a point in its This affair was with Waiilatpu. It must forever stolen some property from 1 favor as compared complaint the student of history to reconcile with his men. On making trouble by taking characteristic good sense in ordinary matters Whit- advised to retaliate in remaining at his station when man's persistency IJohn E. Ross, an emigrant of 1847, de repeatedly threatened by the Cayuses and remon- and the Walla Wallas. He met Whitman his temerity; and to use great caution, which advice he folloi strated with by McLoughlin for evening meal, and then, when it becamE Gray's verdict, that he possessed a great obstinacy, away from the road for the night to avoid 7 affray. After leaving the Unmatilla he n seems justified. There were, it is true, good reasons appeared morose, and on the third day ca for wishing to remain. It was another case of the an attack had been made. Beds, books, The about and destroyed. Alarmed by this I domination of the temporal over the spiritual. ing only of men, travelled by night, and Walla Walla Valley had been his home for eleven Creek, a branch of John Day River. were dians, who notified them that there was years. He had expended much labor and money upon miles from the crossing, in a ca-non, they He had taken rather high-handed robbed of their cattle and stripped of th, improvements. children were left naked. They had, how measures with the American board in refusing to lin, out of which they had hastily made ( in 1842-3, and did not now like protection against the cold air of evenini abandon the station men were absent from the wagon looking to acknowledge himself in the wrong. He had hopes trators were Walla Wallas. Ross' com that he might be able families till another train came up, givin from the discussions in congress making them a bed, first building a fire to hold on until the United States should send an them to lie upon. Ross' Nar., MS., 4-6 ter- Franklin, Rodgers, Warren, and Hoyt. Indian agent to his relief, and until the promised tion was before congress as late as 1879 and blind, for losses amounting to $2,51 goods on this occasion. The petition se 6 Or. Spectator, Sept. 2, 1847. Margaret, Nelson Hoyt, and his wife Mai He was going up with his machinery to 7Hist. Or., 108. Palmer says: in 1847, and that while at the John Day I put up a flour-mill, just as he intended, and if they continued their hostile to the and robbed of goods, money, cattle, an policy he was going to break up that mission, abandon it, and go down Crawforb Waqon Train, MS., 29. This was stated. St Helen Colsmnbimi. Dalles, and make that his headquarters.' Rodgers stood in the opening of a wagon what Palmer learned from the doctor himself whom lie met on the Umatilla. ITMAN MASSACRE. AFFAIR AT THE DALLES. 645 from which they were willing ritorial organization and ming its prospective as well as land law should secure to the ame reason-the missions each their mile square of land, which would fear of Indian be lost by abandonment. se was made in the spring of s before But there still remains a question of whether it was the last of August. a se contemplating justifiable determination, under the circumstances, a removal to to remain and Whitman, and imperil, not only his own life, but the when bringing lives of all those associated s milling machinery, early with him, and possibly in- in volve the colony of the Willamette )hew, Perrin B. Whitman, at in savage warfare. That he did this with his eyes open to the danger is with' a man from the Willa- clearly Inman. apparent. For even while he was transporting hese his mill to Waiilatpu the Cayuses were committing arrangements that Whit- acts 8 he Dalles portending an outbreak. Blood had been spilled Indians dangerous. at the Dalles, s within two days' as soon as the first party of ten men travel by arrived at that place, er, which was a point in its or on the 23d of August. This affair was with the Dalles Indian-s, who had Waiilatpu. It must forever stolen history to some property from the camp of the white reconcilwihLs men. On inary matters making complaint to Waller, they were Whit- advised to retaliate by taking maining at his station when some Indian horses and by the Cayuses 5 and remon- John E. Ross, an emigrant of 1847, describes the attitudes of the Cayuses Lghlin for his temerity; and and the Walla Wallas. He met Whitman on the Umatilla, who advised him possessed to use great caution, which advice he followed by encamping early, taking the a great obstinacy, evening meal, and then, when it became dark, moving to a secluded spot were, it is true, good reasons away from the road for the night to avoid being molested and getting into an affray. After leaving the Uinatilla he met a small party of natives, who It was another case of the appeared morose, and on the third day came to a place where it was evident ral over the spiritual. The an attack had been made. Beds, books, and various articles were scattered about and destroyed. Alarmed by this proof of hostility, his party, consist- d been his home for eleven ing only of men, travelled by night, and on coming to the mouth of Rock I much labor and money upon Creek, a branch of John Day River, were met by some Columbia River In- dians, who notified them that there was trouble before them. About two taken rather high-handed miles from the crossing, in a canon, they found four families who had been rican board in refusing to robbed of their cattle and stripped of their clothing. Six women and some children were left naked. They had, however, rescued a bolt of white mus- 842-3, and did not now like lin, out of which they had hastily made coverings, though they offered little i the wrong. protection against the cold air of evening. The outrage occurred while the He had hopes men were absent from the wagon looking for the stolen cattle, and the perpe- ngress that he might be able trators were Walla Wallas. Ross' company remained with the destitute iited States families till another train came up, giving their blankets to the women and should send an making them a bed, first building a fire on the sands to warm a place for and until the promised ter- them to lie upon. Ross' Nar., MS., 4-6. The names of the families were Franklin, Rodgers, Warren, and Hoyt. Crauford's Nar., MS., 55. A peti- tion was before congress as late as 1879 to reimburse Mrs Rodgers, then old and blind, for losses amounting to $2,500, incurred by the robbery of her He was going up with his machinery to goods on this occasion. The petition set forth that John Rodgers, his wife ed, and if they continued their hostile Margaret, Nelson Hoyt, and his wife Mary, emigrated from Illinois to Oregon mission, abandon it, and go down to the in 1847, and that while at the John Day River they were attacked by savages, ,ers.' Waqon Train, MS., 29. This was and robbed of goods, money, cattle, and one wagon, to the amount above himself whom lie met on the Umatilla. stated. St Helen Columbian. Crawford's Narrative, MS., says that Mrs Rodgers stood in the opening of a wagon and defended it with an axe. WHITE PEOPLE AT 646 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE. holding them until the property was restored. The am indebted for a volumimiou Indians attacked in consequence; there was a skirmish, events,'2 says was in October, a white man and a chief were killed, and several on vans at the Uniatilla." both sides wounded; while four white men fled to the From the train to which mountains in a panic, and were lost for several days, selected several persons whom endeavoring to discover the trail to the Willamette in various ways at Waiilatpi Valley.' iiained Saunders as a teacher, So alarmed was Waller that he sent for Abernethy, children agreed to go to the ii superintendent of Indian affairs, to quiet matters, and Isaac Gilliland, and a farinei then hastened to overtake a company which had passed Indiana, among whose family i a few miles west of the Dalles, and request them to teen.'4 There were already return and protect his family and the wounded men.'0 who intended to winter there, A party did return, and Abernethy also came, who Oscaloosa, Iowa, and others, succeeded in procuring an audience with the principal lp W. Crawford was born on the righ chiefs, whom he induced, by paying them for the dead shire, Scotland, not far from the home of ) the property of the elementary branches in this neighborhood native, called Equatoir, to restore University of Edinburgh, where he learn immigrants, and promise better behavior. But whether after leaving the university he was in the E small in London, and again at Southampton. Fi by these, or by the Walla Wallas and Cayuses, thence to Toronto and other parts of Canad, parties of strangers continued to be plundered, and the northern tier of states on the south sid in Michigan and Illinois. He came to Or the property cached in the hills far away from the family named Cline, and took a land claim travelled road." 1847, where he lived long and happily. Ci Journey, containing also a history of early Whitman made a visit To the Dalles during the regard to style, the most complete record X two months the companies were passing between the and manifests throughout the author's rem 13Crawford says the doctor had been on Blue and Cascade mountains. On his return from ing and escorting a company of immigrani journey, which Peter W. Crawford, to whom I route to the Dalles, and who gave us anoth this and give us good grass and water all the The young man killed was named Sheppard; he was from St Louis tionate reference, with which the historian County, Missouri. A Mr Parker was seriously wounded, and a Mr Aram sion to meddle, since the doctor could at less.seriously. Or. Spectator, Sept. 2, 1847. business of establishing the new station at IOT'Vault, in Or. Spectator, Sept. 2, 1847. T'Vault, Barlow, and Foster tion over the road to that place, comports were on their way to the Dalles when they met this company of 16 wagons willingness to be of service. Crawford sp August 28th, under the command of Bowman, some of whose men returned a stout and robust looking man, of a seem to the relief of Waller. Nar., MS., 52. "James Henry Brown, an immigrant of 1847, and author of several man- 1"Gilliland was from Long Island, and uscripts in my collection, in his Autobiography, MS., 20-5, a work from L. Woodbury Saunders was a native of N. which I am able to gather much excellent information, gives an account simi- central New York, and also in Indiana, fr( lar to that by Ross, of the treatment of his train by the Cayuses. Geer, in His wife was from Vermont, her maiden n his lWaldo Hilts, MS., 2, mentions that his wife nearly lost her life by an her mother's maiden name Stickney, from Indian at the crossing of Des Chutes River. Grim, in his Emigrant Anec- ders later married Alanson Husted. dotes, MS., 5, says that the Indians were extremely insolent to the immi- 15 The persons at Waiilatpu after the n grants, and behaved in a belligerent manner on the Umatilla; and that Whit- Joseph and Hannah Smith and 5 children man, who met a large body of the immigrants there, asked them to tarry 16; Mr and Mrs Saunders and 5 childre for a day, and delivered an address to them, prophesying an Indian war, and Mrs Kimball and 5 children, the elder a giving them advice. It is certain that he was aware of the danger. It is Canfield and 5 children, the elder a girl o0 also certain, considering the numbers and mixed character of those who here dren, the elder a girl of 10; Josiah and sought a new home, that they were forbearing toward the Indians in an ex- the elder a girl of 9; Elam and Irene You traordinary degree. Mrs Rebecca Hays and one young child; M TMAN MASSALCRE. WHITE PEOPLE AT WAHLATPU. 647 property was restored. The equence; there am indebted for a voluminous narrative of pioneer was a skirmish 1 2 f were killed, and several on events, says was in October, he again met the cara- lile four white men fled to the vans at the Umatilla. 13 d were lost for several days, From the train to which Crawford belonged he the trail to the Willamette selected several persons whom he engaged to aid him in various ways at Waiilatpu. He secured a man ~r that he sent for Abernethy, named Saunders as a teacher, who with his wife and E affairs, to quiet matters, and children agreed to go to the mission; a tailor named e a company which had passed Isaac Gilliland, and a farmer named Kimball, from Dalles, Indiana, among whose family was a daughter and request them to 14 of seven- mily and the wounded men.'0 teen. There were already at the mission many d Abernethy also came, who who intended to winter there, part of a company from i audience with the principal Oscaloosa, Iowa, and others,"' in all fifty-four, some by paying them for the dead "P. W. Crawford was born on the right bank of the Tweed, in Roxbury- restore the property of the shire, Scotland, not far from the home of Walter Scott. He was taught the better behavior. But whether elementary branches in this neighborhood, but studied mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, where he learned surveying. For a short time t Wallas and Cayuses, small after leaving the university he was in the service of a large commercial firm inued to be plundered, in London, and again at Southampton. From there he went tc Quebec, and and thence to Toronto and other parts of Canada, after which he trr ielled through the hills far away from the the northern tier of states on the south side of the lakes, living for some time in Michigan and Illinois. He came to Oregon in 1847 in company with a family named Cline, and took a land claim on the Cowlitz River in November tto the Dalles during the 1847, where he lived long and happily. Crawford's Narrativeof the Overland Journey, containing also a history of early and subsequent events, is, without s were passing between the regard to style, the most complete record extant of the times it represents, ains. Onl his return from and manifests throughout the author's remarkable powers of observation. 13 Crawford says the doctor had been on 'a mission of benevolence, convey- W. Crawford, to whom I ing and escorting a company of immigrants over a new and much improved route to the Dalles, and who gave us another cut-off so as to ned Sheppard; shorten our route he was from St Louis and give us good grass and water all the way.' Nar., MS., 51. This affec- s seriously wounded, tionate reference, with which 847. and a Mr Aram the historian even for truth's sake has no occa- sion to meddle, since the doctor could at the same time 2, 1847. T'Vault, attend to his own Barlow, and Foster business of establishing the new station at the Dalles, and pilot the immigra- they met this company of 16 wagons tion over the road to that place, comports with the general impression Bowman, some of his of whose men returned willingness to be of service. Crawford speaks of him as being at this time a stout and robust looking man, of a seemingly strong and intelligent mind. at of 1847, and author of several man- Nar., MS., 52. 4 .obiography, MS., 20-5, a work from 1 Gilliland was from Long Island, and was an elderly )nt information, man without family. gives an account simi. L. Woodbury Saunders was a native of New Hampshire, but had resided in if his train by the Cayuses. Geer, in central New York, and also in Indiana, from which latter state he emigrated. .t his wife nearly lost her life by an His wife was from Vermont, her maiden name being River. Mary Montgomery, and Grim, in his Emigrant Anee- her mother's maiden name Stickney, from an old English family. Mrs Saun- ere extremely insolent to the immi- ders later married Alanson Husted. nner on the Umatilla; and that Whit 13The persons at Waiilatpu after the new selections migrants there, had been made were asked them to tarry Joseph and Hannah Smith and 5 children, the elder of them being hem, prophesying an Indian a girl of war, and. 16; Mr and Mrs Saunders and 5 children, the elder a girl of 14; Mr and he was aware of the danger. It is Mrs Kimball and 5 children, the elder a girl of 16; dnmixed Joseph and Sally Ann character of those who here Canfield and 5 children, the elder a girl of 16; Mr and Mrs bearing toward Hall and 5 chil- the Indians in an e dren, the elder a girl of 10; Josiah and Margaret Osborne and 3 children, the elder a girl of 9; Elam and Irene Young and 3 sons, the eldest aged 21; Mrs Rebecca Hays and one young child; Miss Lorinda Bewley and her brother, THE WHITE MAN'" 648 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE. of them having been detained by sickness, and some understanding- that inscrutab] dark by the lateness of the season. All who remained makes it fatal to the perceil were employed, as far as possible, by Whitman, who, white race; 17 or if they a notwithstanding the threatening circumstances, was ing that the white men were making improvements on his mill. The doctor was of the cause. a man of affairs; he loved work, and he liked to see When the miission Indian others work. Thus absorbed, it was little wonder he which they could not contr( failed to perceive the black shadow approaching. among them, they became gre as did also the natives on Pu! As is usual with armnies, large migrations, or any trict the measles had spread. great bodies of people moving together without the disease, the Indians thoughl ordinary comforts of life, disease broke out among the be able to cure it. Inl fact, tl immigrants of 1847. A severe illness known as moun- fact that the white patients g tl tain fever, and apparently occasioned by the extremes of their own did not. That temperature encountered in the mountains during the for the fatal results in many days and cold nights- latter part of the summer--hot the wagons, daring the drivers or the youn prostrated many of the adults, and measles attacked ambitious to rival the white people in box This disease, intruded on contained a woman, whose the younger portion of the people. with the measles and the driver of the te usually considered simple and manageable, became in the height of the fever, though still was annoyed the woman ordered him to stop i malignant under the new conditions in which it as desired, and to blow his hot breath ii It seems to have been at its height when measles. Whether that particular India developed. probably the woman was unaware of the the trains, all having soine sick, was passing through punished for the trouble he gave, but if country. What was malignant among the apt to believe that some evil influence w the Cayuse this case there indeed had been. In - strangers, wVhen it was imparted to the natives became judge, by Mr Perkins, of the early Dalle from ignorance of proper modes of effect of settlement on mission operation fatal, whether even though the new-comers should cons treatmilnt, or from the character of the disease itself. of mingling the races in Oregon is co] intermittent fever of effects. The measles of 1847, like the 17' The experience of a century had sl 1829-30 and 1834-7, became a scourge to the natives. of civilized men as traders in the terril not be held the morals of the former, and not only The white men who introduced it could latter. ' Edinbuergh Review, July 1845, 23& to blame,"6 but the natives niade them responsible, not 19; Darwin's Voyage round the IVorld. 32; Gibbs, in Powell's Geog. Sur., i. 239. 18 ' In 1847 the measles prevailed at country brought intellig( Crockett Bewley; Mr Marsh and daughter, E. Marsh, aged 11; Mr Hoffman, the Swinomish all, 54 persons of the immigration. Besides these were believing that the whites had brought t! and Mr Sales-in whites. At t a young man named Rogers, Eliza, daughter of Mr Spalding of Lapwai, and coming to massacre the adopted in 1844, 2 boys and 4 girls, besides 2 bastions at Nisqually, but orders can 6 children of the Sager family, se daughters of J. L. Meek and James Brilger, and 2 sons of usual defences. The scattered white half-breed girls, more forwai Donald Manson, whom the doctor was educating. Total at Dr Whitman's, the Indians consequently Lapwai there were only Mr and Mrs Spalding and 3 young strations were made while the stockade 68 persons. At Hfit Miss Johnson, Mr Hart, brother of Mrs Spalding, Mr Jackson, and nothing serious resulted.' Tolmie's children, of 1847-8 the mea Craig. Or. Spectator, Jan. 20, 1848. 19' In the winter William a very malignant type, and the natives 15I have been told of a case where the disease was intended to be given: of immigrants while in the Cayuse country were much annoyed by some man, as a medical man, naturally ende A party but notwithstanding his effow of the young braves, who, with Indian intrusiveness and insolence, hung about disorder; [ITMAN MASSACRE. THE WHITE MAN'S DISEASES. 649 letained by sickness, and some e season. All who remained understanding that inscrutable law of nature which as possible, by Whitman, who, makes it fatal to the dark races to encounter the breatening circumstances, was white race; 17 or if they perceived its effects, not know- on his mill. The doctor was ing that the white men were as ignorant as themselves ved work, and he liked to see of the cause. sorbed, it was little wonder, he When the mission Indians found that a disease lack shadow approaching. which they could not control had been introduced among them, they became greatly alarmed and excited, Mies, large migrations, or any as did also the natives on Puget Sound, to which dis- removing together without tile trict the measles had spread."S Being a white man's , disease broke out amono the disease, the Indians thought a white doctor should severe illness known as inoun- be able to cure it. In fact, they were witnesses to the fact that the occasioned by the extremes of white patients generally recovered, while I in the mountains during the their own did not. That they were much to blame r--hot days and cold nights-- for the fatal results in many cases, was true.19 Being adults, and measles attacked the wagons, daring the drivers or the young lads of the train to fight, seemingly the people. This disease, ambitious to rival the white people in boxing and wrestling. One wagon thus )le and manageable, became intruded on contained a woman, whose half-grown childen were all down with the measles, and the driver of the team also, an active young fellow, was y conditions in which it was in the height of the fever, though still compelled to drive. Seeing him so have been at its height when annoyed the woman ordered him to stop the team and wrestle with the Indian as desired, and to blow his hot breath in the Indian's face to give him the ne sick, was passing through measles. Whether that particular Indian died in consequence is not known; bat was malignant probably the woman was unaware of the danger, and only wished to have him among the punished for the trouble he gave, but if the Indian died his friends would be parted to the natives became apt to believe that some evil influence was purposely worked upon him, as in this case there indeed had been. In Mission Life Sketches, 41, written, I )rance of proper modes of judge, by Mr Perkins, of the early Dalles mission, there is a complaint of the aracter of the disease itself. effect of settlement on mission operations, which is no doubt well founded, even though the new-comers should consist of missionaries only. The result :e the intermittent fever of of mingling the races in Oregon is conclusive evidence of its mischievous Line a scourge to the natives. effects. 11' The experience of a century had shown that the indiscriminate admission duced it could not be held of civilized men as traders in the territory of the Indians is destructive to niade themn responsible, not the morals of the former, and not only the morals but the existence of the latter.' Edinburgh Review, July 1845, 238. See also Tribune AImlanac, 1846, p. 19; Darwin's Voyage round the World, 435-6; McCulloch's Western Isles, ii. 32; Gibbs, in Powell's Geog. Sm-., i. 239. Iglter, E. Mlarsh, aged II; Mr Hoffmani, 18'In 1847 the measles prevailed at Nisqually. A fugitive Indian from the immigration Besides these were the Swinomish country brought intelligence to Nisqually ugliter of Mr SpalIdinig that the Swinomish, of tapwai, and believing that the whites had brought the measles to exterminate them, were coming to massacre the whites. At the time there were no stockades or bastions at Nisqually, but orders came from Fort Vancouver to erect the usual defences. The scattered white settlers on the Sound became timid, and the Indians consequently more forward and troublesome. Hostile demon- strations were made while the stockades and bastions were being erected, but nothing serious resulted.' Tolnie's Hist. Puget Sound, MS., 30-1. the disease was intended to be givens 19'In the winter of 1847-8 the measles overran Ise country the country. It was of were much annoyed by some a very malignant type, and the natives suffered from it severely. utrusiveiess and insolence, hung Dr Whit- about , man, as a medical man, naturally endeavored to mitigate the ravages of the disorder; but notwithstanding his efforts many deaths took place among his

-- -A 650 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE PEUPEUMOX

ignorant of the injury they would receive from such for their own families, besid a course, many sought to cool their fever by plunging grants. In the matter of catt into cold water, or, after coming out of their sweat- acquired all they could pure houses, bathing in the river, a procedure which caused passing caravans, and had ati almost immediate death. company to buy a herd in Cal When it is remembered that ever' since 1842, and the reader knows. Perhaps t: even earlier, the natives bad been importuning the Wallas is the highest imitatio missionaries for pay for their lands, and that others, to by them or by any Oregon if not they, had repeatedly promised on the faith of was a business organization, the United States government that they should be of the character of an invasio paid when the boundary question was settled; and tion, since in 1847 we find th when it is remembered that this question had been fornia assisting Fremont to settled for almost a year and a half, since which time The chief of this expedition two immigrations had arrived, without anything being reputed to have so far benefi done to satisfy the natives-the wonder is not that abroad as to give good couns( they were suspicious and turbulent, and ready to Cayuses on his return,22 but t] believe evil things of the white men, but that they friendship for the white peopl were so long held in tolerable control by a few isolated by the evidence. Palmer me missionaries. 1846, when he related the dE The reader already knows the difficulty experienced fornia, and declared his inter by Whitman and Spalding from the first, in prosecut- avenge his loss. This desire ing their mission labor, owing to the unreasonable ness to aid Fremont. Palme: requirements of their pupils, their indolence, selfish- surly toward the immigration ness, and ingratitude for services. This was almost made hostile demonstrations.2 3 as much as could be borne before any sectarian differ- There were, at the time ences arose to aggravate the disorder. After this number of dissolute character the usefulness of the missions as schools of religion mountains to the east, hang and morality was at an end. A few perceiving the the travellers, men whose X benefit of agriculture and stock-raising tolerated the the ichor of hatred of religi( teachers, and so far imitated them as to raise supplies poisoned with jealousy of th( traits only of which they had patients, arising as much from the neglect of advice, and imprudent exposure among the natives were like during the height of the fever, as from the virulence of the disorder.' Ander- son's Northwest Coast, MS., 265. practices and counsel scorchii 2S ' When the Americans came into what the Indians claimed as their own the missionaries by patient ( country, their number was considerable; they didn't come to carry on trade with the Indians, but to take and settle the country, exclusively for them- 21 Says Johnson: 'A whole community o selves. They went about where they pleased, and settled where they chose across the mountains and established then without asking leave of the Indians, or paying them anything. The Indians near Sutter's Fort.' Cal. and Or., 123; Tut saw it quickly. Every succeeding fall the white population about doubled, 22 This is what Parrish says, who talks and the American population extended their settlements, and encroached tinguished personage; because, perhaps, he upon the Indian pastures and camass grounds, excluding India horses, etc. mission school for a few months. Or. Aneca he Indians saw annihilation before them.' Burnett's Recol., MS., i. 104-5. 23 Journal, 124-5. 'MAN MASSACRE PEUPEUMOXMOX. 651 hey would receive from such ) cool their fever by plunging for their own families, besides selling to the immi- coming out of their sweat- grants. In the matter of cattle, also, they had eagerly ver, a procedure which caused acquired all they could purchase or steal from the passing caravans, and had attempted to form a cattle ed that ever since 1842, and company to buy a herd in California, with what result the reader knows. Perhaps this attempt 3 bad been importuning the of the Walla their lands, and that others, Wallas is the highest imitation of civilization attained to cly promised on the faith of by them or by any Oregon Indians, as it not only rnment that they should be was a business organization, but partook something r question was settled; and of the character of an invasion, or an act of coloniza- tion, hat this question had been since in 1847 we find the Walla Wallas in Cali- and a half, since which time fornia assisting Fremont to capture the country."2 ived, without anything being The chief of this expedition, Peupeumoxmox, was es-the wonder is not that reputed to have so far benefited by his observations abroad as d turbulent, and ready to to give good counsel to his people and the Cayuses 2 2 a white men, but that they on his return, but the truth of his reported able control by a few isolated friendship for the white people is not well established by the evidence. Palmer met him in the spring of Ws the difficulty experienced 1846, when he related the death of his son in Cali- R from the first, in prosecut- fornia, and declared his intention of going there to owing to the unreasonable avenge his loss. This desire accounts for his willing- ness pils, their indolence, selfish- to aid Fr6mont. Palmer also says that he was surly toward the immigration of 1845, and had even services. This was almost 2 2 before any sectarian made hostile demonstrations. differ- There the disorder. After this were, at the time under consideration, a sions as schools of religion number of dissolute characters, half-breeds from the mountains ad. A few perceiving the to the east, hanging upon the skirts of the stock-raising tolerated the travellers, men whose wild blood was full of ad them as to raise supplies the ichor of hatred of religion and civilization, and poisoned with jealousy of the white race, the worst traits only of which they had inherited. lect of advice, and imprudent exposure These men the virulence of the disorder.' A nder. among the natives were like fire in tow, their evil practices and counsel what the Indians claimed as their own scorching every shred of good e; they didn't come to carry on trade the missionaries by patient effort had been able to tie the country, exclusively for them. pleased, and settled where they chose 21 Says Johnson: ' A whole community of Walla Walla Indians left Oregon paying them anything. The Indians across the mountains and established themselves on the Sacramento River, the white population about doubled, new Sutter's Fort.' Cal. and Or., 123; Tuthill's Hist. Cal., 201. 3d their settlements, and encroached 22This is what Parrish says, who talks of him as if he were a very dis- rounds, excluding IndiAf horses, etc. tinguished personage; because, perhaps, he once sent his son to the Methodist 3m.' Burnett's RecoL, MS., i. 104-5. mission school for a few months. Or. Anecdotes, MS., 86-7. 23 Journal, 124-5. 6j52 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE. ARRIVAL OF C] weave into their habits of life.2' Every act of the great number of deaths amor missionaries was criticised. When Whitman, who was ing to nearly one half the po° endeavoring to break up the custonm of going to war, That the natives murmure exhibited his disapprobation by refusing to shake but he hoped that two deaths hands with an offender, the accidental death of that his house, of one of his adoy- young warrior was imputed to him,25 and though they Osborne's, would have shown pretended to be convinced to the contrary, their hearts carried off white people as we were secretly bitter toward Whitman, whose 'evil asserts in the Oregon Anberica, eye' they were willing to believe had worked them paper' published in 1848, tl harm. but the Catholic priests wh It was unfortunate that at this juncture so many Walla Walla from Canada on strangers had been allowed to gather at the mission, with the design of establishi confirming the suspicion of the Cayuses that the assembled, required him to state all he kn Americans intended to settle in their country with- the truth. I was present; and he said, in concerned except Young Chief and Five Cr out first treating for their lands: unfortunate because the cause...was that Dr Whitman and it gave weight to a rumor circulated among them by Indians .. .Joe Lewis said that Dr Whitma ing for two years to their friends in the ea. one Joe Lewis, a half-breed, who was employed about them poison to kill off the Cayuses an sent them some that was not good, and the mission, that Doctor and Mrs Whitnian were con- kill them off quick, and that the medici spiring to exterminate them by poison, in order to come Lewis said he was lying on the settee in Di conversation between Dr Whitman, Mrs W into possession of their lands for themselves and their Mr Spalding asked the doctor why he di, countrymen2 6 -a rumor which was strengthened by the " 0 " said the doctor, " they are dying fas off this winter, and the old ones next i stated that Joe Lewis made this stateme "Palmer relates that three Delawares came and settled among the Nez Joe Lewis, the messenger said, told the C Pereds. One of them, named Tom Hill, succeeded in persuading about a hun- they [the Indians] killed Dr Whitman and dred lodges to acknowledge him as their chief by telling them that they then die. The messenger went on to say himse could have as many wives as they chose; that it was not wrong to steal, only the immigration commenced passing that s wrong to be detected in it, and that what the missionaries taught was false. 6 buried on Monday morning, and among Journal, 129. knew they were poisoned.' Brouillet's Auth 2 This man was a half Nez Perc6, half Cayuse, son of a Nez Perc6 often 27 ' It was most distressing to go into a called Le Grande. Whitman refused to take him by the hand on account 20 or 25, some in the midst of measles, oth of some quarrel and misconduct at the Dalles; perhaps he was in the party in the midst of every kind of filth of itself s who killed Sheppard. However that was, the young man died that night, suitable means to alleviate their inconcei being choked by a piece of dried buffalo-meat. Thereupon an accusation was well person to look after the wants of 2 sic brought against the doctor. Mrs Whitman endeavored to regain the confi- dying were pointed to Jesus, and the well dence of the natives by giving a 'feast for the dead,' Le Grande and Peupeu- H. H. Spalding, in Oregon American, July moxmox being present and professing continued regard. Whether their 28 'Devoted to American principles ant sentiments were genuine admits of doubt, but there was a 'villain of an Indian and morals; to general intelligence, foreigr called Tamsucky who fomented discontent, and threatened Whitman that moral instrumentalities generally; to scie he would be killed.' Tolarie's Hist. Puget Sound, MS., 27. Palmer says that commerce and internal improvements; to al Whitman regarded Tamsucky as a good Indian; and Palmer left his horses to the description and development of our with him during the winter of 1845-6. He was called Aliquot by the white intellectual, and moral education of risir people. When Palmer asked him to name his reward for keeping the horses, defined discussions generally as are calec he asked for some scarlet velvet, and other articles of adornment, which character of a free people.' Its devotion wi Palmer brought and gave to Whitman when he met him on the Umatila. *was little room left for anything else. 'T Palmer's Wagon Train, MS., 32-4. of things, our constitution,' was a motto, 16This story of Joe Lewis is given by several witnesses. One of these, to do away with all that goes before. 'Ec William Craig of Lapwai, no one would dispute. He says: 'A messenger C. F. Putnam.' See Honolulu Polynesian, came there [to Mr Spalding's station] from the Cayuses, and the Indians, when Recollections o/ a Pioneer, 251. MAN MASSACRE. ARRIVAL OF CATHOLICS. 653 2 of life. 4 Every act of the great number 1. When of deaths among the Cayuses, amount- Whitman, who was ing to nearly one 27 the customl of half the population. going to war, That the natives murmured ition. by refusing to shake Whitman was aware; but he hoped that two deaths which had occurred in ,he accidental death of that his ed to 25 house, of one of his adopted children and one of him, and though they Osborne's, I to the contrary, would have shown them that the disease their hearts carried off white people as well vard Whitman, whose ' evil as Indians. Spalding asserts in the Oregon Anerican, a small semi-monthly ) believe had worked them paper published in 1848, that not only Joe Lewis, but the Catholic priests I at this juncture who had arrived at Fort so many Walla Walla from Canada on the 'ed to gather at the mission, 5th of September, with the design of establishing missions among of the Cayuses that the the ettle in their country with- assembled, required him to state all he knew about the matter, and to state the truth. I was present; and he said, in substance, that all the chiefs were lands: unfortunate because concerned except Young Chief and , who knew nothing of it; that r circulated among them by the cause...was that Dr Whitman and Dr Spalding were poisoning the Indians... .Joe Lewis said that Dr Whitman and Mr Spalding had been writ- d, who was employed about ing for two years to their friends in the east, where Joe Lewis lived, to send nd Mrs Whitman them poison to kill off the Cayuses and the Nez Perces; and they had were con- sent them some that was not good, and they wrote for more that would n by poison, in order to come kill them off quick, and that the medicine had come this summer. Joe Lewis said he was lying on the settee in Dr Whitman's room, and he heard a Lds for themselves and their conversation between Dr Whitman, Mrs Whitman, and Mr Spalding, in which Lich was strengthened by the Mr Spalding asked the doctor why he did not kill the Indians off faster. "0, " said the doctor, " they are dying fast enough; the young ones will die off this winter, and the old ones next spring. '...The Indian messenger ares came and settled among the Nez stated that Joe Lewis made this statement in a council of the Cayuses... 11,succeeded in persuading about a hun- Joe Lewis, the messenger said, told the Cayuses in the council that unless )ir chief by telling them that they then they [the Indians] killed Dr Whitman and Mr Spalding quick, they would all se; that it was not wrong to steal, only die. The messenger went on to say himself, that 197 Indians had died since that the missionaries taught was false. the immigration commenced passing that summer. He said that there were 6 buried on Monday morning, and among the rest his own wife; be said he half Cayuse, son of a Nez Pered often knew they were poisoned.' Brouillet's Authentic Account, 35-6. to take him by the hand on account 27 'It was most distressing to go into a lodge of some 10 fires, and count le Dalles; perhaps he was in the party 20 or 25, some in the midst of measles, others in the last stages of dysentery, was, the young man died that night, in the midst of every kind of filth of itself sufficient to cause sickness, with no )-meat. Thereupon an accusation was suitable means to alleviate their inconceivable sufferings, with perhaps one itman endeavored to regain the confi- well person to look after the wants of 2 sick ones. Everywhere the sick and for the dead,' Le Grande and Peupeu- dying were pointed to Jesus, and the well were urged to prepare for death.' g continued regard. Whether their H. H. Spalding, in Oregon American, July 19, 1848. It, but there was a 'villain of an Indian 28 'Devoted to American principles and interests; to evangelical religion itent, and threatened Whitman that and morals; to general intelligence, foreign and domestic; to temperance and ?t Sound, MS., 27. Palmer says that moral instrumentalities generally; to science, literature, and the arts; to d Indian; and Palmer left his horses commerce and internal improvements; to agriculture and home manufactures; He was called Ahquot by the white to the description and development of our natural resources; to the physical, me his reward for keeping the horses, intellectual, and moral education of rising generations; and to such well- other articles of adornment, which defined discussions generally as are calculated to elevate and dignify the when he met him on the Umatiila. character of a free people.' Its devotion was indeed great-so great that there *was little room left for anything else. ' The constituted nature and relation by several witnesses. One of these, of things, our constitution,' was a motto which, if adhered to, would seem Id dispute. He says: 'A messenger to do away with all that goes before. 'Edited by J. S. Griffin. Printed by in the Cayuses, and the Indians, when C. F. Putnam.' See Honolulu Polynesian, v. 54; Friend, viii. 4; Burnett's Recollections o/ a Pioneer, 251. Endw------

654 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE. CATHOLIC MIS'S tribes of eastern Oregon, assured the Cayuses that and the inquisition of the si the Americans were causing them to die. This state- changes its form according to ment, which was the beginning of a controversy not its exhibition. Protestant and yet ended between the Protestants and Catholics, he the other the emissary of Sata made on the word of a Cayuse chief named Tintin- doing God service. There was mitsi, who, however, professed not to believe the ac- in the way of the bishop's pros( cusation.2" The mere intimation of such atrocity municate with the natives only 1 exposes the hearts of those who made them. The Then the Cayuses were very liti labors of Archbishop Blanchet in Canada, before the caravans were passing, beii spoken of, had resulted in the appointment of his with or stealing from the Amei brother, A. M. A. Blanchet, bishop of Walla Walla, who thereupon proceeded overland to Oregon, accom- The new-comers had all lei panied by nine persons, four fathers of the order of the Cascade Mountains, excer the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, with two lay broth- Waiilatpu; the Catholic missio ers; two secular priests, Brouillet and Rosseau; and house furnished to the priests b Guillaume Leclaire, a deacon.30 After remaining at valley of the Umatilla, and q Walla Walla about a month, the Oblate fathers de- out the great wilderness of r( parted to establish a mission among the Yakimas in Dalles on the Columbia to Lap the Simcoe Valley; but it was not until the 27th of Ay, the quiet of death was October that Blanchet and Brouillet, with Leclaire, the wails of the poor savage o removed from the fort to the camp of the Cayuse tives and friends. Doctor Wh chief Tauitau, on the Umatilla River, about thirty of pity for them, as he rode fr( miles distant, the chief having relinquished a house medicines and advice, little i built for himself several years previous by Pambrun, meaning attached to his conduc in an attempt to civilize the Cayuses. In the month of Novembe The establishment of this mission among the Cay- Lapwai, accompanied by his uses, already so turbulent, and from their present Mr Jackson who was stopping, temper so dangerous, was a sore trial to the Protes- a train of horses loaded with tant missionaries, while it was, without doubt; an in- the mill. On the 25th, while e centive to Dr Whitman to endeavor to remain. The with Jackson and Rogers of 1 pain and uneasiness the bishop was inflicting was not Spalding visited chief Peupeu by any means unknown to him;" but whether in not far from the fort on the Catholic or Protestant, religious zeal knows no mercy, After the manner of an Indiar savage referred to the subject "Oregon American, July 1848. 3"None of these priests were Jesuits, though Gray and Spalding speak of rics, taking occasion to rema them uniformly as belonging to that order. solicited to give them a place s" 'The arrival of the bishop of Walla Walla,' says Archbishop Blanchet, . 'with his clergy to the fort was a thunderbolt to the Presbyterian ministers, he had refused; and repeating specially to Dr Whitman. He was wounded to the heart by it. He could tinmitsi that the Americans i not refrain from expressing his dissatisfaction, saying he would do all in his power to thwart the bishop.' Hist. Cath. Church in Or., 163-5. stroying the Cayuses, but prof ITMAN MASSACRE. CATHOLIC MISSION. 655 0on, assured the Cayuses that and the inquisition using them to die. This state- of the sixteenth century only )eginning of a controversy changes its form according to the time and place of not its Protestants and Catholics, exhibition. Protestant and Catholic alike believed he the other l Cayuse chief named Tintin- the emissary of Satan, whom to afflict was ~ofessed not to believe doing God service. There was a difficulty, however, the ac- in intimation of such atrocity the way of the bishop's proselyting: he could com- those who made them. municate with the natives only through an interpreter. The Then the Blanchet in Canada, before Cayuses were very little about the fort while I in the appointment the caravans were passing, being engaged in trading of his with Ichet, bishop of Walla Walla, or stealing from the Americans. ,d overland to Oregon, accom- The new-comers four fathers of the order of had all left the country east of maculate, with two lay the Cascade Mountains, except the little colony at broth- Waiilatpu; Brouillet and Rosseau; and the Catholic mission was established in a 0 house eacon. After remaining furnished to the priests by Tauitau in the lovely at valley [onth, the Oblate fathers de- of the Umatilla, and quiet reigned through- ssion among the Yakimas out the great wilderness of rolling prairie from the in Dalles it was not until the 27th of on the Columbia to Lapwai on the Clearwater. nd Brouillet, with Leclaire, Ay, the quiet of death was there, broken only by the to the camp of the Cayuse wails of the poor savage over the bodies of rela- tives Tmatilla River, about thirty and friends. Doctor Whitman's heart was full 'iaving relinquished of pity for them, as he rode from camp to camp with a house medicines years previous by Pambrun, and advice, little imagining the sinister he Cayuses. meaning attached to his conduct by the Cayuses. In ,his mission among the Cay- the month of November Spalding came from it, and from their Lapwai, accompanied by his daughter Eliza, and a present Mr a sore trial to the Protes- Jackson who was stopping at his mission, bringing a train was, without doubt; an of horses loaded with grain to be ground at in- the mill. )endeavor to remain. On the 25th, while en route to Walla Walla The with shop was inflicting was not Jackson and Rogers of the Waiilatpu mission, to him;3 but whether in Spalding visited chief Peupeumoxmox, who resided Igious zeal knows no mercy, not far from the fort on the Walla Walla River. After the manner of an Indian gossip, the illustrious savage referred to the subject of Catholic missiona- *s, though Gray and Spalding speak of rder. rics, taking occasion to remark that he had been dea Walla,' says Archbishop Blanchet, solicited to give them a place for ,derbolt to the Presbyterianmnses a station, but that )unded to the heart by it. He could he had refused; and repeating the assertion of Tin- faction, saying he would do all in his tinmitsi that the Americans were C4kurchh. in Or., 163-5. charged with de- stroying the Cayuses, but professing not to credit the 656 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE. ATTENDING THE story. Peupeumoxmox added, with true Indian cun- The 28th was Sunday. The ning, that the priests pronounced the diseases from their fast in the lodge of Stice which they were suffering an affliction from God on guided the immigration of 1843 account of their heresy; knowing well the fever into tains; and the doctor could not which such a statement would throw Spalding, and the meal of beef, bread, potat probably deriving as much pleasure from it as a good gratifying proof that under his Methodist or Catholic could do. had made some progress. Evei During the night of Spalding's visit, a niece of Peu- village was orderly and still, as peunmoxmox died, and he conducted the funeral ser- It was the calm preceding the vices at the fort next day, when he met Brouillet and While Spalding remained to his associates, also there on a visit, with whom he Whitman proceeded to the cam] conversed on the manner of teaching by the 'Catholic Crows on the south side of the ladder.' 2 During the forenoon of the 27th he re- calling on his patients, he dined turned to Waiilatpu, where a messenger soon appeared at his mission in a friendly m from the camps of Five Crows and Tauitau, desiring Spalding, the doctor appeared t the presence of Dr Whitman among their sick, a sum- entertained, and to have consL mons which the doctor with his customary alacrity tions for the sale of Waiilatpu obeyed. On this journey of thirty miles or more, majority of the Cayuses wishec Spalding accompanied him. It is easy to believe the engagement having been enter( latter when he says that as they rode they talked, far or vicar-general should pay a i into the night, of their past trials and triumphs, and few days.34 lteaving Spalding their present insecurity; or even that Whitman uttered the sick, Whitman left for h the words put into his mouth, "If I am to fall by Spalding himself visited the p Roman Catholic influence, I believe my death will do them, and on Tuesday evening as much good to Oregon as my life can."" He was of Sticcas to sleep. a man capable of such a declaration. That evening Sticcas comm

"2 Stronog's I1ist. Or., MS., 43-5. Spalding also practises some duplicity, where he says in the Oregon American that no one who had not witnessed it 34 From a chance remark of Spalding's, al could conceive of the intense agitation caused among the Indians by the Brouillet's Authentic Account, 21, I have no 4 introduction of the Catholic ladder, a chart containing rudely drawn pictures to accept an offer for Waiilatpu, from which of scriptural subjects, and illustrating the doom of heretics. 'My attention,' go. The quotation is as follows: 'Dr Whiti he says, 'has suddenly been arrested by the outcries and wailings of a whole called the Cayuse together, and told them if E camp, occasioned by the arrival of some one with an additional explanation of the country at once. . .Dr Whitman held hin the Catholic ladder, always accompanied by the declaration, " The Americans station to the Catholic mission whenever a are causing us to die! "' This sounds like slander. At the time of which wish it.' In 1866-7 Spalding revived the m Spalding speaks, the Catholic ladder was too well known among the Cayuses and delivered a course of lectures on the su to occasion any such outburst of alarm, if ever it had done so. The wailing which were published in the Albany Or. St he heard in November was the death dirge; and if the natives exclaimed, over a period from November 1866 to Fe] 'The Americans are causing us to die ! ' such was the truth, though they had says: 'The same week-referring to his ai brought death without knowledge or intention of doing so. visited Walla Walla, and a conference waE " Oregon Anmerian, Aug. 1848, 66. This remark may have been called priests. They asked and I agreed to furmsl forth by the doctor's knowledge of an incident which occurred at the lodge of my station.' He, however, denied in these Peupeumoxmox while Spalding was there; a Nez Perc6 entered the lodge previously, that Whitman dined with the pi with the inquiry, 'Is Dr Whitman killed?' as if he expected an affirmative plea of hastening home to look after the sick. answer. that the most religious feel justified in lying HiST. OR., VOL. I. 42 ULMAN MASSACRE. ATTENDING THE SICK. 657 added, with true Indian cun- The 28th ronounced the diseases fromn was Sunday. The two missionaries broke Lng an affliction their fast in the lodge of Sticcas, the chief who had from God on guided knowing well the fever into the immigration of 1843 over the Blue Moun- b would throw Spalding, tains; and the doctor, could not help remarking upon and the ch pleasure from it as a good meal of beef, bread, potatoes, and squash, as a uld do. gratifying proof that under his teaching the Cayuses had palding's visit, a niece made some progress. Everything about the little of Peu- village e conducted the funeral ser- was orderly and still, as became the sabbath. y, when he met It was the calm preceding the cyclone. Brouillet and While e on a visit, with whom he Spalding remained to hold religious services, of teaching by the 'Catholic Whitman proceeded to the camps of Tauitau and Five Crows 6renoon of the 27th he re- on the south side of the Umatilla, where, after re a messenger soon appeared calling on his patients, he dined with Bishop Blanchet at his mission Crows and Tauitau, desiring in a friendly manner. According to nan among their sick, Spalding, the doctor appeared to have been agreeably a sum- entertained, with his customary alacrity and to have considered certain negotia- tions for 'y of thirty miles or more, the sale of Waiilatpu to the Catholics if a n. It is easy majority of the Cayuses wished him to go away; an to believe the engagement as they rode they talked, far having been entered into that the bishop ast trials and triumphs, or vicar-general should pay a visit to Waiilatpu in a and few 34 r even that Whitman uttered days. lteaving Spalding to visit and comfort mouth, "If I am the sick, Whitman left for home Sunday evening. to fall by Spalding , I believe my death will himself visited the priests, taking tea with do them, and as my life can."83 He was on Tuesday evening returned to the lodge eclaration. of Sticcas to sleep. That evening Sticcas communicated to Spalding 3palding also practises some duplicity, N that no one who had not witnessed it ion caused among the Indians by the 34 From a chance remark of Spalding's, and from a quotation from him in chart containing rudely drawn pictures Brouillet's Authentic Account, 21, I have no doubt that Whitman was about the doom of heretics. 'My attention ' to accept an offer for Waiilatpu, from which he was convinced he must now by the outcries and wailings of a whole go. The quotation is as follows: 'Dr Whitman twice during the last year e one with an additional explanation of called the Cayuse together, and told them if a majority wished he would leave ed by the declaration, " The Americans the country at once. . .Dr Whitman held himself ready to sell the Waiilatpix like slander. At the time of which station to the Catholic mission whenever a majority of the Cayuses might. ras too well known among the Cayuses wish it.' In 1866-7 Spalding revived the memories of twenty years before, , if ever it had done so. The wailing and delivered a course of lectures on the subject of the Waiilatpu mission, dirge; and if the natives exclaimed which were published in the Albany Or. States Rights Democrat, extending such was the truth, though they hadi over a period from November 1866 to February 1867. In one these he itention of doing so. says: 'The same week-referring to his arrival at Whitman's station-I This remark may have been called visited Walla Walla, and a conference was partly agreed upon with the ncildent which occurred at the lodge of priests. They asked and I agreed to furnish them all needed supplies from there; a entered the lodge my station.' He, however, denied in these lectures, what he had admitted led?' as if he expected an affirmative previously, that Whitman dined with the priests, and says he declined on a plea of hastening home ,1 to look after the sick. Such is the effect of sectaria iism that the most religious feel justified in lying to sustain a point. HIST. OR., VOL. I. 42 658 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE. THE DAMNING the significant information that a decree of outlawry assisted at the funeral of an had been passed by the Cayuses against the white during his visit to the Umatil people in their country, declining to explain any fur- the absence of the tribe, many 3 5 ther. Filled with apprehension, the missionary cast riding about, and giving no a himself upon his couch of skins, but sleep was impos- but as there had been a slaug] sible. On either side of him sat an Indian woman being dressed in the mission i chanting the harsh and melancholy death-song of her always drew the Indians abon people. When asked for whom they mourned, no in part at least accounted for. answer could be obtained. At early dawn Spalding several men and boys were absl prepared to depart, his mind oppressed with misgiv- the foot of the mountains; ings. At a little distance from the lodge waited a ployed with the duties of hou native woman, who, laying her hand on the neck of his the sick, and all was quiet as horse, in a few hurried words warned him to avoid fatigued with two nights' los Waiilatpu. Considering that his daughter was an common sitting-room of his hot inmate of that station, this hint was not calculated to the fire to rest, thinking such 1 ease his mind or to cause him to loiter, though his shall say ? " path lay directly in the way of danger, the road from While he thus mused, two the Umatilla to Waiilatpu leading past the camp of Tamahas, surnamed i The Mur Tiloukaikt, a chief with whom Whitman had more killed a number of his own p than once had a serious rupture."6 selves at the door leading to a ing for medicines, when the When Whitman reached home late Sunaay night to them, afterward seating I he found things as he had left them. Mrs Osborne, drugs. And now the hour had c who had lost a child by the measles, and recently been behind him, drew his tomah; confined, was quite ill. Miss Bewley was down with blanket, and with one or two c intermittent fever. One of the Sager lads was par- ever the man of God. John tially recovering from measles.- Two half-breed girls, room prostrated by sickness, left with Mrs Whitman to be educated, a half-breed quickly cut to pieces. In hi boy adopted by the doctor, Crockett Bewley, brother wounded two of his assailants, of Miss Bewley, and a young man named Sales, were signal, had with others crowd( all in bed with the epidemic, though convalescing. tumult then arose throughout During the forenoon of Monday Dr Whitman men encountered by the sava, 3"Yet this is the chief of whom several white men have said he was the only true friend of the white race among the Oregon Indians. His friendship did 31 Mrs Husted, then wife of the teacher not extend to warning the missionaries distinctly of their peril. Whitman had certainly received some infor a6 The camp of Sticcas, as I have already intimated, was on the north side of auct that on arriving at home late that nigl the Umatilla, probably not far from the present town of Pendleton, while Five several hours in consultation, talking over ti Crows, Tauitau, Camespelo, and Yumhawalis had their villages on the south attack. I think this may be true, but stat side, but not far away. Peupeumoxmox lived on the road leading from Fort person, after many years, and the distracti Walla Walla to Waiilatpu, and Tiloukaikt, Tamahas, and Tamsucky had lowed. S pading, in his lectures before quo their lodges between him and the mission; so that travel whichever way he saying, 'The doctor and his wife were seen in would, Spaldmg must pass the camps of these chiefs to reach Dr Whitman's difficult to account in that case for the neglE station. about the mission upon his guard. rMAN MASSACRE. THE DAMNING DEED. 659 ion that a decree of outlawry e Cayuses against the white assisted at the funeral of an Indian who had died declining to explain any fur- during his visit to the Umatilla, and was struck with *ehension, the missionary cast the absence of the tribe, many of whom were mounted, )f skins, but sleep was impos- riding about, and giving no attention to the burial; )f him sat an Indian woman but as there had been a slaughter of beef which was melancholy death-song of her being dressed in the mission yard, an occasion which or whom they mourned, no always drew the Indians about, the circumstance was d. At early dawn Spalding in part at least accounted for. School was in session, mind oppressed with misgiv- several men and boys were absent at the saw-mill near Lce from the lodge waited a the foot of the mountains; the women were em- g her hand on the neck of his ployed with the duties of housekeeping and nursing words warned him to avoid the sick, and all was quiet as usual when Whitman, that his daughter was an fatigued with two nights' loss of sleep, entered the is hint was not calculated to common sitting-room of his house and sat down before ;e him to loiter, though his the fire to rest, thinking such thoughts as-Ah! who lay of danger, the road from shall say ?" )u leading past the camp of While he thus mused, two chiefs, Tiloukaikt and whom Whitman had more Tamahas, surnamed ' The Murderer,' from his having ipture.36 killed a number of his own people, presented them- selves at the door leading to an adjoining room, ask. Ed home late Sunaay night ing for medicines, when the doctor arose and went left them. Mrs Osborne, to them, afterward seating himself to prepare the e measles, and recently been drugs. And now the hour had come ! Tamahas stepped [iss Bewley was down with behind him, drew his tomahawk from beneath his of the Sager lads was par- blanket, and with one or two cruel blows laid low for- sles.~ Two half-breed girls, ever the man of God. John Sager, who was in the be educated, a half-breed room prostrated by sickness, drew a pistol, but was Crockett Bewley, brother quickly cut to pieces. In his struggle for life he ng man named Sales, were wounded two of his assailants, who, at a preconcerted c, though convalescing. signal, had with others crowded into the house. A )f Monday Dr Whitman tumult then arose throughout the mission. All the men ral white men have said he was the only encountered by the savages were slain. Some e Oregon Indians. His friendship did IT Mrs distinctly of their peril. Husted, then wife of the teacher at the mission, has avowed that ady intimated, was on Whitman had certainly received some information or intimation on Sunday, the north side of and' present town of Pendleton, while Five that on arriving at home late that night the family was kept sitting up awalis had their several hours in consultation, talking over the chances of escape in case oj an villages on the south attack. x lived on the road leading I think this may be true, but state it only as the evidence of one from Fort person, after many kaikt, Tamahas, and Tamsucky had years, and the distraction of mind caused by what fol- lowed. Spalding, in his lectures before quoted, hints at some such thing by ion; so that travel whichever way he saying, f these chiefs to reach Dr Whitman's 'The doctor and his wife were seen in tears much agitated.' It becomes difficult to account in that case for the neglect of the doctor to put each man I about the mission upon his guard. I 660 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE. AFTER THE MU. were -killed outright; others were bruised and man- of that afternoon. No one kne gled and left writhing back to consciousness to be left the body of the mistress ( assailed again, until after hours of agony they expired. was pitiful to see this pure ai Dr Whitman himself lived for some time after he had pure and noble man, while ir been stricken down, though insensible. Mrs Whit- hewn down and cast into the d man, although wounded, with Rogers and a few creatures whom to benefit th( others also wounded, took refuge in an upper room of general compensation it would E the dwelling, and defended the staircase with a gun, ties that the bestowal of the i until persuaded by Tamsucky, who gained access by recompensed the heart of omni] assurances of sorrow and sympathy, to leave the such atrocities. chamber, the savages below threatening to fire the It is needless further to do house. On her way to the mansion house,' where which lasted for several days, the terror-stricken women and children were gath- males except five, and several b ered, she fainted on encountering the mangled body on their sick-beds, some on thei of her husband, and was placed upon a wooden settee mill, some in one place and som by Rogers and Mrs Hays, who attempted to carry ;9 Mr and Mrs Osborne with their childrer her in this condition through the space between the the dwelling at the moment of the attack; an houses; but on reaching the outer door they they secreted themselves under the house. were but Mrs Osborne and the children being una surrounded by savages, who instantly fired upon them, during the dark hours, and afraid to travel b: before they could reach Fort Walla Walla. fatally wounding Rogers, and several balls striking arrived there, carrying the youngest child, al Mrs Whitman, who, though not dead, was hurled by McBean, the agent in charge; Mrs Osborr persons belonging to the fort, who brought into a pool of water and blood on the ground. Not was much said subsequently about McBean's satisfied with this, Ishalhal, who had formerly lived tance to harbor the men who had escaped, al their families, was attributed to his Catholic in Gray's family, and who had fired the first shot any one paused to think of sectarian differenc at her before she escaped to the chamber from which Cayuses might attack the fort were they p Americans, and the fort was not in a conditio Tamsucky treacherously drew her, seized her long man who reached Walla Walla was Hall, wl auburn hair, now blood-stained and dishevelled, and there Tuesday morning. A rumor being brou were all killed, Hall's reason seemed to give lifting up the head, happily unconscious, repeatedly decided to attempt going to the Willamette struck dress of a Hudson's Bay employe, as well as am the dying woman's face with a whip, notwith- sary, set out to travel down the north side of standing which life lingered for several hours. He proceeded safely until near the rapids at 1 ing a canoe to cross the Columbia he was dri Night came at last and drew a veil over the horrors Walla Walla Stategman, March 16, 1866. M ing of Hall's failure to cross the 38 In Spalding's lectures there is a description of the mission premises as Dalles, pr they appeared in 1847. 'The doctor's adobe dwelling-house stood on the family with him, and follow Hall's example; north side of the Walla Walla River, and one half-mile above the mouth of go down the river with his family in a boal Mill Creek, facing west, well finished, and furnished with a good libraryand the fort, but not otherwise. No natives abot a large cabinet of choice specimens. Connected with the north end was and therefore Osborne remained. In Brou a large Indian room, and an L extending from the east 70 feet, consist- depositions of several persons on this subje ing of kitchen, sleeping-room, school-room, and church. One hundred yards reflects severely on McBean for refusing him east stood a large adobe building. At a point forming a triangle with the comfort of his family; but to one acquainted , above line stood the mill, granary, and shops.' The whole was situated upon interior trading posts, these refusals seem nat the small area formed by the flat land between the river and the rolling hills what he did not have. The truth was, that; to the west. The large adobe building spoken of was known as the mansion salt' when compared with other gentlemen in house. means a brute but earned more gratitude th. ?MAN MASSACRE. AFTER THE MURDER. 661 thers were bruised and man- of that back to consciousness to be afternoon. No one knew when the last breath r hours of agony they expired. left the body of the mistress of Waiilatpu. Ah! it was pitiful ed for some time after he had to see this pure and gentle woman, this )ugh insensible. Mrs Whit- pure and noble man, while in the service of God hewn down i, with Rogers and a few and cast into the ditch by other of God's k refuge in an upper ereatures whom to benefit they had lived. In the room of general ed the staircase with a compensation it would seem to our poor facul- gun, ties that sucky, who gained access by the bestowal of the martyr's crown poorly id sympathy, to leave the recompensed the heart of omnipotence for witnessing such low threatening to fire the atrocities. the mansion house,38 It is needless further to describe the butcheries where which n and children were gath- lasted for several days, or until all the adult males except untering the mangled body five, and several boys, were killed, some placed upon a wooden on their sick-beds, some on their way home from the settee 39 rs, who attempted to carry mill, some in one place and some in another. 'ugh the space between the 39Mr and Mrs Osborne with their children happened to be in a bedroom of the outer door they were the dwelling at the moment of the attack; and taking up a plank in the floor, they secreted themselves under the house. During the night they escaped, D instantly fired upon them but Mrs Osborne and the children being unable to walk more than 3 miles and several balls striking during the dark hours, and afraid to travel by day, were in danger of starving before they could reach Fort walla Walla. On Thursday forenoon Osborne ugh not dead, was hurled arrived there, carrying the youngest child, and was received with hospitality dlood on the ground. Not by MeBean, the agent in charge; Mrs Osborne being rescued by the help of persons belonging to the fort, who brought the family in on horses. There U, who had formerly lived was much said subsequently about McBean's behavior; and his evident reluc- o had fired the first shot tance to harbor the men who had escaped, although he offered to take care of their families, was attributed to his Catholic faith. But I do not think that bo the chamber from which any one paused to think of sectarian differences then. McBean was afraid the irew her, seized her Cayuses might attack the fort were they provoked to it by the presence of long Americans, and the fort was not in a condition to withstand a siege. The first tined and dishevelled, and man who reached Walla Walla was Hall, who by walking all night arrived 'y unconscious, there Tuesday morning. A rumor being brought that the women and children repeatedly were all killed, Hall's reason seemed to give away; but becoming calmer, he race with a whip, notwith- decided to attempt going to the Willamette; and being furnished with the dress of a Hudson's Bay employe, as well as ammunition, and every other neces- for several hours. sary, set out to travel down the north side of the river to avoid the Cayuses. rew a veil over the horrors He proceeded safely until near the rapids at the Des Chutes River, where tak- ing a canoe to cross the Columbia he was drowned. Letter of McBean in the escription of the mission premises as Walla Walla Stateeemen, March 16, 1866. McBean, who of course knew noth- ing of Hall's failure to adobe dwelling-house stood on the cross the Dalles, proposed to Osborne to leave his nd one half-mile above the mouth of family with him, and follow Hall's example; but Osborne refused. He would id furnished with a good go down the river with his family in a boat with a trusty Indian crew from library~aid the fort, Donnected with the north end was but not otherwise. No natives about the fort would take the risk, and therefore Osborne remained. In Brouillet's ling from the east 70 feet, consist. Authentic Account are the 'in, and church. One depositions of several persons on this subject; one of Josiah Osborne, hundred yards reflects who a point forming a triangle with the severely on McBean for refusing him the things he demanded for the comfort of his family; but to one acquainted with the simple furnishing of the interior *tween the river and th~e rolling h~ills trading posts, these refusals seem natural. McBean could not furnish poken of was known as the mansion what he did not have. The truth was, that although McBean was 'below the salt' when compared with other gentlemen in the company, he was not by any means a brute but earned more gratitude than he received from the half-de.

n X THE INDIAN'S 662 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE.

The butcheries were harldy more atrocious than the Miss Bewley was sent for, an( sufferings inflicted on the survivors. The helpless tect her, she was torn from th( women and children were compelled not only to wit- women, placed on a horse, and ness the slaughter of their husbands and fathers, but fever of both mind and body, were forced to yield a hateful obedience to their cap- November snow-storm to the tors while the yet unburied remains of those dearest savage. Five Crows behaved to them lay mangled and putrefying in their sight.40 gentlemanly and Christian sav Several of the women were taken for wives. Five tive as comfortable as possible Crows, who was declared not to have any hand in the position to his wishes, gave I massacre, and of whom Hines says in his Oregon His- to think of it, besides allowing tory, published three years after the event, that he of her time at the house of th( was a Protestant, and gave "good evidence of conver- this generous mood was not sion," on the eleventh day after the outbreak sent for nightly she was dragged from to be brought to his lodge on the Uma- the lodge of her lord, the pri Miss Bewley 4 tilla. Nor was Five Crows an unfair sample of an fere. Indian convert. He would have nothing to do with The position of the priesti the destruction of the mission, but he would let it be serious accusation when the si destroyed. Being already wealthy, he cared nothing it is difficult to see how the for the booty, but he could not withstand beauty. without first having resolved and risk their lives. If the . mented persons who escaped from the horrors of Waiilatpu. Another fugi- refuse to protest, and tive was William D. Canfield, who was wounded in the hip, but succeeded in could making his way to Lapwai, which place he reached on Saturday afternoon, as tarily seek to save his own 1] he himself says, 'without eating or sleeping.' Canfield was a native of Arlng- of the i ton, Vermont, where he was born Oct. 22, 1810. He married Sally Ann children in the hands Lee, June 10, 1828, and after several removes westward finally arrived in be expected that the power Iowa, where he laid out the town of Oskaloosa. From that place he emi- grated to Oregon. See Son. Co. Hist., 470. Joseph Smith and Elam Young their own lives and purposes also escaped. They were living with their families at the saw-mill. The were not allowed under or( natives ordered them to Waiilatpu the third day after the massacre began, but having glutted their revenge, and deeming it well to save some to grind harbor women in their houn the grain, they suffered them to live. The victims of the tragedy were efficacious.42 13: Dr and Mrs Whitman, Rogers, Saunders, Gillilland, Kimball, Hoffman, Marsh, Sales, Bewley, James Young, John Sager, and Francis Sager. Or. Spec- 1 4 Miss Bewley says in her deposition tator, Jan 20, 1848. either at his house, the women were compelled to cook for bishop for protection, X Spalding says in his lectures that nothing availed. Gray's Hist. Or., 486-97. large numbers of the savages daily, who called upon his daughter to taste the in a piece of injudicious pleasantry, asked ] were also ordered to food and tell them if it were not poisoned. They a thorn in I out of the goods belonging to the an indiscretion which planted sew and make garments for Indian families by the wordy war which result also says that both the women and girls were subjected to may judge mission. Spalding Miss Bewley's heart, which she said she the most revolting brutalities; 'girls so young that the knife had to be used,' Young in his deposition states that 'a few days after we got Authentic Account, 57. is his language. A glance at the depositions shows c there two young women were taken as wives by the Indians, which I opposed, " very anxious that it should take survivors made against each other, and al and was threatened by Smith, who was indiscreet things wh little girls should be given up for wives.' Gray's Hoit. was accused of saying place, and that other Rogers was declared to have confessed be Or., 483. There is no doubt from the evidence, although much was concealed they were Indians. This was one of the peculiar fea from motives of delicacy toward the women, that for the time t month, they were treated were made so craven by their fears that held prisoners at Waiilatpu, which was about a aver two white men being unable to defend even lying they could, as they thought, withtthe utmost brutality, the half they said about each other were true, their own families. TMAN MASSACRE. THE INDIAN'S BRIDE. 663 harldy more atrocious than the the survivors. Miss Bewley was sent for, and having no one to pro- The helpless tect ere compelled not only her, she was torn from the arms of sympathizing to wit- women, placed ieir husbands and fathers, but on a horse, and in the midst of a high ateful obedience fever of both mind and body, was carried through a to their cap- November aried remains of those snow-storm to the arms of this brawny dearest savage. Five d putrefying in their sight.40 Crows behaved in a manner becoming a gentlemanly and Christian 1 were savage. He made his cap- taken for wives. Five tive d not to have as comfortable as possible, and observing her op- any hand in the position Hines says in his Oregon His- to his wishes, gave her a few days in which lars after the event, to think of it, besides allowing her to spend a portion that he of her time %ve "good evidence of conver- at the house of the Catholic bishop. But this generous mood ,y after the outbreak sent for was not of long duration, and ,ht to his lodge on the Uma- nightly she was dragged from Blanchet's presence to the rows an unfair sample lodge of her lord, the priests powerless to inter- of an fere." uld have nothing to do with ission, but he The position of the priests was made ground for would let it be serious ly wealthy, he cared nothing accusation when the story became known; but it is difficult ould not withstand beauty. to see how they could have interfered without first having resolved to give up their mission he horrors of Waiilatpu. Another fugi- and risk their lives. If the Americans at vas wounded in the hip, but succeeded in Waiilatpu ace he reached on Saturday afternoon as could refuse to protest, and if Canfield could volun- eeping.' Canfield was a native of ArliIng- tarily seek to save his own life, leaving his Oct. 22, 1810. He married Sally Ann wife and ral removes westward finally arrived in children in the hands of the natives, it was hardly to of Oskaloosa. From that place he emi- be expected that the power of the priests t., 470. Joseph Smith and Elam Young who had ;h their families at the saw-mill. The their own lives and purposes to be secured, and who e trd day after the massacre began, were Ideeming it well to save some to grind not allowed under ordinary circumstances to cc. The victims of the tragedy were harbor women in their houses, should prove more aunders, Gillilland, Kimball, Hoffman, efficacious."2 John Sager, and Francis Sager. Or. Spec- t the women were compelled to cook for 41 Miss Bewley says in her deposition that she ' begged and cried to the ho called upon his daughter to taste the bishop for protection, either at his house, or to be sent to Walla Walla,' but poisoned. They were also ordered to nothing availed. Gray's Hist. Or., 48697. It is said that one of the priests, nilies out of the goods belonging to the in a piece of injudicious pleasantry, asked her how she liked her new husband, [ the women and girls were subjected to an indiscretion which planted a thorn in his side that rankled longer, if we lo young that the knife had to be used,' may judge by the wordy war which resulted from it, than the insult did in ion states that 'a few days after we got Miss Bewley's heart, which she said she 'thought would break.' Brouillet's wives by the Indians, which I oposed, Authentic Account, 57. was very anxious that it should take '2 A glance at the depositions shows charges even more grave which the l be given up for wives.' Gray's Hst. survivors made against each other, and against the dead. Crockett Bewley evidence, although much was concealed was accused of saying indiscreet things which brought on the massacre. Even Women, that for the time they were Rogers was declared to have confessed before he died that he had poisoned as about a month, they were treated Indians. This was one of the peculiar features of the affair; men and women te men being unable to defend even were made so craven by their fears that they hesitated at nothing, when by lying they could, as they thought, avert danger from themselves. If the I half they said about each other were true, they deserved death.

lb F "I i

664 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE. MR AND MRS a

It will be remembered that when Dr Whitman re- the life of Spalding as a pc turned from the Umatilla he was expecting a visit Not knowing what course to soon from the bishop or vicar-general, with whom he after some hesitation turned hoped to make arrangements which, in a certain event, would consult with his fathei would enable him to sell the mission property. On hoped for opportunity, whi the afternoon of the 30th Brouillet proceeded on this Abandoning his horses to th errand as far as the lodge of Tiloukaikt, with the a scrap of food which Brouil intention of visiting the sick and baptizing the dying the striken missionary plur of that camp. Arriying late in the evening, he be- into the wilderness over wl came apprised of what had happened on the 29th at from his enen 4 3 concealed him Waiilatpu, and spent the night in much perturbation, physical suffering from want but without neglecting in the morning to attend to mental anguish,46 he arrived E his religious duties. Having done what he could for his family was in the care o the dying Cayuses, he hastened to Waiilatpu and Craig's place ten miles away. offered such consolation as he might venture upon to the widows and orphans, concealing his sympathy as When the fugitive Canl directed by the captives, and procuring the burial of found the Nez Perc6s ignc the dead." place at Waiilatpu, and advis On the afternoon of the 1st of December Brouillet them to remain so. But the departed from Waiilatpu and rode toward Umatilla, in of the Indian character, anc the hope of intercepting Spalding, who was expected relations between the Nez Pc on that day for the conference which was to have her to break the news at oi taken place. Soon after crossing the Walla Walla their mercy. In the abser River he discovered Spalding galloping toward him. temporarily of her brother, Fortunately for his purpose, the interpreter and a son of to two chiefs, Jacob and Ea Tiloukaikt's, who was following with the evident design present, and who promised of spying upon his actions, had stopped to light their removal from Lapwai. On, pipes, which gave time for communicating the news of to Craig, and the other vol the massacre and for a moment's deliberation. Before the intelligence received fr( any course could be decided upon, the chief's son Ed- ward rejoined the priest, who interceded with him for 45Brouillet says that almost immedia Cayuses overtook him, who said to the it 4 attended to his own business, and not to 3 Authentic Account, 50. Account, 52-5; Shea's Cath. Miss., 478. "4Brouillet states that Joseph Stanfield, one of the half-breeds who nad 4 being 6 There can be no doubt that Spaldi- been in Whitman's service, was preparing the bodies for burial, but writings show a wm assistance, though not All his subsequent alone, could not inter them. He therefore went to his regard with lenity certain erroneous st; without apprehension that he might be assassinated while thus engaged. and who kept a in the Oregon Statesman of August 11, Robert Newell, who visited Waiilatpu the following spring, lunatic upon the subject of Catholicism memorandum of the incidents of the expedition, says that Dr Whitman and his life, and any subject.' During all after wife were laid together in a single grave, with a neat paling about it; fearful time, his forehead was covered w that the other victims were placed in one common excavation, also enclosed Burnett me scattered re- had a frenzied expression by a fence; but that both had been torn open by wolves. The Donner party whose intellect was affecte mains were reinterred in one grave. well depicts this state of jind. 'MAN MASSACRE. MR AND MRS SPALDING. 665 1 that when Dr Whitman re- la he was expecting a visit the life of Spalding as a personal favor vicar-general, to himself. with whom he Not knowing what course to take, Young Tiloukaikt ents which, in a certain event, after some hesitation turned back to camp, saying he I the mission property. On would consult with his father. Here was iBrouillet the hardly proceeded on this hoped for opportunity, which was quickly taken. dge of Tiloukaikt, with the Abandoning his horses to the interpreter, ;ick and and taking baptizing the dying a scrap of food which Brouillet carried in his wallet, late in the evening, he be- the striken missionary plunged on td happened foot and alone on the 29th at into the wilderness over which a thick fog settling iight in much 45 perturbation,48 concealed him from his enemies. After six days of the morning to attend to physical suffering from want and exposure, and 'ing done what great he could for mental anguish," he arrived at Lapwai, and found that lastened to Waiilatpu and his family was in the care of some friendly chiefs at , he might venture upon to Craig's place ten miles away. 'oncealing his sympathy as nd procuring the burial of When the fugitive Canfield reached Lapwai he found the Nez Perc6s ignorant of what had taken 1st of December Brouillet place at Waiilatpu, and advised Mrs Spalding Id to allow rode toward Umatilla, in them to remain so. But the knowledge she 'palding, possessed who was expected of the Indian character, and the fact of the intimate rence which was to have relations between the Nez Perc6s and Cayuses, rossing the decided Walla Walla her to break the news at once and throw herself on ng galloping toward him. their mercy. In the absence of her husband, the interpreter and and a son of temporarily of her brother, she confided the matter ing with the evident design to two chiefs, Jacob and Eagle, who happened ,ad to be stopped to light their present, and who promised protection, but counselled ommunicating the news of removal from Lapwai. One of them carried nt's a letter deliberation. Before to Craig, and the other volunteered to communicate upon, the chief's son Ed- the intelligence received from Canfield to the tribe. o interceded with him for 41Brouillet says that almost immediately after Spalding left him 3 armed Cayuses overtook him, who said to the interpreter: 'The priest attended ought to have id, one of the half-breeds who nad to his own business, and not to have interfered with ours.' Authentic Ig the bodies for burial, but being Account, 52-5; Shea's Oath. Miss., 478. e went to his assistance, though not * 46 There can be no doubt that Spalding's mind was injured by this shock. All his subsequent assassinated while thus en ged writings show a want of balance, which inclines me to fdollowinlg spring, and who kept a regard with lenity certain erroneous statements in his publications. in the Oreqon I find Statesman of August 11, 1855, this line: 'H. H. Spalding, a lunatic upon the subject of Catholicism, and not wit a neat paling about it- and over and above sane upon any subject.' During all his after life, while narrating the fearful events of that time, his forehead was covered with great drops of sweat, and his eyes had a frenzied expression Burnett mentions some of the Donner survivors of the party whose intellect was affected. Coleridge, in his Anctent Marnner, I well depicts this state of mnind. 666 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE. C:ALL

This was on Saturday. On Monday the 8th of Dalles he found in charg, December a messenger arrived from the Cayuses, who wife and child. related what had occurred, stating the cause to be the Besides Hinman ther belief that they were being poisoned. There was, as Henry Saffarans, and V might have been expected, a division, the majority of of the late arrivals. T, the chiefs following the advice of Eagle and Jacob, the messenger breathe while others evinced a readiness to join in the mur- not even to Hinman, wl 47 dering and plundering course of the Cayuses. couver to procure media On the same day Mrs Spalding, who had remained Dalles, until they were I over Sunday at the mission with a guard of two or was he not to spread three faithful Nez Perces, removed to Craig's. She natives before means c( desired to send an express to Chemakane to inform prisoners." at Waiilatpu, and Walker and Eells of the massacre 49Hinman was formerly of the also one to her daughter at the latter place, but no gon in 1844, he married a Martha G resided in the Tualatin plains. H' one could be found who would undertake either errand. for a short time, but seems to have The missionaries were, however, safe at the Chemakane of the station purchased from the 3 60 Much capital was made out station, the principal chief of the Spokanes on first Bay writers, including Gray, who Cayuse outbreak promising to defend McBean was to allow the Indians hearing of the The result showed that the cautiom the inmates against attack, a promise which he faith- he alarmed the people at the Dal] 4 8 over them till their what had happened, and have dela fully kept by mounting guard the greatest possible haste to rea( il departure to the Willamette the following spring. At should hear what the Cayuses h and some written by Hinman to Aberneth, Lapwai, the Nez Perc&s, under Joseph, cember 4th, while a letter from D of James' band pillaged the mission buildings, but the 7th; making it appear that E while the truth was that Hinman were otherwise held in check by the chiefs before his letter was wrongly dated. As named. 10, 1847, from which Gray must than 3 weeks before the massac rected, as the month was wrong a all the emergencies which overtook the at Walla Walla or Fort Vancou it As in situation. The correspondence in f Americans in colonial times, the fur company now 1847, and in Gray's Hist. Or. Ot As soon as possible after learn- cre are the A. B. C. F. M. Annu( came to their relief. 19, 1848- Kane's Wanderings, 317 ing what had taken place, McBean despatched a Sandwich Island News, ii. 54-5; E1 to apprise Douglas makers, MS., 32; Johnson's Cal. Canadian messenger to Vancouver Walla Statesnman, Feb. 9 to Aj and Ogden, and through them Abernethy. At the Assoc., 1877, 35-6; Atkinson's 0 Brouillet's Authentic Account of, sionaries by the Cayuse Indians Horrible Catastrophe, 47 Spalding gives the names of the friendly and hostile chiefs. Besides Led to that Eagle and Jacob, the latter of whom was about to be received into the church, statement appearing in the Oregy and two of his brothers, and James, a Catholic chief, who were lie priesthood in general, and th there were Luke It is not without the usual misre friendly. But Joseph, a chief who had united with the church 8 years pre- vious, and up to this time with few backslidings had lived like a Christian, the main a correct statement of and whose people constituted a good portion of the sabbath congregation additions, was printed at Portia and school, 7 of them being church-members, deserted to the enemy. Oregon head of Protestantismin Oregon, American, Aug. 16, 1848. put in its present form in 1869. Daily 48 Atkinson, in Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1877, 70. lan's Top. Mem., 7; S. F. LN MASSACRE. CALL FOR AID. 667 On Monday the 8th of ved from the Cayuses, who Dalles he found in charge Alanson Hinman,4 9 with his stating the cause to be the wife and child. r Poisoned. There was, as Besides Hinman there were Perrin Whitman, Dr a division, the majority of Henry Saffarans, and William McKinney and wife, vice of Eagle and Jacob, of the late arrivals. To none of these persons did Iiness to join in the mur- the messenger breathe a word about the massacre, e of the Cayuses.47 not even to Hinman, who accompanied him to Van- aiding, who had remained couver to procure medicines for the sick about the Lwith a guard of two or Dalles, until they were below the Cascades, so careful ernoved to Craig's. She was he not to spread any excitement amongst the to Chemakane to inform natives before means could be taken to rescue the assacre at Waiilatpu, and prisoners.50 the latter place, but no 4 9 Hinman was formerly of the state of New York. After coming to Ore- undertake either errand. gon in 1844, he married a Martha Gerrish, whose father, an immigrant of 1845, er, safe at the Cheniakarie resided in the Tualatin plains. Hinman was teacher in the for a short time, but seems to have been engaged by Whitman to take charge f the Spokanes on first of the station purchased from the Methodists at the Dalles. 59 Much ak promising to defend capital was made out of this circumstance by the anti-Hudson's Bay writers, including Gray, who attempts to show that the intention of promise which he McBean was to allow the Indians to kill off those who were at the Dalles. faith- The result Ird over them showed that the caution used was justifiable and necessary. Had till their he alarmed the people at the Dalles, it would have informed the natives of he following spring. At what had happened, and have delayed him on his errand, whereas he was in the greatest possible haste to reach headquarters before the Dalles Indians ider Joseph, and some should hear what the Cayuses had done. Gray points out that a letter mission buildings, but written by Hinman to Abernethy after reaching Vancouver was dated De- cember 4th, while a letter from Douglas to Abernethy was not written until by the chiefs before the 7th; making it appear that Douglas had delayed 3 days to inform him, while the truth was that Hinman did not learn the news till the 6th, and that his letter was wrongly dated. As it appears in the Oregon Spectator of Dec. 10, 1847, from which Gray must have copied it, the date is Nov. 4th, more s which overtook the than 3 weeks before the massacre occurred, which should have been cor- rected, as the month was wrong as well as the day. No time was lost either the fur company now at Walla Walla or Fort Vancouver in acquainting the governor with the as possible situation. The correspondence in full is contained in the Or. Spectator, Dec. 10, after learn- 1847, and in Gray's Hist. Or. Other authorities on the subject of the massa- cBean despatched a cre are the A. B. C. F. M. Annual Report, 1848, 239-44; Californian, April 19, 1848; Kane's Wanderings, 317-22; Marshall's Christian Missions, ii. 266-7; ver to apprise Douglas Sandwich Island News, ii. 54-5; Deady's Hist. Or., MS., 2; Ford's Road- E Abernethy. At the makers, MS., 32; Johnson's Cal. and Or., 183-4; Kip's Army Life, 32; Walla Walla Statesman, Feb. 9 to April 13, 1866; Evans, in Trans. Or. Pioneer Assoc., 1877, 35-6; Atkinson's Or. Colonist, 5; Crawford's Nar., MS., 160-3. Brouillet's lIY A uthentic Account of the Murder of Dr Whitman and other Mis- and hostile chiefs. Besides sionaries by the Caynse t to be received Indians of Oregon in 1847, and the Causes which into the church, Led to that Horrible Catastrophe, is a pamphlet aines, a Catholic chief, who were of 108 pages, in reply to a statement appearing in the Oregon American reflecting harshly on the Catho- zIWith the church 8 'years pre. lic priesthood ngs8 had in general, and the priests of the Umatilla camp particularly. lived like a Christian, It is not without the a of the sabbath usual misrepresentations of sectarian writings, but is in congregation the main a correct statement deserted to the enemy. Oregon of events. A second edition, with some slight additions, was printed at Portland in 1869. Its first appearance, under the head of 1877, 70. Protestantism in Oregon, was in the Freeman's Journal in 1853; being put in its present form in 1869. See also Catholic Magazine, vii. 490; Mul- lan's Top. Mem., 7; S. F. Daily Herald, June 1, 1850. 668 THE WHITMAN MASSACRE. The messenger arrived at Vancouver on the even- ing of the 6th, and the following day Douglas wrote to Governor Abernethy, enclosing a copy of McBean's letter to the board of management, and informing him that Ogden would leave at the earliest possible mo- for Walla Walla with a strong party to endeavor ment CHAPTER to prevent further outrages. RESCUE OF THE 1847.

His HONOR THE INDIAN-PREPARATIONS INGS-JOSEPH L. MEEK, MESSENGER MILITARY COMPANIEs-APPLEGATE'S PUBLIC APPROPRIATIONS AND PRIVAI SUPERINTENDENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS TURES AMONG THE CAYUSES-THE RX THE CAPTIVES-CORRESPONDENCE BEG THE GENTLE SAVAGE IS WILLING TO YET MASSACRED-FURTHER DISPLA) CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS.

AFTER all, we must give t Oregon, in common with I credit for treating the native entitled to the merit due fro good action from necessity. Hudson's Bay Company w obedient servants of the lord by the savage skin-catchers o teous adventurers of Englai poor emigrant, rendered yet presence of wife and childr( the presence of a fierce ba But fifty well-fed and mo could massacre with the bes the women and children, or custom of scalping. Oregon had now at hand I the message of the governoi ture on the morning of the AN MASSACRE. at Vancouver on the even- flowing day Douglas wrote 'closing a copy of McBean's Igement, and informing him it the earliest possible mo- i a strong party to endeavor CHAPTER XXIV

RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. 1847.

His HONOR THE INDIAN-PREPARATIONS FOR WAR-LEGISLATIVE PROCEED- INGS-JOSEPH L. MEEK, MESSENGER TO WASHINGTON-FORMATION OF MILITARY COMPANIEs-APPLEGATE'S ATTEMPT TO REACH CALIFORNIA- PUBLIC APPROPRIATIONS AND PRIVATE SUBSCRIPTIONS-JOEL PALMER, SUPERINTENDENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS-CHIEF FACTOR OGDEN'S ADVEN- TURES AMONG THE CAYUSES-THE RANSOM EFFECTED-PRICE PAID FOR THE CAPTIVES-CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN OGDEN AND ABERNETHY- THE GENTLE SAVAGE IS WILLING TO FORGIVE THE WHITE MEN NOT YET MASSACRED-FURTHER DISPLAY OF HOT DISTEMPER BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS.

AFTER all, we must give the American settlers of Oregon, in common with the British fur-traders, credit for treating the natives fairly well. Both are entitled to the merit due from the performance of a good action from necessity. The servants of the Hudson's Bay Company were likewise the most obedient servants of the lordly aboriginal; for it was by the savage skin-catchers of America that the cour- teous adventurers of England lived. Likewise the poor emigrant, rendered yet more respectful by the presence of wife and children, was quite humble in the presence of a fierce band of painted warriors. But fifty well-fed and mounted riflemen together could massacre with the best of them, not omitting the women and children, or even the time-honored custom of scalping. Oregon had now at hand her first Indian war. In the message of the governor delivered to the legisla- ture on the morning of the 8th of December, that (669) I I - - W- = = Or - - = \

670 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. PREPARATIONS FC body was reminded of their relations with the natives, hundred men, to be subject to how they were becoming every year more embar- of war of the United States a rassed, by reason of the failure of the United States service should expire at the en to send an agent authorized to treat with them. And sooner discharged by proclan thereupon they recommended an appropriation en- The regiment was required to abling the superintendent of Indian affairs to take a City on the 25th of Decembei small party in the spring and visit the disaffected the Walla Walla Valley for th tribes, making presents which would quiet their ap- the natives. The fifth section prehensions, and also to demand from them restitu- Jesse Applegate, A. L. Lovejo tion of the property stolen from the new-comers to negotiate a loan not to ex during the autumn. purpose of carrying out the On the afternoon of the same day, having received pledging the faith of the teri the letter of Chief Factor Douglas, the governor of the sums obtained by th communicated the facts of the massacre of the 29th, charged by the United States and submitted the correspondence of McBean, Douglas, tiated in gold and silver, or st and Hinman. The case, he said, was one that required required by the army; provi, prompt action, and he suggested that for the funds re- holder of such goods should do quired they should apply to the Hudson's Bay Com- value of the goods remaining pany and the merchants of Oregon City, as without sation of hostilities.2 doubt the United States government would assume A public meeting had been the debt.1 A resolution was immediately adopted, immediately on receiving Doi requiring the governor to raise and equip a company addressed by J. W. Nesmitt of riflemen, not to exceed fifty men with their officers, S. K. Barlow, and at which to be despatched to the Dalles for the protection of enrolled for the rifle company, that station, according to the prayer of Hinman, who at once to the Dalles.4 The c was much alarmed for his family. Lee as captain; J. Magone, Is On the following day a bill to that effect was passed, Ross, 2d lieutenant. The oth, and was signed by the executive on the 10th. Imme- Devendorf, commissary; W. M diately afterward a communication was received by geon; J. S. Rinearson, 1st se] the house from Jesse Applegate, suggesting that a 2d sergeant; William Berry, messenger be sent to Washington to urge the United Or. Spectator, Jan. 6, 1848. States government to assume control of affairs. The 'The names of the volunteers were as fc Moore, W. M. Carpenter, J. S. Rinearson suggestion was at once adopted, and notice of a bill to J. Magone, C. Richardson, J. E. Ross, I provide for a special messenger given the same day.2 B. B. Rogers, Benj. Bratton, Sam. K. Bar John Bolton, Henry W. Coe, William Beekr The bill to raise troops required the governor to John Fleming, John Little, A. J. Thomas issue a proclamation to raise a regiment of mounted Daniel P. Barnes, J. Kestor, D. Everest, J. Ed. Marsh, Joel McKee, H. Levalley, J. W. riflemen by volunteer enlistment, not to exceed five C. H. Devendorf, John Finner, C. W. Sav Jacob Johnson, Stephen Cummings, Geo. l Or. Spectator, Dec. 10, 1847. 1847. In the Salem Mercury, 1877, is the 2Grover's Or. Archives, 225; Polynesian, iv. 206. orderly sergeant, which is the one here quot

I# THE CAPTIVES. PREPARATIONS FOR WAR. 671 ir relations with the natives, hundred men, to be subject to the rules and articles ', every year more einbar- of war of the [ailure of the United , and whose term of States service should expire ed to treat with them. And at the end of ten months, unless sooner discharged by proclamation of the governor. nded an appropriation en- The regiment of Indian was required to rendezvous at Oregon affairs to take a City g and on the 25th of December, and proceed thence to visit the disaffected the Walla Walla Thich would Valley for the purpose of punishing quiet their ap- the natives. The Jeemand from them fifth section of this act authorized restitu- Jesse Applegate, A. Dlen from the new-comers L. Lovejoy, and George L. Curry to negotiate a loan not to exceed $100,000, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the act, same day, having received pledging ,or the faith of the territory for the payment Douglas, the governor of the the massacre sums obtained by them, unless sooner dis- of the 29th, charged by the ridence of McBean, Douglas, United States; said loan to be nego- tiated in gold and silver, Z said, or such goods as should be was one that required required by rested the army; provided, however, that the that for the funds re- holder of such goods 'o the Hudson's Bay Com- should deduct from the loan the value of the goods remaining in his hands at the ces- ,f Oregon City, as without 3 government would assume sation of hostilities. A public was immediately meeting had been called by the governor adopted, immediately on receiving ^aise and equip a company Douglas' letter, which was addressed by J. W. Nesmith, fty men with their officers, H. A. G. Lee, and S. K. Barlow, and at which forty-five names were diles for the protection of enrolled le prayer for the rifle company, which was to proceed of Hinman, who at once to 4 Imily. the Dalles. The company organized with Lee as captain; J. 11 to that effect was passed, Magone, 1st lieutenant; and J. E. Ross, 2d lieutenant. The other officers were: C. H. itive on the 10th. Imme- Devendorf, .nication commissary; W. M. Carpenter, M. D., sur- was received by geon; J. S. Rinearson, legate, suggesting 1st sergeant; C. W. Savage, that a 2d sergeant; William Berry, ngton to urge the United 3d sergeant; Stephen ie control of affairs. The 3 Or. Spectator, Jan. 6, 1848. ted, and 4 The names of the volunteers were as follows: Joseph B. Proctor, George notice of a bill to Moore, W. M. Carpenter, J. S. Rinearson, H. A. G. Lee, Thomas Purvis, iger given the same day.2 J. Magone, C. Richardson, J. E. Ross, I. Walgamoutts, John G. Gibson, B. B gers, Benj. Bratton, Sam. K. Barlow, Wm Berry, John Lassater, required the governor to John Bolton, Henry W. Coe, William Beekman, Nathan Olney, Joel Witchey, D a regiment of mounted John Fleming, John Little, A. J. Thomas, Geo. Westby, Edward Robson, Daniel P. Barnes, J. Kestor, D. Everest, J. H. McMillan, Jno. C. Danford, ment, not to exceed five Ed. Marsh, Joel McKee, H. Levalley, J. W. Morgan, 0. Tupper, R. S. Tupper, C. H. Devendorf, John Finner, C. W. Savage, Shannon, G. H. Bosworth, Jacob Johnson, Stephen Cummings, Geo. Weston. Or. Spectator, Dec. 10, i, iv. 206. 1847. In the Salem Mfercury, 1877, is the list copied from the roll of the orderly sergeant, which is the one here quoted.

I -| -

672 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. APPEAL TO DO Cummings, Ist corporal; J. H. McMillan, 2d corporal. On application to the chief I By noon of the 9th the company were equipped as assistance of a monetary natur far as it was possible for them to be from the resources the commissioners met with a d at hand, and assembling at the City Hotel, received the better informed citizens, of a flag from the ladies of Oregon City, which was pre- pared to anticipate, but which sented by Mr Nesmith, with an appropriate address. understand, and which relate( Two hours afterward the company was on its way to London directors to the comn Vancouver, having been cheered on its errand by the deal in government securities firing of the city cannon and the shouts of excited they had had in the case of M spectators. Governor Abernethy accompanied them, agent. In his reply to the los and also the commissioners appointed by the legisla- out an explanation of the orig ture to negotiate a loan which should enable the gov- would have been quite as of ernment of Ocegon to prosecute, if necessary, a war Douglas declared his inability with the natives by whom the settlements were sur- advance for the company.6 rounded.5 This answer, though not ul missioners, was a disappointmei The letter of the loan commissioners is as follows: could they look for such suppli 'FORT VANCOuvER, Dec. 11, 1847. 'To James Douglas, Esq. Sir- By the enclosed document you will per- At the same time, with the ii ceive that the undersigned have been charged by the legislature of our provis- ional government with the difficult duty of obtaining the means necessary to tiers to the company, and thei arm, equip, and support in the field a force sufficient to obtain full satisfac- ing debts from the general g tion of the Cayuse Indians for the late massacre at Waiilatpu, and protect the white population of our common country from further aggression. In pursuance of this object they have deemed it their duty to make immediate the authorities of Oregon deem it their dul application to the lion. Hudson's Bay Company for the required assist- sentiments of the highest respect, allow us t ance. Though clothed with the power to pledge, to the fullest extent, the obedient servants, Jesse Applegate, A. L. I sioners.' Or. Archlives, 322-3; Gray's Hist. 0 faith and means of the present government of Oregon, they do not consider 6 this pledge the only security of those who, in this distressing emergency, may Fort Vancouver, Dec. 11, 1847. To J extend to the people of this country the means of protection and redress. George L. Curry, Esquires. Gentlemen: I Without claiming any especial authority from the government of the United munication of this date, and have given an al States to contract a debt to be liquidated by that power, yet from all pre- accompanying it. With a deep feeling of th cedents of like character in the history of our country, the undersigned feel has procured me the honor of your presen confident that the United States government will consider the murder of the measures contemplated for the punishment late Dr Whitman and lady as a national wrong, and will fully justify the future protection of the country, I can on people of Oregon in taking active measures to obtain redress for that outrage, the assurance verbally given in our convers and for their protection from further aggression. The right of self-defence is no authority to grant loans or make any ad tacitly accorded to every body politic in the confederacy to which we claim the Hudson's Bay Company, my orders on t to belong, and in every case similar to our own, within our knowledge, the I cannot deviate from them without assumin general government has promptly assumed the payment of all liabilities grow- no circumstances could justify to my own r ing out of the measures taken by the constiteted authorities to protect the ance with the spirit and letter of my instr lives and property of those residing within the limits of their districts, If Company, to exert their whole power and in the citizens of the states and territories east of the Rocky Mountains are jus- of the country, and in protecting the white tified in promptly acting in such emergencies, who are under the immediate The force equipped and despatched, at the protection of the general government, there appears no room to doubt that under the command of Mr Ogden, immediat the lawful acts of the Oregon government will receive a like approval. Should of the disastrous event at Waiilatpu, is an ea the temporary character of our government be considered by you sufficient of humanity. The object of that expeditiom ground to doubt its ability to redeem its pledge, and reasons growing out of prevent further aggression, to rescue the w( its peculiar organization be deemed sufficient to prevent the recognition of the massacre from the hands of the Indian its acts by the government of the United States, we feel it our duty, as private afflicted friends. Trusting that these objE individuals, to inquire to what extent, and on what terms, advances may be plished, I have the honor, etc., James DT had of the Hon. Hudson's Bay Company, to meet the wants of the force Archives, MS., 66-7. HIST. OR., VOL. I. 43 )F THE CAPTIVES. APPEAL TO DOUGLAS. 673 ; J. H. McMillan, 2d corporal. he company were equipped as On application to the chief factor at Vancouver for them to be from the resources assistance of a monetary nature, and of such amount, D'at the City Hotel, received the commissioners met with a difficulty which no doubt Oregon City, which was pre- the better informed citizens. of the country were pre- with an appropriate address. pared to anticipate, but which many were unable to hle company was on its way to understand, and which related to the order of the i cheered onl its errand by the London directors to the company in Oregon, not to *n and the shouts of excited deal it government securities, after the experience Abernethy accompanied them, they had had in the case of White, acting as Indian iers appointed by the legisla- agent. In his reply to the loan commissioners, with- which should enable the gov- out an explanation of the origin of the order, which )rosecute, if necessary, a war would have been quite as offensive as his refusal, )m the settlements were sur- Douglas declared his inability to make the required advance for the company. 5 This answer, though not unexpected by the com- oilers is as follows: missioners, was a disappointment. To no other source 'FORT VANCOUVER, Dec. ii 1847. could they look for such supplies as By the enclosed document you 'Will per- the army needed. icharged by the legislature of our provis- At the same time, with the indebtedness of the set- duty of obtaining the means necessary to ,a force sufficient to obtain full satisfac. tlers to the company, and their experience in collect- late massacre at Waiilatpu, and protect ing debts from the general government, there was 'u country from further aggeso.I ceme it thi uyt ake immediate Ba -opanyfor the required assist. the authorities of Oregon deem it their duty to send into the field. With rer to pledge, to the fullest extent, the sentiments of the highest respect, allow us to subscribe ourselves, Your most umnent of Oregon, they do not consider obedient servants, Jesse Applegate, A. L. Lovejoy, Geo. L. Curry, Commis- sioners.' Or. who, in this distressing emergency, may 5 Archives, 322-3; Gray's Hist. Or., 538. the means of protection and red'ress. Fort Vancouver, Dec. 11, 1847. To Jesse Applegate, A. L. Lovejoy, ity from the government of the United George L. Curry, Esquires. Gentlemen: I have had the honor of your com- lated by that Power, yet from all pre- munication of this date, and have given an attentive perusal to the documents ry of our country, the undersigned feel accompanying it. With a deep feeling of the importance of the object which rnment will consider the murder of the has procured me the honor of your present visit, and the necessity of the ional wrong, and will fully justify the measures contemplated for the punishment of the Cayuse Indians and for the ,sores to obtain redress for that outrage, future protection of the country, I can on the present occasion only repeat Lggression. The right of self-defence is the assurance verbally given in our conversation of yesterday, that I have inthe confederacy to which we claim no authority to grant loans or make any advances whatsoever on account of I our own, within our knowledge the the Hudson's Bay Company, my orders on that point being so positive that "led the payment of all liabilities ggrow- I cannot deviate from them without assuming a degree of responsibility which constituted authorities to protect the no circumstances could justify to my own mind. It is, however, in accord- rithin the limits of their districts if ance with the spirit and letter of my instructions from the Hudson's Bay s east of the Rocky Mountains are jus- Company, to exert their whole power and influence in maintaining the peace gencies, who are under the immediate of the country, and in protecting the white population from Indian outrage. there appears no room to doubt that The force equipped and despatched, at their sole expense, to Walla Walla, 'It will receive alike approval. Should under the command of Mr Ogden, immediately on receiving the intelligence ment be considered by you sufficient of the disastrous event at Waiilatpu, is an earnest of our attention to the calls ts aidpedg, rason grwingoutof of humanity. The object of that expedition is, with the blessing of God, to ificenttopevet th reogniionof prevent further aggression, to rescue the women and children who survived ite tats,eelit ur ut, a prvae the massacre from the hands of the Indians, and to restore them to their and nerm, wat adancs my le afflicted friends. Trusting that these objects may be successfully accom- ny, oth met wats o thefore plished, I have the honor, etc., James Douglas, C. F. H. B. Co. Oregon Archives, MS., 66-7. HIST. Oa., VOL. I. 43 674 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. MU6TEttINC RI reason to expect objections even had there been no might be trouble at home. positive order from the directors to guide them in stances, Douglas did what their decision. It could hardly be doubted, either, wisest thing; he accepted the that they deprecated the prospect of an Indian war and two of the commissioners which would be the ruin of their trade, and perhaps joy, and advanced the means the destruction of their several interior posts. The field the first company of Or policy of the company had always been one of peace; of about a thousand dollars. on peace depended their success. To be known to On obtaining these suppli have assisted the Americans in making war would ceeded without unnecessary de destroy their long-sustained good standing with the they were to remain in charge natives. From whatever point of view they regarded until reenforced. it, there was every reason to avoid being involved in the impending war. On the first intimation of But one company of less t what had happened, without a day's delay, they had make war upon several power despatched their ablest and most popular Indian trader bine at the first intimation ol to the country of the Cayuses, attended by a party of the Americans. The busii of sufficient strength to defend Fort Walla Walla if sioners was, therefore, only I necessary, but at the same time to secure, if possible, December they addressed a the safety of the prisoners in the hands of the In- and citizens of Oregon, in v dians; in short, to do what, in Mr Ogden's judgment, guage in which they had addi appeared to be best for all. Douglas probably thought Company.7 that the matter might be safely left in Ogden's hands; The success attending th and that the appearance of an American army in the sioners was entirely inadeqi country might defeat his measures. Should he, then, means to put in the field f wish to aid in doing what would be opposed to the winter season, the amount se citizens? best interests of both British and American 7 It differed only in the concluding pai The question could have but one solution in his mind, Columbia have committed a great outraj through their country and residing amo and he may have thanked fortune for the order which these murders may and ought to be a pri him to refuse to put an army in the Indian gon, yet, as that duty more particularly d enabled United States and admits of delay, we dc country. upon which to found our earnest appeal t( side of the subject to be a fact well known to every person acquai But there was another by passing silently over their repeated t] considered. The case was such that according to the fellow-citizens, they have been embolden the individual murder- massacre at Waiilatpu. They call us I usages of the company itself, courage of men; and if we allow this wh ers must be punished. And by the same rule, the aggressions, who can tell how long eith any part of the country, or what mnome, Americans must punish them. To refuse to assist of blood and carnage? The officers of ou them to do this was against their own sense of right. performed their duty. None can doubt the west to offer their personal services ir Besides, a refusal, under the provocation from which it now rests with you, gentlemen, to say suffering, would be likely to exasperate the shallbedefendedornot.' Or. Archives, 32 they were sOf this, $1,000 was obtained from Americans against the company in which case there Roberts, superintendent of the Oregon C OF THE CAPTIVES. MUSTERING RECRUITS. 675 jections even had there been no the directors to guide them in might be trouble at home. Under all the circum- ould hardly be doubted, either, stances, Douglas did what was undoubtedly the the prospect of an Indian war wisest thing; he accepted the security of the governor ruin of their trade, and perhaps and two of the commissioners, Applegate and eir several Love- interior posts. The joy, and advanced the means to equip and put in the , bad always been one of peace- field the first company of Oregon riflemen, at a cost heir success. To be known to of about a thousand dollars. nericans in making war would On obtaining these supplies, the volunteers pro- itained good standing with the ceeded without unnecessary delay to the Dalles, where ver point of view they regarded they were to remain in charge of the mission property ?ason to avoid being involved until reenforced. r. On the first intimation of vithout a day's delay, they lad But one company of less than fifty men could not and most popular Indian trader make war upon several powerful tribes, likely to com- Cayuses, attended by a party bine at the first intimation of hostilities on the part to defend Fort Walla Walla if of the Americans. The business of the loan commis- tme time to secure, if possible sioners was, therefore, only begun. On the 13th of ners in the hands of the In- December they addressed a letter to the merchants ,hat, in Mr Ogden's judgment, and citizens of Oregon, in very much the sanme lan- II. Douglas probably thoug~ht guage in which they had addressed the Hudson's Bay )e safely left in Ogden's handls; Company.7 D of an American army in the The success attending the labors of the commis- s measures. Should he, then, sioners was entirely inadequate to the demand for iat would be opposed to the means to put in the field five hundred men in the ritish and American citizens? winter season, the amount secured being only $3,600,8

but one solution 7 It differed in his mind, only in the concluding paragraph: ' Though the Indians of the d fortune for the order which Columbia have committed a great outrage upon our fellow-citizens through their passing lo put an army in the country and residing among them, and their punishment for Indian these murders may and ought to be a prime object with every citizen gon, yet, as of Ore- that duty more particularly devolves upon the government of the United States and admits of delay, we do not make this the strongest Xr side of the subject to upon which to ground be found our earnest appeal to you for pecuniary assistance. It is Is such that according a fact well known to every person acquainted with the Indian character to the by passing that Lself, silently over their repeated thefts, robberies, and murders of our the individual murder- fellow-citizens, they have been emboldened to the commission massacre of the appalling And by the same rule, the at Waiilatpu. They call us women, destitute of the hearts and courage of men; and if we allow this wholesale murder to aggressions, pass by as former them. To refuse to assist who can tell how long either life or property will be any part secure in ist their own sense of right. of the country, or what moment the Willamette will be the scene of blood and carnage? The officers of our provisional government the provocation performed their have nobly from which duty. None can doubt the readiness of the patriotic sons of the west to offer their personal services in defence of a cause I be likely to exasperate the it now so righteous. So rests with you, gentlemen, to say whether our rights and our firesides rnpany in which case there shall be defended or not.' Or. A rclives, 323-5; fwctor's River ofO this, of the West, 429-30. $1,000 was obtained from citizens, $1,000 was a loan from Mr Roberts, superintendent of the Oregon Methodist Mission, and $1,600 from APPEAL TO CON( 676 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. of the moul and after making their appeal to the people they from his knowledge expedients resigned, and another board was appointed by legis- traversed, and the country, as well as lative act, consisting of A. L. Lovejoy, Hugh Burns, wilderness personal courage and W. H. Willson. The new commissioners were triotism and of so much pE not able to collect funds, but were obliged to take for an expedition of the legisb orders on the stores in Oregon City, in consequence The memorial a pathetic iteration of the of which it was impossible for the commissary-general was had hitherto pas to obtain articles for the use of the army, money being tection which empty promises. "Having required to purchase axes and spades to make a road in the United State for the wagons to pass up the Columbia River; and ernment of "we have almost despair the commissioners were ill some cases obliged to dis- said, the rigl count twenty-five per cent of the subscriptions, in tection." "We have duty bound to, order to obtain cash. What the commissioners could and you are in from our na not furnish the volunteers and the citizens supplied we are separated mountains whose lofty altitudes out of their private resources, taking receipts for any three thouw considerable amount of property. snows; although is a howling v The company destined for the Dalles were chiefly thirds of which our hea from the late settlers. It took somewhat longer to the federal capital-yet of our birth. Our lo, move men located on farms far up the valley. They the land under which it waw did move, however, with surprising quickness, consid- institutions remains unabal ering the difficulties to be overcome. and nurtured still, residing in a On the day following the departure of the Dalles Americans of the United S company, the legislature proceeded to elect officers for government right of sover the army, the election resulting in the choice of Corne- acknowledged we have the ri« lius Gilliam, colonel commandant, James Waters, lieu- circumstances protection." tenant-colonel, H. A. G. Lee, major, and Joel Palmer, of its laws and of the legi commissary-general. Their next act was to pass a bill But the prayer authors to provide for a messenger to be sent to the United tection alone. The to say that in the m States,9 their choice falling on Joseph L. Meek, who occasion created when the territory shi the merchants of Oregon City. Report of Loan Commissioners, Grover's Or. would be gratified to have th Archives, 332-3. Waldo says in his Critiques, MS., 6, that he and Applegate $1,000, and that he went around the vaiiey soliciting subscriptions. contributed purpose of facilitating the 9The bill which passed authorized him to proceed with all despatch by the tion, 'for the City, and lay before the executive of the Laws, 1843-9, 9, 11; Polynesian, iv. 206. way of California to Washington necessary such official communications as he should be charged with. It loThere was, besides these United States to be gratified, v also required him to take an oath faithfully to perform his duties to the best the western sentiment to be compensated by the government of the opposed to Governor Abernethy's actior of his abilities; leaving him mol and authorized him to borrow, if he could, on the faith of the selected agent to Washington a few United States; Meek the messen Oregon government, $500 for his expenses, while he was made to give bonds been signed constituting of $1,000, for the faithful execution of his bly, Nesmith produced his resolutions, bei to the governor in the amount i Jan. 6, 1848. This was making the office of special ment of J. Quinn Thornton to any office trust. Or. Spectator, conveyed to Washi messenger an onerous one; and so the legislature must have perceived, for in the Spectator were another act was passed appropriating $500 in addition to the first appropria- of the messenger. THE CAPTIVES. APPEAL TO CONGRESS. 677 appeal to the people they )ard was appointed by legis- from his knowledge of the mountains and plains to be V. L. Lovejoy, Hugh Burns, traversed, and the expedients of travel through a 'he new commissioners wilderness country, as well as by his undoubted pa- were triotism 3, but were obliged to take and personal courage, was peculiarly fitted )regon City, in consequence for an expedition of so much peril and responsibility.'0 The 3for the conmmissary-general memorial of the legislature thus despatched se of the army, money being was a pathetic iteration of the many prayers for pro- tection and spades to make a which had hitherto passed unanswered except road in empty ) the Columbia River; and promises. "Having called upon the gov- some cases obliged ernment of the United States so often in vain," it to dis- said, nt of the subscriptions, in "we have almost despaired of receiving its pro- tat the commissioners could tection." "We have the right to expect your aid, s and the citizens supplied and you are in duty bound to extend it. For though we are ces, taking receipts for any separated from our native land by a range of perty. mountains whose lofty altitudes are mantled in eternal br the Dalles were chiefly snows; although three thousand miles, nearly two took somewhat longer thirds of which is a howling wild, lie between us and to the federal 3 far up the valley. They capital-yet our hearts are unalienated from rprising quickness, consid- the land of our birth. Our love for the free and noble 'vercome. institutions under which it was our fortune to be born and e departure of the Dalles nurtured remains unabated. In short, we are )ceeded to elect Americans still, residing in a country over which the officers for government ing in the choice of Corne- of the United States has the sole and acknowledged tdant, James Waters, lieu- right of sovereignty, and under such ', major, and circumstances we have the right to claim the benefit Joel Palmer, of its laws next act was to pass a bill and protection." 'o be sent to the But the prayer of the legislature was not for pro- United tection on Joseph L. Meek, who alone. The authors of the memorial took occasion to say that in the matter of the offices to be )f Loan Commissioners, Grover's Or. created when the territory should be established, they lues, MS., 6, that he and Applegate would be gratified id the valley soliciting subscriptions to have the government patronage to Proceed with all despatch by the ai lay before the executive of the tion, 'for the purpose of facilitating the departure' of the messenger. Or, s as he should be charged with. It Laws, 1843-9, 9, 11; Polynesian, iv. 206. .y to perform his duties to the best "There was, besides these necessary qualifications in the man selected, ensated by the government of the the western sentiment to be gratified, which, it will be remembered, was 'ow, if he could, on the faith of the opposed to Governor Abernethy's action in secretly despatching while his own he was made to give bonds selected agent to Washington a few months previous. When the act had for the faithful execution of his been signed constituting Meek the messenger of the Oregon legislative assem- was making the office of special bly, Nesmith produced his resolutions, before mentioned, against the appoint- gislature must have perceived, for ment of J. Quinn Thornton to any office in the territory, whiih in being printed addition to the first appropria- in the Spectator were conveyed to Washington with other matter in charge of the messenger.

- . APPLEGATE'S EXP 678 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. going to Fort Hall, bestowed upon those who were then citizens of Oregon. tion of many of equal merit among them, governor sent a commissioner But since there were to Califor would be invidious, under the peculiar questing him to go and a selection leave home, to employ some difficulties of their situation, they judged it would be the offices of governor and judges with the despatches to Governor ] better to fill request r best talent and most approved integrity January before this men of the organized a comp; without regard to their present place of residence; immediately way of saying that they about the 1st of February set which was the legislative d all the chief places given to But notwithstanding the would submit to have led the expedition were strangers to them, rather than that the men who men who were co should be returned as a United States dis- of their duties, they Thornton depth of snow trict judge, or Abernethy appointed governor. "The extraordinary said the memorial, "will tween Rogue River and Kl accompanying documents," hav information concerning some of the crossing with horses. To afford additional bla we have spoken." And in con- attempting to carry their subjects of which have been was commended to congress for coin- the journey, would clusion, Meek So at the ei for his services in conveying this petition most of them. pensation march on snow-shoes impro to the government." the seven f act constituting Meek a messenger contem- which sunk into The at every step, and oft plated a route by the way of California, in order to inches to Governor Mason and the com- headlong, the undertaking M carry despatches returned regretfully mander of the United States squadron in the Pacific, company Abernethy having written letters which ley,'5 after four weeks of tc Governor Mason w: waiting to be conveyed, asking for a man-of-war letters to Governor were were, on the 1 to be sent immediately to the Columbia River, and was charged besik making a requisition on the California executive for 14 Applegate's company consisted, 2 in laying out the southern route, Levi a arms.1 But Meek decided that he could not then Thomas and Walter Monteith, Daniel Wa the mountains into California, and pass over Hibbler, Dice, Owens, Lemon, Robinson, cross in a private letter of Applegate is the sierra out of California later in the winter, and struggles in the snow, too long to inserl the army to Walla Walla, and 1848; John Minto, in Salem Ifercury, Nov proposed to accompany 1877. Solomon Tetherow, to whom Apple proceed thence eastward through the South Pass, a friend and helper on this occasion, was governor.'3 But Meek where mentioned. He was a native of determination annoying to the resided for some time in Alabama and knew too much about mountains to undertake the of 21, Miss Ibba Baker. He accompa persisted in his inten dition to the head waters of the Missour route marked out for him, and. sequently ran a keel-boat on the Missou post of the American Fur Company, and Mississippi. He afterward m Globe, 1847-8, App., 684-5. the upper "Or. Spectator, Dec. 25, 1847; Cong. sickly country, returned to Missouri, al 12Or. Archives, MS., 113. settled on the Creole River, where the I into the Oregon laIn a private letter to Major Lee, which found its way in Polk C disappointed the afterward to the Luckiamute Archives, MS., 10, Abernethy says: 'Meek has altogether March 1, 1879. was fully expected of him he would 1879. PortlandOregonian, expectations of this community, for it 1"Or. Spectator, March 9, 1848. have been in California by this time.' THE CAPTIVES. . APPLEGATE'S EXPEDITION. 6;79 were then citizens of Oregon. 7 of equal merit among them, tion of going to Fort Hall, on learning which the nvidious, under the peculiar governor sent a commissioner to Jesse Applegate re- questing on, they judged it would be him to go to California, or if he could not leave f governor and judges with home, to employ some suitable person to carry nd most approved integrity the despatches to Governor Mason. It was late in present place of residence; January before this request reached Applegate, who immediately way of saying that they organized a company of sixteen men, and about the the chief places given to 1st of February set out upon the mission.'4 to them, rather than that But notwithstanding the determined character of led as a United States dis- the men who led the expedition, and the urgent nature of their tppointed governor. "The duties, they were compelled to return. An said the memorial, "will extraordinary depth of snow on the mountains be- tween )n concerning some of the Rogue River and Klamath Lake prevented e spoken." And in con- crossing with horses. To have abandoned the horses, ded to congress for coin1- attempting to carry their blankets and provisions for in conveying this petition the journey, would have been discomfiture or death to most of them. So at the end of one day's painful eek a messenger contem- march on snow-shoes improvised of willow sticks, of California, in order to which sunk into the seven feet of soft snow several inches nor Mason and the com- at every step, and often pitched their wearers 's squadron in the Pacific, headlong, the undertaking was relinquished, and the company 1g written letters which returned regretfully to the Willamette Val- 1, asking for a man-of-war ley,15 after four weeks of toil and hardship.' 6 The the Columbia River, and letters to Governor Mason with which Mr Applegate was charged California executive for were, on the 11th of March, placed on that he could not then 14Applegate's company consisted, besides himself, of his former associates in -ialifornia, and pass laying out the southern route, Levi and John Scott, Solomon Tetherow, over Thomas and Walter Monteith, Daniel Waldo, John Minto, Campbell, Smith, ,later in the winter, and Hibbler, Dice, Owens, Lemon, Robinson, and James Fields. 16In rmy to Walla a private letter of Applegate is an interesting account of this day's Walla, and struggles in the snow, too long to insert here. See Or. Spectator, Feb. 10, rough the South Pass, a 1848; John Minto, in Salem Mercury, Nov. 23, 1877; Ashland Tidings, Dec. 7, 3 1877. Solomon Tetherow, to whom Applegate refers as his faithful and valued e governor.' But Meek friend and helper on this occasion, was of the immigration of 1845, as else- ritains to undertake the where mentioned. He was a native of East Tennessee, born in 1800. He resided for some time in Alabama and Missouri, and married, at the age id persisted in his inten of 21, Miss Ibba Baker. He accompanied General Ashley on his expe- dition to the head waters of the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers. He sub- sequently ran a keel-boat on the Missouri to Council Bluffs, then a trading 'lobe, 1847-8, App., 684-5. post of the American Fur Company, and was pilot of the first steamboat on the upper Mississippi. He afterward migrated to Texas, but finding that a. iich found its way into the Oregon sickly country, returned to Missouri, and finally went to Oregon, where he k has altogether disappointed the settled on the Creole River, where the town of Dallas later stood, removing bs fully expected of him he would afterward to the Luckiamute in Polk County, where he died in February 1879. PortlandOregonian, March 1, 1879. "6Or. Spectator, March 9, 1848. U

680 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. THE HUDSON'S BAY board the, brig Henry, by which means they finally was fixed for each sale or gif reached California."7 By the same conveyance letters to the natives. This act brot were despatched to the American consul of the Sand- conflict with the fur-traders at wich Islands, imploring any assistance he might be in the habit of paying for the able to render. tives in passing the portages Cascades with powder and ba The act of the legislature requiring the governor a hardship to these people, to issue his proclamation for raising a regiment of danger, to refuse them their five hundred men was not at first regarded by the tion.20 executive as a wise one, both on account of the diffi- In truth, the situation of tl culty of raising the means to put them in the field, pany at this juncture was a and of the effect upon the savages, who might be led, They were located in a counti by hearing of extensive preparations for war, to a com- treaty had become foreign, a] bination against the settlers. Instead, therefore, of numerous than themselves, v calling for five hundred men, he called for one hundred. them; yet whose laws they w This difference of opinion led the legislature to re- obey. The Americans had in move the responsibility from the executive and to the natives, and whether inten assume it themselves, by a resolution passed the 25th sequences must be the same. I of December, at which time no further news had been honestly doing what they jud received from the upper country, or from Major Lee's and safety of the country, the company at the Dalles.15 The governor having at ever-recurring suspicion that last issued the proclamation required, trusting to the to blame for whatever evil patriotism of the citizens of the country for the sup- endeavored to serve. port of the army19 in the field, the office of adjutant- In the midst of the anxiE general was created, A. L. Lovejoy being elected to harassed all minds during th that position. An act was also passed establishing the Cayuse country, a report ) the pay of privates and non-commissioned officers who indignant at the refusal of t furnished their own horses and equipments at one $100,000 worth of supplies on dollar and a half a day A penalty of not more than ment which could not afford t( two hundred dollars nor less than twenty-five dollars executive, had determined to l of arms, and help his regimen 17Abernethy's letters are to be found in a manuscript volume of the Ore- (Ion Archives, not contained in Grover's collection, which I have had copied from its stores, tendering a dr from the originals in the state-house at Salem. See Or. Arch., MS., 112-13, treasury in payment. On ti 134. ' 07. Spectator, Dec. 25, 1847. I find a letter in the Or. Archives, MS., Douglas placed some guns in 100, wmstten by Nesmith Dec. 27th, to Major Lee, in which he says: 'But other preparations for defenCe little has as yet been accomplished owing to the imbecility of the exceutive. The proclamation which was authorized for raising 500 men immediately after ing to Abernethy for an expl, your departure has been delayed until the 25th... .I know it has been difficult would " satisfactorily E to obtai means, yet the governor has had sufficient at his disposal to have letter procured you reenforcements and provisions, both of which would probably have been acceptable to you before this.' 20 Correspondence in Or. Spectator, Feb. 19Grover's Or. Archives, 247, 249. 12, 48. OF THE CAPTIVES. THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. 681 , by which means they finally By the same conveyance letters was fixed for each sale or gift of munitions of war I American consul of the Sand- to the natives. This act brought the legislature in ig any assistance he might be conflict with the fur-traders at Vancouver, who were in the habit of paying for the assistance of the na- tives in passing the portages at the Dalles and the slature requiring the governor Cascades with powder and ball, and who thought it ;ion for raising a regiment of a hardship to these people, and one fraught with not at first regarded by the danger, to refuse them their accustomed compensa- e, both on account of the diffi- tion.20 eans to put them in the field, In truth, the situation of the Hudson's Bay Com- ,he savages, who might be led, pany at this juncture was anything but enviable. preparations for war, to a com- They were located in a country which by the recent ttlers. Instead, therefore, of treaty had become foreign, and whose people, more lien, be called for one hundred. numerous than themselves, were prejudiced against ion led the legislature to re- them; yet whose laws they were under a compact to from the executive and to obey. The Americans had involved themselves with wa resolution passed the 25th the natives, and whether intentionally or not, the con- ime no further news had been sequences must be the same. While the company were country, or from Major Lee's honestly doing what they judged best for the peace 18 The governor having at and safety of the country, they were subjected to the ,tion required, trusting to the ever-recurring suspicion that they were in some way s of the country for the sup- to blame for whatever evil befell the people they e field, the office of adjutant- endeavored to serve. L. Lovejoy being elected to In the midst of the anxiety and suspense which was also passed establishing harassed all minds during the absence of Ogden in on-cominissioned officers who the Cayuse country, a report was spread that Gilliam, 'ses and equipments at one indignant at the refusal of the company to furnish A penalty of not more than $100,000 worth of supplies on the credit of a govern- less than twenty-five dollars ment which could not afford to pay a salary to its own executive, had determined to take Vancouver by force iund in a manuscript volume of the Ore- ,r s collection, which I have had copied of arms, and help his regiment to what they required at Salem. See Or. Arch., MS., 112-13, from its stores, tendering a draft on the Uniled States Efind a letter in the Or. A rchhve,3 MS., treasury in payment. On the credit of this rumor, to Major Lee, in which he says: ' But win to teImeiiyothexuie Douglas placed some guns in the bastions, and made other preparations for defence, at the same time writ- the.1 5th nowit as ben iffcult ing to Abernethy for an explanation, trusting as ad uffciett hs dspoal o that his ave letter would " satisfactorily account for any unusual

2J Correspondence in Or. Spectator, Feb. 10 and 16, 1848; Or. Laws, 1843-9, 12, 48. U-

682 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. AN ARMY ORGAI

precautions observed in the present arrangements of Before the army was ready to this establishment." Upon this hint Abernethy has- country the legislature had a] tened to reply that Gilliam entertained no such pur- superintendent of Indian affairs, pose, and he trusted nothing would occur to cause a commission, consisting of Pa distrust. No one knew better than Abernethy what Robert Newell, to visit the IN a fatal error it would prove on the part of the Amer- tribes in the interior, for the I icans to fall out with the fur company, to whom all if possible, their coalition with the savages were friendly; and while it may be doubted time news began to be receive( whether Abernethy did not equivocate in his reply to his force at the Dalles.22 They Douglas, there can be no doubt of the sincerity of his on Christmas night, after being wish to retain the cooperation of the company to as adverse gales at Wind Mountai great an extent as possible; 21 and fortunately the im- Hinman and family,25 on their irrepressible Gilliam was averted. pending wrath of the Edward Robinson, Chris. Stemermon, Jm Charles Zummord. his second proc- The officers of the fourth company wei No sooner had the governor issued N. Gilbert, 1st lieutenant; Wm. P. Hughes lamation than about two hundred and thirty men son, orderly sergeant; 0. S. Thomas, T. M the Joseph R. Ralston, duty sergeants. Names responded and were organized into companies, John Beattie, Charles Blair, John R. Coat company at the Dalles being numbered 1st in the Crowel, Manly Danforth, Harvey Evans, All 22 Gribble, Wm. Hawkins, Rufus Johnson, Jo regiment of Oregon mounted riflemen. Davis Lator, John Miller, John Patterson, Asa Stone, Thos. Allphin, Win. Bunton, I Samuel Chase, Sam. Cornelius, James Di( "That Gilliam made some such threats seems quite certain. Pettygrove D. 0. Garland, Richmond Hays, Goalman I says that Gillamn proceeded to Vancouver and called for supplies, giving Knox, James H. Lewis, Horace Martin, Jo Douglas until 9 o'clock next morning to comply or refuse, and that Douglas Pellet, Wm. Russell, John Striethoff, A. complied. Oregon, MS., 8, 9. The same story is met with in other places, and Samuel Clark, John M. Cantrel, Asi Cantre added to the correspondence of Douglas and Abernethy, confirms the rumor if Samuel Fields, Rezin D. Foster, Isaac M. I not the fact. Wm. A. Jack, Elias Kearney, James Kill "The second company was officered as follows: Lawrence Hall, cap- McDonnell, Madison McCully, Frederick Po tain; H. D. O'Bryant, 1st lieutenant; John Engart, 2d lieutenant; William Jason Wheeler, John Vaughn, Reuben Striel Sheldon, orderly sergeant; William Stokes, Peter S. Engart, Thos R. Cor- The officers of the fifth company wer' nelius, and Sherry Ross, duty sergeants; Gilbert Mondon, color-bearer. James A. Brown, 1st lieutenant; Joseph M. Names of privates: A. Engart, Thos Fleming, D. C. Smith, W. R. Noland, E. Frazer, orderly sergeant; A. Garrison, Jos. W. Scott, G. W. Smith, A. Kinsey, John N. Donnie, A. C. Brown, D. D. Dostins, duty sergeants. Names of F. H. Ramsey, S. A. Holcomb, A. Stewart, Win Milbern, A. Kennedy, liam A. Culberson, Harrison Davis, James ] Oliver Lowden, H. N. Stephens, P. G. Northup, W. W. Walters, J. Q. Fox, William J. Garrison, William Hailey, Zachary, Sam. Y. Cook, J. J. Garrish, Thos Kinsey, J. S. Scoggin, Noah son, Martin Wright, William Smith, E. Jobe, D. Shumake, J. N. Green, J. Elliot, W. Williams, John Holgate, R. Johnson, Joseph Kenney, Henry Kearney Yarborough, Robert Walker, J. Butler, I. W. Smith, J. W. Lingenfelter, William McKay, John Orchard, John B. R( J. H. Lienberger, A. Lienberger, Sam. Gethard, Jno. Lousingnot, A. Wil- Crowder, Bird Davis, John Eldridge, John liams, D. Harper, S. C. Cummings, S. Ferguson, Marshall Martin. mon, James 0. Henderson, Green Rowland, The officers of the third company were: John W. Owen, captain; Na- William D. Stillwell, William Shepard, i thaniel Bowman, 1st lieutenant; Thomas Shaw, 2d lieutenant; J. C. Robison, Cadwallader, Andrew Layson, J. C. Matl orderly sergeant; Benj. J. Burch, J. H. Blankenship, James M. Morris, and Matt, James Packwood, Clark Rogers. ( Robert Smith, duty sergeants. Names of privates: George W. Adams, Wil- April 6, 1848; Albany State Rights Denwcra liam Athey, John Baptiste, Manley Curry, Jesse Clayton, John Dinsmore, "Much of the information regarding th Nathan English, John Fiester, Jesse Gay, Lester Hulan, Stephen Jenkins, correspondence, published and unpublished J. Larkin, Joshua McDonald, Thomas Pollock, J. H. Smith, S. P. Thornton, Jan. 6, 1848, and Oregon Archives, MS., 97, William Wilson, Benjamin Allen, Ira Bowman, Currier, George Chapel, ,Ross' Nar., MS., 9. William Doke, Linnet, T. Dufield, Squire Elembough, Henry Fuller, D. H. "5Perrin Whitman and Saffarans were a Hartley, Fleming R. Hill, James Keller, D. M. McCumber, E. McDonald, first seeing the volunteers, took them for F THE CAPTIVES. AN ARMY ORGANIZED. 683 X the present arrangements of Ipon this hint Abernethy has- Before the army was ready to proceed to the Indian liam entertained no such pur- country the legislature had appointed Joel Palmer othing would occur to cause superintendent of Indian affairs, and had also appointed better than Abernethy what a commission, consisting of Palmer, Major Lee, and ove on the part of the Amer- Robert Newell, to visit the Nez Perceps, and other he fur company, to whom all tribes in the interior, for the purpose of preventing, r; and while it may be doubted if possible, their coalition with the Cayuses. Mean not equivocate in his reply to time news began to be received from Major Lee and 23 ) doubt of the sincerity of his his force at the Dalles. They had reached that place 3ration of the company to as on Christmas night, after being detained ten days by 2 )e; 21 and fortunately the im- adverse gales at Wind Mountain. " Major Lee found pressible Gilliam was averted. Hinman and family,2 5 on their way to the Willamette Edward Robinson, Chris. Stemermon, Joseph Wilbert, T. R. Zumwalt, 'ernor issued his second proc- Charles Zummord. The officers of the fourth company were: H. J. G. Maxon, captain; G. vo hundred and thirty men N. Gilbert, 1st lieutenant; Wm. P. Hughes, 2d lieutenant; Wm. R. John- );anized into companies, the son, orderly sergeant; 0. S. Thomas, T. M. Buckner, Daniel Stewart, and Joseph R. Ralston, duty sergeants. Names of privates: Andrew J. Adams, being numbered 1st in the John B3eattie, Charles Blair, John R. Coatney, Reuben Crowder, John W. ited riflemen.22 Crowel, Manly Danforth, Harvey Evans, Albert H. Fish, John Feat, Andrew Gribble, Wm. Hawkins, Rufus Johnson, John W. Jackson, J. H. Loughlin, Davis Lator, John Miller, John Patterson, Richard Pollard, Wm. Robison, Asa Stone, Thos. Allphin, Wm. Bunton, Henry Blacker, Wm. Chapman, ;hreats seems quite certain. Pettygrove Samuel Chase, Sam. Cornelius, James Dickson, S. D. Earl, Joseph Earl, icouver and called for supplies, giving D. 0. Garland, Richmond Hays, Goalman Hubbard, Isaiah M. Johns, S. B. J to comply or refuse, and that Douglas Knox, James H. Lewis, Horace Martin, John McCoy, James Officer, Henry me story is met with in other places, and Pellet, Wm. Russell, John Striethoff, A. M. Baxster, D. D. Burroughs, as and Abernethy, confirms the rumor if Samuel Clark, John M. Cantrel, Asi Cantrel, Albert G. Davis, S. D. Durbin, Samuel Fields, Rezin D. Foster, Isaac M. Foster, Horace Hart, Wm. Hock, cered as follows: Lawrence Hall, cap- Wm. A. Jack, Elias Kearney, James Killingworth, Isaac Morgan, N. G. ; John Engart, 2d lieutenant; William McDonnell, Madison McCully, Frederick Paul, Wm. M. Smith, H. M. Smith, Stokes, Peter S. Engart, Thos R. Cor- Jason Wheeler, John Vaughn, Reuben Striethod, Wm. Vaughn, Wm. Shirley. ,eants; Gilbert Mondon, color-bearer. The officers of the fifth company were: Philip F. Thompson, captain; Fleming, D. C. Smith, W. R. Noland, James A. Brown, 1st lieutenant; Joseph M. Garrison, 2d lieutenant; George insey, John N. Donnie, A. C. Brown, E. Frazer, orderly sergeant- A Garrison, A. S. Welton, Jacob Greer, and Stewart, Win Milbern, A. Kennedy, D. D. Dostins, duty sergeants. Names of privates: Martin P. Brown, Wil- G. Northup, W. W. Walters, J. Q. liam A. Culberson, Harrison Davis, James Electrels, William Eads, Alvin K. sh, Thos Kinsey, J. S. Scoggin, Noah Fox, William J. Garrison, William Hailey, John A. Johnson, J. D. Richard- Elliot, W. Williams, John Holgate, R. son, Martin Wright, William Smith, E. T. Stone, John Thompson, H. C. ler, I. W. Smith, J. W. Lingenfelter Johnson, Joseph Kenney, Henry Kearney, Jacob Leabo, Daniel Matheny, n. Gethard, Jno. Lousingnot, A. Wil- William McKay, John Orchard, John B. Rowland, John Copenhagen, Reuben Ferguson, Marshall Martin. Crowder, Bird Davis, John Eldridge, John Fa-ron, C. B. Gray, Robert Har- F were: John W. Owen, captain; Na- mon, James 0. Henderson, Green Rowland, William Rogers, Thomas Wilson, as Shaw, 2d lieutenant; J. C. Robison, William D. Stillwell, William Shepard, Alfred Jobe, T. J. Jackson, Jesse I. Blankenship, James M. Morris, and Cadwallader, Andrew Layson, J. C. Matheny, Adam Matheny, Charles P. s of privates: George W. Adams, Wil- Matt, James Packwood, Clark Rogers. Or. Spectator, Jan. 20, 1848; Id., .urry, Jesse Clayton, John Dinsmore April 6, 1848; Albany State Rights Democrat, Nov. 2, 1877. ,ay, Lester Hulan, Stephen Jenkins; "i Much of the information regarding this period has been drawn from the Pollock, J. H. Smith, S. P. Thornton, correspondence, published and unpublished, found in the Oregon Spectator of a Bowman, Currier, George Chapel Jan. 6, 1848, and Oregon 4 Archives, MS., 97, 101, 103. lire Elembough, Henry Fuller, D. H. ' Ross' Nar., MS., 9. er, D. M. McCumber, E. McDonald, " Perrin Whitman and Saffarans were also of the party. The former, on first seeing the volunteers, took them for Indians, became alarmed and fled EFFOR' 684 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. OGDEN'S Valley, the Indians having shown a desire to open when the governor's proclamatie hostilities by driving off some of their horses. On dred men was issued, ordering t meeting Lee, however, who had only a few of his men Portland on the 8th of Jam with him, the boats being scattered by the wind, Hin- on horseback. In order that man determined to turn back and endeavor to save meet them, a party was sent to 1 the mission property. Leaving his family to proceed the Cascades, and to transport t to the Cascades, and there await his return, he accomi- iliunition over the portage and panied Lee to the Dalles, where they arrived the 21st route lying by the mouth of of December, and whence Lee's first report to the Columbia to Vancouver, east b governor was dated the 26th. point above the Cascades, and Lee found the natives there friendly, Seletza, the to the south side, whence the t head chief, whose men had been killing the mission Abernethy wrote Lee January cattle, declaring that his people should pay for the a prospect of a general war, he property destroyed. 2 6 The mission buildings were block-house at the Cascades, undisturbed, though the property belonging to emi- there.28 He also wrote that pr grants, left at Barlow's Gate on the Barlow road, come in from the country, ani having arrived too late to cross the mountains, had Palmer was doing all he could I been carried off. A little of it was brought in, but impossibility of knowing what no confidence was entertained that the natives intended Indian country, or what was to do anything more than to divert suspicion. In the augmented his cares and anxiel mean while they circulated reports of a combination Perc6s and Cayuses, and general council of the Nez 28 This was the first intimation ever give and their determination to cut off the missionaries in defensive purposes; or for anv other, though since 1842. the Nez Perc6 and Spokane country, as well as to 19There have been recently rescued from all the captives then in their hands. Lee documents which show the manner of furn murder Yamhill County sent the following: Andrew himself sent these reports to the governor, but quali- bushels of wheat; Eli Perkins, 1 horse, 2 11 their origin.27 Such was lead; Win. J. Martin, 1 horse loaded with pi fied by the information of caps, 2 lbs. lead, 1 blanket; John Baker, 1 the uncertain and excited condition of the public mind James Ramsey, 3 lbs. powder, 8 lbs. lead; lead, 2 lbs. powder; Joel J. Hembree, 1 I wheat; James McGinnis, $3 in orders; Jam making his way to the cabins on the portage, which a party 4 lbs. lead; T. J. Hubbard, 1 rifle, 1 pistol; into the woods, 1 bl had been sent to erect. Mortified at his error, he remained there for some G0rounds ammunition; A. A. Skinner, time. The accounts he sent to Oregon City, by parties engaged in the trans- ton, 3 pair shoes; J. M. Cooper, 2 boxes cal represented that the Indians had driven off caps, 2 lbs. lead; C. Wood, 1 rifle; J. Rox% portation of supplies to this depot, horse; Carney Goodridge, 5 bushels wheat, all the stock belonging to the mission, and had probably destroyed the buildings; a report which greatly disturbed the governor, who in his letters pair shoes; John Richardson, 1 Spanish sa, to Lee inquired anxiously concerning the safety of the mission property, and lead; Felix Scott, 1 gray horse; 0. Rizley, I says it was this report which led him to meet the house in secret session, and M1.Burton, 1 pair pants; Richard Miller, 1 determined him upon calling out 500 men. vey, I gun; James Burton, I sack and sti] Oct. 12, 1877. Says 26 'Seletza professes friendship,' writes Lee, 'but I shall keep an eye on Stmte Rig/its Democrat, him.' Saffarans in a letter to Lee, dated at the Dalles Jan. 30th, says: 'I getting lots of pork, and some wheat.' 0 brought a stock of goods act deem it necessary at this crisis to warn you against placing too much confi- Cox, who had dence in the fidelity and friendship of Homas,' another chief. The general mier, had a considerable quantity of ammnun feeling was one of distrust of all savages. himself in Illinois, and which he now freely Vidette, April 1879 27 Crawford'sNar., MS., 116 out charge. Or. Literary 1F THE CAPTIVES. OGDEN'S EFFORTS. 685 awing shown a desire to open S lff some of their horses. On when the governor's proclamation calling for five hun- who had only a few of his men dred men was issued, ordering them to rendezvous at ng scattered by the wind, Hin- Portland on the 8th of January, and to proceed n1back and endeavor to save on horseback. In order that their supplies might Leaving his family to proceed meet them, a party was sent to build a flat-boat above Are await his return, he accop- the Cascades, and to transport the provisions and am- s, where they arrived the 21st munition over the portage and across the river; the rice Lee's first report to the route lying by the mouth of the Sandy across the 26th. Columbia to Vancouver, east by the cattle trail to a s there friendly, Seletza, the point above the Cascades, and across the river again had been killing the mission to the south side, whence the trail led to the Dalles. I people should pay for the Abernethy wrote Lee January 1st, that if there was [he mission buildings were a prospect of a general war, he thought of building a property belonging to emi- block-house at the Cascades, and keeping a force 28 Gate on the Barlow road, there. He also wrote that provisions had begun to to cross the mountains, had come in from the country, and Commissary-general le of it was brought in, but Palmer was doing all he could to hasten them.29 The ned that the natives intended impossibility of knowing what was going on in the to divert suspicion. In the Indian country, or what was likely to be required, ed reports of a combination augmented his cares and anxieties. e Nez Perc6s and Cayuses, O cut off the missionaries in 2 "This was the first intimation ever given of the value of that point for Lane country, as well as to defensive purposes; or for anv other, though it had been passed by thousands then in their hands. since 1842. Lee 29There have been recently rescued from dust and oblivion some of the to the governor, but quali- documents which show the manner of furnishing the first army of Oregon. Yamhill County their sent the following: Andrew Hembree, 600 lbs. pork, and 20 origin.27 Such was bushels of wheat; Eli Perkins, 1 horse, 2 lbs. powder, 2 boxes caps, 5 lbs. ondition of the public mind lead; Wm. J. Martin, I horse loaded with provisions; Benj. Stewart, 2 boxes caps, 2 lbs. lead, 1 blanket; John Baker, 1 horse; Thos. McBride, $5 cash; James Ramsey, 3 lbs. powder, 8 lbs. lead; Samuel Tustin, $5 cash, 5 lbs. lead, 2 lbs. powder; Joel J. Hembree, cabins on the Portage, 1 horse, 200 lbs. pork, 20 bushels which a party wheat; James McGinnis, $3 in orders; James his error, he remained there for some Johnson, $7.75 on Abernethy, 4 lbs. lead; T. J. Hubbard, 1 rifle, 1 pistol; Hiram City, -by parties engaged in the Cooper, 1 rifle, 1 musket, tran. 60 rounds ammunition; A. A. Skinner, 1 blanket, 1 lb. powder; msented James Fen- that the Indians had driven off ton, 3 pair shoes; J. M. Cooper, 2 boxes caps, 2 guns; James Green, 2 boxes )n, adn had probably destroyed the caps, 2 lbs. lead; C. Wood, 1 rifle; J. Rowland, 1 outfit; W. T. Newby, 1 horse; Carney Goodridge, 5 bushels wheat, 100 lbs. pork; John Manning, I pair shoes; John Richardson, 1 Spanish saddle-tree; meet theU.s house in sseocret spesion, aiid Solomon Allen, 6 bars lead; Felix Scott, 1 gray horse; 0. Rizley, 1 rifle, 3 boxes caps, 100 lbs. flour; M. Burton, 1 pair ces Lee, pants; Richard Miller, 1 horse, six boxes caps; Amos Har- 'but I shall keep an eye on vey, 1 gun; James Burton, 1 sack ed at the Dalles and stirrups. Salem Mercury, in Albany Jan. 30th, says: 'I State Righits Democrat, Oct. 12, 1877. Says you against placing too much Abernethy to Lee, 'We are now confi. getting lots of pork, and some wheat.' Or. Arc/ives, MS., 103. Ioinas, another chief. The general Thomas Cox, who had brought a stock of goods across the plains the previous sum- mer, had a considerable quantity of ammunition which was manufactured by himself in Illinois, and which he now freely furnished to the volunteers with- I out charge. Or. Literary Vidette, April 1879.

,.A OGDEN'S SUCC 686 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. e At the moment when Gilliam was ready to move ing, finding the executive at ch toward the Dalles with an advanced company of fifty decorum of the sanctuary wa men, Ogden arrived from Walla Walla with the sur- The letter was read to the vivors of the massacre. The letter announcing to the greatest excitement prevailed, governor the happy result of his expedition was dated gratitude, and sorrow. at Vancouver the 8th of January, and was as follows: On the following day the ra the governor in moment arrived with three delivered to " SIR: Mr Ogden has this boats passed Portland a salut boats from Walla Walla, and I rejoice to say he has and children from Waii- their arrival at the Falls; the brought down all the women to express the general and Mr Stanley, the tended latpu, Mr and Mrs Spalding, man who had Eells were safe and well; to the gallant artist. Messrs Walker and On the 17th the governor indi not considered to be in danger. The re- they were as follows: ports of the later murders committed at Waiilatpu are all absolutely without foundation, not a life having " SIR: I feel it a duty as wel been lost there since the day of Dr Whitman's death. you my sincere thanks, and t] Mr Ogden will visit the Falls on Monday and give munity, for your exertions in b you every information in his power respecting the orphans that were left in the Indians in the interior. The Cayuses, Walla Wallas, Indians. Their state was a , Nez Perc6s, and Yakimas are said to have entered to the caprice of savages, expos into an alliance for mutual defence. pelled to labor for them, and "In haste, yours respectfully, dread lest they should be bute! " JAMES DOUGLAS." and fathers had been. Fron not relieve in the excitement and satisfied we could In Douglas' letter, written of Americans would have beei haste of the reception of the unhappy company of the fact of tempt; a large party would h rescued, there was an error concerning the Your imn the 29th,33 and general massacre. three murders which occurred after the error of a Hudson's Vancouver on receipt of under no circumstances was an to arrive priest allowed to be anything latpu enabling you Bay officer or a Catholic the news of the American par by the Protestant American writers but intentional reached them, together v with the subject of the Waiilatpu this who have dealt the Indians, accomplished t massacre; the infallibility imputed to them extending to their relieving the distressed. You only to their knowledge of the truth, but not cai this case was really the prisoners will no doubt disposition to tell it. The error in to you through life, but this d, while the on dit of the last sentence of immaterial, us from the obligations we a Douglas' letter was of the greatest consequence. The courier bearing the despatch to Governor 31 The price paid for the prisoners was I Abernethy arrived at Oregon City on Sunday morn- shirts, 12 guns, 600 loads of ammunition, 3 oxen and 16 bags of coarse flour, obt 57; Deposition of Elam Young, in Seven a See Brouillet's Authentic Account, of the captives, had also to be accounted fc Gray's Hist. Or., 48.2. C OF THE CAPTIVES. OGDEN'S SUCCESS. 687 hen Gilliam was ready to move th an advanced company of fiftv ing, finding the executive at church. Even the usual rrom Walla Walla with the sur- decorum of the sanctuary was forced to give way. The ~. The letter announcing to the letter was read to the congregation, and the Osult of his expedition was dated greatest excitement prevailed, of mingled gladness, of January, and was as follows: gratitude, and sorrow. On the following 31 Lsthis moment arrived with day the ransomed captives were three delivered to the governor [la, and I rejoice to say he has in Oregon City. As the women boats passed Portland a salute was fired, as also on and children from Waii- their palding, and arrival at the Falls; the compliment being in- Mr Stanley, the tended to express r and Eells were safe and the general gratitude of the people well; to the gallant man red to be in danger. The re- who had effected their release. rders On the 17th the governor indicted a letter of thanks committed at Waiilatpu as follows: ut foundation, not a life having Ie day of Dr Whitman's death. " SIR: I feel it a duty as well as a pleasure to tender le Falls on Monday and give you my sincere thanks, and the thanks of this com- in his power respecting the munity, for your exertions in behalf of the widows and The Cayuses, Walla Wallas, orphans that were left in the hands of the Cayuse nas are said to have entered Indians. Their state was a deplorable one, subject ual defence. to the caprice of savages, exposed to their insults, com- yours respectfully, pelled to labor for them, and remaining constantly in "JAMES dread lest they should be butchered as their husbands DOUGLAS. and fathers ritten in the excitement had been. From this state I am fully and satisfied we could the unhappy company not relieve them. A small party of the of Americans would have error concerning the fact been looked upon with con- of tempt; a large party would 'curred after the 29th,80 and have been a signal for a general massacre. Your immediate departure from was an error of a Hudson's Vancouver priest allowed on receipt of the intelligence from Waii- to be anything latpu enabling Protestant American you to arrive at Walla Walla before writers the news of the me subject of the American party having started from Waiilatpu this reached them, r imputed to them extending together with your influence over the Indians, accomplished the desirable object of of the truth, but not to their relieving e error the distressed. Your exertions in behalf of in this case was really the prisoners dit of will no doubt cause a feeling of pleasure the last sentence of to you through greatest consequence life, but this does not relieve them nor us from the obligations we are the despatch to Governor under to you. You 'gon City on Sunday morn- " The price paid for the prisoners was 62 three-point blankets, 63 it, 57; shirts, 12 guns, cotton Deposition of Elam Young, in 600 loads of ammunition, 37 pounds of tobacco, and 12 Seven oxen and 16 flints. bags of coarse flour, obtained from Tiloukaikt, for the use ;S of the captives, had also to be accounted for. Or. Spectator, Jan. 20, 1848. 0-1- 9---7- r - - r l W in -:

688 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. HOW IT WAS I have also laid the American government under obli- measures their countrymen migl gation to you, for their citizens were the subjects of the the Cayuses with a motive f( massacre, and their widows and orphans are the re- Taking sixteen men, he left Vai lieved ones. With a sincere prayer that the widow's December, within twenty-four I God and the Father of the fatherless may reward you messenger arrived. Hinman as for your kindness, I have the honor to remain, your on arriving at the Dalles, finding obedient servant, GEORGE ABERNETHY, had the previous day taken four h " Governor of Oregon Territory. enclosure, an act which could sig "To Peter Skeen Ogden, Esq., Chief Factor Honor- hostilities, he advised Hinman to able H. B. Company, Vancouver."32 all the Americans at the Dalli To which Ogden replied on the 26th: leaving only a trusty Indian in property, advice which was imm "George Abernethy, Esq., Governor of Oregon Ter- Ogden arrived with his party ritory. on the evening of the 19th of I "SIR: 1 have to acknowledge the receipt of your that none of the captive women highly flattering letter of 19th inst., and the high killed, though they had narrowly value you lay upon my services in rescuing so many 'decreed against,' but saved b3 fellow-creatures from captivity, but the meed of praise McBean, who, hearing of the int is not due to me alone. I was the mere acting agent sent his interpreter to them wit of the Hudson's Bay Company; for without its power- them that "they had already g ful aid and influence nothing could have been effected, they had done,35 and requesting t and to them the praise is due. And permit me to hands from further crimes. 0. add, should unfortunately, which God avert, our ser- to call the chiefs together and I vices be again required under similar circumstances, I the plan with regard to their trust you will not find us wanting in going to their purpose couriers were immedial relief. I have the honor to remain, Cayuses, and on the 23d the c, "Yours, most respectfully, "PETER SKEEN OGDEN." 34There is a disagreement of dates here. Ogden's letter appeared in the Spectator, prefaced he says he reached Walla Walla on the 12th, Spectator; but five days was too little time tc by the remark that "the act of rescuing so many and 12 days was rather a long time, but ma defenseless women and children from the bloody and him, and as the other authorities agree on the 35 When my messenger,'he says, 'arrive cruel grasp of savages merits, and we believe receives, Knives and other implements of war, were ali the universal thanks and gratitude of the people of where the captives were, awaiting the order o present. On beiiig informed of my request, he Oregon. Such an act is the legitimate offspring of a then with a wave of his hand peremptorily 3 3 abusing him, called him a coward.' Letter of noble, generous, and manly heart." man, March 16, 1866. Mrs Mary Saunders, I McBean the honor of having saved the lives When Ogden left Vancouver his purpose was to getting on her knees to Tiloukaikt; but I thin considered McBean's threat than her prayer. stop the murders, and rescue the families before any in San Francisco, became, like many others a time, a nervous wreck, incapable of reasoning " Or. Spectator, Jan. 30, 1848. her mental and bodily health. 3 Or. Spectator, Feb. 16, 1848. IllST. OR., VOL. I. 44 )F THE CAPTIVES. HOW IT WAS DONE. G89 erican government under obli- 2itizens were the subjects of the measures their countrymen might adopt could furnish lows and orphans are the re. the Cayuses with a motive for further atrocities. ncere prayer that the widow's Taking sixteen men, he left Vancouver on the 7th of the fatherless may reward you December, within twenty-four hours after McBean's ve the honor to remain, your messenger arrived. Hinman accompanied him; and on GEORGE ABERNETHY, arriving at the Dalles, finding that the natives there Ternor of Oregon Territory. had the previous day taken four horses from the mission enclosure, an act n, Esq., Chief Factor Honor- which could signify nothing less than hostilities, he advised Hinman Vallcouver. "32 to remove his family, and all the Americans at the Dalles, ed on the 26th: to the Willamette, leaving only a trusty Indian in charge of the mission q., Governor of Oregon Ter- property, advice which was immediately adopted. Ogden arrived with his party at Fort Walla Walla owledge the receipt of your on the evening of the 19th of December," 4 and found f 19th inst.epand the high that none of the captive women or children had been ervices in rescuing so many killed, though they had narrowly escaped, having ,ivity, been but the meed of praise 'decreed against,' but saved by the interposition of Iwas the mere acting agent McBean, who, hearing of the intention of the Cayuses, pany; for without its power- sent his interpreter to them with a message warning ng could have been effected them that "they had already gone too far" in what 3 due. And permit me to they had done,35 and requesting them to withhold their , which God avert, our ser- hands from further crimes. Ogden's first effort der was similar circumstances, I to call the chiefs together and hold a council to learn wanting in going to their the plan with regard to their prisoners. For this ;o remain, purpose couriers were immediately despatched to respectfully, the Cayuses, and On1 the 23d the council was assembled. "PETER SKEEN OGDEN."

in the Spectator, prefaced 34 There is a disagreement of dates here. In Ogden's letter to Mr Walker act of rescuing so many he says he reached Walla Walla on the 12th, at least so it is printed in the Spectator; but five days was too little time to get to that post in the winter; dren from the bloody and and 12 days was rather a long time, but many things might occur to delay :5, and we believe receives, him, and as the other authorities agree on the l9th, I think it the true date. 'When my messenger,'he says, 'arrived, Indian women, armed with gratitude of the people of Knives and other implements of war, were already assembled near the house e legitimate offspring of a where the captives were, awaiting the order of the Chief Tiloukaikt, whc was heart." 33 present. On being informed of my request, he hung down his head and paused, o then with a wave of his hand peremptorily ordered the women away, who abusing him, called him a coward.' Letter of McBean, in WValla Walla States- man, March 16, 1866. Mrs Mary Saunders, later Mrs Husted, disputes with uver his purpose McBean the honor of having saved the lives of the women and children was to getting by e the families before any on her knees to Tiloukaikt; but I think the savage more likely to have considered McBean's threat than her prayer. Mrs Husted, who long resided in San Francisco, became, like many others who were of adult years at that time, a nervous wreck, incapable of reasoning upon the events which destroyed her mental and bodily health. HIST. OR., VOL. I. 44

L_ - L-.--- b U-- - - ' --

690 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. EXCUSES FOR THE Some indications of the temper of the Nez Perce6s had himself in the spring and mnake been received before Ogden's arrival, through a letter the Cayuses, who would thei from Spalding to the bishop of Walla Walla, and also To this petition the bishop rep through the intercourse of the chiefs on the Umatilla to the governor it would be nec with the same person. From Spalding, the bishop, principal Cayuse chiefs wheth who was addressed as "Reverend and Dear Friend," also; and for the purpose of le had information that the Nez Perces wished the posed a council on the 20th. Americans to be upon friendly terms with the Cay- Before the 20th came rounc uses, and not to come into their country to avenge the the Cayuses were beginning t( massacre at Waiilatpu, giving as a reason that the they had committed was one natives had overlooked the death of the son of Peu- might not be brought to ove peumoxmox in California, for which the slaughter of of friendship in the future. thirteen Americans was no unreasonable offset. He high rank, sought an intervi( was, in fact, remaining with his family in the Indian which he declared his reluctan country as hostages of peace, and hoped to be able to sent to the murder of Whitn send the same two young chiefs who carried his letter regret, and his present intenti to the bishop, to Governor Abernethy, to prevent and quitting the country fore volunteers coming into the Cayuse country, lest by replied that peace, he thougl doing so they should precipitate him in ruin; and of and counselled that the chiefi this effort on his part fo avert their punishment, the together to settle upon their bishop was to inform the Cayuses. He also wished pointed. Accordingly, wher the Hudson's Bay Company to be informed of his bishop's house was crowded, situation with the Nez Perc63; and that they had Five Crows, Tauitau, and a pledged themselves to protect him only by his pledg- being present. The contents ing himself to prevent the Americans seeking revenge made known to them by the I on the Cayuses." A similar letter was sent to Mc- clergy. Bean at Fort Walla Walla. The first to speak upon This letter of Spalding's reached the Umatilla Nez Perc&s was Camaspelo, v about the middle of December, and must be taken ignorance and blindness whi, into account in considering what followed. The despair of the life of his peop bishop was asked to impress upon the minds of the a way out of the darkness, an Cayuses that Spalding would do all that he could to of the Nez Perces. Tilouks prevent war, and to inform the governor of Oregon missionaries had given then that his life 4nd the lives of the other Americans at good; but reverted to the ( Lapwai depended on this promise to the Indians. accompanied Gray in 1837, an The young chiefs who brought this message repeated in California, endeavoring to the wish that the bishop would request Governor been done, and hoping the P Abernethy not to send fighting men, but to come him as he was willing to par( "'Letter of H. H. Spalding, in Or. Spectator, Jan. 20, 1848. son of Tiloukaikt brought fc F THE CAPTIVES. EXCUSES FOR THE MURDER. 691 temper of the Nez Perc6s had ~,den's arrival, through a letter himself in the spring and make a treaty of peace ,hop of with Walla Walla, and also the Cayuses, who would then release the of the chiefs on captives. the Umatilla To this petition the bishop replied that before writing From Spalding, the bishop, to the governor it would be necessary Reverend to learn from the and Dear Friend," principal Cayuse chiefs whether this was hbe Nez Perces their desire wished the also; and for the purpose of learning their minds pro- friendly terms with the Cay- posed a council on the 20th. o their country to avenge the Before the 20th came round there riving were signs that as a reason that the the Cayuses were beginning to realize he that the crime death of the son of Peu- they had committed was one which the 1, for Americans which the slaughter of might not be brought to overlook even by promises Io unreasonable offset. He of friendship in the future. Camaspelo, ith his family a chief of in the Indian high rank, sought an interview with the bishop, ace, and hoped in to be able to which he declared his reluctance from the first to con- chiefs who carried his letter sent to the murder of Whitman, nor and his subsequent Abernethy, to prevent regret, and his present intention of killing ie Cayuse his horses country, lest by and quitting the country forever. To this Blanchet pitate him in ruin; and of replied that peace, he thought, might vert their be hoped for, punishment, the and counselled that the chiefs should all be Cayuses. brought He also wished together to settle upon their course on the day ap- my to be informed of his pointed. Accordingly, when the day 'erc6e; arrived the and that they had bishop's house was crowded, Tiloukaikt, Camaspelo, ect him only by his pledg- Five Crows, Tauitau, and a number kmericans of sub-chiefs seeking revenge being present. The contents of Spalding's letter ar letter was was sent to Mc- made known to them by the bishop in presence of his clergy. s reached the Umatilla The first to speak upon the propositions nber, of the and must be taken Nez Perces was Camaspelo, who, after admitting rg what followed. the The ignorance and blindness which had caused him to s upon the minds of the despair of the life of his people, professed Id now to see do all that he could to a way out of the darkness, and approved of the governor th e plan of Oregon of the Nez Perc6s. Tiloukaikt confessed that the the other Americans at missionaries had given them instructions promise for their to the Indians. good; but reverted to the death of the chief who Lit this message repeated accompanied Gray in 1837, and to the vould death of Elijah request Governor in California, endeavoring to show cause for iting men, what had but to come been done, and hoping the Americans would pardon ctator, Jan. 20, 1848. him as he was willing to pardon them. Edward, the son of Tiloukaikt brought forward the accusation of

I i

L 1 IL.m V U - -. , , ,

692 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. OGDEN'S ADD poisoning, as made by Joe Lewis, and the pretended against him. And would it I confession of the dying Rogers to the same effect, at young colony to so expose itsel the same time exhibiting a blood-stained Catholic to offer; he simply enclosed M ladder, which he declared had been shown to the himself. Cayuses by Whitman with the remark, "You see The Cayuses, having been I this blood it is to show you that now, because you on the Umatilla to treat with have the priests among you, the country is going to on the terms laid down above be covered with blood; " thus placing the responsibility receive Ogden with the reac on the Catholics, where the Protestants were willing they usually listened to any p to believe it belonged. Edward even drew a touch- the fur company. They couli ing picture of the distress and bereavement of the hope of securing peace with t] captive families, and recounted freely all the circum- on retaining Spalding and stances attending the massacre, only concealing the hostages. Nor were they encoi names of the guilty. as Spalding and Blanchet cau At length all agreed to the propositions of the "We have been among yol Nez Perc6s, if they might be allowed to add a mani- Ogden, " without the shedding festo setting forth the reasons which influenced them and of a different nation fro in committing the murders. To this the bishop con- recollect, we supply you with sented. They then stated what we already know, ask- Americans, who are of the sat ing, first, "that the Americans may not go to war with language, and worship the sar the Cayuses; second, that they may forget the lately whose cruel fate causes our h( committed murders, as the Cayuses will forget the we make you chiefs, if you ca murder of the son of the great chief of Walla Walla, men ? Besides this wholesa committed in California; third, that two or three robbed the Americans passinm great men may come up to conclude peace; fourth, and have insulted their wom that as soon as these great men have arrived and con- young men to govern you, I cluded peace, they may take with them all the women chiefs, but hermaphrodites whi and children; fifth, they give assurance that they will Your hot-headed young men p not harm the Americans before the arrival of these bravery; but let them not two or three great men; sixth, they ask that Ameri- the Americans begin war, th( cans may not travel any more through their country, pent their rashness; for the as their young men might do them harm.""7 every man of you is cut off fr This being settled, the bishop wrote his letter to I am aware that many of yoi Abernethy, saying that in a moment of despair the so have others. It was not D Cayuses had committed acts of atrocity grievous to them; but God who has comi the writer as well as to him. Yet he felt forced to die. You have the opportuni say that by going to war with this tribe, he would tion. I give you only advice, without doubt have all the savages in the country should war be declared agai have nothing to do with you 37 Broudicet,8 Authentic Account, 60-3. [HE CAPTIVES. OGDEN'S ADDRESS. 693 e Lewis, and the pretended against him. And would it be for the interest of a ,ogers to the same effect, at young g a blood-stained Catholic colony to so expose itself? Advice he had none to offer; he simply enclosed Mr. Spalding's letter to d had been shown to the himself. Ith the remark, "You see you The Cayuses, having been prepared by the council that now, because you on the Umatilla u, the country is going to to treat with the governor of Oregon us placing on the terms laid down above, were not prepared to the responsibility receive Ogden with the ie Protestants were willing ready consent with which they usually listened to any proposition coming from Edward even drew a touch- the fur s and bereavement of company. They could see plainly that their the hope of securing peace with the Americans depended nted freely all the circum- on retaining 3sacre, only concealing Spalding and the captive families as the hostages. Nor were they encouraged to hope for peace, as Spalding and Blanchet caused them to believe. o the propositions of the "We have been among you for thirty years," said be allowed to add a mani- Ogden, " without )ns the shedding of blood; we are traders, which influenced them and of a different nation from the Americans; but * To this the bishop con- recollect, we supply what you with ammunition, not to kill we already know, ask- Americans, who are of the same color, speak the same ins may not go to war with language, and worship the sanie God as ourselves, and they may forget the lately whose cruel fate causes our hearts to bleed. Why do Cayuses will forget the we make you chiefs, if you cannot reat chief control your young of Walla Walla, men? Besides this wholesale butchery, you have third, that two or three robbed the Americans passing through your country, o conclude peace; fourth, and have insulted their inen women. If you allow your have arrived and con- young men to govern you, I say you are not men or with them all the women chiefs, but hermaphrodites who do not deserve the name. ,e assurance that they will Your hot-headed young men plume themselves on their ,fore the arrival of these bravery; but let them not deceive themselves. If :th, they ask that Ameri- the Americans begin war, they will have cause to re- re through their country, pent their rashness; for the war will not end Z them harm."3 7 until every man of you is cut off from the face of the earth! ishop wrote his letter to I am aware that many of your people have died; but moment of despair the so have others. It was not Dr Whitman who poisoned s of atrocity grievous to them; but God who has commanded that they should i. Yet he felt forced to die. You have the opportunity to make some repara- ith this tribe, he would tion. I give you only advice, and promise you nothing, savages in the country should war be declared against you. The company T have nothing to do with your quarrel. If you wish - - ,Y17 -

694 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. NONE TOO SO(

it, on my return I will see what can be done for you; Nez Perc4 chiefs, who had not but I do not promise to prevent war. Deliver me wai, consented to go at once the prisoners to return to their friends, and I will pay and the others from that statioi you a ransom, that is all."' come; the anxious desire to esc Such was Ogden's address to the chiefs, contem- far carefully concealed from the plating, as he truthfully said, only the rescue of the in his letter to Spalding, which prisoners, without altering the relations of the com- ried, advised the missionary to pany toward the Indians, whose friendship they had ing him, and to make no promin long possessed and did not mean to lose. Neither did being unaware, perhaps, of the he intend to anticipate the action of the American He wrote immediately to O0 government or people. hasten his departure, and all 1 The Indian impulse, shifting as the sands of the young chiefs had assured him ti sea, gave way to Ogden's superior will. With some exterminate them should they I weak efforts to excuse the disposition to yield, Taui- cans were intending to call ti tau consented to the ransom of the captives. The nothing was more likely than Hudson's Bay Company's men were married to In- was harbored by the Americans dian women, and were therefore his brothers; he could value of Ogden's advice to hast, not refuse his brother's request. Tiloukaikt, besides A letter was also despatched the tie of blood, recognized the claim of the company the Chemakane mission, in whicl upon him made by allowing their dead to be buried to do nothing which might inte side by side. "Chief'" he cried, "your words are course of the United States in weighty-your hairs are gray. We have known you use murderers was reiterated, 40 a long time. You have had an unpleasant journey to this place. I cannot, therefore, keep the families encumbered with their families and proper for he had been in California and seen that N back. I make them over to you, which I would not American was a man; and that if war with t be killed off. Parreish'sOr. Anecdotes, MS., 91 do to another younger than yourself." Peupeumox- in Rept. of Com. Ild. Aff., 1854, 223-4. But mox remarked that he had nothing to say: the the Walla Walla chief. If he had been ag make his son's death to figure so prominer Americans were changeable; but he agreed with did he not warn Whitman? Why did he aw Tauitau that the captives should be given up.39 The changeable, but that he would agree with Ta the Cayuses? Peupeumoxmox was as wily suggested, as I shall be able to show. 38Or., Spectator, Jan. 20, 1848. Brouillet, in AuthenticAccount, materially "This letter was intended to be sent b: alters the matter and the meaning of Ogden's address, which was published travelling in the Indian country to study sa in the Or. Spectator, less than a month after it was delivered, and which but he seems to have gone to Vancouver inm I take to be correct in substance and spirit. The amount of falsifying which and was at that time known chiefly in the 1\ the clergy on both sides thought necessary in order to avenge sectarian overland to California by the Santa Fe rot affronts is something astounding to the secular mind. bark Whiton in July 1847. From Oregon Ci 39Contradictory opinions have prevailed concerning the complicity of Peu- visited the Spokane country. Happening to peumoxmox. Tolmie, in Paget Sound, MS., 28, tells an anecdote that is in Walla at the time of the massacre, he was l his favor. A messenger from Waiilatpu, coming with the news of the massa- manded, 'Are you a Hudson's Bay man?' cre, was asked by the chief what part he had in it. On his answering that I What then? ' 'A Buckeye!' This being a he had killed certain persons, 'Take that fellow,' said Peupeumoxmox, 'and one with which he was not at war, the a hang him to the nearest tree.' Another statement is, that when the Cayuses When he arrived at the fort he learned t proposed going to war the chief warned them not to make the mistake of After Ogden's arrangement with the Cayu considering the Americans cowards because they would not fight when kane country, where he remained till spring. THE CAPTIVES. NONE TOO SOON. 695 e what can be done for you; Nez Percd chiefs, who , prevent had not yet returned to Lap- war. Deliver me wai, consented to go at once and their friends, and I will pay bring Spalding , 38 and the others from that station, should they wish to come; the anxious desire to escape iress to the chiefs, contem- having been thus far carefully concealed from the Nez Perc6s. Ogden, ,aid, only the rescue of the in his letter to Spalding, which the young chiefs car- c the relations of the com- ried, advised the missionary to whose friendship lose no time in join- they had ing him, and to make no promises to the mean Nez Perc6s, to lose. Neither did being unaware, perhaps, of the promise already Le action of the American given.- He wrote immediately to Ogden that he should hasten his departure, and all iifting as the the more because the sands of the young chiefs had assured him that the Cayuses superior will. With some would exterminate them should they learn that the Ameri- disposition to yield, Taui- cans were intending to call om of the captives. them to account. As The nothing was more likely than that such a men were married to purpose In- was harbored by the Americans, he was aware of the ,fore his brothers; he could value quest. Tiloukaikt, of Ogden's advice to hasten to Walla Walla. besides A letter was also despatched the claim of the company from Walla Walla to the Chemakane mission, in which the purpose of Ogden gntheir dead to be buried to do nothing .e cried, "your words are which might interfere with the future 'ay. course of the United States in dealing with the Cay- We have known you use murderers was 40 ad an unpleasant journey reiterated, and in which he ex- erefore, keep the families encumbered with their families and property, though robbed and insulted, O you, which I would not for he had been in California and seen that when it came to fighting every American was a man; and that if war with them were begun, they would all I yourself" Peupeumox- be killed off. Parrish'sOr. Anecdotes, MS., 91-2. There is a similar statement Lad nothing to say: the in Rept. of Cont. Ind. Afff., 1854, 223-4. But I am of a different opinion about the Walla Walla chief. If he had been against the Cayuses, why did they le; but he agreed with make his son's death to figure so prominently in their justification? Why tould be given up.-v The did he not warn Whitman? Why did he answer Ogden that Americans were changeable, but that he would agree with Tauitau, one of the most bloody of the Cayuses? Peupeumoxmox was as wily as his name of Yellow Serpent illet, in Aut7ientic Account, materially suggested, as I shall be able to show. ;den's address, which was published 0 This letter was intended to be sent by J. M. Stanley, a young painter after it was delivered, and which travelling in the Indian country to study savage faces, forms, and costumes; it. The amount of falsifying which but he seems to have gone to Vancouver instead. Stanley was from Ohio, ssary in order to avenge sectarian and was at that time known chiefly in the Mississippi Valley. He travelled ~cular mind. overland to California by the Santa Fe route, and thence to Oregon on the Adconcerning the complicity of Pen- bark Whiton in July 1847. From Oregon City he went up the Columbia, and IS., 28, tells an anecdote that is in visited the Spokane country. Happening to be coming down to Fort Walla coming with the news of the massa- Walla at the time of the massacre, he was intercepted by a Cayuse, who de- e had in it. On his answering that manded, 'Are you a Hudson's Bay man?' 'No. 'AnAmerican?' 'No.' fellow, ' said Peupeumoxmox, ' and ' What then?' 'A Buckeye !' This being a new nation to the Cayuse, and tatement is, that when the fayuses one with which he was not at war, the artist was permitted to proceed. them not to make the mistake of When he arrived at the fort he learned the significance of the questions. auso they would not fight whene After Ogden's arrangement with the Cayuses, Stanley returned to the Spo- kane country, where he remained till spring. He was afterward artist to the

I - ", ------a_-

HATEFUL INGRAT 696 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. pressed his great anxiety, which had not permitted mination, well understood by all him to sleep for two nights. This letter was not Craig to quit his claim on the ( written until the 31st of December, and the alarm the best of terms with the Nez from which Ogden was suffering was occasioned by chet also accompanied Ogden to the fact that he had no sooner received the captives but Brouillet and Leclaire rem at Walla Walla, by agreement, on the 29th, than until the 20th of February, wl rumors were received by the natives of the arrival of the country; and their property the first company of the volunteer riflemen at Walla was destroyed. Walla. The excitement occasioned by this intelli- gence it was feared might cause Spalding's company, The recipients of Ogden's fa which had not yet arrived, to be cut off, and any such tributed among the homes of E resumption of hostilities would certainly be fatal to the Willamette Valley before - the success of his efforts for the rescue of even the Spalding at their head, made E Waiilatpu captives; for the rage of the savages would son's Bay Company and the permit them to stop at nothing. But to his great accusing them of conspiring v relief Spalding arrived on the first of January, accom- stroy the Protestant missions panied by a large force of Nez Perces. After spending act and word of either being I another night in earnest council with these natives, words of conspirators plotting ' always more friendly and more tractable than their words of conspirators plotting i relatives the Cayuses, Ogden embarked the ransomed icans and Protestants. All company for Vancouver,"1 thankful to be able to do so. whether Jesuit, secular, or 01 Nor was he gone a moment to soon. A few hours nations, half crazed by horroi after his departure fifty Cayuses arrived at the fort picions the foulest and most u with the purpose of taking and killing Spalding, as being by its by-laws prohib they had all along declared their intention of doing, sectarian discussions, the Oreg should they learn that any but peace commissioners columns almost exclusively t were on the way to their country. It was this deter- matter.42 The results of its Pacific railway expedition in 1853. Many of his Indian portraits were placed continue to appear in the freq in the Smithsoniaii Institution, and were destroyed by fire some time later. 41 even now that t Repugnant as was the idea of what the white women and girls had suf- and uttered fered at the hands of their captors, there were certain touches of feeling exhib- Catholic priesthood in Oreg ited. When Miss Bewley was sent for it was yet early morning. According tragedy of Waiilatpu, n( to her testimony, Five Crows prepared a good breakfast for her, with tea, the and placed a new blanket and buffalo-robe on the saddle of her horse to make The lack of motive on tl her comfortable, bidding her good-by in a kind manner. Spalding in his his lectures makes Miss Bewley say of her arrival at the fort: 'As we rode up, Catholic priests, came out. 42The Oregon American was not the Governor Ogden and Mr McBean, with several of gin from the horse, as a father, and said, "Thank about this time with the purpose Mr Ogden took me gently to the columns of the you safe at last ! I had to pay the Indians more for you were not admitted God, I have got Curry, after being dismissed from the edil than for all the other captives, and I feared they would never give you up."' that a Cayuse who before mentioned, started the Orepon Fre State Rights Democrat, Jail 15, 1868. Stanley relates or unweb murdering her brother and gaining her inted as much truth welcome took to wife a girl of 14 years, after 1848 the lives of her mother and sister, offered Yt ran only from Aprii to December submission by threats against display type wro or to forsake his own people and live among the in the country, and with Ogden a large price for her, of G. L. Curry, in Or. Pioneer Ass.oc., 2 people. Rept. orom.leId. iff., 1854, 219. white Richardson's Mi8 is., 411; Polynesimt, v. 1872; Gilfry's Res. Or., MS., 25. THE CAPTIVES. HATEFUL INGRATITUDE. 697 y, which had not permitted ights. This letter was not mination, well understood by all, that decided William f December, and the alarm Craig to quit his claim on the Clearwater, though on suffering was occasioned by the best of terms with the Nez Perc6s. Bishop Blan- sooner received the captives chet also accompanied Ogden to the Willamette Valley, ,ement, on the 29th, than but Brouillet and Leclaire remained at the Umatilla the natives of the arrival of until the 20th of February, when they too abandoned volunteer riflemen at Walla the country; and their property left among the Cayuses occasioned by this intelli- was destroyed. t cause Spalding's company, . to be cut off, and any such The recipients of Ogden's favors were scarcely dis- would certainly be fatal to tributed among the homes of sympathizing friends in or the rescue of even the the Willamette Valley before the Presbyterians, with e rage of the savages would Spalding at their head, made an attack on the Hud- )thing. But to his great son's Bay Company and the Catholic clergy, openly he first of January, accom- accusing them of conspiring with the Indians to de- ez Perc6s. After spending stroy the Protestant missions in the interior; every ~ouncil with these natives, act and word of either being turned into the acts and more tractable than their words of conspirators plotting death and ruin to Amer- ,n embarked the ransomed words of conspirators plotting death and ruin to Amner- ankful to be able to do so. icans and Protestants. All were terumed Jesuits, nt to soon. A few hours whether Jesuit, secular, or Oblate; and fertile imagi- yuses arrived at the fort nations, half crazed by horrors, were sown with sus- and killing Spalding, as picions the foulest and most unnatural. The Spectator their intention of doing, being by its by-laws prohibited from entering into but peace commissioners sectarian discussions, the Oregon American devoted its intry. It was this deter- columns almost exclusively to the publication of the 42 y of his Indian Portraits were placed matter. The results of its few weeks of existence destroyed by fire some time later continue to appear in the frequent assertions published tewhite women and girls had suf- Tere certain touches of feeling exhib, and uttered even now that the fur company and the was yet early morning. According Catholic priesthood in a good breakfast for her. with tea Oregon were responsible for on the saddle of her horse to make the tragedy of Waiilatpu, notwithstanding the facts. a kind manner. Spalding in his The lack of motive arrival at the for't: 'As we rode up, on the part of the company, several se, as Catholic priests came out. 4 2 a father, and said, " Thank The Oregon American was not the only paper brought to pay the into existence Indians more for you about this time with the purpose of giving utterance to sentiments ey would never which give you up."' were not admitted to the columns of the conservative Spectator. George L. tanley relates that a Cayouse Curry, ern er brother and gaining whoher after being dismissed from the editorial chair of that journal for reasons before mentioned, started the Oregon Free Press, a small weekly in which he of her mother and sister, offered ptrinted as much truth, welcome or unwelcome to the Spectator, as pleased him. 1I own people and live among the t ran only from April to December 1848. It was printed from a press made ~l9. in the country, and with display type wrought out of wood by hand. Address of G. L. Curry, in Or. Pioneer Assoc., grans., 1875, 72; S. L. News, ii. 123; Richardson's Missis., 411; Polynesi.m, v. 27; Portland Oregonian, April 30, 1872; Gi/fry's Rev. Or., MS., 25. 698 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. THE CURSES OF THE even admitting the monstrous idea that its officers its occurrence, uses the followii were capable of such acts; the lack of both opportu- sight of the good already don nity and motive on the part of the priests, admitting the army of the zealous missior that these young men just out of European or Cana- devil, shaking with anger and i dian colleges could be thinking of murder, should be his last efforts to utterly ruin 1 sufficient proof that they did not instigate the In- this coast." 4' dians. The country belonged by treaty to the United The Presbyterians blamed 1 States, hence the company had nothing to gain. The Catholics blamed the devil, fo priests had not yet established a mission, or obtained ordinary good judgment oughl control of the Indians. They knew that Whitman which sectarian pride and obst intended leaving the Walla Walla Valley, and would rather than to avoid. if they wished it sell them his improvements at 4 Cath. Church in Or., 165. Waiilatpu. Why then kill him? Or why, if he must be killed, did the Protestant instead of the Catholic Cayuses do the deed? It was the Indians nearest to Whitman who killed him, even those almost of his own household. By the captives, saved and lib- erated by those they now accused, being instigated by sectarian hatred, were put upon the stand, and tricked into saying things the most abominable and absurd. It was Spalding himself who should have been examined, under oath, and not all those afflicted and bewildered captives who understood little or noth- ing of the causes which led to their great misfortunes. Finding the Protestants taking depositions, the Cath- olics also resorted to sworn statements; and it must be admitted that so far as the depositions go the latter have the best of the cause. But the rancor on both sides! The merely secular mind shrinks from contem- plating it.43 I have in previous chapters stated my belief that the interference of the Catholics augmented Whitman's troubles with the Cayuses; but it is evi- dent to my mind that had there not been a Catholic in the country the catastrophe would have come in the identical shape that it did come, from Indian jeal- ousy alone. Blanchet, in attempting to account for 43 Among the writers who will not countenance the accusations published in the Oregon American in 1848 are Evans, Strong, Dowell, Waldo, J. Henry Brown, Victor, Deady, I. I. Stevens, and J. Ross Browne. Thornton and Gray continued to put forth these horrible ideas. OF THE CAPTIVES. THE CURSES OF THE CHRISTIANS. 699 fmonstrous idea that its acts; officers the lack of both opportu- its occurrence, uses the following epart of the priests, sight of language: "At the admitting the good already done, and Just out of European the army of to be done by or Cana- the zealous missionaries just thinking of murder should devil, shaking with arrived, the they be anger and rage, resolved to did not instigate the In- his last efforts to utterly make ruin the Catholic clergy on -lolged by treaty to the United this coast." " any had nothing The Presbyterians to gain. The blamed the Catholics, ablished a Catholics and the mission, or obtained blamed the devil, for what They knew that ordinary good the exercise of Whitman judgment ought to have averted, Talla Walla Valley, and would which sectarian pride but and obstinacy resolved to them his improvements at rather than to avoid. dare kill him? Or whly, if he must 44 Cath. Ch7urch^ in Or., 165. Istant instead of the Catholic It was the Indians nearest I him, even those almost of r the captives, saved and lib- ow accused, beinofl instigated re put upon the stand, and •s the most abominable and ig himself who should have th, and not all those afflicted vho understood little or noth- d to their great misfortunes. ;aking depositions, the Cath.- 1statements; and it must be le depositions go the latter . But the rancor on both mind shrinks from contem- revious chapters stated my of the Catholics augmented the Cayuses; but it is evi- there not been a Catholic Iphe would have come in lid come, from Indian jeal- Attempting to account for Ountenance the accusations published id, Strong, Dowell, Waldo, J. Henry le ideas. Br"we. Thornton and GILLIAM'S ADV

stake; but the dissembling h While the general judgment d be "for the barbarian murderei nal remembrance; let them be ing hatred and hostility, until for their infamous deeds,"' Spa CHAPTER XXV. creating a similar feeling towa Walla, whom he had so lately THE CAYUSE WAR. friend and brother," with the 1848. could to save him. In the he; mind, which was not prepared ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY-COLONEL GILLIAM EN ROUTE FOB THE sion that the sword had fallen DALLES-THOMAS MCKAY'S CANADIAN COMPANY-CAPTAIN ENGLISH'S COMPANY-CAPTAIN MARTIN'S COMPANY-CAPTAIN SHAW'S COMPANY- cut the hair sank deeply. If CAPTAIN GARRISON'S COMPANY-THE ARMY AT FORT GILLIAM-THE the Presbyterians, how could ARMY AT FORT LEE-MEEK'S PARTY-PEACE MEASURES-A BRUSH when we have been driven awe WPIT THE ENEMY-OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE-HEADQUARTERS AT answered when the army apl WAIILATPU-ACTION OF THE PEACE COMMISSIONERS-COUNCIL WITH THE CAYvUSES-THE MURDERERS MUST BE DELIVERED uP-DEATH OF but the answer was not forth COLONEL GILLIAM-MAJOR LEE ASSUMES COMMAND-THE GOVERNOR'S pointed out this significant I PROCLAMATION-SCARCITY OF AMMUNITION-THE WAR ENDED AND who went away prepared to e TROOPS MUSTERED OUT-BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. hoofs of his Satanic Majesty Ogde recital On the same day that THE arrival of the rescued captives and the from the missions in th the preparations ilies of their wrongs greatly accelerated set out for the Dalles wi counselling peace liam for war. The letter of Spalding of the companies mentioned i would have been suppressed but for the request of on the should which were to follow Ogden that all if any of the correspondence by Meek's overland pa that Spalding panied be published. But it was easy to see and consequent del as the natives said, difficulties had written' as he did, because, winter, that the advance did i " he was in a hole," and could not otherwise get out. of the escape the 24th, three other compai He had heard, through the Nez Perc6s, t Van- and three others organizing of Hall, and supposed he would have reached raised fo: steps would be taken ber that were being couver or Oregon City, and that A company of inf left alive. He rightly counties. for the relief of all who were Portland, which expected i would wish to be in surmised that his countrymen the 1st of February. On Fr avenged, and he took measures to warn them not to precipitate him and all the other Americans in ruin l Or. Spectator, Jan. 20, 1848. by coming with an army to fight the Cayuses. No 2 The excitement became so great that for dis- their first shots would be for the bishop a, humane and reasonable being could blame him months the Catholic churches and establi sembling to the Indians when so many lives were at were in the greatest danger of being burnc 1 700, Or., 173. GILLIAM's AD)VANCE. 701

stake; but the dissembling had not stopped there. While the general judgment declared the sentence to be "for the barbarian murderers and violators.. . eter- nal remembrance; let them be pursued with unrelent- ing hatred and hostility, until life-blood has atoned 'TER XXv. for their infamous deeds,"' Spalding was employed in creating a similar feeling toward the bishop of Walla 'AYUSE WAR. Walla, whom he had so lately addressed as his "dear 1848. friend and brother," with the request to do all he could to save him. In the heated state of COLONEL the public GILLIAM EN ROUTE FOR THE mind, which was not prepared to reason, the impres- ,ANADIAN COMPANY-CAPTAIN ENGLISH'S sion that COMPANY-CAPTAIN SHAW'S COMPANY the sword had fallen because the bishop had Y-THE AR1MY AT FORT GILLIAM-THE cut the hair sank deeply. If it were not so, asked S PARTY-PEACE MEASURES-A BRUSH- the Presbyterians, how could the Catholics remain CORRESPONDENCE-HEADQUARTERS AT when we have been driven away? That question was PEACE COMMISSIONERS-COUNCIL WITH answered when RS MUST BE DELIVERED UP-DEATH Op the army approached the Umatilla, E ASSUMES COMMAND-THE GOVERNOR'S but the answer was not forthcoming when Spalding AMMUNITIONTHE WAR ENDED AND pointed out this significant fact to the volunteers, IPHICAL SKETCHES. who went away prepared to encounter the horns and hoofs of his Satanic Majesty on that 2 ued captives and river. the recital On the same day that Ogden arrived iccelerated the preparations with the fam- ilies from the missions in the interior, Colonel Gil- Spalding counselling peace liam set out for the ,sed Dalles with fifty men, in advance but for the request of of the companies mentioned the correspondence in the previous chapter, should which were to follow on the 14th. easy to see that He was accom- Spalding panied by Meek's overland party; but such ,cause, as the natives said, were the difficulties and consequent delays of the march )uld not otherwise get out. in the winter, that the advance did not reach the Dalles till 3 Nez Perces, of the escape the 24th, three other would companies being close behind, have reached Van- and three others organizing to [that steps would follow, besides a num- be taken ber that were being raised for defence are left alive. He in some of the rightly counties. A company of infantry was ymen would wish also forming to be in Portland, which expected to be ready to 3ures to warn them not march by to the 1st of February. On French Prairie a company other Americans in ruin fight the Cayuses. No I Or. Spectator, Jan. 20, 1848. g could blame hinm for dis- 2 The excitement became so great that the volunteers in starting said that en so many lives their first shots would be for the bishop and his priests; and that for several were at months the Catholic churches and establishments in the Willamette Valley were in the greatest danger of being burned down. Blanchet's Catih. Church i 700 . Or., 173. in

L mL. FORTS GILLIAM A] 702 THE CAYUSE WAR. together two others, under captE was raised by Thomas McKay, among the Canadians, 6 which action on the part of this noted Indian-fighter J. M. Garrison. gave great satisfaction, not only on account of his reputation as a warrior, but as an indication of the The army established, as it pas course which would be taken by the half-breed popu- station for supplies at the Casc2 lation in the event of a protracted war3 with the ceived the name of Fort Gilliam. natives. A flag was designed for and presented to at the Dalles by Major Lee was McKay, emblematic of the provisional gov- only piece of ordnance at the gc Captain C ernment, bearing a lone star and a number of stripes. the nine-pounder belonging to forwarded to the IDalles, this He presented it to his company with this brief ad- 7 dress: "This is the flag"you are expected to defend, as army headquarters. must defend it."' When Colonel Gilliam arriv and you skirt Besides the Canadian company, Marion county had already been some furnished two others, under captains Levin N. Eng- of January some savages we nissio lish and William Martin; ' and Clackamas and Marion the cattle left at the preparatory to driving them a' 3 Grim describes McKay as mounted and riding along the road haranguing Lee and several men advan the French half-breeds in Chinook. In an hour's time he had 34 men in his company. Emigrant Anecdotes, MS., 8. McKay's company was officered as intention of preventing it they follows: Thomas McKay, captain; Charles McKay, 1st lieutenant; Alexander upon a running fight was kepl McKay, 2d lieutenant; Edward Dupuis, orderly sergeant; George Montour, Baptiste Dorio, David Crawford, and Gideon Pion, duty sergeants. Privates: tween seventeen white men, soi John Spence, Louis Laplante, Augustine Russie, Isaac Gervais, Louis Mon- on foot, and twenty-three moul tour, Alexis Vatrais, Joseph Paine, Jno. Cunningham, Jno. Gros Louis, Joe Lenegratly, Antoine Poisier, Antoine Plante, Pierre Lacourse, Ashby Pearce, of whom were Cayuses. The Richard Linkletter, Charles Beauchmain, Augustine Delard, B. S. Laderiste, driving off about three hundt Antoine Lafaste, Nathan English, Charles Edwards, Gideon Gravelle, Chas. Coweniat, Antoine Bonaupaus, Nicholas Bird, Francis Dupres, William Towie, wounding Sergeant William I Thomas Purvis, A. J. Thomas, J. H. Bigler, Mongo, Antoine Ansure, Narcisse Ross'lVar., MS., 8-10. Montiznie, Edward Crete. Or. Spectator, April 6, 1848; 6Captain Shaw's officers were: David CG IOr. Spectator, Feb. 16, 1848. Dorio, 2.1 lieutenant; Absalom M. Smith, om 'Captain English's officers were: William Shaw, 1st lieutenant; F. M. Vatall Bergeron, George W. Shaw, and ( Hiram English, Munkers, 2d lieutenant; William Martin, orderly sergea-t; Privates: John H. Bigler, 0. Crum, Joseph George Shaw, Thomas Boggs, and L. J. Rector, duty sergeants. Privates: Plante, Eli Viliell, F. M. Manki3, Antonio I Jackson Adams, L. N. Abel, William Burton, Joseph Crank, John Downing, Heeber, Xavier Gervais, David Jones, John Thos. T. Eyre, R. D. Foster, Alexander Gage, Thomas Gregory, G. W. William Towie, Peter Jackson, Ale: Joseph Pearson, Howell, Fales Howard, J. H. Lewis, N. G. McDonald, James Officer, 1:5, B. F. Nichols, Hiram S:neadl, William Pearson, Jackson Rowell, William Simmons, L-wis Stewart, Charles Roth, Nineveh Westley. Daniel Waldo, George Wesley, William Vaughn, L. N. English, jun., Captain Garrison's officers wore: A. E. Ford, Albert Fish, A. Gribble, Samuel Seniers, Thomas Wigger, Richard J. Herren, 21 lieutenant; J. B. Kai3er, ord Hays, Wesley Howell, Richard Jenkins, G. H. March, Williane Medway, George Laroque, and Joseph Cole3ter, dut R. Payne, Benjamin Simpson, Alexander York. nai33s, Thoinas R. Blair, John C. Cox, Jo Captain Martin's officers were: A. E. Garrison, 1st lieutenant; David Phil Cosper, Isaiah Matheiy, Jolhn Picardl, William Waldo, 2d lieutenant; Ludwell J. Rector, orderly sergeant; William Isaac Wood, Pondl Fowler, Andlrew Hubem Fales Howard, Joseph Sylvester, and Benjamin Wright, duty sergeants. Bergeron. There is a repetition of George Crab- Vitelle Privates: J. Albright, H. BurdoAl, T. J. Blair, Joseph Borst, companies here given, from which it app tree, Joseph Crank, Wesley Cook, Samuel Center, John Cox, John Eads, as the rolls I Wood, frequently transferred. But Parnel Fowler, S. M. Crover, John Kaiser, Clark S. Pringle, Israel Brown from the originals, I let them sta Lewis Stewart, Pleasan C. Kaiser, Thomas Canby, Sidney Ford, William Salem Mfercury, and were copied into the A Melawers, A. M. Rainwater, B. F. Shaw, William Waldo, Silas G. Pugh, 2 and 9, 1877, and Ashland T'idings, of sam G. K. Vernon, Isaiah Matheny, Thomas T. Eyre, John C. Holgate. Albany 7Or. Archives, MS., 114. State Rights Democrat, Nov. 2, 1877. LYUSE WAR. FORTS GILLIAM AND LEE. 703 IcKay, among the Canadians, together two others, under captains William Shaw and of this noted Indian-fighter J. M. Garrison.6 not only on account of his . but as an indication of the The army established, as it passed iken by the up the river, a way- half-breed popu- station for supplies at the Cascade portage, which i protracted war3 re- with the ceived the name of Fort Gilliam. The stockade erected iigned for and presented to at the Dalles by Major Lee was called atic of Fort Lee. The the provisional gov- only piece of ordnance at the governor's command tar was and a number of stripes. the nine-pounder belonging to Oregon 'ompany City, which was with this brief ad- forwarded to the Dalles, this place being designated you are expected to defend, as army headquarters.' When Colonel Gilliamr arrived at Fort Lee there company, Marion county had already been some skirmishing. er On the 8th captains Levin N. Eng- of January some savages were discovered and Clackamas herding and Marion the cattle left at the mission by the immigrants d and riding along the road haranguing preparatory to driving them away; and when Major In an hour's time he had 34 men in his Lee and several men advanced on * McKay's company was officered as foot with the Lrles McKay, I1st lieutenant; Alexander intention of preventing it they were fired on. There- [is, orderly sergeant; George Montour, upon a running fight was kept up for two ,ideon Pion, ditty sergeants. Privates: hours, be- ne Russie, Isaac Gervais, Louis Monl- tween seventeen white men, some mounted and others lo. Cunningham, Jno. Gros Louis, Joe on "lante, Pierre Lacourse, Ashby Pearce, foot, and twenty-three mounted natives, eight only 'inAugustinle Delard, B. S. Laderiste, of whom were Cayuses. The natives succeeded in res dard., Gideon Gravelle, Chas. Bird, Francis Dupres, William Towie driving off about three hundred head of cattle, and Mongo,0ler, Antoine Ansure, Narcisse wounding Sergeant William Berry. Three savages April 6, 1848; Ross'Iar., MS., 8-10. "Captain Villiam Shaw, 1st lieutenant- F. M. Shaw's officers were: David Crawford, 1st lieutenant; Baptiste in, orderly sergeant; Hiram English, Dorio, 2.1 lieutenant; Absalom M. Smith, orderly sergeant; George Laroque, Vatall Bergeron, George W. Shaw, and Charles McKay, duty sergeants. J. Ractor, duty sergeants. Privates: Privates: John ~urton, Joseph Crank, John Downing, H. Bigler, 0. Crum, Joseph Despont, William Felix, Xavier Plante, Eli Viliell, F. M. Manki3, Antonio der Gage Thomas Gregory, G. W. Plante, Charles Edwards, Andrew G. McDo'nald, Jamese~OfficrJorseph.XV Heeber, Xavier Gervais, David Jones, John Pecares, Samuel Kinsey, Joseph Pearson, William Towie, Peter Jackson, Alexander Laborain, William Mc.Nlil- mogns, L'wi tenwgart,' Charles Roth, len, B. F. Nichols, Hiram Sleadl, William Marrill, Francis Poiecor, George l Senosrs, Thomas Wigger, Richlard Westley. Captain ,G. H. March, W\illiam Medway, J. Garrison's officers were: A. E. Garrison, 1st lieutenant: John C. Herrens, 21 lieutenant; J. B. Kaiser, orderly sergeant; George Crabtree, George Laroquc, E. Garrison, 1st lieutenant- David and Joseph Colestor, duty sergeants. Privates: E. Bier- nais33, Thoinas R. Blair, John C. Cox, Joseph Despart, Caleb M. Grover, r, orderly sergeant;' William Cosper, Isaiah Matheay, Berjamin Wright, duty sergeants. Jolh Picardl, William Philip, Henry Barden, Silas P. Pugh, Blair, Joseph Isaac Wood, Pencl Fowler, Andraw Hubert, Daniel Herren, Xavier Plante, Borst, George Crab- I Vitelle uel Center, John Cox, John Eadsb Bergeron. Th ere is a repetition of the same names ii two or more ser, Clark S. companies here given, from which it appears that men and officers were Pringle, Israel Wood, frequently nmas Canby, Sidney transferred. But as the rolls were thus published by J. Henry Ford, William Brown from the originals, w, William Waldo, Silas G. Pugh, I let them stand. They appeared first in the Salem Mercury, and were copied into the A lbany State RLiyJts T. Eyre, John C. Holgate. Albany A Denmcrat, Nov. 2 and 9, 1877, and Ash8land Tidings, of same date. 7 Or. Archives, MS., 114.

U 704 THE CAYUSE WAR. SKIRMISHING were killed, and one wounded. On the following morn- were killed, and one wounded ing, while a detachment was going some distance from quently at Vancouver.8 the fort to bring in a friendly chief, Seletza, who had In the mean time the govern been robbed for refusing to join in the hostilities, sixty to fighting suddenly underwent Indian horses were captured-a reprisal which hardly 27th we find him instructing LeE offset the loss of so much beef in a country destitute to assure the Indians that all t of provisions. them is to give up the murdere On hearing of Major Lee's first brush with the to be at peace with all the othei enemy, the governor wrote Colonel Gilliam, January time he informed him that he 26th, to select some of his best men and horses, and the three commissioners author make a reconnaissance in the neighborhod of Des who should repair to Walla I Chutes River. " It will require great caution on your of holding a council with the part," he said, "as commander-in-chief in the field, to Columbia, to prevent if possib distinguish between friends and foes; but when you them and the Cayuses; and th. are certain that they are enemies, let them know the Palmer, superintendent of I Americans are not women." But Gilliam was not a Newell, well known to the Ne commander to need promptings of this kind. He and Major Lee himself, who u meant to show the natives that Americans could fight tration had also become well when disembarrassed of their wives, children, and In accordance with this plan herds. on the 29th directed Colonel G On arriving at the Dalles, he led a hundred and Dalles until the commissionerk thirty men to the east side of Des Chutes River, volunteer companies, should ai where Major Lee was sent forward with a small de- him the instructions he had gin tachment to discover the whereabouts of the enemy, assurances to be made to the a camp being found located about twenty miles above would give up the murderers the crossing, but moving toward the mountains, with property the volunteers shoul their families and property. Lee at once charged them, the 2d of February commis killing one man and capturing two women and a Palmer, Newell, and Lee, and number of horses. Returning to camp, he was over- diately set about making prep taken in a narrow canion by a well-armed and mounted Palmer, being commissary-g, force, who opened fire, obliging them to dismount, and Wait and James Taylor, of Ores shelter themselves among the rocks and bushes of the of the commissary and quarte; ravine, where the savages annoyed them until dark his absence.9 Knowing the by rolling heavy stones down upon them. On the 8 Alexander McDonald was shot bv the following day Gilliam attacked the natives with his manner to induce the belief that he was a company, killing a number and taking forty Jackson were shot by Indians while herding whole 9In his directions to Wait, Palmer says: horses, a few cattle, and about $1,400 worth of other supplied with provisions at all hazards ... 1 con- chasing with such funds as are at the disl property which had been stolen. Skirmishing must be had to levying contributions upon tinued Tor several days, during which time three men will be particular in not reducing the amour HIST. OR., VOL. I. 45 E WAR. SKIRMISHING. 705 On the following morn- were killed, Joing some distance from and one wounded so that he died subse- quently at Vancouver.8 r chief, Seletza, who had in in the hostilities, sixty In the mean time the governor's policy with regard -a reprisal which hardly to fighting suddenly underwent a change, for on the f in a country destitute 27th we find him instructing Lee, at every opportunity, to assure the Indians that all the Americans want of ~'s first brush them is to give up the murderers, and that they wish with the to be at peace olonel Gilliam, January with all the other tribes. At the same time he est men and horses, and informed him that he thought of appointing te neighborhod the three commissioners authorized by the legislature, of Des who re great caution should repair to Walla Walla for the purpose on your of holding r-in-chief in the field, a council with the various tribes of the to Columbia, nd foes; but when to prevent if possible a coalition between you them and the Cayuses; nlies, let them know the and that he had selected Joel But Palmer, superintendent of, Indian affairs, Robert Gilliam was not a Newell, lgs of this kind. well known to the Nez Perces and Cayuses, He and Major Lee himself, ' Americans could who under White's adminis- fight tration had also become r wives, children, and well known to the Indians. In accordance with this plan of action, the governor on the 29th directed Colonel he led a hundred and Gilliam to remain at the Dalles until the commissioners, with the last Df Des of the Chutes River, volunteer rward with a companies, should arrive; and repeated to small de- him the instructions eabouts of the he had given Lee concerning the enemy, assurances to be )ut twenty miles made to the Indians, that if they above would give up the murderers d the mountains, with and restore the stolen property the volunteers should be withdrawn. On 5at once charged them, the 2d of February g two commissions were issued to women and a Palmer, Newell, and to camp, he was over- Lee, and the former two imme- diately set about making preparations for departure. ll-armed and mounted Palmer, them being commissary-general, deputized A. E. to dismount, and Wait and James Taylor, )cks and bushes of Oregon City, to take charge of the of the commissary and quartermaster )yed them until departments in dark his absence.9 Knowing the upon them. On the impatient character of 5 the natives with his Alexander McDonald was shot by the guard whom he approached in a. ber and taking forty manner to induce the belief that he was an Indian. James Packwood and Jackson were shot by Indians while herding horses near the fort. h1,400 worth of other 9 In his directions to Wait, Palmer says: 'The troops in the field must be a. Skirmishing con- supplied with provisions at all hazards. . .If a supply cannot be had by pur- chasing with such funds as are at the disposal of the department, a resort vhich time three men must be had to levying contributions upon the citizens... In doing this you will be particular in not reducing the amount of bread-stuffs below the wants lIST. OR., VOL. I. 45 706 THE CAYUSE WAR. VISIT FROM THE '

Gilliam, the governor urged Palmer to use all possible the 1 I th, but there was not th despatch to reach the Dalles before the colonel should the governor hoped, and no arn have moved from that place. The commissioners On the following day a coml arrived-at Fort Lee on the 10th, accompanied by the colonel allowing the commiss comlmanlds of McKay and English, with the cannon, accompanied by Major Lee, which McKay's men transported round the Cascades Thompson, Meek's party, and in a severe snow-storm, which detained both companies up a company of one hundred. at the upper landing all day of the 9th, and also a to be despatched by an Ind party of three Hudson's Bay men bearing despatches Catholic mission on the Ur to Fort Walla Wyla. Walla, and to the Nez Perc( Colonel Gilliam received a letter from the governor prepared for the advent of the by the hand of Commissioner Palmer, in which he peace commissioners. The lal was informed that the commissioners had been ordered the morning of the 14th. Ii to hold a council with the field-officers of the army, frontier method of warfare pre on the steps necessary to be taken in order to secure the guilty being shot down in entire unanimity of action. If the colonel thought was Rceived on the 13th that best to proceed at once to Waiilatpu with the main consummated between the tr army, he was to do so, and to select a favorable point which information determine for erecting a fort; wood, water, and grass being requi- longer, but to march the nE sites. In case of the tribes combining and refusing hundred men for Waiilatpu, 1l to comply with the demand to give up the murderers, at Fort Lee with twenty-seve the field was left in the hands of the colonel, who was sick."1 only cautioned to respect the lives and property of all Before the commissioners Indians who were friendly. they received a visit from t This blowing hot and blowing cold, and final leav- as messengers from their eb ing of everything in Gilliam's hands, was extremely tions of the Americans; sa perplexing to the commissioners, who, 'if they were to wished them to join the mi effect the object for which they were delegated, must had had no quarrel with th meet the natives in council before the army was upon not pass through their coun them. The council with the field-officers took place on desired peace, so did they. I of families. You should have at least 43 days' rations in advance. Call upon 1° I learn these things from a memoran the citizens through the medium of the press, or handbills, or both, to come his journey to and from Waiilatpu. It w forward and aid us. Now i3 the time to show their love of country, their daughter, Mrs Wardwell, of Lewiston, I patriotism, who are friends, and who are foes. There are but two sides, for The following entry is touching the r( and against; there can be no half-way place.' Indian was shot by one of our own pee Writing from Vaucouver, on his way up the Columbia, he says: 'I have horses to-day, Feb. 13th, a most shameful bought a keg of powder and 103 pounds of balls which can be used as well as "Newell says in his Menzaraneda that lead. Secure all the ammuniton you can and forward speedily. Send cannon, barn to make pickets around the houses ball, and canister. I will make a portage for the cannon at the Cascades, as I only 3 men were left at Fort Gilliam go up. There are 40 pounds of good rifle powder at Timmon's, on the Colum- run the boats from the Cascades to the D bia Slough, opposite this fort.' Such was the multiplicity of cares of the to fight Indians, and not run boats '-so chairman of the peace commission, who, while delegated to negotiate for 123. These bits of private information s' peace, was preparing for war See Or. Archives, MS., 117-18. clearly than the reports of officers. 1 li

C WAR, VISIT FROM THE YAKIMAS. 707 )almner to use all possible efore the colonel should the 11th, but there was not that unanimity for which ,e. The commissioners the governor hoped, and no arrangement was effected. th, accompanied by the On the following day a compromise was made, the glish, with the cannon, colonel allowing the commissioners to precede him, ted round the Cascades accompanied by Major Lee, captains McKay and retained both companies Thompson, Meek's party, and men enough to make of the 9th, and also a up a company of one hundred. Letters were written men bearing despatches to be despatched by an Indian messenger to the Catholic mission on the Umatilla, to Fort Walla Atter from the governor Walla, and to the Nez Perc6s, that they might be Palmer, in which he prepared for the advent of the army as well as of the oners had been ordered peace commissioners. The latter were to proceed on d-officers of the army the morning of the 14th. In the mean time the old ken in order to secure frontier method of warfare prevailed, the innocent and 0 f the colonel thought the guilty being shot down indiscriminately.' News diilatpu with the main was neceived on the 13th that a combination had been elect a favorable point consummated between the tribes east of the Palles, and grass being requi- which information determined Gilliam to delay no )mnbining and refusing longer, but to march the next morning with three ,ive up the murderers, hundred men for Waiilatpu, leaving Captain Williams f the colonel, who was at Fort Lee with twenty-seven men, including several sick." 'es and property of all Before the commissioners could start on the 14th ) cold, and final leav- they received a visit from two Yakimas who came hands, was extremely as messengers from their chiefs to learn the inten- who, If they were to tions of the Americans; saying that the Cayuses were delegated, must wished them to join the murderers; but that they e the army was upon had had no quarrel with the white people, who did -officers took place on not pass through their country. If the Americans desired peace, so did they. In this friendly mood they 'ations in advance. Call upon ,r handbills, or both, to come 10I learn these things from a memorandum kept by Robert Newell v, their during love of country, their his journey to and from Waiilatpu. It was a strictly private diary, which his There are but two sides, for daughter, Mrs Wardwell, of Lewiston, Idaho, allowed me to copy in 1877. The following entry is touching the recklessness of the volunteers: 'An e Columbia, he says: ' I have Indian was shot by one of our own people, H. English, while out hunting which can be used as well as horses to-day, Feb. 13th, a most shameful thing.' ward speedily. Send cannon 11Newell says in his Memoranda that Williams pulled down the mission 3 cannon at the Cascades, as I barn to make pickets around the houses. Palmer, in a letter to Wait, says *at Timmon's, on the Colum. only 3 men were left at Fort Gilliam to protect the property, and 3 to multiplicity of cares of the run the boats from the Cascades to the Dalles. ' The men have volunteered delegated to negotiate for to fight Indians, and not run boats '-so say the officers. Or. Archives, MS., Ms., 117-18. 123. These bits of private information show the condition of the army more clearly than the reports of officers. l I .1 1.

708 THE CAYUSE WAR. DES CHUTES DEPY were encouraged to remain, and sent back to their taking with them their perso chiefs with a few trifling presents. This condition of affairs, altho The discipline of the ar 'my was bad. Several of been expected, was the occasio the men left at Fort Lee returned to the Willamette the hungry volunteers, who hi because they were not permitted to fight Indians; to march after a retreating foe; and Captain Ross resigned for some reason equally a base of supplies was growing foolish;12 while much disorder prevailed in the com- But at length on the 23d, - missary department; and annoying jealousies were Willow Creek, a deputation of t indulged iin by some who had not provided themselves peared, bearing a flag, with a rec with private stores. In spite of these drawbacks, the delegation was headed by a chii army maintained a generally cheerful tone and prac- as a reason for not sooner res tised their military manceuvres with increasing dex- tion, that the volunteers had f terity, as they moved slowly to the John Day River compelled them to run away. without encountering any natives either hostile or ments of friendship for the Ai friendly-an indication of enmity in Indian tactics. to join them against the Cayus4 On the 18th, at the upper crossing of JohnsDay theyshould return to the Dal] River, it became apparent that a camp of the enemy commissioners, who would hold had left that place the previous night, as the newly them when they came back fro opened caches demonstrated, and Major Lee was or- These peace measures were n dered in pursuit, returning at midnight without having able eyes by the army, who w overtaken them. the killing of Packwood and JE On the 21st, after a hard day's march, the wagons were allowed to depart unmolf not getting into camp with the provisions until late Sue presented Captain McKa. in the night, and flour being scarce, the company of principal Des Chutes chief, Captain Maxon took a vote on the propriety of turn- sent word to Gilliam that he, ing back without orders. On the following day Colo- property left in his charge by i] nel Gilliam remained in camp, and after a military had been stolen by his peoph parade, made a speech to the army upon the duties of colonel at the Dalles, if that we dishonor of deserting the cause in to which Gilliam replied tha a soldier and the 3 which they were enlisted, promising that the men who be entirely satisfactory." had first moved in the mutiny should be remembered On the morning of the 24th in a manner befitting their conduct; which well-de- senger arrived from the Cathc served reproof had the effect to check desertion, the Yakinmas, to inform the c though it did not prevent other infractions of disci- people had decided to follow I pline, and the waste of ammunition by the firing of remain at peace, desiring that guns in camp. be informed of their decision On approaching the Cayuse country the natives possible, as if they feared to ti could be seen moving off toward the Blue Mountains, the military. But no messagE 12Newell's Menwranda, MS., 4. 13Report of commissioners, in Or. Specdt WAR. DES CHUTES DEPUTATION. 709 nd sent back to their taking with them their personal its. effects and herds. This condition of affairs, although what might have was bad. Several of been expected, was the occasion of discontent ned to the among Willamette the hungry volunteers, who, had not enlisted ted to fight Indians; simply to march after a retreating foe; and the distance from some reason equally a base of supplies was growing daily greater. prevailed in the corn- But at length on the 23d, while the army )ying jealousies was at were Willow Creek, a deputation of thirteen Des Chutes ap- )t provided themselves peared, bearing a flag, with a request for r these drawbacks, a council. The the delegation was headed by a chief called Sue, ieerful tone who gave and prac- as a reason for not sooner responding to the invita- with increasing dex- tion, that the volunteers had fired on his people the John and Day River compelled them to run away. He professed senti- Ves either hostile or ments of friendship for the Americans, ity in even offering Indian tactics. to join them against the Cayuses. It was ossing agreed that of John. Day theyshould return to the Dalles and there a camp of the await the enemy commissioners, who would hold a general council with I night, as the newly them when they came back from Waiilatpu. d Major Lee was or- These peace measures were not regarded with [night without favor- having able eyes by the army, who were anxious to avenge the killing of Packwood and Jackson, but the s march, Indians the wagons were allowed to depart unmolested. Before leaving, provisions until late Sue presented Captain McKay a fine horse from the arce, the company of principal Des Chutes chief, Welaptulekt, who he propriety also of turn- sent word to Gilliam that he would bring in e following all the day Colo- property left in his charge by immigrants, and all nd after that a military had been stolen by his people, and return it to the y upon the duties of colonel at the Dalles, if that would make them eserting friends, the cause in to which Gilliam replied that such a course would ig that the men who be entirely satisfactory."3 )uld be remembered On the morning of the 24th, about daylight, luct; which a mes- well-de- senger arrived from the Catholic missionaries among to check desertion, the Yakimas, to inform the commissioners infractions that this of disci- people had decided to follow their advice, and would ion by the firing of remain at peace, desiring that the governor of Oregon be informed of their decision at the earliest moment ountry the natives possible, as if they feared to trust to the friendship of he Blue Mountains, the military. But no message had yet come from the 13Report of commissioners, in Or. Spectator, Ap-il 6, 1848.

L U IL 710 THE CAYUSE WAR. FIGHTING EN missionaries among the Cayuses, to whom a letter had was their purpose to kill as i been sent"4 on the 20th. in Indian battles, except where About ten o'clock on the morning of the 24th, a massacre, few are killed, for while the army was on the march, the commissioners behind a tree, and his white ai being in advance with a flag, two Cayuse spies were the same tactics. Gilliam's discovered, and about noon a large force came in sight lines until they embraced in a] making signs of hostility; and when the commissioners the wagons and cattle, advanm advanced they were warned to keep off. They then every caution to avoid an am returned to the volunteers, and the natives began twice discharged, but owing to closing in on all sides to the number of four hundred, of the enemy, proved of li about one hundred being unarmed spectators and became the sole dependence. women. Their first overt act was the shooting of a march and fight until sunset, dog belonging to one of the men. Then the battle drew and the volunteers en( began. without wood or water, havii It was a brave sight, the gayly dressed warriors to do something besides waitin mounted on their painted coursers galloping over the themselves or complaining of field, and the hills decorated with motionless human loss on the side of the Amner bronzes. The vanity of a native is his most dis- one dangerously; while the ( tinguishing trait. These three hundred Cayuses had including a chief called Grea told each other, and believed it themselves, that they man, and one severely woul should have an easy conquest of the Americans. Five Crows, whose arm was t "We will beat the Americans to death with clubs, the rifle of Lieutenant Charb and then proceed to the Willamette and take the company. Newell, in remar women, and all their property," said these boastful day, says that the murderer braves," who had yet the art of war to learn. They and that it was easy to distin had an advantage in tile ground chosen, and in their those who had no personal i general acquaintance with the country, and had they would have avoided it if pos been as great warriors as they imagined, must easily themselves, and in constern; have beaten the invaders. the battle, the fighting nex But the volunteers behaved well, considering it ineffectual. For two days the men were 14This apparent neglect is explained by Brouillet in Authentic Account, 69, where he says that the Cayuses had been told that the missionaries would little to eat, harassed contini remain among them as long as they were at peace, but would retire as soon as ing on a parallel line of mare war should he declared; and that on the 19th of Feb. the Cayuses had gone to meet the Americans, whereupon the priests removed to Fort Walla Walla on approached near enough to the 20th. Brouillet also says that Ogden promised the Cayuses to endeavor council with the corn to prevent a war, and that he would send an express to Walla Walla to ap- hold a prise them of the result; but that no such express came before the first engage- told that no interruption coi ment, and that the Indians suspected Ogden of betraying them. 'Had Ogden's w letter arrived in time,' says Brouillet, 'it would probably have prevented the ments of the army until engagement, and induced the Cayuses to accept peace upon the terms offered night of the 25th the voli by the government.' "C. McKay, in Or. Spectator, March 23, 1848. 15 Memoranda, MS., S. E '"AR. FIGHTING EN ROUTE. 711 ses, to whom a letter had was their purpose to kill as many as possible. Yet morning of the 24th, in Indian battles, except where there is a surprise and larch, the commissioners a massacre, few are killed, for the Indian fights front ,two Cayuse spies were behind a tree, and his white antagonist usually adopts large force came in sight the same tactics. Gilliam's troops extended their when the commissioners lines until they embraced in an almost complete circle 1 ;o keep off. They then the wagons and cattle, advancing and fighting, using tnd the natives began every caution to avoid an ambush. The cannon was I, 4 umber of V twice discharged, but owing to the scattered positions four hundred I ,,armed spectators and of the enemy, proved of little use, and the rifle was the shooting of a became the sole dependence. The army continued to men. Then the battle march and fight until sunset, when the natives with- drew and the volunteers encamped beside the road gayly dressed warriors without wood or water, having had at last a chance Hers galloping over the to do something besides waiting and quarrelling among Tith motionless human themselves or complaining of their commander. The tive is his most dis- loss on the side of the Americans was five wounded, hundred Cayuses had one dangerously; while the Cayuses had eight killed, themselves, that they including a chief called Great Eagle and a medicine- t of the Americans. man, and one severely wounded-the popular chief I to death with clubs Five Crows, whose arm was shattered by a ball front atmette and take the the rifle of Lieutenant Charles McKay of the French said these boastful company. Newell, in remarking upon events of the war to learn. They day, says that the murderers were eager for battle, 1 chosen, and in their and that it was easy to distinguish between them and untry, and had they those who had no personal interest in the fight, and imagined, must easily would have avoided it if possible."6 Divided among themselves, and in consternation at the outcome of well, considering it the battle, the fighting next day was cautious and ineffectual. rouillet in Authentic Account, d that the missionaries would For two days the men were without water, and with ,e, but would retire as soon as little to eat, harassed continually by the enemy keep- ,f Feb. the Cayuses had gone noved to Fort Walla Walla on ing on a parallel line of march. Some of the Cayuses sed the Cayuses to endeavor approached near enough to intimate 'press to Waall Walla to ap- their desire to came before the first engage hold a council with the commissioners, but they were iraYing them. 'Had Ogden's told that no interruption could be allowed the move- probably have prevented the Peace upon the terms offered ments of the army until water was found. On the night of the 25th the volunteers encamped on the 16 Memoranda, MS., S. 712 THE CAYUSE WAR. THE NEIGHBORING west bank of the Umatilla River, of which the enemy they not take his advice and give in the beginning had boastfully said the Americans the Great Chief of the Ame should never drink; and notwithstanding the overtures war-chiefs, and they would all I for a council, some of the horses were stolen during were glad to capitulate. He the night. had sent the news of the mass: Crossing the Umatilla on the 26th, Gilliam marched asked for war ships to be stati to within three miles of the Cayuse camp, where and that other means would I he remained until the forenoon of the 27th. While tisement should they not conel1 moving, and in camp, the Indians swarmed all along his terms; but that should t: the hills, the main body showing a determination to promise to protect them. continue hostilities. From those who approached the A letter was also prepared volunteer camp the commissioners learned that their to the Nez Perces, counsellin messenger to the Nez Perce6s had been robbed and peace.'7 It was anticipated, m sent back by the Cayuses, and they immediately tions were prepared, that th( despatched another. be able first of all to hold a Perces, friendly Cayuses, and The correspondence of the Cayuse war is one of vacillating course of the g its peculiar features. Governor Abernethy had pre- Gilliam to advance on Waiil pared a communication to be presented to the Nez best, when he knew that eve Perces and other tribes to prevent a coalition with mander was for fighting, had the Cayuses. In it he had begun with their first tion; hence the preparation intercourse with white people, reminding them that forwarded, as before mentionec they had invited and encouraged them to reside in on the 20th. their country, and that their white friends had earnestly Spalding's letter, and one n labored to do them good, but had been rewarded with Vicar-general Brouillet reques death. Many Americans, he said, had passed through facts concerning the part he 1] their country to the Willamette, at first without robbed and assaulted. 17 Spalding's letter is a curiosity, and of molestation- but latterly had been style of the Nez Perce school, rather than for The Cayuses had accused Whitman of poisoning them, country. It was written in Roman letters as -Nez Perc6 Chiefs: My Friends, Ellis, Ka] when they could see that the white people as well as Jacob, Pucatash, Yamohmohnim, Yumta the Indians died of a disease sent by the Creator. these flags meet them. From us, from the Mr Palmer, Dr Newell, Mr McKay, Mr I The hearts of the white people bled because of what you, with good hearts they meet you. Ti at Waiilatpu. It could not be passed chief, they bear it; therefore they call yol had been done young men; do not go over to the Cayus by The murderers and ravishers must be given up with you. The good are not to be punishe. and peace would then be restored; The Nez Perc6s, the Americans are one, tl to be punished, Very many Americans are going to seek t] but all who sheltered or assisted the criminals would There will soon be large ships from Califo be subject to the proposal of peace. They send you toba, be accounted equally guilty, and delay. My youngest child is sick, therefo wrath of the great white race, compared with which well, I will see you, by the blessing of Should hearts. By the blessing of God, may we they, the tribes of Oregon, were but a handful. Or. Archives., MS., 120. THE NEIGHBORING TRIBES. 713 ver, of which the enemy lly said the Americans they not take his advice and give up the guilty Cayuses, hstanding the overtures the Great Chief of the Americans would send his 'ses were stolen during war-chiefs, and they would all be punished until they were glad to capitulate. He warned them that he 26th, Gilliam marched had sent the news of the massacre to California, and Cayuse camp, where asked for war ships to be stationed in the Columbia, I of the 27th. While and that other means would be used for their chas- ans swarmed all along tisenient should they not conclude to accept peace on ng a determination to his terms; but that should they consent he would se who approached the promise to protect them. ers learned that their A letter was also prepared by Spalding, addressed had been robbed and to the Nez Perces, counselling them to remain at nd they immediately peace."1 It was anticipated, when these communica- tions were prepared, that the commissioners would be able first of all to hold a council with the Nez Dayuse war is one of Perce6s, friendly Cayuses, and Walla Wallas; but the Abernethy had pre- vacillating course of the governor in authorizing Dresented to the Nez Gilliam to advance on Waiilatpu should he think vent a coalition with best, when he knew that every instinct of the com- ,gun with their first mander was for fighting, had defeated that expecta- reminding them that tion; hence the preparation of other letters to be ,d them to reside in forwarded, as before mentioned, from John Day River friends had earnestly on the 20th. I been rewarded with Spalding's letter, and one addressed by Gilliam to 1,had passed through Vicar-general Brouillet requesting him to furnish the te, at first without facts concerning the part he had taken in the events robbed and assaulted. Spalding's letter is a curiosity, and of value as a specimen of the literary m of Poisoning them, style of the Nez Perce school, rather than for its importance to the history of the ite people as well as country. It was written in Roman letters as follows: 'Willamette, Feb. 3, 1848 -Nez Perce Chiefs: My Friends, Ellis, Kancoot, James, Yuainimalkin, Luke, Int by the Creator. Jacob, Pucatash, Yamohmohnim, Yumtamilkin:-quick, meet them; with led because of what these flags meet them. From us, from the Americans, five go to meet you: Mr Palmer, Dr Newell, Mr McKay, Mr Lee, and Mr Gilliam. These meet could not be passed you, with good hearts they meet you. They bear a message from the great chief, they bear it; therefore they call you to meet them. Keep quiet ye rs must be given up young men; do not go over to the Cayuses. Wait till these speak closely I then be restored; with you. The good are not to be punished; only the bad are to be punished. The Nez Perces, the Americans are one, therefore do you not depart from us. the criminals would Very many Americans are going to seek the bad Cayuses, and the bad only. be subject to the There will soon be large ships from California; therefore they offer to you a proposal of peace. They send you tobacco, therefore meet them without mpared with which delay. My youngest child is sick, therefore I cannot meet you. When he is I a handful. Should well, I will see you, by the blessing of God. Ever make yourselves good hearts. By the blessing of God, may we see each other. H. H. SPALDING.' Or. Archives., MS., 120. THE ARMY AT WALT 714 THE CAYUSE WAR. preceding and succeeding the massacred-a precaution so that excepting the failure ol did him honor, considering the feeling with reach its destination, no serioi which Thi which the volunteers had been inspired concerning correspondence occurred. reached the priest-were enclosed in a packet addressed to affairs when the army MeBean at Fort Walla Walla, and intrusted to a native named Elijah, who professed to be a Nez On the 27th the regiment E Perc4, and who had accompanied the volunteers from the savages having all disappe City. Elijah, however, unfortunately or de- which movement signified dete Oregon d signedly, fell in with the Cayuses before reaching who had asked for a council been a] Walla Walla, and had taken from him, by Tauitau, on the Umatilla, it had where the his packet and the presents of a flag and some tobacco come to Waiilatpu which the commissioners had sent to the Nez Perc6s. pected, though in truth nothin But Tauitau, not daring to keep the packet, which disposition of the Nez Perc6s, to McBean, sent it to the fort, though tion was the principal reason was addressed 9 he intercepted and destroyed the answer.' ing with this portion of the G The letter of the commissioners to McBean was an On the evening of the 28t] explanation of the presence of an army in the country, Fort Walla Walla. Colonel and an assurance that it was not with the purpose of and Newell, spent the night bringing on a general war, but to secure the punish- council with McBean, whose ment of the Cayuse murderers, and if possible to pre- couver, having reached him , vent the other tribes from joining with them. " We be supposed to express the se expect you," they said, "to take part in the headquarters. It was his c do not I matter so as to implicate you, but if possible to facili- management a war could was tate our movements to restore tranquillity;" and he company should so desire was asked to apprise them of the disposition of the theless two kegs of powder M Walla Wallas, and other Indians. There if necessary. Nez Perc6s, opportuni some additional items of news, with an expres- Gilliam had an were coiy sion of anxiety lest the Catholic mission and the fort discussing the question of be in danger, and the offer of a detach- priests, and appeared to have itself should 0 to guard the latter if necessary.2 The answer, further was said in that quar ment 22 mi as I have said, was destroyed by Tauitau, and the them. He moved six commissioners remained in doubt. In the mean time, 21Newell's Memoranda, MS., 10. Wolf, two Nez B. J it happened that Timothy and Red 22 There was a letter written by at the fort simultaneously with called Fort Wascopam in the corresponm Perc6 chiefs, arrived Seletza, the Dalles chief, alleged that th Tauitau's messenger, and to them the letter of Spald- shields for the Cayuses, from which circl at once as addressed; selves they were invulnerable, and inten ing was given to be conveyed the Sklos, who are probably a branch of punish tl his Authentic Account, which see at pages the Yakima chiefs, Skloom, to 18Brouillet's reply is the basis of of the Columbia to tI 48-56, 91. down the north side dated February 28th, and address of the commissioners, in Or. Spectator, April 6, 1848. was "9Report mentioned that, as acting quartermaster 21 Or. Archives., MS., 125-8. LYUSE WAR. THE ARMY AT WALLA WALLA. 715 the massacre "8 a precaution onsidering the feeling with so that excepting the failure of McBean's answer to Ad been inspired concerning reach its destination, no serious interruption of the d in a packet addressed to correspondence occurred. This was the position of Walla, and intrusted to a affairs when the army reached the Ujuatilla. ho professed to be a Nez npanied the volunteers from On the 27th the regiment moved to the Columbia, wever, unfortunately or de- the savages having all disappeared during the night; e Cayuses before reaching which movement signified determined war. To those ken from him, by Tauitau, who had asked for a council during the encampment s of a flag and some tobacco on the Umatilla, it had been answered that they must iad sent to the Nez Perc6s. come to Waiilatpu where the Nez Perces were ex- to keep the packet, which pected, though in truth nothing was yet known of the sent it to the fort, though disposition of the Nez Perc&s, which want of informa- ed the answer.' tion was the principal reason for deferring the meet- ssioners to McBean was an ing with this portion of the Cayuses. of an army in the country, On the evening of the 28th camp was made near Is not with the purpose of Fort Walla Walla. Colonel Gilliam, with Palmer but to secure the punish- and Newell, spent the night within its walls, taking rers, and if possible to pre- council with McBean, whose despatches from Van- joining with them. "We couver, having reached him at the same time, might aid, "to take part in the be supposed to express the sentiments entertained at u, but if possible to facili- headquarters. It was his opinion that with good tore tranquillity;" and he management a war could be avoided. 2" That the of the disposition of the company should so desire was to be expected. Never- Wnd other Indians. There theless two kegs of powder were obtained, to be used of news, with an expres- if necessary. 1olic mission and the fort Gilliam had an opportunity while at the fort of ,nd the offer of a detach- discussing the question of complicity with the Catholic ecessary.20 The answer, priests, and appeared to have been satisfied, as nothing Red further was said in that quarter of the charges against by Tauitau, and the 22 oubt. In the mean time them. He moved six miles up the Walla Walla Lnd Red Wolf, two Nez "Newell's Memoranda, MS., 10. fort simultaneously with 22 There was a letter written by B. Jennings from Fort Lee, more often them the letter of Spald- called Fort Wascopam in the correspondence of the volunteers, stating that Seletza, the Dalles chief, alleged that the priests at Walla Walla had made d at once as addressed; shields for the Cayuses, from which circumstance the Cayuses flattered them- selves they were invulnerable, and intended marching through uthentic the country of Account, which see at pages the Sklos, who are probably a branch of the Yakimas, from the name of one of the Yakima chiefs, Skloom, to punish them for their neutrality, and thence Spectator, April 6, 1848. down the north side of the Columbia to the Willamette settlements. The letter was dated February 28th, and addressed to A. E. Wait. The same writer I mentioned that, as acting quartermaster, he was daily importuned for ammu- 716 THE CAYUSE WAR. MEEK'S PA]

3River on the 29th, and encamped near the camp of solving to make his headquari Peupehmox, who made professions of friendship which place he removed on i for the Americans, and sold them some beef cattle. detachment of a hundred was During the night there was an alarm of Indians, but party of seven to the foot o none could be discovered until on the afternoon of the whence they were to make I next day's march the smoke of their fires could be their Hudson's Bay cap and discerned in the direction of Waiilatpu. strength and sagacity, to the On thei 2d of March the volunteers encamped near States.25 Three months had e' the mission, when Gilliam took two companies and of Waiilatpu, and as yet the, visited the scene of the massacre, finding that the send the intelligence beyond t houses had been burned, and all the property carried tain ranges which cut off the off or destroyed. Wagons and everything movable inhabited world. In how gre had been cast into the fire, and nothing remained but attempt was successful will a heap of adobes, broken china, glass, pottery, and chapter.2 6 warped iron, while books, letters, and many lighter articles were scattered about23 the enclosure, and the Amidst rumors that the N orchard trees were hacked or cut down. Horror was way to join the Cayuses, and added to desolation, for strewn over the ground were cas that, while pretending frien the mutilated remains of the victims of the massacre, were expecting war, the peas which had been disinterred by wolves.24 efforts to hold a preliminary c This spectacle evidently hardened the heart of the Cayuses as professed to be fri impulsive commander against peace commissions, and altogether of the poorer and le he returned in an impatient mood to camp, after re- the commander frowned on 'p, his energies on a fortress co] nition, the friendly natives pretending to be afraid of the Cayuses; and if of the demolished mission buil refused, they then wanted a pass to go to Vancouver, in all probability to for the lieutenant purchase powder and ball, from which circumstances he feared their intentions Fort Waters were not good. There were no means of ascertaining the truth of an Indian of the officers were willing to report, which had always to be receivedrwith caution. See Or. Archives, MS., 132. free to accomplish what they ci 2 3 Among the letters were some which showed that Whitman had been opinion and authority to this u aware of his danger. Joel Palmer, in Brouillet's Authentic Account, 21. 24 A tress of Mrs Whitman's hair is preserved among the relics in the Ore. threatened to march to battle gon archives at Salem. Newell's Menoranda, MS., 11; Victor's River of the 6th, the very day on which ti West, 433. There is also in the state archives a tomahawk said to have been the one used by Tamahas in killing Whitman. When Tamahas was about to be executed, it is said he gave the hatchet to Stock Whitley, a chief of the 2' Meek was accompanied from Waiih Des Chutes, whose family presented it to Donald McKay, who in turn gave mountain days, G. W. Ebberts, and by . it to William Logan, Indian agent at Warm Springs in 1864. It was exhibited James Steel, Samuel Miller, Jacob Leal by Logan at a sanitary fair during the civil war, and finally presented to the Broan's Miscellany, MS., 22. The party b state. It is not probable, however, that Tamahas would give a keepsake to ordered an escort to take them beyond the a Des Chutes chief when the tribe had refused to assist the guilty Cayuses. 26From a letter of Abernethy's I gather Another and more probable story is that Tamahas used a hatchet obtained by might meet the Oregon regiment, so much 1 Ti~loukaikt of the Gros Ventres in 1833, and that he presented it to Five Crows Hall, if peace should have been conclude( a few years afterward. This fact, if established, would go to show that Five 108-9. Crows was fully apprised of the intention of the Walla Walla Cayuses. See 2i Newell says: 'Colonel Gilliam left thb Portland Oregonian, March 9, 1865. had come to fight, and fight he would.' Me E WAR. MEEKZ'S PARTY. 717 amped near the camp of solving to make professions of friendship his headquarters among the ruins, to them which place he removed on the 3d. This settled, a some beef cattle. detachment %nalarm of Indians, of a hundred was sent to escort Meek's but party of seven to 1 on the afternoon of the the foot of the Blue Mountains, whence they were to of their fires could be make their way, protected by Waiilatpu. their Hudson's Bay cap and capote, and their own strength and lunteers encamped near sagacity, to the frontier of the United States.22 Three Dok two companies and months had elapsed since the tragedy ;sacre, of Waiilatpu, and as yet they had not been able to finding that the send all the property the intelligence beyond the silver-rimmed moun- carried tain ranges ,id everything movable which cut off the Oregon colony from the I nothing inhabited world. In how great a degree the present remained but attempt na, glass, was successful will be related in a future pottery, and chapter.2 6 ters, and many lighter the enclosure, and the Amidst rumors that the Nez Perces were on their ut down. Horror was way 1 over to join the Cayuses, and the assurances of Stic- the ground were cas that, while ictims of the massacre, pretending friendship himself, his people were expecting war, the peace commissioners made Wolves.241 efforts lened the to hold a preliminary council with such of the heart of the Cayuses 'eace commissions, as professed to be friendly, they being almost and altogether of the nood to camp, after re- poorer and less influential class. But the commander frowned on 'peace talk,' and expended his energies on a fortress e afraid of the Cayuses, and if constructed of the adobes Vancouver, in all probability to of the demolished mission buildings which was named itances he feared their intentions Fort Waters 27 Irtaining the truth of an Indian for the lieutenant-colonel. While many caution. See Or. Archives, MS., of the officers were willing to leave the commissioners free to owed that Whitman had been accomplish what they could, Gilliam opposed his '8 Authentic Account, 21 opinion and authority to this unmilitary sentiment, and red among the relics in the Ore. MS., 11; Victor's River of the threatened to march to battle on the morning of the a tomahawk said to have been 6th, the very day on which the Nez Perces, two hun- When Tamahas was about to Stock Whitley, a chief of the iald McKay, who in turn gave 2 Meek was accompanied from Waiilatpu only by his old comrade of ings in 1864. It was exhibited mountain days, G. W. Ebberts, and by John Owens, Nathaniel Bowman, r, and finally presented to the James Steel, Samuel Miller, Jacob Leabo, Dennis Buris, David Young. ahas would give a keepsake to Brown's Miscellany, MS., 22. The party being too small to be safe, Gilliam d to assist the guilty Cayuses. ordered an escort to take them beyond the Cayuse country. has used a hatchet obtained by 26 From a letter of Abernethy's I gather that he had some hope that Meek t he presented it to Five Crows might meet the Oregon regiment, so much talked about in congres-, near Fort d, would go to show that Five Hall, if peace should have been concluded with Mexico. Or. Archives, MS., eWala Wafla Cayuses. See IOS-9. 2l Newell says: 'Colonel Gilliam left the council in a huff, and declared he had come to fight, and fight he would.' Memoranda, MS., 12.

II SPEECHES OF THI 718 THE CAYUSE WAR. in my heart, becai under Craig and Gervais, had law I keep dred and fifty strong, H them in council at Waiilatpu. No law of God-the first law." appointed to meet way, that the Americans were unity and little discipline existed in the army, because, not turn joined it from motives brethren, but he was as Newell said, some men had and was thankful for the good of patriotism, others for popularity, a certain portion by the commander Then spoke James, the Ca for plunder, and the course taken that Sp consolidate factions. Gilliam did not, expressed his pleasure was not one to his conviction that all the chiel attempt to lead the volunteers against the however, Red Wolf declared that whei Cayuses before the council, as he had threatened. The and were sacre he went to Waiilatpu to Nez Perces arrived about 'noon on the 6th, and ha cheers. On the 7th the cerning the conspiracy, received by the army with that not all the chiefs were gu the usual ceremony of smoking council opened with had committed the murd of peace. The letter of Governor Aber- men the calumet he returned and reported to SI nethy was then given to the chiefs, who broke the unable to read it, the engaged in killing the Ameri seal with much care, but being Willamette through an interpreter, while said: " I go to the contents were delivered life,' ai attention. Ellis, the head Perc6s have saved my they listened with close yours;" sin Perc6s, being absent, the first speech lamette and save chief of the Nez all been waiting to hear from in reply was made by Joseph, next in authority, a half- on the mother's side, and like Timothy was more reserved brother of Five Crows, for a Crows a professed Protestant, but who, on hear- these chiefs, they speak Five meddle with t ing of the Cayuse outbreak, had been the first to air; I do not his countenance from the missionaries and speak, we are all of the sam withdraw Whitman to tl in the plunder of their houses. Said Joseph: accompanied to join that the governor ha, "Now I show my heart. When I left my home I thankful in the Nez Perc6 language) people would not go to war. took the book (the gospels ti brought it with me. It is my light. by their old chief, Cut-nose, in my hand, and Ellis wa the Americans were coming to kill me; still to cling to the good. I heard was sure that his cou I held my book before me, and came on. I have but ha. of your chief. I speak for all the Kentuck, who had escort, heard the words country when present, and all my people. I do not want Salmon River Cayuses stations, followed wit my children engaged in this war, although my brother mission You speak of the murderers. I shall he hadAteen much with the is wounded. of them could with them. I bow my head. This much and th# none not meddle foi I speak." of his character. He had Jacob, the chief, who was wont to practise upon against the Blackfoot. He of the people to advance his personal in California the previous Si the superstitions toward the A popularity, as elsewhere mentioned, said: "It is the from friendship 8 law of this country that the murderer shall die. That 2 In reality to avenge Elijah's death. WAR. SPEECHES OF THE CHIEFS. 719

Craig and Gervais, had law I keep in my heart, because I believe it is the uncil at Waiilatpu. No law of God-the first law." He also had heard, on the ed in the army, because, way, that the Americans were coming to kill all his joined it from motives brethren, but he was not turned back by the report, larity, a certain portion and was thankful for the good letter of the governor. ken by the conmnander Then spoke James, the Catholic Nez Perc6, and tions. Gilliam did not, expressed his pleasure that Spalding had escaped, and volunteers against the his conviction that all the chiefs present desired peace. [e had threatened. The Red Wolf declared that when he heard of the mas- n on the 6th, and were sacre he went to Waiilatpu to discover the truth con- eers. On the 7th the cerning the conspiracy, and had been told by Tauitau I ceremony of smoking that not all the chiefs were guilty, but that the young Ater of Governor Aber- men had committed the murders. Without sleeping chiefs, who broke the he returned and reported to Spalding what chiefs were unable to read it, the engaged in killing tl- Americans, and Spalding had h an interpreter, while said: " I go to the Wilamette and will say, 'The Nez ition. Ellis, the head Perc6s have saved my life,' and I will go to the Wil- absent, the first speech lamette and save yours;" since which time they had ,xt in authority, a half- all been waiting to hear from the governor. mother's side, and like Timothy was more reserved. He said: " You hear tant, but who, on hear- these chiefs, they speak for all. I am as one in the had been the first to air; I do not meddle with these things; the chiefs i the missionaries and speak, we are all of the same mind," Richard, who houses. Said Joseph: accompanied Whitman to the States in 1835, was Len I left my home I thankful that the governor had spoken so kindly. His e Nez Perc6 language) people would not go to war. They had been taught h me. It is my light. by their old chief, Cut-nose, to take no bad advice, but )ming to kill me; still to cling to the good. Ellis was in the buffalo country; d came on. I have but he was sure that his counsel would be for peace. I speak for all the Kentuck, who had escorted Parker through the 1ople. I do not want Salmon River country when he came to explore for , although my brother mission stations, followed with an address. He said e murderers. I shall he had been much with the Americans and French, my head. This much and that none of them could say anything disparaging of his character. He had fought with the Americans 'ont to practise upon against the Blackfoot. He had been with Fremont ) advance his personal in California the previous summer, not for pay, but ined, said: "It is the from friendship toward the Americans. 28 It had been derer shall die. That 28 In reality to avenge Elijah's death.

L wiwwwmm

PROPERTY RETI 720 THE CAYUSE WAR. faith on both said that he was with the Cayuses and concerned in earnest of good but such was not the fact. His people agent should accompany and the murders, to settle all dispi never shed the blood of Americans; and he was with authority had blacksmith were promise to learn that they only demanded the guilty for and a glad the X punishment.' 9 should be restored, with man should settle on th Camaspelo, the only Cayuse chief who was present, white his people had two hearts, and that consent; but they were warnE acknowledged that still at Che had consulted him on the subject of the the missionaries Tamsucky or travellers as tl massacre before it was committed. He had refused to immigrants to do with it, but had pointed to his country, or Americans coming have anything readily al answered that his heart was there, and to all of which they sick child, and commissioners and C not bent on murder; but nevertheless Tamsucky had by other other chiefs and told them that Camas- was distributed and an Ameri gone back to the by an entertain: pelo consented. Camaspelo might have said further was followed which the Indians exhibited t that at that very time Whitman had ridden forty miles to visit his sick child, and yet the chief had not warned But the commissioners were more All this talk was an irritatio him of danger. slipping on peace than on an examination of Indian the guilty Cayuses intent the Nez Pe evidence. They were satisfied to be told that some moving off toward with their l Cayuses would not attempt to screen the mur- forced to confer of the enough to get news of derers, let their motives for neutrality be what they near might. council, but ready to elude hi: Perce6s Palmer then addressed the council. On the 8th the Nez Superintendent twenty-five He praised the Nez Perces for their reasonableness, the Cayuse camp learned the ri and took occasion to give them a motive for continuing that when they that the Cayuses by their conduct might be induced to surrende friendly by saying to their lands. At the same time he de- the 9th the army began had forfeited few miles clared that the land was not wanted by Aniericans, After advancing a nothing more than that the road should be the Touchet, they were met who asked severa their countrymen to pass through to the the Cayuse camp with kept open for and emigrant pro Willamette Valley, which, he added, must be done. of mission was given up in the hope For this purpose a fort would be built, and a force For the Cayuses to oppose opinion for those who conseir stationed at Waiilatpu. hold a ( would be futile. If they were wise they Sticcas wished to this demand objected, believing il assist in discovering the criminals in order that Gilliam would time; but as two of t the innocent might be no longer involved in the trou- to gain The Nez Pereds were advised bles that threatened. 30Craig was appointed agent March IC to return to their home and their planting; and as an mission property at Lapwai, and to rende the Nez Perc6s. Or. Archives, MS., 133. Hist. Or., 5624. 29 Or. Spectator, April 20, 1848; Gray's HIST. OR., VOL. I. 46 C WAR. PROPERTY RETURNED. 721 %yusesand concerned in earnest of good )t the fact. faith on both sides, William Craig as His people agent should accompany 3 Americans; and reside amongst them, " and he was with authority to settle all disputes. lemanded the guilty for A school-teacher and a blacksmith were promised them as soon as peace should be restored, with the assurance that no other chief who was present, white man should had settle on their lands without their two hearts, and that consent; but they were on the warned not to interfere with subject of the the missionaries still at Chemakane, red. He bad refused nor to molest to immigrants or travellers as they passed but had pointed to his through the country, or Americans coming among them to trade, lls heart was there, and to all of which they rtheless readily agreed. After addresses Tanisucky had by other commissioners and I told Colonel Gilliam, tobacco them that Carnas- was distributed and an American ight have said further flag presented; this was followed by an entertainment in the evening, at Xhad ridden forty miles which the Indians exhibited the war-dance. ie chief had not warned mllissioners were more All this talk was an irritation to Gilliam, who 'xamination of Indian beheld the guilty Cayuses slipping through his fingers and to be told that some moving off toward the Nez Perc6 npt to screen country while he was the mur- forced to confer with their relatives, !utrality be what they lingering only near enough to get news of what transpired at the council, but ready to elude him when he addressed the council. should move. On the 8th the Nez Perc6s were permitted to visit their reasonableness, the Cayuse camp twenty-five motive miles away, in the hope for continuing that when they learned the result uses by of the council they their conduct might be induced to surrender the murderers, le same time he de- and on the 9th the army began to move in that direction. anted by Americans, After advancing a few miles at the towards the crossing of road should be the Touchet, they were met by o pass Sticcas, coming from through to the the Cayuse camp with several hundred dded, must dollars' worth be done. of mission and emigrant property and money, be built, and a force which was given up in the hope of winning a favorable 3 Cayuses to oppose opinion for those who consented to its they restoration. were wise they Sticcas wished to hold a council, to imninals in order which request that Gilliam objected, believing it to be merely an involved in the trou- artifice to gain time; but as two of the commissioners present Perces were advised planting; and as an '0 Craig was appointed agent March 10th, and went to take charge of the mission Or., 562-4. property at Lapwai, and to render ' all the assistance in his power ' to the Nez Perces. Or. Archives, MS., 133. HIST. On., VOL. I. 46

U M U -= - - .- - ~~ ~

THE CAfUSE WAR. 722 FIGHT WITH TIE

added their solicitations to the entreaties of Sticcas, fled with the rest of the Cayu the volunteers encamped, Captain English with forty- with the intention of crossing two men being ordered back to Fort Waters with the the Palouse country. cattle and other property brought in by the Cayuses. To many -commanders this In the talk with Sticcas which followed, the chief the enemy would have boded announced that the Cayuses had decided that they not to have been daunted, and would not surrender Tauitau nor Tamsucky. Gilliam might well have been doubt proposed that for the person of Joe Lewis he would without loss of time. Mounti release five others of the guilty; but as this would be he marched for the mouth of I in violation of the agreement that the commissioners Indi their before daybreak near the had made with the Nez Perces, they refused the morning dawned he adva consent, and withdrew from the council, returning when within four hundred yar with English to Waiilatpu, and thence to Fort Walla approach of an old unarmed In Walla, the Dalles, and Oregon City. his head and the other on his The commander had long wished to be freed from assure Gilliam that he had ma the peace commission, which was daily lessening the this was the camp of Peupeun How- probabilities of the capture of the murderers. fight the Americans. The ml ever that may be, Gilliam made his own agreement gone, and the only recourse foi with Sticcas, who returned to the Cayuse camp, and take possession of their stock soon after the volunteers, one hundred and fifty-eight the surrounding hills. The vol River. in number, resumed their march toward Snake camp, found only a few warri On the 11th they met three Indians bearing a flag, who appeared friendly. Disal of the horses which had been stolen and driving some Gilliam could see no better co while the army was en route to Waiilatpu, which they old man's suggestion and drive Indians were restoring as a peace-offering. These thus crippling him in his resou reported that Sticcas had taken Joe Lewis, and had volunteers, but that he The Tucannon runs througl started with him to meet the reach the hills where the cattle had been rescued, and the property retaken, which the a toilsome march up a steep aw to deliver to Gilliam.3" This intel- chief was bringing was this elec to hasten forward, as he now mile. No sooner ligence caused Gilliam beheld the cattle swimming a strongly suspected Sticcas of deception. On the 13th, The enemy had outwitted thei at a spring near the , while encamped ing left but to collect about he received a message from Tauitau, who professed friendship, and an intention to forsake the company stock, mostly horses, and retur They had not proceeded mc of the hostile Cayuses, adding that he was encamped that Tam- direction when they were attac on the Tucannon, a little farther up, and hundred Indians, the majority I sucky had gone to Red Wolf's place on the Snake ning fight began, which lasted Tiloukaikt had River in the Nez Perc6 country; and obliged to encamp several mile 31Letter of Lieut. Magone, in Or. Spectator, April 6, 1848. a small stream, where without FIGHT WITH THE PALOUSES. 723 ie entreaties of Sticcas, tain English with forty- fled with the rest of the Cayuses down the Tucannon o Fort Waters with the with the intention of crossing the Snake River into ight in by the Cayuses. the Palouse country. ich followed, the chief To many -commanders this strategic division of had decided that they the enemy would have boded ill, but Gilliam seems or Tamsucky. C illiam not to have been daunted, and taking as verity what )f Joe Lewis he would might well have been doubted, determined to act y; but as this would be without loss of time. Mounting his men after dark, that the commissioners he marched for the mouth of the Tucannon, arriving 'c6s, they refused their before daybreak near the Indian camp. As soon as the council, returning the morning dawned he advanced, but was arrested I thence to Fort Walla when within four hundred yards of the lodges by the City. approach of an old unarmed Indian, with one hand on ished to be freed from his head and the other on his heart, who hastened to vas daily lessening the assure Gilliam that he had made a mistake, and that the murderers. How- this was the camp of Peupeumoxmox, who would not de his own agreement fight the Americans. The murderers, he said, were the Cayuse camp, and gone, and the only recourse for the Americans was to iundred and fifty-eight take possession of their stock which was feeding on i toward Snake River. the surrounding hills. The volunteers proceeding into ndians bearing a flag, camp, found only a few warriors painted and armed, which had been stolen who appeared friendly. Disappointed in his purpose, Waiilatpu, which they Gilliam could see no better course than to follow the -ring. These Indians old man's suggestion and drive off the enemy's stock, 1 Joe Lewis, and had thus crippling him in his resources. )lunteers, but that he The Tucannon runs through a deep cafion, and to rty retaken, which the reach the hills where the cattle were grazing required Gilliam."' This intel- a toilsome march up a steep ascent for a quarter of a n forward, as he now mile. No sooner was this elevation gained than they !eption. On the 13th, beheld the cattle swimming across the Snake River. *the Tucannon River, The enemy had outwitted them, and there was noth- iuitau, who professed ing left but to collect about five hundred head of forsake the company stock, mostly horses, and return to the Touchet. hat he was encamped They had not proceeded more than a mile in that r up, and that Tam- direction when they were attacked in the rear by four place on the Snake hundred Indians, the majority being Palouses. A run- and Tiloukaikt had ning fight began, which lasted all day, the army being April 6, 1848. obliged to encamp several miles from the Touchet, on a small stream, where without food or fire they passed

U - DEATH OF GIL 724 THE CAYUSE WAR. The late expedition and its rc a wretched night. So much did the Indians annoy the deser captured stock was that notwithstanding them by firing into camp, that the WalB that they would be the Nez Perc6s, Walla turned out in the hope that with in tl This, however, did not suffice, for still had a powerful ally content to depart. I a sort of neutral coi were ready to move in the morn- occupied when the volunteers Perces, Spokanes, and Cayuse ing, the Indians swarmed about their heels and hung mented in numbers by outlaw upon their flanks. circumstance loi evident that the battle was to be at tribes, which It soon became But in their p of the Touchet. When within two miles the savages. the crossing the Cayuses were f of the ford the Indians made a dash to pass the vol- condition river-bottom of these or any other auxiliari unteers and take up their position, the a trees. White men On the 18th Gilliam held affording a thick cover of shrubby thai bravely for precedence, and the when it was determined and reds contended men should proceed to the D smoke of their guns mingled as they approached the train to Waiilatpu, where pro crossing.3 2 In this engagement the Cayuses did not of tactics displayed at as well as men were wanting show that apparent ignorance them in or a, and warming to their work would accompany the battle of Umatil fer with the governor on army of Oregon for an hour at the ford kept the command of t] it all gained the southern side. Unequal as leaving the before colonel Waters. Accordingl the numbers were, the volunteers achieved a decided a loss of ten wounded, tains Maxon and McKay, wit victory. Though sustaining the The Indians, on the other hand, set out on the 20th for none were killed. of suppli and fourteen wounded.'s No attempt the transportation had four killed beyond the Umn was made to follow the Americans across the Touchet. the springs night, when as Colon( The whoop and yell, and rattle of musketry which for the hours, ceased, and from rope from a wagon to tethe had been continuous for thirty disc came the wild and mel- the trigger of a gun and the farther side of the stream instantl which attested their loss. On his body, killing him ancholy death-song and popular man, arrived jaded and famishing at patriotic, the 16th the army was too much zeal an having eatpn nothing except a small colt officer Fort Waters, of his duties; whoe for three days.'s formance to die in battle, but who pE 2Captain Maxon in his report says that the courage and determination 3 of a few young men saved the army from a heavy loss and perhaps from discharge of homely labors. 5 being cut to pieces; and mentions in a subsequent letter the names of captains The death of Gilliam left Hall, Owens, and Thompson, sergeants Burch and Cooke, Quartermaster Goodhue, Judge Advocate Rinearson, and Paymaster Magone. English being in the hands of Captain Ma at Waiilatpu did not participate in this battle, nor Thomas McKay, who had Lovejoy, which hi returned sick to Walla Walla when the commissioners left. See Or. Specta- General tor, April 6, 1848; Gray's Hist. Or., 568. "5Gilliam left a wife and 8 children. 33This is the number of killed and wounded given by Craig in a letter found for interment by Captain McKay Magazine, vii. 491, mette in the Or. Archives, MS., 138. A writer in the Catholic to retire from his command. Or. Spectu but this number is entirely too great. states that there were 50 Indians killed; May 3, 1848. 'Craw.ford'8 Nar., MS., 121. SE WAR. DEATH OF GILLIAM. 725 !h did the Indians annoy The late expedition and its results at the captured stock was had demonstrated that notwithstanding the desertion of the Cayuses by I with that they would be the Nez Perc6s, 11 wever, Walla Wallas, and Yakimas, they did not suffice, for still had a powerful %dyto ally in the Palouse tribe, which move in the morn- occupied a sort of neutral ,out their heels and hung country between the Nez Perces, Spokanes, and Cayuses, and were largely aug- mented in numbers by outlaws it the battle was to be from the surrounding at tribes, which circumstance lowered When within two miles their rank among the savages. But in their present rather a dash to pass the friendless vol- condition the Cayuses were glad to avail themselves sition, the river-bottom of these Libby or any other auxiliaries. trees. White men On the for 18th Gilliam held a council with his officers, precedence, and the when it was determined as they approached that one hundred and fifty the men should proceed to the nt the Cayuses did Dalles to escort a supply- not train to Waiilatpu, where provisions >of tactics displayed and ammunition, at as well as men were wanting; varming to their work and that the colonel would accompany them in order to more readily con- an hour at the ford fer with ern the governor on the situation of affairs, side. Unequal as leaving the ers achieved command of the fort to Lieutenant- a decided colonel Waters. Accordingly loss of ten the companies of cap- wounded, tains Maxon and McKay, is, on the other hand, with other officers and men, set out on the 20th for the Dalles with wagons for )unded.as No attempt the transportation ns of supplies. They had reached across the Touchet. the springs beyond le of musketry the Umatilla and were encamped which for the night, when as Colonel 'ours, ceased, and Gilliam was drawing a from rope from a wagon to tether %methe wild and mel- his horse, it caught on the trigger I 0 wsted of a gun and discharged the contents into their loss. On his body, killing him led and famishing instantly. Thus died an honest, at patriotic, and popular man, whose ng except a small colt chief fault as an officer was too much zeal and impetuosity in the per- '., formance of his duties; whose glory would have been i Rhe courage and determination heavy loss and perhaps from to die in battle, but who perished by accident in the nt letter the names of captains discharge of homely labors." h and Cooke, Quartermaster laster Magone. English be' The death of Gilliam left the command temporarily nor Thomas McKay, who had in the hands of Captain Maxon. From ssioners left. See Or. Specta- his report to General Lovejoy, which lie despatched by C. W. iven by Craig in a letter found e Catitolic Magazine, vii. 491, 3Gilliam left a wife and 8 children. His body was taken to she Willa. mette for interment ; number is entirely too great. by Captain McKay, whose impaired health obliged him to retire from his command. Or. Spectator, April 6, 1848; S. F. Californian, May 3, 1848. I 1 4 FURTHER RECR 726 THE CAYUSE WAR. few week Cooke immediately on arriving at the Dallus' where and the fear that in a Inc he found Captain Garrison in command, the colonists be off the mountains the learned not only the events above recorded, but that Willamette Valley, made haste without more men and means the army was practi- as could be purchased from o cally useless. Fort Waters was but an enclosure of and to forward them to the D hear adobe walls a few feet high. The men in the field women of Oregon City was to were almost destitute of clothing; the horses were society whose purpose worn out with marching, and no others could be ob- field," and the maidens pledg tained, as those captured had been claimed by the with avoidance and contemp at friendly Indians. The time for which a portion of men who would not march offered by the army enlisted, three or four months, would soon The objection expire. He stated that one hundred and fifty men remaining in the army was the] only were left at Fort Waters, and almost without land claims by abandoning that ammunition and wholly without bread; while at Fort when it was expected n Lee there were but fifty men and no supplies. Maxon, United States would bring having pictured their 'condition in a strong light, ap- act by congress giving a ce pealed to fathers to send bread to their sons, who actual settlers. But to thiu were enduring cold and hunger to keep danger away replied that they would see from the hearth-stone; to mothers for clothing to were respected, and exhorte shield their soldiers from the piercing airs of winter; brave, obey your officers, an smiles from till the enemy is conquere( to the young women to withhold their 9 every young man who refused to volunteer to defend them with their sympathy." pr4 her honor and the country of her adoption; and to all The governor issued a wer to hasten forward the supplies for which he was wait- dred recruits. Meetings ing at the Dalles.? This appeal, which was no doubt and about two hundred and r necessary if the war was to be caidied on, was some- Before the recruits were wi what highly colored as to the commissary department arrived from Fort Waters at Fort Waters, where beef and bread were plenty to Governor Abernethy, A Gilliam for some time after the departure of Colonel 38 The president of this society was for the Dalles.37 These articles were obtained by the Mrs E. F. Thurston, and the treasurer governor's private delegate to congress, seizure of cattle, and wheat, pease, and potatoes found egate elected under the territorial org Indians, but which belonged to the wife of Rev. D. Leslie. The committee cached by the of Mrs Robb, Mrs Hood, and Mrs Herfc mission estate. 33 Or. Spectator, April 20, 1848. by the report of Maxon 4 g1n Linn County H. J. Peterson The people, again excited equip it being raised by subscription. 3 6 Clatsop County sent a few volunteers: S Or. Spectator, April 6, 1848. N. H. Everman. on the 4th of April by Jesse Cadwallader, in Gray's R. W. Morrison, and 37 See letter written County, officered by Just. Or., 570. The news of Gilliam's death had not at that date reached was raised in Linn only of the lack of ammunition, and Driggs, ist lieutenant; J. M. McConi Fort Waters. The writer complains organized in a few days, and more men with him. A three other-companies were says he hopes to see Gilliam back from Polk and Cia -col. Waters mentions that they had repaired the mill, and Pugh, captain; one letter from Lieut. one from ynmhill and Tualatin, Willia set it to grinding wheat found at the mission. E WAR. FURTHER RECRUITING. 727 rig at the Dalts, where Lcommand, the colonists and the fear that in a few weeks when the snow should above recorded, but that be off the mountains the Indians might invade the is the army was practi- Willamette Valley, made haste to collect such articles was but an enclosure of as could be purchased from or spared by all classes, The men in the field and to forward them to the Dalles. In this work the Ehing; the horses were women of Oregon City heartily joined, organizing a no others could be ob- society whose purpose was to support 8 the army in the L been claimed by the field," and the maidens pledging themselves to treat br which a with avoidance and contempt portion of I all able-bodied young Fur months, would soon men who would not march at once to the seat of war. lundred k The objection offered and fifty men I by many to enlisting or 3, and almost without 1 remaining in the army was the fear of losing their t bread; while at Fort land claims by abandoning them at this critical moment, 1no supplies. Maxon when it was expected that the first mail from the in a strong light, ap- United States would bring news of the passage of an i act by congress d to their sons, who I giving a certain amount of land to to keep danger actual settlers. But to this fear away i 1, the young ladies ,hers for clothing to replied that they would see that the soldiers' claims ercing airs of winter; were respected, and exhorted them to "fight on, be old their smiles from brave, obey your officers, and never quit your posts Dvolunteer to defend till the enemy is conquered," promising to reward adoption; and to all them with their sympathy."9 r which he was wait- The governor issued a proclamation for three hun- which was no doubt dred recruits. Meetings were held in several counties, ai!ied on, was some- and about two hundred and fifty men enlisted.' lmissary department Before the recruits were ready to march, an express bread were plenty arrived from Fort Waters with letters. Waters wrote of Colonel Gilliam to Governor Abernethy, April 4th, that, not seeing ere obtained by the 38The president of this society was Mrs N. M. Thornton, the secretary Mrs and potatoes found E. F. Thurston, and the treasurer Mrs Leslie; the first the wife of the governor's private delegate to congress, the second the wife h belonged to the egate of the first del- elected under the territorial organization, and the third the second wife of Rev. D. Leslie. The committee appointed to collect funds consisted Le report of of Mrs Robb, Mrs Hood, and Mrs Herford. Maxon 39 Or. Spectator, April 20, 1848. * In Linn County H. J. Peterson organized a company, the means equip to it being raised by subscription. They left for Portland April 25th. 35se Cadwallader in aray4 Clatsop County sent a few volunteers: i not at S. B. Hall, D. H. Kinder, John Richey, that date reached R. (V. Morrison, and N. H1. Everman. Id., lack of ammunition, and May 4, 1848. A second company was raised in Linn County, officered by Granville H. Baber, captain; Jeremiah 1d more men with him. A Driggs, 1st lieutenant; J. M. McConnel had repaired the mill, and Isaac Thompson, sergeants. and Three other companies were organized at Portland, one from Pugh, Linn, William captain; one from Polk and Clackamas, J. W. Nesmith, captain; and one from Yamhill and Tualatin, William J. Martin, captain.

WO90 -t -

728 THE CAYUSE WAR. LEE IN COMMA any Indians for several days, either friendly or hostile, taking it to Gilliam, that he wa he had sent an express to Fort Walla Walla to gain killed; but as it was known th some information, if possible, concerning them, and accept the flag sent to him by th had learned from McBean and the chief himself that by the hands of his own men, h Peupeumoxmox had revoked his friendship for the was regarded as a subterfuge. Americans, and was now hostile on account of an act veyed the information that Tam of the recent legislature prohibiting the sale of arms Tiloukaikt's two sons were on tl and ammunition to the Indians. He complained of the latter three intending to being placed by the act on the same footing with the Salt Lake, while Sticcas and ] guilty Cayuses, and threatened, if the law should not the mountains to remain until tf be abrogated, that his people would also become mur- other Cayuses, the Palouses, an, derers. Sixty lodges, said to contain between two Perc6s were congregating to giN and three hundred warriors, were gathered within a more battle before abandoning t mile and a half of the fur company's fort, which cir- to hunt buffalo. cumstance was considered as being significant of hos- 4 Such was the information xx tile intentions. ' of Fort Waters thought of su News had also arrived at the fort that the head despatch to the governor.42 Froi chief of the Nez Perces, Ellis, with sixty of his men, the news was more encouraging. had died in the mountains, whither they had gone to men visited the Dalles to assui hunt, of the two scourges, measles and dysentery, mand of Fort Lee that neither I which had carried off so many Cayuses. This loss wished to be involved in the wa would naturally affec6 the superstitious minds of the had threatened them with the Nez Perc6s, and it was thought their word to the gave the Americans if they i commissioners would be betrayed, as they had held a hostilities. On this represent great feast with the Cayuses since the last engage- resisted entreaties and threats inent at the Touchet. The wound of Five Crows, war, they hoped to get some a who was with Joseph, was also likely to carry him told that until peace was res off, and altogether the prospect appeared gloomy in would be furnished to any In, respect to breaking up the alliance of the confederated powder a plough was presented tribes of the Umatilla, the Walla Walla, and the they departed apparently satisfiS Clearwater valleys. Waters also wrote concerning Indeed, the quantity of ammi the Des Chutes chief, Welaptulekt, that he went to ernor was able to send to th, Fort Walla Walla and delivered up a large amount demand was so small that n( of immigrant property, giving as a reason for not spared, had there been no othei ing it. But such as it was, he 41 The cunning of the savage character has frequently been displayed when one or more tribes have gone to war, by a portion remaining friendly in order with it to Fort Waters, leaving to act as go-betweens, to buy ammunition, and carry information. If such of April with wagons loaded wi was the character of Peupeumoxmox's friendship, the act of the legislature 42 defeated his intention and gave him the provocation he desired for becoming 0r. Spectator, April 20, 1848. See also hostile. Archives, MS., 138; S. F. Californsan, May 8, "Letter of Captain Maxon, in Gray's Hist Ie

LEE IN COMMAND. 729 ier friendly or hostile Walla Walla to gain taking it to Gilliam, that he was fearful he would be Dncerning killed; but as it was known them, and i. that he had refused to he chief himself that accept the flag sent to him by the peace commissioners is friendship for the by the hands of his own men, his apology to McBean on account of an act was regarded as a subterfuge. The same letter con- ;ing the veyed the information that Tamsucky, sale of arms . Joe Lewis, and He complained of Tiloukaikt's two sons were on the road to Fort Hall, Line footing with the d the latter three intending to join the at f the law should not Salt Lake, while Sticcas and Tauitau were gone to [ld also become mur- the mountains to remain until the war was over. The ontain between two 4. other Cayuses, the Palouses, and some worthless Nez e gathered within a Percs were congregating to give the volunteers one ny's fort, which cir- more battle before abandoning the country and going g significant of hos- to hunt buffalo. 1 Such was the information which the commander fort that the head 'I of Fort Waters thought of sufficient importance to h sixty of his men, despatch to the governor.42 From the Yakima country r they had gone to the news was more encouraging. Some of their chief les and dysentery, men visited the Dalles to assure the officer in com- jayuses. This loss mand of Fort Lee that neither they nor the Spokanes ,itious minds of the wished to be involved in the war, though the Cayuses their word to the had threatened them with the same treatment they as they had held a gave the Americans if they refused to join in the e the last engage- hostilities. On this representation, that they had ,d of Five Crows, resisted entreaties and threats to make them go to kely to carry him war, they hoped to get some ammunition; but were )peared gloomy in told that until peace was restored no ammunition )f the confederated would be furnished to any Indians; but instead of I Walla, and the powder a plough was presented to them, with which wrote concerning they departed apparently satisfied.4 3 ,, that he went to Indeed, the quantity of ammunition which the gov- 3 a large amount ernor was able to send to the Dalles on Maxon's a reason for not demand was so small that none could have been spared, had there been no other reason for withhold- atly been displayed when ing it. But such as it was, he returned immediately rnaining friendly in order with ry information. If such it to Fort Waters, leaving the Dalles on the 8th he act of the legislature of April with wagons loaded with flour. he desired for becoming 4 2 Or. Spectator, April 20, 1848. See also letter of William Craig, in Or. Archives, MS., 138; S. F. Califorrman, May 8, 1848; Gray's Hzst. Or., 575-7. 43 Letter of Captain Maxon, in Gray's HiDt. Or., 569-70.

Im Imnm~1 730 THE CAYUSE WAR. FURTHlER COU11 In Maxon's report of the death of Colonel Gilliam Sticcas, Camespelo, and some he had intimated that Major Lee would be acceptable had returned to the Umatil] to the army as its colonel, and the governor, ignoring ing to be friendly, but it was the next in command, had commissioned Lee, leaving inerous herds in the valley t] vacant the position of major, which was filled by care of the stock belonging to t Lieutenant Magone of the 1st company of Oregon fled. from the country. Welap mounted riflemen. Palmer having resigned the office ment at Fort Waters, awaiting of superintendent of Indian affairs, Lee was appointed superintendent upon his condi to that place also, a combination of powers which it the Cayuses and Nez Perces by some would go far toward securing ill feeling because the majority was believed 4 peace. But however Lee's promotion might affect dined to be forced into a war. the Indian question, a difficulty arose between Captain by the Nez Perces to appoi William J. Martin's company of the new organization nominated Richard, on account and the colonel, with regard to priorty in regimental ments; and also appointed M number, Martin's company being numbered the 10th, note, as war-chief, telling the i when according to his belief it was the 9th, and con- made did no meet their approb sidering himself unfairly treated, he deserted at the for themselves; but they sim Dalles with his two lieutenants and twelve privates, abeyance.46 and returned to Portland,4 4 from which place Colonel After settling affairs with Lee had departed on the 20th of April with three held a council with the Wall companies, and a second supply of flour and ammu- uses of the Umatilla, and foun nition. men and ammunition to For The policy determined upon by the governor and without effect. "The friends Lee, to be pursued toward the Indians, was to treat all marked Colonel Waters, "ins as enemies who should be found armed in the Cayuse bers." country after notice should be given. News of the Peupeumoxmox, on being appointment of a new superintendent of Indian affairs to turn murderer, expressed i having reached Fort Waters in advance of the reen- been guilty of such folly. forcement, Lee was met by an express from the Nez that were present," says Lee Perces on John Day River, who brought a request to hold this country until th, from the tribe for a council, to settle, among other ished, the stolen property ret matters, who should be head chief in place of Ellis, had been destroyed paid for on which account he hastened forward, arriving at what they were going to do. Waiilatpu on the 9th of May, in advance of the try to settle the matter, and wagons and volunteers. He found that Tauitau, our business, and leave the]

4I E. Bidwell and H. D. Martin were the lieutenants. The complaint was '-'Or. Archives, MS., 139-40 that they were marched in the rear; were not always allowed beef when the 46 Richard does not seem to have acte other companies were; and could not have their horses shod in time to march Gray says that he was ' murdered by a cath with them from the Dalles, but were ordered to follow and overtake the com- His nomination appears to have been un panies of Pugh and Nesmith. Or. Spectator, June 1, 1848. influential men of the Nez Perces. FURTHER COUNCILS. 731 eath of Colonel Gilliam Sticcas, Camespelo, and some lesser Cayuse chiefs, Lee would be acceptable had 1the governor, ignoring returned to the iUmatilla, and were profess- ing to be friendly, but it was thought from the nu- nmissioned Lee, leaving merous r, which was filled by herds in the valley that they were taking st care of the stock belonging to the murderers, who had company of Oregon fled from the country. wving resigned the office Welaptulekt was in confine- airs, Lee was appointed ment at Fort Waters, awaiting the judgment of the superintendent upon his conduct. Between some of on of powers which it the ro far toward securing Cayuses and Nez Perces there was considerable ill feeling because the majority of the latter still de- )romotion might affect clined 5 *arose between Captain to be forced into a war." On being requested by the Nez Perc6s to appoint a high chief, Lee )f the new organization nominated o priorty in regimental Richard, on account of his superior attain- ments; and also appointed Meaway, a man of little ig numbered the 10th, note, was the 9th, and con- as war-chief, telling the natives if the selections made did no meet their approbation, to make a choice d, he deserted at the for 3 and twelve privates, themselves; but they simply left the matter in a which place Colonel abeyance." After settling affairs with the Nez Percds, Lee of April with three held a council y of flour and ammu- with the Walla Wallas and the Cay- uses of the Umatilla, and found that the accession of men and ammunition to Fort Waters had not been by the governor and without ndians, was to treat all effect. " The friendship of the Indians," re- marked Colonel Waters, "increases with our num- armed in the Cayuse bers." given. News of the Ldent of Indian Peupeumoxmox, on being reminded of his threat affairs to turn murderer, expressed Ladvance of the reen- much shame at having xpress from the Nez been guilty of such folly. " I told him, and all lo brought a request that were present," says Lee, "that we were bound settle, among other to hold this country until the murderers were pun- iief in place of Ellis, ished, the stolen property returned, and that which had been destroyed paid for; and then asked them forward, arriving at what in advance of the they were going to do. Whether they would found that Tauitau, try to settle the matter, and let us go home about our business, and leave them to theirs, or would itenants. The complaint was lways allowed beef when the 45Or. Archives, MS., 139-40 horses shod in time to march 46Richard does not seem to have acted as the head of the Nez Perces. follow and overtake the corm- Gray says that he was 'murdered by a Catholic Indian' after his appointment. le1, 1848. His nomination appears to have been unpopular with the older and more influential men of the Nez Perces.

I1 I- U 732 THE CAYUSE WAR. WATERS IN CON they hold off as they had done, and leave us here to In order to facilitate these op hold their country with our guns?""7 chiefs, from mercenary motive~ This was not a question easy of answer, in view of their aid to the Americans, agr the fact that to attempt to deliver up the murderers, readiness to ferry over the me one of whom, Tiloukaikt, was still in the Palouse on coming to the place determii country, would involve them in a war among them- Indians were visible, and Maj selves; while to refuse to make the attempt would men was detailed to cross the ' bring them into hostilities with the justly incensed to search the banks of the Pal Americans. These hard and unavoidable conditions ferry-man. This was effected v caused Peupeumoxmox and Tauitau to humble them- being high and rapid; the Indi selves before the superintendent, and to promise more major, but too late to prevei than they were able to perform had their dispositions ment that day. A day and a I in reality been more favorable toward it. in crossing the army and bagg ming, at noon of the 21st th On arriving at Fort Waters, Lee, finding the dis- toward Lapwai under the guidf cipline good and the men satisfied with their com- who promised to direct the c mander, immediately offered to resign his rank to camp of Tiloukaikt. Waters, whose right it was; and their resignations On the 22d Waters was su being sent to the governor, the regiment at once from the Chemakane mission, elected Waters colonel and Lee lieutenant-colonel; the Eells in reply to one from him whole transaction being conducted with entire unanim- 48 ing the temper of the Spokanee ity and friendliness. Preparations were begun soon they were not entirely harmoni afterward for invading the Nez Perc6 country, where of none who excused the mm it was believed the refuge of the guilty Cayuses would swer for themselves, a party be found; and on the morning of the 17th of May the tribe accompanied the courier, regiment, now numbering about four hundred and vices, informing the comman fifty, marched out from the fort, leaving only a small Tiloukaikt's cattle could be f force to garrison the post. That night the army en- bring them to camp. They w camped on the Coppei; and on the following morning vice, and brought in, besides t Lee was detached, with Captain Thompson and one claiming to be Nez Perces, wI hundred and twenty-one men, with orders to proceed spies. On being questioned, th to the crossing of the Snake River at Red Wolf's kaikt had fled to the mountain camp, to cut off if possible the retreat of the fugitives stock was being herded by a ft to the mountains, while Waters would cross with the River, and could be captured. main force at the mouth of the Palouse River, and once ordered to take one hunt prevent their escape to the Columbia. Tiloukaikt's property; and to suspected with being in league 47 'I also showed them the bill of articles taken at this place, and those taken from immigrants along the road, as also at Barlow's Gate, and told them uses. we would forget nothing.' Letter of Supt. Lee, in Or. Spectator, June 1, capture suspec 4. 1848. The order to 41Or. Spectator, June i, 1848. WAR. WATERS IN COMMAND. 733 e, and leave us here to ns ? 1147 In order to facilitate these operations, some Palouse F of answer, in view of chiefs, from mercenary motives now willing to lend Liver up the murderers, their aid to the Americans, agreed to have canoes in 3 still in the Palouse readiness to ferry over the men and baggage. But n a war among them- on coming to the place determined upon, no canoes or we the attempt would Indians were visible, and Major Magone with four 'h the justly incensed men was detailed to cross the Snake River on a raft inavoidable conditions to search the banks of the Palouse for the promised uitau to humble them- ferry-man. This was effected with difficulty, the river ;, and to promise more being high and rapid; the Indians returning with the had their dispositions major, but too late to prevent any further move- Dward it. ment that day. A day and a half having been spent in crossing the army and baggage, the horses swim- Lee, finding the dis- ming, at noon of the 21st the march was resumed 3fied with their com- toward Lapwai under the guidance of an Indian pilot, ) resign his rank to who promised to direct the colonel directly to the ad their resignations camp of Tiloukaikt. te regiment at once On the 22d Waters was surprised by an express eutenant-colonel; the from the Chemakane mission, bearing a letter from d with entire unanim- Eells in reply to one from himself inquiring concern- ons were begun soon ing the temper of the Spokanes. Eells reported that Eerc6 country, where they were not entirely harmonious, but that he knew guilty Cayuses would of none who excused the murderers. As if to an- the 17th of May the swer for themselves, a party of forty-three of this four hundred and tribe accompanied the courier, and offered their ser- leaving only a small vices, informing the commander where a part of night the army en- Tiloukaikt's cattle could be found, and offering to e following morning bring them to camp. They were sent upon this ser- Thompson and one vice, and brought in, besides the cattle, two Indians h orders to proceed claiming to be Nez Perces, who were thought to be iver at Red Wolf's spies. On being questioned, they declared that Tilou- 4eat of the fugitives kaikt had fled to the mountains, but that most of his ould cross with the stock was being herded by a few Indians near Snake Palouse River, and River, and could be captured. Major Magone was at bia. once ordered to take one hundred men and bring in Tiloukaikt's property; and to capture any Indians cen at this place and those suspected with arlow's Gate, and told them being in league with the guilty Cay- in Or. Spectator, June 1, uses. The order to capture suspected Indians being lib-

1- M

AFFAIRS AT FORT 734 THE CAYUSE WAR. erally construed by the volunteers, the first one showing of the Americans, they would X symptoms of flight was pursued by a squad of nine ing to hide anything from him. men, who followed and shot him while attempting to and allowed the volunteers to escape across Snake River in a canoe.49 Near the Waters' camp one hundred anc spot where this unjustifiable killing occurred, Magone number of colts, besides about found a small camp of Indians under an old chief It was with regard to rejoin called Beardy, who assured him that Tiloukaikt was that Lee had sent an express; nowhere in that country, but had gone far away. He do without delay. His detaci directed the major to the camp of Richard, the lately the south side of Snake Rive- appointed high chief, who confirmed this statement. skin lodges left behind by tb The Indians also informed him that an express of two returned to camp, where he ar white men had that morning gone to Colonel Waters from Lee in the Lapwai country,5 0 upon which he It was evident from the resi collected the stock belonging to Tiloukaikt in that paign thus far that there was i vicinity, and returned to the Palouse to learn the having a regiment in the Indi, news direct. they remained, the guilty Ca Lee had been met at Red Wolf crossing by the cealed. There was the triflin statement that Tiloukaikt's people had fled the coun- eating their property; but it s( try two days before, leaving all their worldly posses- a doubt was raised concerning sions, some of which were in the vicinity of Lapwai. incidents occurred of a natur( To this place he had marched, arriving on the morning the peaceable Indians. Such of the 21st, and remaining several days to collect the tioned in one of the official re cattle belong to the Cayuses. To the Nez Perc&s was driving to camp a herd who visited the volunteer camp, Lee said that his belonged to the Cayuses, wh business in their country was to punish the Cayuses, of dignified bearing forbade ti and that since they had fled beyond reach, he claimed erty to be his, upon which, w all their property, and that if they were true friends shot down. Colonel Waters v for firing without orders; but

49 Major Magone in his report says that on nearing the river Baptiste Dorion saying the man had done his discovered an Indian and at once set off at full speed, followed by those who were in front-not that he ordered the charge; and that having a poorer horse only lead to a general war. he did not come up with them until the river was reached, when he found the Satisfied that it was hope men shooting at a canoe in which no person was visible; but the men said there were Indians in it who had fled from the troops, and who were no doubt cooperation, even from the N guilty. W. P. Breeding, who now resides in the Palouse country, says that the fugitives, whom they wer, 2 Indians pushed off from shore in a rawhide boat just as the volunteers gained the shore, and that Ramsey and Brown hastily made a raft of logs on tained up to the time the which they crossed Snake River, being carried 2 miles down by the cur- rent before they effected a landing, after which they ran back to a point 51Report of Capt. Thompson, in Or. Sp opposite the place from which they started, and discovering the canoe under 52 the bank, watched until an Indian raised his head to reconnoitre, when Brown Nichols' lnd. Aff., MS., 2. Major M; shot him. Nichols' lid. Af., MS., 1, 2. expedition to Snake River, b3fore mentio ment to return to the regiment, thoroughly 6a C. W. Cooke and David M. Guthrie carried this express, riding at night through the long stretch of Indian country. They were assisted in crossing more general satisfaction by ordering them the Snake River by Beardy's people. these (professedly) friendly Indians. Or. E WAR. AFFAIRS AT FORT WATERS. 735

,rs, the first one showing of the Americans, they would assist, without attempt- .ed by a squad of nine ing to hide anything from him. To this they agreed, im while attempting to and allowed the volunteers to drive 49 back to Colonel E a canoe. Near the Waters' camp one hundred and eighteen horses and a Iling occurred, Magone number of colts, besides about forty head of cattle."' ns under an old chief It was with regard to rejoining the main command m that Tiloukaikt was that Lee had sent an express; this he was ordered to )d gone far away. He do without delay. His detachment crossed back to of Richard, the lately the south side of Snake River in boats made of the firmed this statement. skin lodges left behind by the fleeing Cayuses, and that an express of two returned to camp, where he arrived about the 26th. one to Colonel Waters 50 Atry, upon which he It was evident from the results of the spring cam- to Tiloukaikt in that paign thus far that there was nothing to be gained by Palouse to learn the having a regiment in the Indian country. So long as they remained, the guilty Cayuses would keep con- Wolf crossing by the cealed. There was the trifling satisfaction of confis- ple had fled the coun- cating their property; but it sometimes happened that I their worldly posses- a doubt was raised concerning the real ownership, and ie vicinity of Lapwai. incidents occurred of a nature to embroil them with 'riving on the morning the peaceable Indians. Such an incident was men- -al days to collect the tioned in one of the official reports, where a company To the Nez Perc6s was driving to camp a herd which it was supposed tp, Lee said that his belonged to the Cayuses, when an unknown Indian punish the Cayuses, of dignified bearing forbade them, declaring the prop- ond reach, he claimed erty to be his, upon which, without inquiry, he was hey were true friends shot down. Colonel Waters wished to punish the man for firing without orders; but his captain interfered, Daring the river Baptiste Dorion 2 I speed, followed by those who saying the man had done his duty." Such acts could and that having a poorer horse only lead to a general war. vas reached, when he found the was visible; but the men said Satisfied that it was hopeless to expect any real troops, and who were no doubt cooperation, even from the Nez Perces, in ;he Palouse country, says that capturing e boat just as the volunteers the fugitives, whom they were known to have enter- hastily made a raft of logs on tained ed 2 miles down by the cur- up to the time the volunteers were within ich they ran back to a point I discovering the canoe under 61 Report of Capt. Thompson, in Or. Spectator, July 27, 1848. 6d to reconnoitre, when Brown "2Nuichols' Ind. Aff., MS., 2. Major Magone, in closing his report of the expedition to Snake River, before mentioned, said: 'I ordered the detach- ,d this express, riding at night ment to return to the regiment, thoroughly convinced that I would have given .hey were assisted in crossing more general satisfaction by orderinF them to wipe from the face of existence these (professedly) friendly Indians. Or. Spectator, July 27, 1848. 736 THE CAYUSE WAR. END OF THE SPRING two days of Lapwai, and being aware that now that augmented by a portion of Mat the snow was off the mountains the Cayuses could five of whom, however, remainE find sustenance without their herds, Colonel Waters who had enlisted to serve until tl determined upon closing the campaign, should it meet and the object in leaving the g the approval of the governor. Feeling, also, that it protection to the immigrants w] was better that all the white inhabitants should remove Columbia route,"5 and also hold out of the Indian country, he despatched captains until they should be compelled Thompson and Nesmith to Craig's place on the Clear- derers. water to escort him and his family and goods to the At Fort Lee seventeen men fort; and ordered Major Magone with fifty-five men command of Lieutenant A. L. R( to the Chemakane mission to give Walker and Eells of the regiment, which was joir an opportunity to leave the country, advising them Magone's detachment, proceedin by letter that in his judgment they would do well to the Barlow road over the Casc accept it. manded by Captain Hall, while These measures were adopted without waiting for the missionary party took a boa the sanction of Governor Abernethy, as shown by that place, expecting to arrive 3 the dates of the correspondence and reports. Colonel the companies at McSwain's, on 1 Waters left Waiilatpu June 8th to proceed to the being able to do so on account Dalles, the letter of the governor directing him to do regiment arrived at Oregon Cit so being dated June 15th, which could not have been was disbanded by Captain Hall, received before he reached the Dalles. That the to the order of the governor,6 6 orders of the governor agreed so well with the pre- subsequently mustered out. vious acts of the field-officer is evidence that the latter 6 suggested to the former his course. " The foregoing history of the At Fort Waters, which was placed under the com- campaign has been written from t mand of Captain William Martin, Colonel Waters as far as they can be found, which left fifty-five men, which number he expected to be meagre, afford a sufficiently clear 5 3 E Magone left camp for the Chemakane May 26th, and Thompson must war to show the spirit in which i have started for Lapwai a day or two later. He returned to Fort Waters the day that Magone left Chemakane with the mission families, and the the hardihood of the volunteers i colonel, without waiting for the major's detachment, left at once for the Dalles. 55I find a copy of a circular in Lee's handwv 54 'Oregon City, June 15, 1848. Sir: On receipt of this you will hold a forwarded to meet the immigration council with the superintendent of Indian affairs and come to a decision in at Laramie regard to remaining in the upper country. In order that the remainder ing to the act of the legislature creating the offi may affairs, t~at he should give return without delay, I would recommend that one company of 85 men, rank instructions to pern and file, be formed out of the volunteers that may tain peaceb with the Indians. In this circular tl offer their services to hostilities remain until the U. S. troops arrive. Of this company, 15 could be stationed with the Cayuses and Columbia Rive] at Fort Lee and 70 at Fort Waters. Of the latter, 40 or 50 could establishment of military posts in their country proceed at they were protected the proper time to meet the emigrants. A company under Capt. Scott will by United States troops, to leave the head of this valley in time to escort the emigrants companies, and consider themselves as soldiers, a on the southern as their ordnance route. I think treaties can be made holding the chiefs responsible and pro- and baggage train; to give no tecting the emigration from molestation. (Signed) GEo. ABERNETHY.' no fear. 'aExperience has taught us that the 'Col. Waters.' really friendly is to keep them afraid of us.' Or Or. Archives, MS., 144. isRept. of col. Waters, in Or. Spectator, Ji S. F. Culfornian, Aug. 14, 1848. lIusT. On., VOL. I. 47 END OF THE SPRING CAMPAIGN. 737 aware that now that augmented by a portion of Magone's command, only is the Cayuses could five of whom, however, remained. These were men serds, Colonel Waters who had enlisted to serve until the 15th of September; ipaign, should it meet and the object in leaving the garrison was to afford Feeling, also, that it protection to the immigrants who might pass by the bitants should remove Columbia route,55 and also hold the enemy's country despatched captains until they should be compelled to give up the mur- Y's place on the Clear- derers. nily and goods to the At Fort Lee seventeen men only were left, under ne with fifty-five men command of Lieutenant A. L. Rodgers; the remainder ive Walker and Eells of the regiment, which was joined at the Dalles by untry, advising them Magone's detachment, proceeding to Oregon City by they would do well to the Barlow road over the Cascade Mountains, com- manded by Captain Hall, while Colonel Waters with I without waiting for the missionary party took a boat from the Dalles to rnethy, as shown by that place, expecting to arrive in advance and meet 6nd reports.5 3 Colonel the companies at McSwain's, on the Clackamas. Not th to proceed to the being able to do so on account of adverse winds, the )r directing him to do regiment arrived at Oregon City before Waters, and i could not have been was disbanded by Captain Hall, on furlough, subject .e Dalles. That the to the order of the governor,5 6 by whom they were so well with the pre- subsequently mustered out. ridence that the latter ,se. 64 The foregoing history of the winter and spring )laced under the com- campaign has been written from the official documents, rtin, Colonel Waters as far as they can be found, which, although somewhat er he expected to be meagre, afford a sufficiently clear account of the Cayuse Vlay 26th, and Thompson must war to show the spirit in which it was conducted, and He returned to Fort Waters the mission families, and the the hardihood of the volunteers in marching back and achment, left at once for the -' I find a copy of a circular in Lee's handwriting evidently intended to be *eceipt of this you will hold a forwarded to meet the immigration at Laramie or Fort Hall, it being accord- `i fairs and come to a decision in ing to the act of the legislature creating the office of superintendent of Indian i order that the remainder may affairs, that he should give instructions to persons emigrating how to main- t one company of 85 men, rank tain peace with the Indians. In this circular they are warned of the existing i i0 kat may offer their services to hostilities with the Cayuses and Columbia River Indians, and informed of the , X company, 15 could be stationed establishment of military posts in their country. They were advised, unless, itter, 40 or 50 could proceed at they were protected by United States troops, to form themselves into military ompany under Capt. Scott will companies, and consider themselves as soldiers, and their families and property ; the emigrants on the southern as their ordnance and baggage train; to give no unnecessary offence, and show il 'he chiefs responsible and pro- no fear. 'Experience has taught us that the best way to keep the Indiana :!4 (Signed) GEo. A1BERNETHY.' really friendly is to keep them afraid of us.' Or. Archives, MS., 161-3. 5"Rept. of Col. Waters, in Or. Spectator, July 27, 1848; Polynesian, v. 2; S. F. Californian, Aug. 14, IS48. 11IST. OR., VOL. I. 47 /4 - >9 WI

738 THE CAYUSE WAR. THE INNER H

forth hundreds of miles through a hostile country at unteers was again made, to i at a time of year when, if the Columbia River had frozen until the middle of Septembe over, as it sometimes did, they would have been en- of Thompson and others that tirely cut off from supplies or reenforcements. Poorly their families by that time furnished with clothing and ammunition, without any Walla Valley, it was successfi of the comforts of home or society, with little to gain to Oregon City wrote to Go- should congress recognize their services, and every- expression of his opinion as thing to lose should fortune be against them, the men priety of his action. " If th of Oregon evinced a courage and intrepidity honorable pledged," said he, "be not a to individuals and their country; as also, in general, a any principle of our organic self-restraint, doing little injury to the natives in per- tion the proceedings, and son or property, though often exasperated by the instrument the benefit of au recollection of past barbarities, and the evidence of probation? " 5 present hostility. This proceeding of Lee's w There is, however, an inside history which should bining the military with the be given of the closing acts in the military adminis- degree not compatible with hi tration, since it relates to the attempted settlement the Cayuses that the murder of the Walla Walla Valley by the volunteers, and as individuals, and not as a - illustrates what Roberts calls the 'earth-hunger' of Perces that no white people these people. Lee says that when the regiment re- settle in their country withou turned to Fort Waters a council of the officers, except- ready coadjutor in the govern ing those with Magone's detachment, was held to Lee, he replied that the orgai decide the question whether a command should be tlers to any part of Oregon, left to occupy the post, and that on being put to vote be impolitic to occupy the 1, there was a majority of one against it, and prepara- east of the mountains, at thf tions were begun for evacuating the fort. Colonel no impropriety in occupying Waters then made a call for volunteers to remain, derers, provided the party being unwilling to abandon the country and the advan- strong enough to hold it anm tage gained; but owing to opposition the order was only reservation he asked th countermanded. But Lee, in order to induce the lands and improvements of t men to volunteer to remtain, pledged himself, by virtue to which the missionaries mi of his office as superintendent of Indian affairs, to lay claim, together with their give authority to some prominent and responsible men to colonize the country immediately, and in the "' Or. Archives, MS., 145-.. articles to secure them, as far as it was in his power, 5sSee Palmer's speech to the Nez Perch sentiment was corroborated by the speechb against future treaty stipulations prejudicial to their 99 With regard to the Waihlatpu claim, interests. The men to whom he pledged himself wer3 Eells for $1,000. At the time of the masa 200 cattle, and the same number of she Captain P. F. Thompson of Yamhill and James Taylor savages had taken most of the stock befc teers consumed a part of what was left, fe of Clatsop, and their associates. A call for fifty vol- to the board. Original letter of Perrin B. W WAR. THE INNER HISTORY. 739 9gh a hostile country at olumbia River had frozen unteers was again made, to remain at Fort Waters ey would have been en- until the middle of September, and upon the promise ,eenforcements. Poorly of Thompson and others that they would return with mmunition, without their families by that time to settle in the Walla any Walla Valley, it was successful. Lee after returning 1ciety, with little to gain to eir services, and every- Oregon City wrote to Governor Abernethy for an expression of his opinion as to the. legality and pro- : against them, the men priety of his nd intrepidity honorable action. " If the course to which I am pledged," said he, "be not a violation of any law or y; as also, in general, a any principle of our y to the natives organic compact, will you sanc- in per- tion the proceedings, and give to the promised en exasperated by the instrument the benefit as, and the evidence of of authority and of your ap- probation M "5 This proceeding of Lee's which had an air of com- e history which should bining the military a the military adminis- with the Indian department to a attempted degree not compatible with his constant assurances to settlement the Cayuses that the murderers were to be punished y the volunteers, and as individuals, and not 58 the 'earth-hunger' of as a nation, and to the Nez Perces that no white people would be permitted to when the regiment re- settle in 1 of the officers, except- their country without their consent, found a ready coadjutor in the governor. To the inquiries of achment, was held to Lee, he replied a command should that the organic law did not limit set- be tlers to any part of Oregon, and although it might t on being put to vote be impolitic to gainst it, and occupy the lands of friendly Indians prepara- east of the mountains, at that time, there could be ng the fort. Colonel no impropriety volunteers in occupying the country of the mur- to remain, derers, provided the party taking possession were lountry and the advan- strong enough )osition to hold it and maintain peace. The the order was only reservation he asked them to make was of the order to induce the lands and improvements Iged himself, of the Presbyterian board, by virtue to which the missionaries might wish to return and of Indian affairs, to lay claim, together with 5 inent and responsible their other property, " before mediately, and in the 57Or. Archives, MS., 145-.. 3 it was in his power, 58 See Palmer's speech to the Nez Perces elsewhere in this chapter. This Is prejudicial to their sentiment was corroborated by the speeches of Lee, Gilliam, and McKay. 59 With regard to the Waiilatpu claim, the board sold it to Rev. Cushing pledged himself were Eells for $1,000. At the time of the massacre there were about 100 horses, hill and James Taylor 200 cattle, and the same number of sheep belonging to Whitman. The savages had taken most of the stock before the army came, and the volun- A call fof fifty vol- teers consumed a part of what was left, for which no return was ever made to the board. Original letter of Perrin B. Whitman. ld. Af., Rept. 1862, 426.

MOMMIMMEMEMIL- 740 THE CAYUSE WAR. DOW;NFALL

which time he had no doubt the United States gov- urging the missiom ernment would be extended over it. country becomes que By the same reasoning which permitted settlers to it for the best. AI occupy and claim the Cayuse country, because the Superintendent LeE people had not given up certain individuals whom the notified the Catholi law regarded as criminals, the lands of the Nez that place, that it w Perce6s, Walla Wallas, and Palouses could have been should be establish seized, for they too had sheltered the criminals; and States troops in the settlement being once begun in the safe and judicious.6 2 east of the mountains, it would not stop at imaginary previously asked pei lines, as Abernethy must have known. It was no to his charge, but a secret that the real origin of the disorders in the the application. W upper country was the fear of the Indians that the mission a measure t white people who were every year coming from the sion of the Catholic i east meant to take away their country by settlement, for Rosseau stayed a or that Whitman had latterly wished to prevent col- a land claim, but ref onization until the United States should make treaties as ordered by the for that reason.' In killing Whitman the savages fathers who had at had ignorantly broken down the wall between them- the breaking-out ol selves and the Americans, bringing upon themselves while Bishop Blanm the very thing they dreaded; the governor and the to the Umatilla, atti superintendent of Indian affairs, under the pretence wandered about the of a military necessity, lending themselves to the con- the Indian agent, fiscation of the Walla Walka Valley. charge of violating No sooner was the governor's sanction obtained in a manner satisfac than the project was advertised by proclamation in for troubling hin', a the Spectator under the name " Forfeiture of the understood that a h Cayuse Lands," with every eulogistic notice of the establishment, or tl 61 country calculated to promote immigration. a man to attend ti When it is remembered that a colonization scheme domicile.6 ' And in was on foot, the purpose of the volunteer officers in held their ground. satisfaction that th 60 Or. Spectator, July 13, 1848; American Unionist, Aug. 16, 1848. 61 Lee appended to the proclamation, for the information of any who might throw of the Presby wish to join the colonizing company, that there were already in the country 6 grist and saw mills, a blacksmith's anvil and bellows, some tools, ploughs, 2 This letter was address harrows, hoes, a quantity of iron, a crop of wheat, pease, potatoes, and corn, the inside to 'Messrs Blandl with almost every convenience for forming a settlement. Or. Spectator, July 63 Blanchet's Cath. Church 13, 1848. From this it would appear that the forfeiture was to extend to the 64 Broaudlet's A tlhentic Ac( mission property. Parrish says that the Methodists were driven away from ford, illustrative of the susp the Dalles by the provisional government-a singular statement in the face of Vancouver and an Americar the fact that they had sold the station several months before the war broke axes for the use of the huni out. See Or. Anecdotes, MS., 30. havo it were battle-axes!' .5

'II C WAR. DOWNFALL OF THE PRESBYTERIANS. 741 the United States gov- urging ver it. the missionaries at Chemakane to leave the country becomes ch permitted settlers to questionable. They may have thought e country, it for the best. And in order to be perfectly logical, because the Superintendent in individuals whom the Lee, when he arrived at the Dalles, the lands notified the Catholics, who were beginning a station at of the Nez that place, %louses could have that it was desirable that no more missions been should ,red the criminals; and be established until the presence of United States troops in the country should render such efforts in the Indian territory 62 d safe and judicious. The bishop of Walla Walla had not stop at imaginary previously ve known. It asked permission of the governor to return was no to E the disorders in the his charge, but Abernethy had taken no notice of the application. Was f the Indians that the the removal of the Protestant year mission a measure to prepare the way for the suppres- coming from the sion of country by settlement, the Catholi.c missions? If so it effected nothing, for wished to prevent Rosseau stayed at the Dalles as a settler, cultivating col- a land claim, es should make treaties but refraining from teaching the Indians, as ordered by the superintendent; and the Oblate Whitman the savages fathers he wall between them- who had abandoned the Yakima country on the breaking-out iging upon themselves of the war soon returned thither, the governor while Bishop Blanchet, being prevented from going and the to -s, under the pretence the Umatilla, attended the Cayuses en route as they wandered about themselves to the con- the country.'s When called upon by illey. the Indian agent, Henry Saffarans, to answer the or's sanction charge of violating orders, he appears to have replied obtained in a manner d by proclamation satisfactory to the agent, who apologized in for troubling him, acknowledging 3 " Forfeiture that it was not to be of the understood that a flogistic notice of the house or a farm meant a missionary nmigration.6 establishment, or that it was a violation of orders for ' a man to attend to a colonization scheme his religious duties in his own domicile.' And volunteer officers in in this manner they prevailed and held their ground. Blanchet does not conceal his nionist, Aug. 16, 1848. satisfaction that the war resulted in the total over- e information of any who might throw of the re were already in the country Presbyterian missions, " and had the effect L bellows, some tools, ploughs, eat, pease, potatoes, and corn, 62This letter was addressed on the outside to 'Rev. Mr Rosseau,' and on settlement. Or. Spectator, July the inside to 'Messrs Blanchet, etc.' Or. Spectator, July 13, 1848. forfeiture was to extend to the '3 Blanchet's Cath. Church in Or., 173. iodists were driven away from 6' Br ottillet's A uthentic A ccount, 83-4. An anecdote is told by P. W. Craw- agular statement in the face of ford, illustrative of the suspicious temper of the people. The blacksmith at months before the war broke Vancouver and an American named Buell were employed all winter making axes for the use of the hunters and trappers, but which 'the settlers wontd have it were battle-axes!' .Narrative, MS., 149.

I11

i I- ij 1 - -11 , I

742 THE CAYUSE WAR. ATTITUDE OF THE

of increasing those of the Catholics, by the establish- with avidity,6" and were repc ment of St Peters at the Dalles." 6' thorities as all there was to re In the month of August another difficulty occurred At Fort Lee there was sin with the priests of the Jesuit missions in the north- tulekt, who had lately come to east. The natives were busy, as usual, carrying for the Americans, and was E rumors from post to post. It was said that Peupeu- peace by urging the Waiams moxmox had hanged one of the murderers, whom he the Wascos of the Columbia found a day's march from Fort Walla Walla on the and other property, brought Yakima,' a story which was not credited, although Rodgers that the Catholic p the regiment before leaving Fort Waters had sub- supply the Cayuses with ammu scribed to pay a reward of fifty blankets for the terminate the Americans, and delivery to them of one of the guilty chiefs, and half and Wascos assisted them, thE that amount for a common murderer. That the Walla So much impressed were the Walla chief should hang a murderer without knowing of the Cayuses that they retij of the inducement, or, knowing it, should forfeit the hid themselves among the mol reward, Captain Martin refused to believe. The same cumstance Rodgers became c: gossip said that Peupeumoxmox was pursuing another afterward a large amount of of the guilty Cayuses, and McBean thought there arrived at the Dalles, on its wa should be a party sent to assist him; but Martin saw he intercepted and held it,68 a treachery in the movements of the chief, and kept his information to Governor Abe men at the fort. instructed Lee to write to M Again it was said, this time by the Nez Perces, at the Cowlitz, in explanatio that a war had broken out between their nation and most effective measures had the Snake Indians, and also that two of the Cay- the governor to prevent the uses who accompanied Joe Lewis had been killed on falling into the hands of the I the Boise River; and again that many Americans .that he did not object to the were coming by the Snake River route, and had nor thought it prudent; unles threatened to kill all savages they should meet by fiscate the property, it might E the way, which had occasioned the erection of for- and left there until the restc .tifications by the Cayuses on Burnt River, with a took occasion to remind Lee view to cutting off the immigrants at that pass. And prohibit the transportation c still another rumor declared Tiloukaikt and seven of through the Indian country, I his people killed by Shoshones led by a Frenchman. These tales were the subject of conversation at Fort 6; To amuse themselves, Martin's compz by a banquet held in a shady arbor on the I Waters, where almost any piece of news was received with roast-beef and mutton, coffee, milk, s were drank in water. C. W. Cooke gave: liffe, " The American flag, the only thing A I Cath. Churchin Or., 172, 180. Aug. 24, 1848. 6 6 Or. Spectator, McBean believed the story, which was brought by Patatis, an Indian 68There were 1,080 pounds of powder, whose word he said was more to be depended on than the word of Peupeu- of buckshot, and 36 guns. The Oregon ar moxmox. Or. Spectator, July 13, 1848. more than 500 pounds of powder. Oregon i I

WAR. ATTITUDE OF THE CATHOLICS. 743

,olies, by the establish- 7 S. with avidity," and were reported to the Oregon au- ther difficulty occurred thorities as all there was to report. At Fort missions in the north- Lee there was similar gossip, and Welap- y, as tulekt, who had lately come to profess much friendship usual, carrying for was said that Peupeu- the Americans, and was endeavoring to promote peace by e murderers, whom he urging the Waiams of Warm Springs and t Walla the Wascos of the Columbia River to return horses Walla on the and other riot credited, although property, brought the story to Lieutenant Rodgers ort Waters had that the Catholic priests had promised to sub- supply the fty blankets for the Cayuses with ammunition with which to ex- guilty terminate the Americans, and that unless the Waiams chiefs, and half and erer. That the Walla Wascos assisted them, they should also be killed. erer without So much impressed were the Indians by the threats knowing of it, should forfeit the Cayuses that they retired from the river and the hid themselves to believe. The same among the mountains, from which cir- was pursuing cumstance Rodgers became cautious, and when soon another afterward Bean thought there a large amount of ammunition and arms him; but Martin arrived at the Dalles, on its way to the Jesuit missions, saw he intercepted 8 Ee chief, and kept his and held it," at the same time giving information to Governor Abernethy. The governor instructed by the Nez Percds Lee to write to M. Accolti, a Jesuit, then een their nation at the Cowlitz, in explanation, telling him that the and most at two of the Cay- effective measures had been taken by order of the 3 had been killed on governor to prevent the powder and ball from at many Americans falling into the hands of the Indians. Accolti replied ver route, and that he did not object to the seizure, since the gover- had nor thought ley should meet by it prudent; unless it was intended to con- A fiscate the erection of for- the property, it might be brought to Vancouver I and left there ,urnt River, with a until the restoration of peace; but he ; at that pass. took occasion to remind Lee that the law did not And prohibit ikaikt and seven of the transportation of arms or ammunition d by a Frenchman. through the Indian country, but only the distribution )nversation :[ 67 at Fort To Cnews amuse themselves, Martin's company celebrated the Fourth of July was received by a banquet held in a shady arbor on the green lawn, the table being spread with roast-beef and mutton, coffee, milk, sugar, bread, and pies. The toasts were drank in water. C. W. Cooke gave: 'The words of young Miss Wick- liffe, " The American flag, the only thing American that will bear stripes ! ught by Patatis, Or. Spectator, an Indian 6 Aug. 24, 1848. I than the word of Peupeu- 8There were 1,080 pounds of powder, 1,500 pounds of balls, 300 pounds of buckshot, and 36 guns. The Oregon army had not been able to procure more than 500 pounds of powder. Oregon Arnerican, Aug. i6, 1848.

I

NOMMENNEEL- .1 I ------W_ I -- r

THE CAYUSE WAL. 744 MEANS OF COML of them to the Indians; and explained that what had Douglas to S. N. Castle o been seized was the annual supply of the four mis- tion of help is made in the H sions of Okanagan, Cceur d'Al6ne, Pend d'Oreille, and I Henry, which left the Colum Flathead River. In answer to a remark of Lee, that of March, did not reach Sai much excitement and bad feeling against the Catholics of April, whence she sailei existed, Accolti replied that he believed it, but that ernment stores required by Lee must know that it was undeserved, and that the the mean time the United prejudices grew out of unjust suspicions and a grov- E. Woodworth commanding elling jealousy." mander of the northern di This answer, which contained some truth, was not J. A. Hardie, on board, pa altogether just to the Protestants, the more intelli- River for the purpose of ra. gent of whom were able to discriminate between fact in Mexico, 70 an errand w and prejudice; nor was it calculated to soften the sec- obvious reasons.7 tarian feeling, which culminated in December in a So slow were the means petition to the legislature to expel the Catholics from letters of Governor Abernel the country, which was refused. The quarrel ended June,72 nor were the munit by permitting them to retain possession of their other to the Columbia River unt missions, but denying them the Umatilla country, to on the 9th of August, whe which for a period of many years they did not return. banded.' 3 So far as the coi cerned, the delay was rathe All the fighting and marching of the Cayuse war Had there been ample meam was executed by the colonists without aid from any ing spirit was at its height, source. The first intelligence which reached the out- flict would have been the side world of the massacre at Waiilatpu was received at and Indians being short o the Sandwich Islands in February by the English bark each side became a necessit, Janet, Dring, master, which conveyed a letter from of much blood. 69Or. Archives, MS., 156-60. Father Accolti was born at Bari, in the The United States Indian kingdom of Naples, in 1836. Educated at Rome, he became a member of the Society of Jesus, June 1, 1832. Having determined to devote his life to mis- E. Pickett, who was in Cc sionary work, he came to this coast in 1844, going direct from France to 70 S. F. Californian, March 1, 1848; Oregon by way of Cape Horn, in the ship L'Indefatigable. His missionary v. 2. labors in Oregon continued till 18i, during which time he had charge of the 71The Anita arrived in the Columbi, mission of St Xavier and St Paul on the north side of the Columbia River. cisco. She departed April 22d and arr In 1851 he came to San Francisco, when he continued his missionary labors Spectator, Marnh 23 and May 4, 1848; 1 at Santa Clara and San Francisco. In 1853 he was sent to Rome, to obtain "I cannot account for this delay 4 priests for missionary duty on this coast, and with those who were selected he proceeded directly to Mazatlan, witho returned in 1855. Soon after leaving Rome he was made pastor of Santa days in San Francisco Bay, and it seemn Clara College, which position he held for 10 years. From Santa Clara he gency the despatches should not have be was transferred to San Francisco, where he was engaged in missionary duties "Major Hardie forwarded 100 rifles up to the time of his death, Nov. 7, 1878. Father Accolti was a man of pounds of rifle-powder; 2 6-pounder iroi learning and distinguissed for his earnest piety. S. 1F. Esening Bulletin, for the same. Lieutenant E. 0. C. Ord Nov. 9, lS7S. Rev. P. Veyret, another of the Jesuits who came out in 6-pounder brass gun, with 210 strapy L'ttoile da Lafin, from Brest, France, was born at Lyons in 1812, and spherical shot, and other artillery serb became a member of the faculty of Santa Clara College, where he died Dec. and 50,000 ball, with a large amount of 19, 1879. San Jose Pioneer, Dec. 20, 1879. June 27th and July 10th respectively. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 745 plained that what had .pply of the four mis- Douglas to S. N. Castle of Honolulu; but no men- Le, Pend d'Oreille, and tion of help is made in the Hawaiianjournals. The brig a remark of Lee, that Henry, which left the Columbia River about the middle r against the Catholics of March, did not reach San Francisco until the 12th believed it, but that of April, whence she sailed for Mazatlan with gov- eserved, and that the ernment stores required by the troops in Mexico. In ispicions and a grov- the mean time the United States transport Anita, S. E. Woodworth commanding, with the military com- * some truth, was not mander of the northern district of California, Major rits, the more intelli- I J. A. Hardie, on board, paid a visit to the Columbia iminate between fact i.I,I River for the purpose of raising recruits for the army I in Mexico,7" an errand which ted to soften the see- ii proved fruitless for I in December in a obvious reasons.7 ' 'l the Catholics from So slow were the means of communication that the The letters of Governor Abernethy were not received until quarrel ended 72 session of their other i June, nor were the munitions of war asked for sent Umatilla country, to to the Columbia River until the return of the Henry they did not return. ,i on the 9th of August, when the volunteers were dis- banded. 73 So far as the conduct of the war was con- of the Cayuse war cerned, the delay was rather fortunate than otherwise. thout aid from any Had there been ample means at hand when the fight- ich reached the out- ing spirit was at its height, a general and bloody con- latpu was received at flict would have been the result. Both volunteers by the English bark and Indians being short of ammunition, caution on Teyed a letter from each side became a necessity, and averted the spilling of much blood. ;i was born at Bari, in the , he became a member of the The United States Indian agent for Oregon, Charles led to devote his life to mis- E. Pickett, who was in California when the first in- Ding direct from France to lefatigable. His missionary 70S. F. Californian, March 1, 1848; Murray's Nar., MS., 210; Polynesian, l time he had charge of the v. 2. de of the Columbia River. 71The Anita arrived in the Columbia March 16th, 15 days from San Fran- oinued his missionary labors cisco. She departed April 22d and arrived at San Francisco April 27th. Or. vas sent to Rome, to obtain Spectator, March 23 and May 4, 1848; Honolulu Friend, July 1848. those who were selected he 72I cannot account for this delay except by supposing that the Henry Pvas made pastor of Santa proceeded directly to Mazatlan, without touching at Monterey. She was 9 rs. From Santa Clara he days in San Francisco Bay, and it seems unaccountable that in such an emer- -gaged in missionary duties gency the despatches should not have been forwarded at once. her Accolti was a man of "Major Hardie forwarded 100 rifles, with 25,000 rifle-cartridges, and 200 T. S. F. Evening Bulletin, pounds of rifle-powder; 2 6-pounder iron guns and carriages, and ammunition Jesuits who came out in for the same. Lieutenant E. 0. C. Ord of the Third Artillery forwarded one n at Lyons in 1812, and 6-pounder brass gun, with 210 strapped shot (fixed), 70 canister shot, 28 'llege, where he died Dec. spherical shot, and other artillery service; 500 muskets with their fixtures and 50,000 ball, with a large amount of ammunition. The invoices were dated June 27th and July 10th respectively. Or. Spectator, Sept. 7, 1848. tss- r

746 THE CAYUSE WAR. AFFAIRS ON TH

telligence of the warlike events in his district reached being lodged on the head that country, made application on his own account to debouches from the CaseA Governor Mason to be furnished with the means of re- maths and Molalles begs lieving Oregon; but Mason declined to assume the erected on land-claims at responsibility, or to allow Pickett to do so, saying other; and growing bolder, that the governor of Oregon only would be likely to ilies, ordering the women t have his acts sanctioned by congress," and Pickett their beef-cattle. As the was so far satisfied that his services could be of no massacre, the settlers beca avail that he remained in California permanently. At length, one afternoor party from the encampm, During the progress of the Cayuse war the colony rounded the residence of IE in the Willamette was in a state of expectancy and man in Champoeg County alarm very trying to those who lived on the outskirts and uttering the soul-hai of the settlements, especially to the scattered families same time endeavoring tC on the east side of the valley toward the Cascade neighbor of Miller's who Mountains, where it was easy to imagine danger ap- house. It happened that proaching them from the direction of the passes into Butte in Linn County was eastern Oregon. Nor were the Indians in the Willa- sight of Miller's, with thi mette unaffected by the example of the Cayuses, but that was carried up the ) tauntingly remarked thA all the brave white men in the meaning of the den had gone to fight, the weak and spiritless ones only quickened his horse's gail remaining at home, and that consequently they, the tion at every house on t] Molalles, and others, were set at liberty to conduct and rode, spreading the sl themselves as they pleased. To test their position, men and lads were gather several outrages were committed, one of a serious having in the mean time character,7m and companies of home guards were or- organization was immedial ganized76 in the most exposed settlements, ready to being elected colonel, and march at a moment's notice or whenever an alarm was foot, set out for the Indian given. But the only occasion when anything like a men crossing the Abiqua a general engagement took place was during a visit of side under Colonel Waldc the Klamaths to the Molalles, a large encampment Captain Geer marched on As soon as the Indians 71S. Ff. Caflfornian, May 17, 1S48. 75An Indian named Chilos, who had for 6 years been domesticated with 77 One account says 150 men were the settlers, ravished a young girl in the absence of the family, and fled. He the same neighborhood, and that th, was pursued and killed. Or. American, Aug. 16, 1848; Or. Spectator, June the throats of Miller's, Warnock's, an 1, 1848. Elijah Bristow was attacked, but repulsed the savages without 78The names mentioned in the a firing on them. Bristow's Rencoitnters, MS., 3-7. Parker, James Harpole, Wilburn Kib 7 C.CR. Geer was captain of a company in the Waldo Hills; Allen Davy Bird, Israel Shaw, Robert Shaw, K of a company in the Santiain; Richard Miller between Abiqua and Butte , Port Gilliam, William Hov creeks in the northern part of Champoeg Co.; and Samuel Parker of a com- William Hendricks, Leander Davis, I pany near Salem. R. C. Geer, in Salem Or. Statesman, in San Joes Pioneer, J. Warnock, J. W. Schrun, Thomas, Mept. 1, 1877. Allen, Henry Schrun, and Jacob Capli AFFAIRS ON THE WILLAMETIE. 747 in his district reached gn his own account to being lodged on the head of Abiqua Creek where it with the means of re- debouches from the Cascade Mountains. The Kla- clined to assume the maths and Molalles began by robbing the cabins :ett to do so, saying erected on land-claims at some distance from each 'ly would be likely to other; and growing bolder, entered the houses of fam- agress,4 and Pickett ilies, ordering the women to cook for them; or killing vices could be of no their beef-cattle. As these acts usually preceded a nia permanently. massacre, the settlers became more and more uneasy. At length, one afternoon in the early spring, a large lyuse war the colony party from the encampment above mentioned sur- e of expectancy and rounded the residence of Richard Miller, a prominent [ved on the outskirts man in Champoeg County, making insolent demands lie scattered families and uttering the soul-harrowing warwhoop, at the toward the Cascade same time endeavoring to cut off the passage of a imagine danger ap- neighbor of Miller's who was seeking refuge at his n of the passes into house. It happened that Knox, from whom Knox's ndians in the Willa- Butte in Linn County was named, was riding within of the Cayuses, but sight of Miller's, with the first United States mail e brave white men that was carried up the Willamette Valley; he took . spiritless ones only in the meaning of the demonstration at a glance, and isequently they, the quickened his horse's gait to a run, leaving informa- liberty tion at every house on the road. Others mounted to conduct 0 test their position, and rode, spreading the story, and by morning sixty men and , one of a serious I.' lads were gathered at Miller's, the Indians ne guards were or- having in the mean time retired with threats. 7" An ,tlements, ready to organization was immediately effected, Daniel Waldo 'never an alarm was being elected colonel, and the volunteers, horse and Len anything like a foot, set out for the Indian encampment; the mounted is during a visit of men crossing the Abiqua and proceeding up the north large encampment side under Colonel Waldo and Captain Davy, while Captain Geer marched on foot up the south side.78 11 As soon as the Indians discovered the approach of Lrs been domesticated with f the family, and fled. He 77 One account says 150 men were gathered at the house of J. Warnock in 1848; Or. Spectator, June the same neighborhood, and that the Indians had declared they would cut lsed the savages without the throats of Miller's, Warnock's, and Patterson's families. Id. 78The names mentioned in the account above quoted from are William VWaldo Hills; Allen Davy Parker, James Harpole, Wilburn King, James Brown, S. D. Maxon, L. A. Itween Abiqua and Butte Bird, Israel Shaw, Robert Shaw, King Hibbard, William Brisbane, Win- d Samuel Parker of a cor- chester, Port Gilliam, William Howell, Thomas Howell, George Howell, man, in San Josd Pioneer, William Hendricks, Leander Davis, Len. Goff, G. W. Hunt, James Williams, J. Warnock, J. W. Schrun, Thomas Schrun, Elias Cox, Cyrus Smith, T. B. Allen, Henry Schrun, and Jacob Caplinger; probably the most prominent men. U

748 THE CAYUSE WAR. SUB-INDIAN the mounted force they began crossing to the south never boasted of their valor side of the Abiqua, as had been anticipated, and came qua; " but the lesson inflict upon the footmen concealed in a thicket awaiting the Willamette Valley from them. An exchange of arrows and rifle-balls took demonstrations during the ( place, when the natives hastily retreated up the creek with the loss of two of their number. Upon consulta- On account of the feeling tion it was decided that as the day was well spent, by the conduct of the Klan those who had families should return, and the rest of Scott was appointed sub-ag the men and lads should encamp at the nearest farm- south-western Oregon by S house to be ready to move in the morning, when the 10th of April; and at the si pursuit was begun, a part of the absentees having was desirable for him to rais, returned. of rangers for the defence The savages were overtaken on the trail to Klamath, the governor being ready t their rear being guarded by a few good marksmen, whenever elected. At the whose arrows flew about their pursuers, hitting one cealed that there was no mc man in the breast, but without penetrating his body. made for paying either su The riflemen soon picked off these, and drove the rest panies.80 But according to before them to a spot where high cliffs intercepted the Scotts and others, thi their passage on the side of the stream they were accepting a commission. M travelling, and the current was too swift to permit seek offices; when money is them to cross. Here they were driven to bay, and seek men, of the better sort compelled to fight, but they could do little to defend On the 12th of May Sco themselves against the fire of the white men's deadly he proceeded up the valley rifles, by which seven warriors were killed and two much excited in conseque women wounded. of the Indians, and their co When the volunteers came close enough to ascertain offenders had been flogged the results of the battle, it began to dawn upon them end to their thieving practi that they might have committed a sad blunder, the passed, and a copy sent t more disgraceful because one of the seven dead warriors that in future robberies wot proved to be a woman, with a strung bow in her hands, The killing of the Klam who had been killed by the same shot which pierced a referred to by the Molall, male victim. In short, it was discovered that the real 79It has been a matter of dispute th; marauders had escaped or were never present, and that engagement on the Abiqua; and, acco the Indians attacked were their wives, children, and a reason of the silence. Those who wera who were for 'killing squaws;' and it i few guards left with the camp. The weather being it. The matter almost passed out of cold and wet, with a drizzling snow, the white men discussed in 1877, and the facts brought settlers did not wantonly kill Indians a built a large fire in the edge of the forest, and carrying doing at a later period. Minto's Early 1 the wounded women to a comfortable shelter, left them H. L. McNary, in Willamette Farmer, MS., 57-8. for their relatives to succor, and returned home. They 99 Lee's letter to Captain Scott is in

hi l i t. WAR. SUB-INDIAN AGENTS. 749 L crossing to the south never boasted of their i anticipated, and came valor at the battle of the Abi- in a thicket qua;79 but the lesson inflicted preserved that part of awaiting the Willamette is and Valley from any further threatening rifle-balls took demonstrations retreated up the creek during the Cayuse war. 11ber. Upon consulta- te day On account of the feeling of insecurity occasioned was well spent, by return, and the the conduct of the Klainaths and Molalles, Felix rest of Scott p at was appointed sub-agent of Indian affairs for the nearest farm- south-western le morning, Oregon by Superintendent Lee on the when the 10th of April; the absentees having and at the same time informed that it was desirable for him to raise an independent company n the of rangers for the defence of the southern frontier, trail to Klamath, the governor few good marksmen, being ready to commission the officers whenever elected. At pursuers, hitting one the same time it was not con- penetrating cealed that there was no money, and no appropriation his body. made se, and drove for paying either sub-agent or military corn- the rest panies.80 But igh cliffs intercepted according to the views of such men as the Scotts and others, this was a good reason for he stream they were accepting too a commission. When money is plenty men swift to permit seek offices; e driven to when money is not to be had, the offices bay, and seek men, [ld do little of the better sort. to defend On the e white men's deadly 12th of May Scott reported to Lee that as he proceeded up were killed and two the valley he found the inhabitants much excited in conseqttence of the bad behavior of the Indians, ;e enough to ascertain and their continued robberies. Some i offenders had been flogged; but that not putting an to dawn upon thenm end I a to their thieving practices, a resolution had been sad blunder, the passed, e seven and a copy sent to the governor, declaring dead warriors that ing bow in future robberies would be punished with death. in her hands, The killing of shot which the Klamaths at the Abiqua was pierced a referred to by the Molalles, covered that the real with whom they were ver present, 7 and that 9 It has been a matter of dispute that such a battle was ever fought as the fives, children, and a engagement on the Abiqua; and, according to Minto, this blunder was the reason of the silence. Those who were not concerned in it laughed at those The weather being who were for 'killing squaws; ' and it was tacitly agreed to say nothing about Iow, the white men it. The matter almost passed out of recollection, when it was revived and discussed in 1877, and the facts brought out. It shows that the early Oregon forest, and carrying settlers did not wantonly kill Indians and boast of it, as they were accused of ble shelter, left them doing at a later period. Minto's Early Days, MS., 41-6; J. Henry BrowA and H. L. McNary, in Willamette Farmer, Mar. 24, 1877; Browm's Or. Miscel., 'urned home. They MS., 57-8. 11Lee's letter to Captain Scott is in the Or. Archives, MS., 168-9.

M OF IM 750 THE CAYUSE WAR. ARRIVAL

intermarried, as a cause for their continued depreda- while the volunteers from tions. A company of six men, under the leadership a similer obligation on the < of John Saxton, who had started from California with Indians along both roads I a hundred horses, had lost sixty-five of them by the friendly manner to the immig: natives after reaching the Klamath River, and had amounted to about seven hu been fired on all day by the Rogue River Indians," to sonie authorities; ` but with whom it was believed that Molalles were in manner, of five persons to c league. At all events, not more than fifty could be have been more than twi( found in the Willamette, and their fleeing before him arrived in better health and to the Umpqua was regarded as a sign of guilt. vious body." Another report dated June 21st, addressed to Ad- port other provisions by wagon, he open jutant-general Lovejoy, states that he had proceeded tailns by the way of McKenzie Fork of idea which led to the misfortunes of a la with his company of independent rangers as far as the Over this road he drove 700 cattle and 8 Santiam River when he was met by complaints of the Beiiug iniproved subsequently, it became Willamnette Valley and eastern Oregon. thieving practices of the Indians, and had divided his the States to bring out some valuable 1 men with him, and leaving eight with the southern route, he was murdered by force, taking six temporarily separated from the company Lieutenant English, one party to take a course which murdered . All the stock anti money beb savages to their trail about 70 years of age at the time of hi it was intended should drive the Co., were Felix, jun., Rodney, Harrison over the Cascade Mountains, and the other to inter- Arizona in Nov. 1879. Euyenie Press, in hard in 1Leyori Com. hRe. Aff., 1863, 58. cept them in their passage. Finding themselves b'S. F. Californman, Nov. 1S48. pressed and becoming alarmed, they escaped by leav- 8II find the following names of men v W. F. Adams, W. L. Adamis, Wrilliam ing their plunder and a couple of horses, probably in- Bristow, E. L. Bristow, Rev. Wilson Blai tended as indemnity for past thefts; and being satis- Andrew Bowers, Isaac Bolknap, Georg, B. B. Branson, G. J. Basket, Andrew fied with this, Captain Scott gave up the pursuit. Ball, Jesse W. Belknap, George H. Bro On the 7th of July Scott was ordered to proceed man, Peter D. Cline, Jesse Chapman, At Daniel Cushman, Seth Catlin, Jacob CmO to south-eastern Oregon to escort the imnmigration by Rinehart Cripe, Benjamin Cripe, Christi southern route, and' was authorized to officiate in John Davis, John Dennis, Anderson De H the C. Emerick, Soloon Emerick, Thomas his capacity as Indian agent among any tribes on the B. Griffin, Griffin, Griffin, William Greci believe the Cay- Daniel Hathaway Robert Houston, B way. '.' I have reason," says Lee, "to Andrew Hagey, Martin Hagey, P. Hager uses will be along both roads. Impress on the imimi- lin, P. Hibbert, H. N. V. Holmes, Hoot 82 a company of only J. 1Al.Hendricks Frank Harty, S. Han grants their danger." With Orrin Kellogg, , G. Kitt nineteen men he performed this important duty," berger, Lyman Latourette, John J. Lind, Lindsay, J. Lewis, Joseph D. Lee, Nm Miller, John McGee, Isaac Miller, John 11Or. Spectator, May 4, 1848. B Moore, Simon Markham, E. L. Massc "2 0r. Arckives, MS., 169-71. Norris, M. Neff, Isaac Owens, Rev. Jo Priestly, William Porter, S '1 Felix Scott was a native of Monongahela Co., Va. He was at one time Pigg, David Leut.-gov. of Mo., after which he came to California from St Charles Co. of Pierce, A. Prussel, Jesse Parrish, Riley I that state, and resided for some time with Captain Sutter at Fort Sutter. In Horace Rice, Pliny ichison, Caleb Ri Sutherlin, I 1846 he removed to Oregon, where he soon became known for his high charac- nell, John Stipp Fendall ter. He resided in Yamhill Co. until 1849, when he settled permanently in N. Shelley, Christopher Shuck, H. St Co., and contributed much to its development. In 1863, wishing to Nathaniel Stone, Daniel Trulinger, John Lane Robert U. Them drive a large herd of cattle to the mines of eastern Oregon, and also to trans- Truliuger, Watt Tucker, ARRIVAL OF IMMIGRANTS. 751 [eir continued depreda- while the volunteers from Fort Waters discharged , under the leadership a similer obligation on the Snake River route. The Ed from California with both roads behaved in a quiet and :y-flveof them by Indians along the manner to the immigration of this year, which tmath River, andhad friendly amounted to about seven hundred persons, according Wogue River Indians,51 authorities; 8 but computing in the usual hat Molalles were in to some manner, of five persons to every wagon, there would re than fifty could be than twice that number. They reir fleeing beforehim have been more health and condition than any pre- a sign of guilt. arrived in better '1st, addressed to Ad- vious body.us hat hehad proceeded port other provisions by wagon, he opened a road across the Cascade Moun- tains by the way of McKenzie Fork of the Willamette, thus realizing the Lrangers as far as the idea which led to the misfortunes of a large part of the immigration of 1845. bby complaints of the Over this roadhe drove 700 cattle and8 heavy wagons at the first attempt. Being improved subsequently, it became a good pass between the head of the 5,and had divided his Willamette Valley and eastern Oregon. In 1857 Captain Scott returned to nd leaving eight with the States to bring out some valuable blood stock. Returning in 1858 by the southern route, he was murdered by the Indians near Goose Lake, while ) take a course which temporarily separated from the company with two othermen, who were also murdered. All the stock and money belonging to Scott were taken. He was savages to their trail about 70 years of age at the time of his death. His sons, settled in Lane d the other to inter- Co., were Felix, jun., Rodney, Harrison, and Marion. Felix, jun., died in Arizona in Nov. 1879. Eeugene Press, in Or. Statesmzan, Jan. 25, 1859; Drew, ding themselves hard in RVport Corn.Ind. AJ., 1863, 58. "'S. If. Californan, Nov. 1848. hey escaped by leav- 85I find the following names of men who arrived in 1848: Thomas Adams, ' horses, probably in- W . F. Adams,W. L. Adams, William Armpriest, T. W. Avery,W .W . fts; and being satis- Bristow,E. L. Bristow, Rev. Wilson Blain, William Brunson, Dr D. S. Baker, Andrew Bowers, Isaac Belknap, George Belknap, C. Belknap, H. Belknap, z up the pursuit. B. B. Branson,(. J. Basket, Andrew Baner,WY. Bethers, William Burns, Ball, Jesse W. Bolknap, George H. Brown, Benjamin Cleaver, David Chap- ordered to proceed man, Peter D. Cline, Jesse Chapman, Adam Cooper, J. A. Cloninger, Coffey, the immigration by Daniel Cushman, Seth Catlin, Jacob Conser, Thomas Clark, John S. Croo's, Clyne, Reuben Dickens, L. Davi3, in A Rinehart Cripe, Benjamin Cripe, Christian orized to officiate John Davis, John Dennis, Anderson De Haven, James Davidson, James Emery, ng any tribes on the C. Emnerick, Solomon Emerick, Thomas Gates, E. Garther, Levi Grant, Burrel B. Griffin, Griffin, Griffin, William Greenwood, P. Gearhart, George Graham, "to believe the Cay- Daniel Hathaway, Robert Houston, Richard Hutchison, Abitha Hawley, npress on the iimmrii- Andrew Hagey, Martin Hagey, P. Hagey, Henry Henninger, Nathaniel Ham- Im, P. Hibbert, H. N. V. Holmes, Hooker, A. B. Holcomb. John L. Hicklin, ,company of only J. Al. Hendricks, Frank Harty, S. Hanna, George Irvin, Williamn M. King, s important duty,83 I Orrin Kellogg, Joseph Kellogg, G. Kittredge, Clinton Kelley, David Linen- berger, Lyman Latourette, John J. Lindsay, William Lindsay, Lindsay, Edgar Lindsay, J. Lewis, Joseph D. Lee, Nicholas Lee, Jacob Miller, Christian Miller, John McGee, Isaac Miller, John Miller, Henry Moody, John Moore, B Moore, Simon Markham, E. L.Mlassey, Harden McAllister, Isaac Newton, Norris, Al. Neff, Isaac Owens, Rev. Jo3. E. Parrott, Ira Patterson, Reuben Va.., Hewas at one time Purvine, Farley Co. of Pigg, David Priestly, William Porter, Stephen Porter, John rnia from St Charles Root, James Robinson, J. ('. Ramsey, ISutter at Fort Sutter. In Pierce, A. Prussel, Jesse Parrish, Riley Horace Rice, Pliny Richison, Caleb Richey, A. H. Roberts, John E. Rick- known for his high charac- Buford Smith, in nell, John Stipp, Fendall Sutherlin, Rev. John W. Starr, he settled permanently H. Straight, James Shields, I)avid Stone, 1863, wishing to Al. Shelley, Christopher Shuck, nent. In Stone, Daniel Trulinger, John Trulinger, Nathan Trulinger, Gabriel Oregon,I and also to trans- Nathaniel Trulinger, Watt Tucker, Robert H. Thompson, James Valentine, Isaac Wyatt, rr r

752 THE CAYUSE WAR. BIOGRAPHICA

Thomas Wyatt, Elias D. Wilcox, Nathaniel Wilcox, Leonard Williams, Willis Bristow was one of the foremost citizens of 1 Williams, Isaac Winkle, Samuel Welch, W. B. Walker, W. M. Walker, A. member of the first state senate, and of the E S. Watt, T. D. Winchester. and active in securing the location of the st Ahio S. Watt was born in Knox Co., Ohio, Jan. 15, 1824; went to Mo. in In his family he was as gentle as he was e 1838, and to Oregon in 1848. He was married in 1850 to Mary E. Elder, and interest. He died at Eugene City, Dec. 10, settled in Yamhill Co. He was a member of the senate in 1878; has been clerk 1874; Roseburg Plaindlealer, Dec. 12, 1874. of the court, surveyor, and farmer, and a useful and honorable citizen. J. M. Hendricks, brother-in-law of W. W. E. L. Massey, well known in Oregon, at the breaking-out of the mining at Pleasant Hill in Lane County, where he d excitement of 1861 removed to Walla Walla, where he was justice of the peace. son, T. G. Hendricks, was a prominent merel In 1867 while travelling in Idaho he had his feet frozen, from the effects of Pioneer, April 6, 1878. which he died in August of that year. Walla Walla Statesman, Aug. 30, 1867. Nicholas Lee was born in Pike Co., Ohio, F Burrel B. Griffin settled in Linn Co., where he discovered in 1851 a Oregon he settled in Polk Co., near Dallas. mountain of bluish gray marl near the junction of Crabtree and Thomas in 1862, but retired to give place to his son forks of the Santiam. The stone was easily worked, and hardened on death occurred July 11, 1879, at the farm w' exposure to the air, and came to be much used in place of brick for hearth- Itemizer, July 18, 1879. stones and chimney-pieces. In 1852 Mr Griffin removed to the Rogue River Frances Ella Reynolds, born in Tenn. in IS Valley, where he discovered in 1875 valuable ores of cinnabar and antimony and resided with her sister, Mrs Wells, at the near Jacksonville. Oregonian, Sept. 25, 1875. of November, 1879. PortlandAdvocate, Dec. 4 George A. Barnes, a native of Lockport, Monroe Co., New York, first William Porter of Aumnsville, Marion Co. emigrated to Fort Wayne, Indiana, and from there to Oregon in 1848. He from his home than Oregon City, in his 27 y went to the gold mines in California, after which he settled on Puget Sound, summoned to Portland by the U. S. district c with the history of which he has since been identified. has contributed pleasing articles to the column David Stone, who was captain of the company with which Barnes travelled, across the plains satisfied completely his love settled in the Cowlitz Valley, a few miles north of the Columbia. 25, 1875. Thomas W. Avery emigrated to Oregon with his parents at the age of 15, John L. Hicklin, born in Kentucky, June and in 1849 went to the gold mines in California, from which he returned and finally settled in Washington Co., Tuw in 1857, when he settled in Douglas Co. Working as a carpenter and teaching where he continued to reside, surrounded by a in a country school, he continued to reside in the Umpqua Valley until 1862, 1876, after a long and exemplary life. Portlai when he went to Salem to study law in the office of Bonham and Curl. He David Linenberger emigrated from Virgin was elected to the Democratic state convention in 1864, and commenced the kiyou Co., Cal., where he engaged in mining. practice of law in Umatilla County, and was in the legislature in 1866. In Union, Sept. 12, 1868. connection with J. C. Dow he established the Columibia Press, the first news- Rev. Joseph E. Parrott, a man of fine ta] paper at Umatilla. He died of consumption in Salem in the autumn of 1867. born in Missouri in 1821, emigrated to Orel Salem Capital Chronicle, Dec. 14, 1867. Garrison in 1851, who died in August 1869. Mrs Susan Sturges, born in Ill., May 14, 1839, married Andrew Sturges married Mrs L. A. Worden. On the 3d of in Oregon in 1855, and died at Vancouver, in Washington Ter., April 28, home near Lafayette in Yamhill Co. Portlano 1876, her husband and 6 children surviving. Portland Advocate, May 11, i Buford Smith, who settled in Marion Co., 1876. to northern Cal., where he remained a few Mrs Jacob Conser, born in Richmond Co., Ohio, July 31, 1822, removed having lost his health. He survived the ch with her parents to Ill., where she was married Feb. 28, 1839, and emigrated once energetic and always genial pioneer of 1I to Oregon with her husband in 1848. She died at Walla Walla while on a of 70 years, Nov. 6, 1870. Salem Farmer, No' visit to a sister residing there, April 18, 1879. San Joed Pioneer, May 10, Mrs Elizabeth Smith, wife of Buford Smi 1879. discharge of a gun in Nov. 1876. Their sons Nathaniel Hamlin, an immigrant of 1848, died in June 1866. Seattle Smith, who resided at Silverton in Marion Coi Weekly, June 18, 1866. 1876. Rev. ClinitonKelleywasborninPulaskiCo., Ky., Junel5, 1808. Hejoined William Greenwood was born in Hardy the Methodist church at the age of 19, and devoted his life to preaching. On the 12th of August, 1828, he married Eliz Before he was 20 he married Mary Baston, who died in 1837, leaving him 5 removed to St Louis, Mo., and 2 years later to children. He married in the following year Jane Burns, who also died, ing in 1848 to Oregon, and settling on How leaving one child. He then niarried Maria Crane, by whom he had 9 children. upright and industrious citizen. He was elei Being opposed to the institution of slavery, he determined to emigrate to a serving 4 years. His death occurred May 18, country where his numerous family could be educated to become useful citi- accident, leaving 2 sons and 2 daughters, and zens, and chose Oregon for his home, where he was widely known as 'Father Mrs Jane Belknap, wife of Jesse Belkn Kelley, and as a never-tiring advocate of temperance. He died at his resi- in Penn. in 1792, she emigrated with her pa deulce near East Portland, June 19, 1875, leaving an honorable memory. At the age of 16 she became a convert to Met] Oregomaan, June 26, 1875; Or. Cit Enterprise, June 25, 1875; Portland Teat- husband in Benton Co., kept open house to t] perance Star, June 25, 1875; Salem Statesman, June 26, 1875. Simpson on his first visit to Oregon to preside W.V W. Bristow, son of Elijah Bristow, who emigrated in 1846 with his of the 'Methodist church. She had a large fa brother, E. L. Bristow, and other members of the family, followed his father survived her. PortlandAdvocate, Dec. 21, 15' in 1848, and all settled in Lane County, then the southern part of Linn. Mr Rev. John W. Starr was born in Va. in 1I18T. OR., VOL. I. 48 SE WAR. BIOGRAPHICAL. 7 53 diel Wilcox, Leonard Williams, Willis Bristow was one of the L, W. B. Walker, W. M. Walker, foremost citizens of that part of the country; was a A. member of the first state senate, and of the state constitutional and active in securing convention, Ohio, Jan. 15, 1824; the location of the state university at Eugene City. went to Mo. in In his family he was as gentle as arried in 1850 to Mary E. Elder, he was enterprising in affairs of public and interest. lie died at Eugene City, Dec. 10, 1874. r of the senate in 1878; has been cler k Eugene City Guard, Dec. 1874; Roseburg Plaindealer, Dec. a useful and honorable citizen. J. M. Hendricks, 12, 1S74. l, at the breaking-out brother-in-law of W. W. and E. L. Bristow, also settled of the mining at Pleasant Hill in Lane County, where lla, where he was justice of he died in the spring of 1878. His the peace. son, T. G. Hendricks, was a prominent merchant d his feet frozen, from the effects of of Eugene City. San Jos `alla Walla Pioneer, April 6, 1878. Statesman, Aug. 30, 1867. Nicholas Lee was born O., where he discovered in Pike Co., Ohio, February 11, 1818. On coming to in 1851 a Oregon he settled in Polk Co., near > junction of Crabtree and Dallas. He engaged in merchandising Thomas in 1862, but retired to give place to 3 easily worked, and hardened on his son, Joseph D. Lee, in 1876. His death occurred July 11, 1879, at the farm where cll used in place of brick for hearth- he settled in 1848. Dallas Griffin removed to the Rogue Itemizer, July 18, 1879. River Frances Ella Reynolds, born in Tenn. in 1815, emigrated iable ores of cinnabar and antimony and resided to Oregon in 1848, 575. with her sister, Mrs Wells, at the tihle of her death on of November, the 25th port, Monroe Co., 1879. Portland Adsocate, Dec. 4, 1879. New York, first William Porter of Ausnsville, Marion from there to Oregon in 1848. Co., had never been farther away He from his home than Oregon City, in Ir which he settled on Puget .Sound, his 27 years' residence in Oregon, until summoned to Portland by the U. S. district court, to appear en identified. has contributed as a juror. He impany pleasing articles to the columns of the Farmier, but the with which Barnes travelled, across the plains satisfied journey north of the Columbia. completely his love of travel. Salem1armer, Jume in with his parents 25, 1875. at the age of 15 John L. Hicklin, born in Kentucky, California, from which he returned June 1793, first removed to Indiana and finally settled in Washington Co., Tualatin plains, Vorking as a carpenter and teaching where he Oregon, in 1848, e continued to reside, surrounded by a large family. He in the Umpqua Valley until 1862, 1876, after a died Oct. 14, he office long and exemplary life. Portland Standard, Oct. 27, 1876. of Bonham and Curl. He David Linenberger emigrated Dntion in 1864, and commenced the from Virginia. In 1851 he removed to Sis- kiyou Co., Cal., where he engaged in vas in the legislature in 1866. In mining. He died Sept. 7, 1868. Yreka the Columnbia Press, the first news- Union, Sept. 12, 1868. on in Salem Rev. Joseph E. Parrott, a man of fine talents and a firm in the autumn of 1867. born in Missouri Methodist, was in 1821, emigrated to Oregon in 1848, and married Susan Garrison in 1851, who died in August 14, 1839, married Andrew 1869. On the 31st of May, 1870, he Sturges married Mrs L. A. Worden. On the er, in Washington Ter., April 3d of September, 1872, he died at his 28, home near Lafayette in Yainhill Co. Portland Advocate, ving. Portland Advocate, May 11, Buford Smith, Sept. 19, 1872. who settled in Marion Co., after a long residence removed to northern Cal., Co., where he remained a few years, and returned to Oregon, Ohio, July 31, 1822, removed having lost his health. rried Feb. 28, 1839, He survived the change but a short time, and the and emigrated once energetic and always genial pioneer died at Walla Walla while of 1848 passed to his rest at the age on a of 70 years, Nov. 6, 1870. Salem 1879. San Jose Pioneer, May 10, Farmer, Nov. 12, 1870. Mrs Elizabeth Smith, wife of Buford Smith, was killed discharge by the accidental 1848, of a gun in Nov. 1876. Their sons were A., Charles, and died in June 1866. Seattle Smith, who resided at William Silverton in Marion County. Salem Statesman, Nov. 24, Do., Ky., June 1876. 15, 1808. He joined William Greenwood was born ad devoted his life to in Hardy Co., Va., September 13, 1806. preaching. On the 12th of August, 1828, he married Elizabeth , who died in 1837, leaving him Jane Bramel, and in 1832 5 removed to St Louis, Mo., and 2 years later to near Burlington, year Jane Burns, who also died ing in Iowa, emigrat- 1848 to Oregon, and settling on Howell Prairie. He was Drane, by whom he had 9 children. upright and industrious always an , he determined citizen. He was elected to the state senate in to emigrate to a serving 4 years. His death 1862, Pe educated to become occurred May 18,1S69, from injuries received by useful citi- accident, leaving 2 sons and 2 daughters, and he was widely known as 'Father a large estate. Id., Aug. 9, 1869. Mrs Jane Belknap, wife of Jesse Belknap, died Dec. bemperance. He died at his resi- in Penn. 10, 1876. Born in 1792, she emigrated with her parents to western N. , leaving an honorable memory. At the age of 16 she Y. in 1796. se, June became a convert to Methodism, and on settling with 25, 1875; Portland Tem- husband in Benton Co., her n, June 26, kept open house to the ministry, entertaining Bishop 1875. Simpson on his first visit to Oregon who emigrated in 1846 to preside over the first annual conference with his of the Methodist church. She had a large family of of the family, followed his father children. Her husband survived her. Portland Advocate, Dec. 21, 1876. a the southern part of Linn. Mr Rev. John W. Starr was born in Va. in 1795, removed to Ohio in child- IST,. OR., VOL.I. 48 754 THE CAYUSE WAR. hood, and from that state in 1839 to Van Buren Co., Iowa, emigrating in 1848 to Oregon and locatin,, Kenton. Co. He was an ardent preacher of his faith from youth to old age. Id., March 20, 1869. Caleb Richey died in Pleasant Valley, Nev., Nov. 28, 1875. Reno State Journal, Dec. 18, 1875. Jesse Parrish died in Marion County, Oregon, in Sept. 1878. Olympia T~ranscript, Oct. 5, 1878. J. J. Lindsay was born in Ripley Co., Ind., Dec. 25, 1838, and emigrated with his parents to Oregon. They remained but one winter in the Willamette Valley, going to Cal. in 1849, and remaining there, where the elder Lindsay died in 1851. His subsequent history belongs to California. Sonoma Co. Hfst., CHAPTER

OREGON'S ENVOYS-ERECTIO GOVERNMI 1848.

JOURNEY OF THORNTON-ADVENTURES OF THE PROFANE TRAPPER-INTERVIEWS TO CONGRESS-THE ORDINANCE OF 17V SLAVERY QUESTION-WARM DISCUSSR CREATING THE TERRITORY OF OREG( ANXIETY OF PRESIDENT POLK-RETI GOVERNOR-LANE AND MEEK AT S. OREGON-LANE'S PROCLAMATION-DE(

LET US now follow the twc the national capital, and se( Thornton, in the United St, mouth, Captain Montgomery, 5th and at Washington the no one in Oregon but Abern knew exactly his errand, Thoi as most comprehensive, embi less than twenty-one favors which was the old formula of diction. He also asked for firmation of the colonial la legislative acts and decisions i been asked for by the memo] 1845; for money to pay the government; for troops to and the immigrants on the roa

I Thornton's Or. and Cal., ii. 248. In an( in Boston on the 2d. Or. Pioneer Assoc., 2 WAR. luren Co., Iowa, emigrating in 1848 was an ardent preacher of his faith 9. Nev., Nov. 28, 1875. Reno State

', Oregon, in Sept. 1878. Olympia Ind., Dec. 25, 1838, and emigrated Adbut one winter in the Willamette ng there, where the elder Lindsay ags to California. Sonoma Co. Hint., CHAPTER XXVI.

OREGON'S ENVOYS-ERECTION OF A TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. 1848.

JOURNEY OF THORNTON-ADVENTURES OF MEEK-THE PIOUS LAWYER AND THE PROFANE TRAPPER-INTERVIEWS WITH THE PRESIDENT-MEMORIALS TO CONGRESS-THE ORDINANCE OF 1787-BILLS BEFORE CONGRESS-THE SLAVERY QUESTION-WARM DISCUSSIONS-FINAL PASSAGE OF THE BILL CREATING THE TERRITORY OF OREGON-APPOINTMENT OF OFFICIALS- ANXIETY OF PRESIDENT POLK-RETURN OF JOE MEEK WITH A LIVE GOVERNOR-LANE AND MEEK AT SAN FRANCISCO BAY-ARRIVAL IN OREGON-LANE'S PROCLAMATION-DECLINE OF MISSION INFLUENCE.

LET US now follow the two Oregon messengers to the national capital, and see what they did there. Thornton, in the United States sloop of war Ports- mncouth, Captain Montgomery, arrived at Boston the 9 5th and at Washington the 11th of May.' Though no one in Oregon but Abernethy and his counsellors knew exactly his errand, Thornton has represented it as most comprehensive, embracing a petition for no less than twenty-one favors from congress, among which was the old formula of the United States juris- diction. He also asked for grants of land; for con- firmation of the colonial land law and the other legislative acts and decisions of the courts, which had been asked for by the memorial of the legislature of 1845; for money to pay the debt of the provisional government; for troops to protect the settlements, and the immigrants on the road; and for steam pilotage

1 Thornton's Or. and Cal., ii 248. In another place Thornton says he arrived in Boston on the 2d. Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1874, 85. (755) THORNTON'S 756 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. the I besides Indian agents, and the ex- whom they found in and light-houses, obtained I of the Indian title, which were by no means Fort Bridger they tinction between original requests. the hostile tribes by travelling at Thornton says that he had an interview with the Ash Hollow on the 13th of May, having previously con- day, supplying themselves president they succeedE versed with Stephen A. Douglas, to whom he car- and Rubideau, from Abernethy, and that soon after the just as the immigrants we: ried a lettter on the 4th of May.3 to the executive he prepared a memorial to con- River visit remaining mie gress, which was presented by Benton to the senate. Here all his relatives in Mi He does not say that he presented the memorial of the visit to his Washington, being forced t States resident in Ore- 4 "free citizens of the United the place of money with stew gon," which was placed in the mail-bag of the Whiton, with other mail matter to the Ports- proprietors, and arriving at and transferred ragged and bizay mouth, but one of his own. Yet it was the petition of sufficiently of men, small or greai the citizens which was presented by Benton, and that tion 8th of May, before Thornton, according to Nor was the messenger at a] too on the p' his own account, reached Washington from New York, position and the mighty two or three days. The mail had and dirt which covered hii where he tarried Pet reached Washington before him.2 If Thornton me- been the envy of any at this june] morialized congress subsequently, it does not appear more to him upon the records. However, it is safe to presume that broadcloth. He would see fore civilization should rob I his letters from Abernethy secured him friendly recog- 5 and that but for the appearing of a second and prestige. It was better th, nition, glo: duly !authorized messenger of the colonial government, a Blackfoot's scalp, the would the special mission of Thornton, whatever it was, 2 Ebbert's Trapper's Life, MS., 24-31 have received some consideration. 4 The moneyless condition of both tl Thornton states that at one time he has It will be remembered that Meek did not leave to pray, that day his wants were suppli end of the first week in March. In Mrs Victor's River of the Wel Walla Walla until the Meek's debut in Washington. The boo] He arrived in Washington the last week in May, the suggestion of Meek, who furnish continent in thread is strung a sketch of the Ameri having performed the journey across the history of Oregon. All that part of t] the stormy spring months in less than half the time the fur companies and Meek's personm nished by Meek; the remainder was gat occupied by Thornton in sailing around it. The party Meek's characteristics, to which I have had found the snow on the Blue Mountains not so seems to have had a ready appreciation, as he was-a fine man spoiled by beinm deep but that a trail could be broken by the men walk- in his boyhood. ing and leading their horses and pack-mules. Beyond Frances F. Victor, nee Fuller, was a was born in , and her mol Fort Hall in the mountain passes travelling was more Island family of that name. Her fath difficult, but they were assisted by some friendly natives girlhood, where her education was coml of 1851 will remember a volume of poei and by a man famous among trappers, Peg-leg Smith, ter Metta Victoria, about this time, aT sisters married brothers 1 2 Cong. Globe, 1847-8, 737. teens. The I

VERNMENT. THORNTON'S EFFORTS. 757 ian agents, and the ex- whom they found in the Bear River country. At hich were by no means Fort Bridger they obtained fresh horses, and avoiding the hostile tribes between Independence Rock and 1 an interview with the Ash Hollow by travelling at night and lying perdu by ,having previously con- day, supplying themselves afresh at forts Laramie iglas, to whom he car- and Rubideau, they succeeded in reaching the frontier and that soon after the just as the immigrants were crossing the Missouri ired a memorial to con- River on the 4th of May.3 F Benton to the senate. Here all his remaining men left him; and after a brief ted the memorial of the visit to his relatives in Missouri, Meek hastened to states resident in Ore- Washington, being forced to make diplomacy supply mail-bag of the Whiton, the place of money 4 with steamboat captains and stage Jil matter to the Ports- proprietors, and arriving at the capital in a costume et it was the petition of sufficiently ragged and bizarre to command the atten- Id by Benton, and that tion of men, small or great, anywhere in the world. Thornton, according to Nor was the messenger at all indifferent to his exalted ington from New York, position and the mighty power of dress. The rags days. The mail had and dirt which covered him, and which might have M.2 If Thornton me- been the envy of any Peter the Great, were worth ,ly, it does not appear more to him at this juncture than twelve suits of is safe to presume that broadcloth. He would see the president at once, be- red him friendly recog- fore civilization should rob him of any particle of this earing of a second and prestige.5 It was better than a bear-fight, better than e colonial government, a Blackfoot's scalp, the glory of being forever known whatever it wI vould n. 3 Ebbert's Trapper'sLffe, MS., 24-31; Barnes' Or. and Cal., MS., 2. 4 The moneyless condition of both the Oregon messengers was about equal. Meek did not leave Thornton states that at one time he had only a half-dime; but remembering e first week in March. to pray, that day his wants were supplied. In Mrs Victor's River of the West, 439-62, is an amusing account of e last week in May, Meek's debut in Washington. The book was in fact written by Mrs Victor at Lcross the continent the suggestion of Meek, who furnished the incidents of his life, on which in Jj thread is strung a sketch of the American fur companies and of the colonial is than half the time history of Oregon. All that part of the book relating to the movements of the fur companies and Meek s personal affairs was written from notes fur- around it. The party nished by Meek; the remainder was gathered from various other sources. Of Ue Mountains not so Meek's characteristics, to which I have referred in his biography, Mrs Victor seems to have had a ready appreciation, and to have presented him very nearly ken by the men walk- as he was-a fine man spoiled by being thrust out into an almost savage life pack-mules. Beyond in his boyhood. Frances F. Victor, nee Fuller, was a native of Rome, New York; her father s travelling was more was born in Connecticut, and her mother, Lucy A. Williams, of the Rhode *some friendly natives Island family of that name. Her father removed to Wooster, Ohio, in her girlhood, where her education was completed. Most Ohio people of the period cpers, Peg-leg Smith, of 1851 will remember a volume of poems brought out by Frances and her sis- ter Metta Victoria, about this time, and while the authors were still in their teens. The sisters married brothers by the name of Victor. Frances, who 758 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. I THE SLAVERY I I 1 as the roughest and most rolicksome plenipotentiary ment. The colony on the, I the great republican capital had ever seen. as then in need of federal ai( Meek that his relative was the I to it.7 Again he called at It little concerned I president's secretary. Was he not a great American territorial organization, reck citizen, very free and quite unceremonious, and the ment of mounted men be rai representative of other great American citizens who gon, that Indian agents be E looked out on a sea toward the sunset? Two days the different tribes, and an had not passed before the apartments of the White able them to treat for the re House were as familiar to him as the canions of Snake of peace. This he said shou River. Yet he was not wholly void of compunctions. 8 troops to reach the territor) He began to feel in due time that after all in what- Before entering upon soever appertained to greatness, there should be following Meek's arrival, I applied the eternal fitness, and so he permitted a had been done since the ti tailor to trust him for a suit of 'store clothes.' On boundary question. It was the 29th of May President Polk laid before both been unmindful of Oregon I houses a special message on Oregon affairs, in which compelled to wait so long he quoted some passages from the memorial of the United States. The Ore colonial legislature, forwarded by Meek, touching the determined before the ev( neglect of congress, and reminded members that in tion was asked, How ml his annual messages of 1846 and 1847 he had urged domain shall be slave tern the immediate organization of a territorial govern- topic so engendered bitter gress as that of slavery. ] continued to write as inclination prompted, removed to the Pacific coast in 1863, with her husband, who belonged to the engineer corps of the United failure in the senate that States navy, and who after resigning perished in the foundering of the steamer ing a territorial governmef Pacific in November 1875. Mrs Victor displayed great industry during her residence in California and Oregon, in studying the natural and historical tion has already been made features of the coast. She wrote many magazine articles and letters of travel, and besides the River of the West, Hartford, 1870, published in San Francisco A 11Over Oregon and Washington, and a volume of western stories and poems 7Cong. Globe, 1847-8, 788-9; S. I New Penelope. Missionary, 22, 63; Amer. Quart. Reg., called The 8 6Mrs Victor gives Meek's own account of his feelings, which do him no Cong. Globe, 1845-6, 24. Thornto discredit. 'He elt that the importance of his mission demanded some dig- the author of this bill which was befi nity of appearance-some conformity to established rules and precedents. from Dec. 1846 until its passage, w But of the latter he knew absolutely nothing; and concerning the former he particularly alleges that he 'incorporo realized the absurdity of a dignitary clothed in blankets and wolf-skin cap. Oregon. This I took,'he says, 'fro "Joe Meek I must remain," he said to himself as he stepped out of the train, induced to make it a part of the bill, and glanced along the platform at the crowd of porters with the names of on the subject of human rights, but their hotels on their hatbands. Learning that Coleman's was the most fash- Oregon had, under the provisional E ionable place, he decided that to Coleman's he would go, judging correctly interdiction of slavery.' Or. Pioneer. that it was best to show no littleness of heart even in the matter of hotels. in the senate Dec. 8, 1845, that the After an amusing scene at Coleman's, which at once introduced him to the government, 'subject to the ratificat cognizance of several senators, he repaired to the presidential mansion, where and it was well understood by the fri his cousin Knox Walker was private secretary, to whom also he made him- that matter, that the ordinance of 17 insisted on his being for that territory we self known in his peculiar style of badinage. Walker 0, of a government seen by Mrs Polk as well as the president. Says Meek: "When I heard ton to claim that he framed this part the silks rustling in the passage, I felt more frightened than if a hundred with the framing of it, is brazen assun Blackfeet had whooped in my ear. A mist came over my eyes, and when that he 'felt a vehement desire to so n Mrs Polk spoke to me I couldn't think of anything to say in return."' edge,' that he 'framed the 20th sect ERNMEN. THE SLAVERY QUESTION 759 cksome plenipotentiary d ever seen. ment. The colony on the Pacific seaboard were now at his relative was the as then in need of federal aid, and were justly entitled not a great American to it.' Again he called attention to the want of a nceremonious, and the territorial organization, recommending that a regi- American citizens who ment of mounted men be raised for the relief of Ore- le sunset ? Two days gon, that Indian agents be appointed to reside among rtments of the White the different tribes, and an appropriation made to en- 9s the canions of Snake able them to treat for the restoration and preservation void of compunctions.a of peace. This he said should be done in time to allow that after all in what- troops to reach the territory that year. ss, there should be Before entering upon congressional proceedings following Meek's arrival, Id so he permitted a I shall refer briefly to what had been done since f 'store clothes.' On the treaty of 1846, settling the boundary question. )olk laid before both It was not because congress had been unmindful of 'egon affairs, in which Oregon that the colonists had been compelled to wait so long the memorial of the for the jurisdiction of the United States. The y Meek, touching the Oregon boundary was hardly determined before led members that in the even more momentous ques- tion was 1 1847 he had urged asked, How much, if any, of this new domain shall a territorial govern- be slave territory? In these days no topic so engendered bitter contest on the floor of con- noved to the Pacific coast in gress as that of engineer corps of the United slavery. It was enough to secure its 8 Lthe foundering of the steamer failure in the senate that Douglas' bill for establish- red great industry during her ig the natural and historical ing a territorial government in Oregon, of which men- articles and letters of travel, tion has already been made as having passed the lower 0, published in San Francisco of western stories and poems 7Cong. Globe, 1847-8, 788-9; S. F. Californian, May 3, 17, 1848; Home is feelings, which do him no Missionary, 22, 63; Amer. 5 Quart. Reg., i. 541-2. mission demanded some dig- Cong. Globe, 1845-6, 24. Thornton has audaciously claimed to have been lished rules and precedents. the author of this bill which was before congress with hardly any alteration -nd concerning the former he from Dec. 1846 until its passage, with a few additions in Aug. 1848. He blankets and wolf-skin cap. particularly alleges that he 'incorporated a provision prohibiting slavery in s he stepped out of the train Oregon. This I took,'he says, 'from the ordinance of 1787; and I was )f porters with the names of induced to make it a part of the bill, not only because of my own convictions Yoleman's was the most fash- on the subject of human rights, but also for the reason that the people of would go, judging correctly Oregon had, under the provisional government, sternly pronounced a rigid ven in the matter of hotels. interdiction of slavery.' Or. Pioneer. Assoc., Trans., 1874, 87. Benton said once introduced him to the in the senate Dec. 8, 1845, that the colonists had presented their form of presidential mansion, where go'Vernment, 'subject to the ratification of the United States government,' to whom also he made him- and it was well understood by the friends of Oregon, and its enemies also for Walker insisted on his being that matter, that the ordinance of 1787 was the base on which the structure ays Meek: "When I heard of a government for that territory was to be erected, Therefore for Thorn- ightened than if a hundred ton to claim that he framed this part of Douglas' bill, or had anything to do ne over my eyes, and when with the framing of it, is brazen assumption. But this is not all. He declares 'g to say in return." ' that he 'felt a vehement desire to so multiply, in Oregon, the springs of knowl- edge,' that he 'framed the 20th section of the act of congress of August 14, I - - ir --

760 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. BILLS BEFORE house, January 16, 1847, incorporated the ordinance as shown by the resolutions a of 1787, on which were founded the organic laws of of that body, 9to which Bento the provisional government of Oregon according to ber 8, 1845. the expressed desire of the colonial legislature of 1845, When the Oregon messeng bills before congress for the 1848.' This section is numbered in Douglas' bill section 18, and reads: 'That when the lands in said territory shall be surveyed under the direction of the Territory. Douglas, who ha( government of the United States, preparatory to bringing the same into house of representatives to market, sections numbered 16 and 36 in each township in said territory shall be, and the same is hereby, reserved for the purposes of being applied to schools was chairman of the commit in said territory, and in the states and territories to be erected out of the duced, January 10, 1848, a b same.' Or. Gen. Laws, 1843-72, 63-5. Thornton goes on to say that the consideration which decided him 'to make section rejected by the senat the 20th section a part of the territorial bill,rather than of the land bill,to which contained one sanctioning the it more appropriately belonged, 'was the same which governed him in framing sec. 17, relating to the transfer of civil and criminal suits from the courts of the which being twice read was i provisional government to those established under the territorial government, and reported Febru namely, the best interests of the people. One is yet more astonished at Judge mittee, Thornton's audacity in view of the facts being open to any one taking the trouble ments, to go through the ord to look into the proceedings of congress from 1845 to 1848, or to a file of the Oregon Spectator for 1847, where in the issue dated Sept. 16th is Douglas' when it came to debate. I bill of Dec. 1846, as it passed the house, and was at first amended by the of April that Douglas was a fenate, containing not only the ordinance of 1787, and the section granting the 16th and 36th sections for school purposes, but the section relating to the of the senate to make bills transfer of the cases already in the Oregon courts to the district courts of the special order for the 26th; United States; as well as a provision for having all penalties forfeitures, actions, and causes of action recovered under the new organization in the round, the California claims same manner they would have been under the old; the only difference between priation being under discus this section of the act as it finally passed and the first draught of the bill, being that in the former it is numbered 15, instead of 17; and that two provisos postponed, so that nothing h were added to this section before the bill became a law, to guard the constitu- Stl tionality of the penalties and forfeitures, and to prevent abuses of the inter- fbr Oregon when on the pretation of the old laws. The change in the numbers was effected by the mori%-l was received, nor ye introduction, during a course of amendments, of several new sections, to the disarrangement of the former numbering. There is nothing in the bill of legislative petition was pre which Thornton particularly claims authorship that was not in the original special message of the preside bill of 1846. Yet he talks about his efforts to neutralize the hostility to this measure, when no opposition in congress ever appeared to granting this land. was full of rumors concern In his Autobiography, MS., 45, he says, ill reference to the school-land sec- emphasized by the presenc tion, 'I will frankly admit that when to this section (the 16th) of the public lands, the 36th was added by the passage of the bill, the thought that prov- distant territory with requ idence had made me the instrument by which so great a boon was bestowed the colonial government for upon posterity, filled my heart with emotions as pure and deep as can be experienced by man;' after which he talks about being recognized as a bene- On the 31st, Bright of : factor of his race when his toils and responsibilities shall be over. See Or. brought up the 4 Pioneer Assoc., Trams., 1874, 95. I have endeavored to get the true and full Douglas, history of the first grant by congress of the 36th section of the public lands moved an amendment aut for school purposes. After going over the congressional records and finding that so far as I could discover, Oregon was the first recipient of this bounty, I wrote to the commissioner of the United States land-office at Washington their efforts in behalf of the America to learn if possible more about the matter; but found from his reply that he educational purposes, had first led to t could learn from me, inasmuch as he wrote that the 'act to establish the ter- Oregon bill of 1846. The precedent on ritorial government of ' was the first instance of the grant of the ritories of an even or subsequent date 36th in addition to the 16th section for school purposes, of date March 3, due probably to the influence of far-o 1849, 6 months after the passage of the Oregon bill, containing the grant never in any sense due to the influencE of these two sections. I therefore came to the conclusion that the reiterated Thornton as alleged. Acts 2d Sess. 8.t, petitions of the early colonists, notably of the Methodist missionaries and Dr another place to refer to similar unfoui WT hite, to congress, the president, and the friends of Oregon, to remember 9See chapter XVIII. on the amendi RNMENT. BILLS BEFORE CONGRESS. 761 orated the ordinance I the organic laws of as shown by the resolutions attached to the memonal 9 Oregon according to of that body, to which Benton drew attention Decem- ial legislature of 1845, ber 8, 1845. When the O¶egon messenger arrived he found two ill section 18, and reads: 'That bills before congress yed under the direction of the for the establishment of Oregon ry to bringing the same into Territory. Douglas, who had stepped across from the eowinehipi said territory shall poses of hemg applied to schools house of representatives to the senate-chamber, and ories to be erected out of the was chairman of the committee on territories, intro- n which decided him 'to make duced, January 10, 1848, a bill which in place of the er than of the land bill, to which section rejected by the senate at the previous vhich governed him in framing session nal suits from the courts of the contained one sanctioning the colonial laws of Oregon, ler the territorial government which being twice read was referred back 5yet more astonished at Judge to the com- n to any one taking the trouble mittee, and reported February 7th without amend- 845 to 1848, or to a file of the ments, to go through the dated Sept. 16th is Douglas' ordeal of southern opposition was at first amended by the when it came to debate. It was not until the 20th 787, and the section granting of April that but the section relating to the Douglas was able to obtain the consent ts to the district courts of the of the senate to make bills relating to territories the ing all penalties forfeitures special the new organization in the order for the 26th; and when that day came [; the only difference between round, the California claims and the $3,000,000 appro- first draught of the bill, being of 17; and that two provisos priation being under discussion, the Oregon bill was i a law, to guard the constitu- postponed, so that nothing had been done in the senate prevent abuses of the inter- numbers was effected by the for Oregon when on the 8th of May the citizens' me- several new sections, to the morial was received, nor yet when ,re is nothing in the bill of on the 29th the that was not in the original legislative petition was presented, together with the utralize the hostility to this special message of the 3eared to granting this land. president, and when Washington sce to the school-land see- was full of rumors concerning the affairs of Oregon, bion (the 16th) of the public emphasized bill, the thought that prov- by the presence of two men from that great a boon was bestowed distant territory with requests from individuals and s pure and deep as can be being recognized as a bene- the colonial government for congressional action. ties shall be over. See Or. On the 31st, Bright of Indiana, in the absence of red to get the true and full section of the public lands Douglas, brought up the Oregon bill, when Benton ssional records and finding moved an amendment authorizing the president it recipient of this bounty, to land-office at Washington md from his reply that he their efforts in behalf of the American title, by liberal ie 'act grants of land for to establish the ter- educational purposes, had first led to this generous provision as made by stance of the the grant of the Oregon bill of 1846. The precedent once established, however, the other ter- arposes, of date March 3, ritories of an even or subsequent date came into the same bill, containing rich inheritance, the grant due probably to the influence of far-off Oregon on national legislation, but elusion that the reiterated never in any sense due to the influence or the care for posterity hodist missionaries due to J. Q. and Dr Thornton as alleged. Acts 2d Ses8. 36th Cong., 120. I shall have occasion in s of Oregon, to remember another place to refer to similar unfounded pretensions. 9 See chapter XVIII. on the amendment of the organic laws. rr___ - -I r

762 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. GENERAL DIS(

raise a regiment of volunteers in the territory to unite in passing the bill and serve for twenty months, which was agreed to. This Indian massacres. amendment was followed by one by Hale of New Then Westcott of Florida Hampshire, who moved that the 12th-section of the an insinuation against the ji bill of the last session, touching the ordinance of 1787, it had retarded the passage c should be inserted in the place of its substitute in the on the senate the question of present bill; but as the subject was one of importance not," he said, "thrust on the s to the whole country, desired the debate on it post- but by the house bill (of 184 poned until the 12th of June. or now thrust on the senate 1 Bright opposed the amendment of Hale, on the south. It was not thrust u ground that it would raise discussion and retard the mittee on territories. The < passage of the bill, whereas it was of the utmost im- unnecessary, as it is already ii portance that it should be pressed to an immediate ation. The laws of Oregon vote. Niles of Connecticut, on the other hand, ob- These laws were submitted to jected to the unusual urgency displayed by the western last session, and will be found senators, and proposed to make Benton's amendment If the bill should pass as it I a separate bill and pass it immediately, while the re- contain a perfect inhibition o mainder of the territorial bill should take time for sion he gave notice that he A examination. Hannegan of Indiana, however, ex- bill by substituting the bill o pressed a determination to vote against the amendment amended by the senate. Dax of Benton. The whole of Oregon, he said, lay within that no one could more earn the boundary from which slavery was excluded by might have a territorial go the Missouri compromise; which statement being but he wanted time for con challenged, he declared that no sane man believed Iowa,"2 he declared, were I that slavery would ever exist in Oregon, and hoped which required different ordii the bill would be passed without delay.. " He appealed mend the recommitment of to every man not to turn a deaf ear to the cries of committee, with instructions our citizens in Oregon, surrounded by hostile Indians, Berrien of Georgia sugges and not to be turned from it by this wicked and to a final vote would be to . useless question being agitated." ment of substituting the fori Benton followed with an eloquent appeal, saying houn was not disposed to in that the Oregon settlers had deserved well of congress i; i his duty did not imperativel3

for then enterprise, and now the neglect of govern- I give a government to the te ment had encouraged the murderous outrages which IT compelled the settlers to send an express encounter- 15This is a reference to the amendmer of the senate to the Oregon bill at the pi ing the hardships and dangers of a winter journey by the house. They may be found in the across the mountains and plains to ask for the inter- "Cong. Globe, 1847-8, 805. See Thor 12 1 find several references to the fact position of an ungrateful government. He closed on the plan of the territorial acts of low pagV8O9, that 'the bill is substantially tf by calling on senators of every variety of opinion to of Wisconsin and Iowa, with the excepti iI RNMENT. GENERAL DISCUSSION. 763 3 in the territory to was agreed to. This unite in passing the bill and preventing any further ne by Hale of New Indian massacres. e 12th-section of the Then Westcott of Florida took occasion to resent an insinuation against the judiciary committee, that ;he ordinance of 1787, 0 f its substitute in the it had retarded the passage of the bill" by thrusting vas one of importance on the senate the question of free territory. " It was ae debate on it post- not," he said, "thrust on the senate bv that committee, but by the house bill (of 1847); and it was not then ,nt of Hale, on the or now thrust on the senate by any senator from the ission and retard the south. It was not thrust upon them by the com- is of the utmost im- mittee on territories. The amendment was entirely unnecessary, as it 3ed to an immediate is already in the bill under consider- ation. The laws of Oregon the other hand, ob- already inhibit slavery. These laws were submitted )layed by the western to the judiciary committee last session, and Benton's amendment will be found among the documents. If the bill should iately, while the re- pass as it has been reported, it will contain a perfect inhibition hould take time for of slavery."" In conclu- sion he gave notice liana, however, ex- that he would move to amend the ainst the amendment bill by substituting the bill of the previous session as amended by the senate. l, he said, lay within Davis of Mississippi declared that no one could ry was excluded by more earnestly desire that Oregon might have a territorial government :h statement being than himself, but he wanted time for sane man believed consideration. The laws of Iowa,"2 he declared, were not adapted Oregon, and hoped to Oregon, which required lay.. "He appealed different ordinances. He would recom- mend the recommitment of ear to the cries of the bill to the judiciary committee, I by hostile Indians, with instructions to report immediately. Berrien of Georgia suggested that 'y this wicked and the shortest way to a final vote would be to adopt Westcott's amend- ment of substituting the former lent appeal, saying senate bill; and Cal- houn was ved well of congress not disposed to interpose any delay which his duty did not imperatively neglect of govern- require. He wished to give a government to the territory ous outrages which of Oregon imme- express encounter- 10This is a reference to the amendments made by the judiciary committee f a winter journey of the senate to the Oregon bill at the previous session, which were rejected by the house. They may be found in the Or. Spectator, Sept. 16, 1847. ) ask for the inter- " Cong. Globe, 1847-8, 805. See Thornton's pretensions in note 8. tment. He closed "2I find several references to the fact that the Oregon bill was drawn up on the plan of the territorial acts of Iowa and Wisconsin. Id. Bright says, riety of opinion to page 809, that 'the bill is substantially the same as the bills for the admission of Wisconsin and Iowa, with the exception of the 12th section.' 764 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. COMPROMI diately. At the close of the day's proceedings the the United States; and dei Oregon bill had not advanced a step toward its pas- a wall around a territory i sage. states could not meet withc On the following day the consideration of the bill behind them." For him, h was resumed, when Hale of New Hampshire offered stricken out. At the sam an amendment which was only another fagot to the son's doctrine, that Oregon flame of southern opposition to free territory, em- a monstrous one, and called bodying as it did the conditions of the ordinance of to stir up agitation in ref 1787, as well as confirming the laws already in force which it was generally ad in Oregon not incompatible with the remainder of the likely to enter;" whereupo act, subject to alteration or modification by the gov- was a "southern firebrand" ernor and legislative assembly; and extending the Bagby again "deprecate laws of the United States over that territory. This these ephemeral things call was objected to as a firebrand, and Hale offered to by which any twenty thouE withdraw his amendment for the present, to be re- lands might set up a gov( newed if he deemed it best on seeing the course taken right to enact their own lax by the bill. though declaring that he d Calhoun of South Carolina replied to a proposition the discussion of the questi of Bright to strike out the obnoxious 12th section, to as it " might enable an ind which Hale objected, that the removal of that section tionists were attracted to would not be a removal of the difficulty. "There are announced that he would N three questions involved," said Calhoun: "first, the section should be stricken ( power of congress to interfere with persons emigrat- personalities of Foote, the ing with their (slave) property into the state; second, of no pertinency to the hisi the power of the territorial government to do so; and The third day was but a third, the power of congress to vest such a power in ceding, except that some n( the territory;" and recommended either Westcott's debate. Things were said amendment by substitution, or the passage of the that would have roused the military section as a separate bill. ,could they have heard the] Miller of New Jersey expressed surprise that the the contest it was evident t people of Oregon Bad not the right to prohibit darkened. At length Ho slavery. Whence, then, had they derived the right to put an end to the discussion sanction slavery? To pour oil on the billows, Dick- section by inserting a m( inson of New York suggested leaving out the 12th agreed to, but did not pre section, and permitting the people of Oregon to settle motion to strike out the see for themselves the question of free territory. To this Bagby of Georgia gave, by implication, his 1"The following is the paragraph proposal amendment in italics: 'Sec. 12. And consent, by saying that congress had no more right tants of the said territory shall be er over any other property of immunities heretofore granted and sec over the territory than inhabitants; and the existing laws no .I

p

ERNMENT. COMPROMISE BILL. 765 day's proceedings the a step toward its pas- the United States; and denying that it could "erect a wall around a territory in which citizens of other nsideration of the bill states could not meet without leaving their property ew Hampshire offered behind them." For him, ,he wished the 12th section , another fagot to the stricken out. At the same time he called Dickin- to free territory, em- son's doctrine, that Oregon could make its own laws, is of the ordinance of a monstrous one, and called his suggestion an " attempt laws already in force to stir up agitation in reference to a territory into 1 the remainder of the which it was generally admitted slavery was never edification by the gov- likely to enter;" whereupon Hale retorted that this and extending the was a "southern firebrand" which was now thrown in. that territory. This Bagby again "deprecated the new doctrine as to and Hale offered to these ephemeral things called territorial governments, he present, to be re- by which any twenty thousand settlers on the public ,eing the course taken lands might set up a government, and demand the right to enact their own laws." Foote of Mississippi, plied to a proposition though declaring that he did not wish to enter upon xious 12th section, to the discussion of the question of slavery at that time, ,moval of that section as it "might enable an individual to whom the aboli- ifficulty. "There are tionists were attracted to increase his popularity," Calhoun: "first, the announced that he would vote for the bill if the 12th 4ith persons emigrat- section should be stricken out. Hale replying to the ito the state; second, personalities of Foote, the debate ended in remarks rnment to do so; and of no pertinency to the history of the Oregon bill. rest such a power in The third day was but a repetition of the two pre- ed either Westcott's ceding, except that some new voices were heard in the the passage of the debate. Things were said of the Oregon government that would have roused the resentment of its founders ed surprise that the could they have heard them, and at every renewal of e right to prohibit the contest it was evident that the prospect for Oregon derived the right to darkened. At length Houston of Texas, hoping to )n the billows, Dick- put an end to the discussion, moved to amend the 12th ,aving out the 12th section by inserting a modifying clause, which was agreed to, but did not prevent the recurrence of the e of Oregon to settle 3 e territory. To this motion to strike out the section." A vote being taken 3 i, by implication, his " The following is the paragraph so obnoxious to southerners, with the had no more right amendment in italics: 'Sec. 12. And be it further enacted that the inhabi- tants of the said territory shall be entitled to all the rights, privileges, and y other property of immunities heretofore granted and secured to the territory of Iowa and to its inhabitants; and the existing laws now in force in the territory of Oregon, r

EVADING THE 766 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. on striking out, resulted in a two-thirds majority cussion for another week, and against it, which was the end of that day's proceedings. hours' session, at eight o'cloc' I need not follow the bill through the ensuing six 27th of July, the compromis weeks of discussion. On the 13th of July it was re- vote of thirty-three to twen committed to a select committee on the organization house, which almost at once of territorial governments in Oregon, California, and table, upon the ground that New Mexico, which reported a bill on the 18th to would only protract, the vex establish these several territories. This bill was in- owed its birth. tended to be a compromise, and granted to Oregon But while senators were the right to organize by a popular vote, and by the issue which all felt must soon "temporary adoption of their present laws prohibiting had not been free from agitat slavery, until the legislature could adopt some law on On the 9th of February Smi the subject;" while organizing the other two territo- bill to establish a territorial ries without this privilege, by appointing governors, This bill as introduced, by coi senators, and judges; their legislatures to have no las bill of 1846, appears to power to make laws concerning slavery.' It did not was made the special order o take away the liberties granted by the 12th section of of March. Several debates the original Oregon bill, the modifications being slight, fecting the passage of the but withheld from California and New Mexico even Meek's arrival in Washingi the right to send a delegate to congress. It was with message to congress on the this powerful sedative the committee proposed to quiet government to that territory % the agitation on the question of slavery in the terri- ble moment. Fear of the dE tories until Oregon could be organized without over- discussion of slavery was liki turning the free principles upon which the people had proposition to refer the messi erected an independent government, which they might military affairs, in order that choose to retain rather than yield to the subversion sent to Oregon; but this mot of their rights enjoyed under their own organic laws. the bill took its course throu: The contest then continued upon the propriety of against slavery in the territ yoking Oregon, "a native-born territory," with terri- had done. The only amend tories hardly a month old and peopled by Mexicans proviso in the first section cc and half-Indian Californians. But after daily dis- missions in Oregon six hur land," the introduction of sex under the authority of the provisional government established by the people as amendments by the comn thereof, shall continue to be valid and operative therein so far as the same shall not be incompatible with the provisions of this act, or in violation of cerning the establishment of any rights by the law or constitution of the United States vested or secured to of entry and delivery, exten the citizens of the United States or any of them; subject nevertheless to be altered, modified, or repealed by the governor and legislative assembly of the the United States over Or said territory of Oregon; and the laws of the United States are hereby ex- tended over and declared to be in force in said territory, so far as the same 15See text of bill in Cong. Globe, 1847- or any provision thereof may be applicable.' Cong. Globe, 1847-8, bi2. 16 This proviso, introduced in the territc "I/d., 950; Deady's Hiost. Or., MS., 3; Clarke, in Over'Ind Monthly x. been reported, but without the prospect 411-13; Benton's Thirty Years' View, ii. 729-44. part of Thornton's errand. RNMENT. EVADING THE ISSUE. 767 t two-thirds majority cussion for another week, and at the close of a thirty that day's proceedings. hours' session, at eight o'clock in the morning of the rough the ensuing six 27th of July, the compromise bill was passed'" by a 3th of July it was re- vote of thirty-three to twenty-two, and sent to the ,e on the organization house, which almost at once voted to lay it on the 'regon, California, and table, upon the ground that it did not settle, but i bill on the 18th to would only protract, the vexed question to which it es. This bill was in- owed its birth. :d granted to Oregon But while senators were thus evading the final ular vote, and by the issue which all felt must soon be met, the esent laws prohibiting had not been free from agitation on the same subject. ild adopt some law on On the 9th of February Smith of Indiana reported a the other two territo- bill to establish a territorial government in Oregon. Ippointing governors, This bill as introduced, by comparison with the Doug- islatures to have no las bill of 1846, appears to be nearly identical. It slavery."i It did not was made the special order of the house for the 28th ythe 12th section of of March. Several debates were had, but little af- fications being slight, fecting the passage of the bill up to the time of id New Mexico even Meek's arrival in Washington, and the president's )ngress. It was with message to congress on the subject of furnishing a Atee proposed to quiet government to that territory at the earliest practica- slavery in the terri- ble moment. Fear of the delay which the inevitable ,anized without over- discussion of slavery was likely to involve led to the which the people had proposition to refer the message to the committee on nt, which they might military affairs, in order that troops might at once be Id to the subversion sent to Oregon; but this motion was not allowed, and ,ir own organic laws. the bill took its course through the arguments for and pon the propriety of against slavery in the territories, as the senate bill erritory," with terri- had done. The only amendments agreed to were a peopled by Mexicans proviso in the first section confirming to each of the I 3ut after daily dis- I missions in Oregon six hundred and forty acres of land,l" the introduction of several new sections offered ,nt established by the people e therein so far as the same as amendments by the committee on commerce, con- f this act, or in violation of cerning the establishment of a collection district, ed States vested or secured to ports ; subject nevertheless to be of entry and delivery, extending the revenue laws of ,d legislative assembly of the the United States over Oregon, and appropriating Tnited States are hereby ex- I territory, so far as the same II 15Soe text of bill in Cong. Globe, 1847-8, 1002-5. a. Globe, 1847-8, 812. II 16This proviso, introduced in the territorial act, when a land bill had already ke, in Over'-znd Montaly x- been reported, but without the prospect of paszing at thiat seszion, explains a Ii part of Thornton's errand.

if PUN= ;;; . ., - - ___- - ---

FINAL PASSAGE OF 768 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. since the money for the erection of light-houses at the mouth the territory acquired 9 From their point of of the Columbia and at the entrance to Admiralty nance.' defrauded Inlet; a section forbidding the obstruction of the southern states were possessions of the fedei Oregon rivers by dams which would prevent the the vast free passage of salmon; and a section appropriating sion of slavery from any part ol They c $10,000 to be expended under the direction of the of the United States. and to ca president, in payment of the services and expenses of whither they pleased, comba the persons engaged by the provisional government to tels with them, fiercely that negroes convey communications to and from the United States, the northern men of the ter as also the purchase of such presents for the Indians the usual acceptation that cong as might be required to make peace with them." It had been agreed It is asserted by Thornton that he secured the Monday the 14th, and the pc amendments on commerce," and knowing nothing to was to defeat the Oregon bill I the contrary, I shall hope that he did so, because he and noes from being taken. was consumed in deb should have done something to earn the money for Saturday his expenses, which charitable members of congress Butler of South Carolina, I eminent southerner: were induced to procure for him out of the public and other ground treasury. The bill as it now stood, with the ordinance over the same familiar of 1787 and all, passed the house on the 2d of August than the consumption of time, plied at any length. by a vote of one hundred and twenty-nine to seventy- I afte one, and was sent to the senate, wliere for nine days In the evening session, it received the same discursive treatment to which the debate was continued till adjourn the senate bill had been subjected, but was finally motion was made to to go into 4 passed between nine and ten o'clock Sunday morning, Butler then moved o August 13th, after an all-night session. an altercation arose as to the Seldom was there so determined opposition to a that time,"e and the motion be bill as that offered by the southern senators to the ID Mason of Virginia said: 'The ordinan of Oregon Territory: not, as they them- between the United States government and establishment tory before the constitution was formed. selves said, from a want of sympathy with the people shrouded in secrecy, as the journals were who were, as known that there was much conflict. The of that isolated section of the country, result of compromise... Some states came all believed, still engaged in a bloody contest with hos- and some with a protest. Virginia wouk compact, never would have made the ces tile savages; nor from a conviction that slavery would her right to extend her population whith strike root in this far northern soil; but only from a denied... .There are now 3,000,000 of slaves they are an increasing population, increasing sense of the danger to their sacred institution from the slaves to be always confined within N extending the principles of the ordinance of 1787 to states?' GCon.Globe, 1847-8, 903. 2Thornton, in his History of the Provi gives some particul; for Meek Assoc., Trans., 1874, 91, 17By the language of this appropriation the $10,000 was intended tion to go into executive session for the pur and his associates. Meek received a large share of it, and the Indians not communicate money of Benton, who he had alleged any. See Victor's River of tke West, 458-62. Thornton also received He) altd some proceedings done in secret sesi for his expenses, probably from the contingent fund. sprang I 16Or. Pioneer Assoc., T'rans., 1874, 94. act dishonorable; and that Benton HIST. OR., VOL. I. 49 :RNMENT. FINAL PASSAGE OF THE BILL. 769

,-houses at the mouth the territory acquired since the passage of that ordi- ntrance to Admiralty nance.'9 From their point of view the people of the le obstruction of the southern states were defrauded of their inheritance in h. would prevent the the vast possessions of the federal Union by the exclu- section appropriating sion of slavery from any part of the common territory the direction of the of the United States. They claimed the right to go rvices and expenses of whither they pleased, and to carry their human chat- Visional government to tels with them, fiercely combating the opposition of -onm the United States, the northern men that negroes were not property, in esents for the Indians the usual acceptation of the term. ,ace with them.'" It had been agreed that congress should adjourn on that he secured the Monday the 14th, and the policy of the opposition knowing nothing to was to defeat the Oregon bill by preventing the ayes he did so, because he and noes from being taken. Almost the whole of ) earn the money for Saturday was consumed in debate, in which Calhoun, members of congress Butler of South Carolina, Houston, Yulee, Davis, mn out of the public and other eminent southerners, argued the question )d, with the ordinance over the same familiar ground with no other object on the 2d of August than the consumption of time. Benton only had re- enty-nine to seventy- plied at any length. where for nine days In the evening session, after a speech by Webster, treatment to which the debate was continued till after midnight, when a cted, but was finally motion was made to adjourn, which was defeated. ock Sunday morning, Butler then moved to go into executive session, when 'ession. an altercation arose as to the object of the motion at ined opposition to a that time,20 and the motion being ruled out of order, hern senators to the 19Mason of Virginia said: 'The ordinance of 1787 was a compact formed y: not, as they them- between the United States government and the people of the north-west terri- athy with the people tory before the constitution was formed. The history of that ordinance is shrouded in secrecy, as the journals were not made public. But it is well ountry, who were, as known that there was much conflict. The item concerning slavery was the ody contest with hos- result of compromise... Some states came into the measure with difficulty and some with a protest. Virginia would never have been a party to that )n that slavery would compact, never would have made the cession she did, had she supposed 3oil; but only from a her right to extend her population whither she would, would have been denied. . .There are now 3,000,000 of slaves penned up in the slave states, and ,red institution from they are an increasing population, increasing faster than the whites. And are the slaves to be always confined within what may be deemed their prison :rdinance of 1787 to states ? Cong. Globe, 1847-8, 903. 2 Thornton, in his History of the Provisional Government, in Or. Pioi ?er 1O,000 was intended for Meek Assoc., Trans., 1874, 91, gives some particulars. He says Butler made the lo- Lre of it, and the Indians not tion to go into executive session for the purpose of inquiring into the comnact hornton also received money of Benton, who he had alleged communicated to the reporter of the New York und. Hes aid some proceedings done in secret session; that Butler called Benton's act dishonorable; and that Benton sprang toward him a rage, with clinched HIsT. OR., VOL. I. 49 --- .--- - - ___1 - - - - -,I I-, - 1.-I .. -

770 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. LAND DON a vote was taken on appeal, and the chair sustained. members of the legislature, In this manner the night was, like the day, wellnigh of money into circulation al wasted, without coming to a vote on the Oregon bill. partial relief to the curren( Toward morning, Foote, who had already spoken the subject of land titles hac several times, rose again, when he was called to order. so far as to secure the mis The friends of the bill thinking the best way to bring six hundred and forty acres matters to a conclusion was to humor the Mississippian, territorial act deprived evei entreated that he might be allowed to proceed; and they formerly had under the he, declaring his ability to speak until Monday night, The omission to provide commenced at the history of the creation, as given in their long-promised donatioi the books of Moses, and talked on in a rambling strain the injustice or intentional until after nine o'clock Sunday, when it may be simultaneously with the tei assumed that his spirits began to flag, and he sat had been notified that a lan( down. Benton then hastened to recede from some ator Breese of Illinois on amendments which lhe had offered, but which the leave to bring in a bill to cr house had refused to accede to; and the bill, restored general of public lands in to its precise form as it passed the house, was finally and to grant donation rights passed by the senate, the long and trying ordeal was notice of two bills on the s over, and Oregon was a Territory of the United States, McClernand of Illinois Jani 2 on her own terms. 1 The rule disallowing bills to be of Arkansas February 10th presented for signature on the last day of the session referred to the committee was suspended, and this one was signed on the 14th Collamer of Vermont was of August, the president returning it to the house back April 25th, with an a with a message, in which he reviewed the question of the subject of land donation free and slave territory at some length, deprecating tle was being fought over the agitation arising from it, and predicting that it was over 22 When that fight would. if not checked, dismember the union. the matter at that session. be related elsewhere. 27 Oregon had indeed been granted a territorial organ- For the relief of Oregon i ization with all that usually accompanied such creative acts, the appropriations amounting to $26,500,23 besides 24 Salary of the governor, who was judges, $2,000; secretary, $1,503; legiS the salaries of all the territorial officers, including the clerk, $5 per day; other officers, $3; Wisconsin. hand and violent gestures, calling Butler a liar. The two white-haired sen- 25 All laws heretofore passed in sa ators were separated by their friends, Butler saying, 'I will see you, sir, at otherwise affecting or encumbering the another time and place; and Benton rejoining in great heat, 'that he could be declared to be, null and void.' Sec. 14 seen at any time or place, but that when he fought, he fought for a funeral!' 1843-72, 60. See also Clarke, in Overland Honthlly, x. 412. 2 25Cong. Globe, 1847-8, 95. "Niles' Rey., lxxiii. 274; Benton's Thirty Years, ii. 711. 27 It is interesting to know that the 22For the territorial act of Oregon, see General Laws of Oregon, 1843-72, first entered the Columbia, had a bill i 52-63;3 Cong. Globe, 1847-8, 1079-80. before the house committee on public " For public buildings, $5,000; for territorial library, $5,000; for light- See memorial of Martha Gray, in Or. houses, $15,000; for contingent expenses, $1,509 annually. 1847-8, 679. ERNMENT. LAND DONATION. 771 id the chair sustained. members of the legislature, which would bring a sum , like the day, wellnigh of money into circulation annually sufficient to afford ote on the Oregon bill. partial relief to the currency of the country.2 4 But ho had already spoken the subject of land titles had not been touched, except he was called to order. so far as to secure the missions in the possession of r the best way to bring six hundred and forty acres each, and except that the umor the Mississippian, territorial act deprived every one else of all the title ilowed to proceed; and they formerly had under the provisional government.25 ik until Monday night, The omission to provide the Oregon settlers with he creation, as given in their long-promised donations was not through either on in a rambling strain the injustice or intentional neglect of congress, but day, when it may be simultaneously with the territorial bills both houses n to flag, and he sat had been notified that a land bill would follow. Sen- to recede from some ator Breese of Illinois on the 3d of January asked ifered, but which the leave to bring in a bill to create the office of surveyor- ; and the bill, restored general of public lands in the territory of Oregon, 26 I the house, was finally and to grant donation rights to settlers. In the house, and trying ordeal was notice of two bills on the same subject was given by y of the United States, McClernand of Illinois January 3 1st, and by Johnson disallowing bills to be of Arkansas February 10th. McClernand's bill was last day of the session referred to the committee on public lands, of which is signed on the 14th Collamer of Vermont was chairman, who reported it rning it to the house back April 25th, with an amendatory bill, and there ,viewed the question of the subject of land donations remained while the bat- ao length, deprecating tle was being fought over the ordinance of 1787. and predicting that it 2 2 When that fight was over it was too late to move in i)r the union. the matter at that session. Its subsequent course will be related elsewhere.27 ited a territorial organ- For the relief of Oregon in the matter of troops and oMpanied such creative ng to $26,500,23 besides 2"Salary of the governor, who was also Indian agent, $3,000; 3 U. S I officers, including the judges, $2,000; secretary, $i,503; legislators, $3 per day and mileage; chief clerk, $5 per day; other officers, $3; marshal the same as the marshal of ax. The two white-haired sen- Wisconsin. r saying, 'I will see you, sir, at 2b All laws heretofore passed in said territory making grants of land or Tin great heat, ' that lie could be otherwise affecting or encumbering the title to lands shall be, and are hereby ought, he fought for a funeral!' declared to be, null and void.' Sec. 14 of territorial act, in Gen. Laws Or., 1843-72, 60. 2iCong. Globe, 1847-8, 95. Years, ii. 711. leneral Laws of Oregon, 1843-72, 27It is interesting to know that the widow of Captain Robert Gray, who first entered the Columbia, had a bill for relief, on the ground of discovery, iorial library, $5,000; for light- before the house committee on public lands at this and a previous session. 503 annually. See memorial of Martha Gray, in Or. Spectator, Sept. 3, 1846; Cong. Globe, 1847-8, 679. r

Tt[E FUR COMPAI 772 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. in some trouble with the pr munitions of war, nothing was done, or could have refusing to sanction the purc been done in time to have averted a crushing disaster the object of Polk's dislike rr to the colony, had the Indians not been checked. The president cared for his opinic only been brought to a close Mexican war, which had With regard to the prop in the summer of 1848, had made a heavy draft upon Bay Company, I learn from the treasury, and the army23 was at that time small. senate had under considerate The government was averse to enlisting men especially its possessory rights in Oreg for Oregon, inasmuch as the rifle regiment which had tion that the anomalous co been raised for service there and along the road to after the treaty would lead the Columbia would now be marched to its original Simpson and Mr Finlayson destination, from which it had been diverted by the ton32 about this time, and the war with Mexico, so soon as its ranks, thinned by bat- tle, desease, and desertion,29 could be recruited. In- 31 The cause of the trouble was really stead of raising a new regiment, or ordering away the approved of the purchase, which any one taken to show his disapproval. As the men in garrisons, it was concuded by the secretary of ceived a call at his lodgings, from Knox war to furnish the material likely to be required from president, who brought with him and in whom he left with Thornton when he tc the companies and stores already on the Pacific coast. to Thornton, proceeded to make an att Accordingly orders were despatched to John Parrott, justice of the Hudson's Bay Company's to write such letters as he should dict. navy agent at San Francisco, to forward orders to The pious plenipotentiary's reply, if we Commodore Jones to send "men, arms, ammunition, kick Saunders down the stairs, when th going of his own accord. Not satisfied v and provisions to Oregon," and also to forward by any the president, which brought him anothe to be paid over to the gov- to withdraw the letter, intimating that safe conveyance $10,000, interests to do so, but that he still refusE ernor. But this order was not issued until the 12th through a communication to the New Ye 30 signed 'Achilles de Harley,' the presiden of October, when peace had been restored. to appoint him to the place of one of th his expenses as a messenger from Oreg According to S. A. Clarke in the Overl During the progress of affairs from May to August, fvom Thornton's dictation, Robert Smit the two informal Oregon delegates had been charac- Alton, Illinois, went to the president foi was refused. Benton was then solicited teristically employed. Thornton, with a serious air put the business off on Douglas, who 1 and a real love of scholarly association, sought the Thornton with money to stay over to th for a committee of inquiry to investigat society of distinguished men, profiting, as he believed, was concerned. This threat brought: by the contact, and doubtless being often consulted upon $2,750 was paid to Thornton, though he out an office either for himself or the ( Oregon affairs. He asserts that he was approached explanation furnished by Thornton of the of the Hudson's and which he has repeatedly made, in h while in Washington by an agent Autobiography, Ms., 48-55; in the staten Bay Company who wished to sell the possessory rights occasions. The real reason of Thornto any quarrel of the kind here narrated, of that corporation in Oregon to the United States Nesmith resolution of the Oregon legisl for the sum of $3,000,000, and that he became involved carried to Washington along with oth malice in Meek, he would have been E 28The total strength of the army after the discharge of the volunteers en- governor's private delegate, the more listed for the war was 8,866. Cong. Globe, 1847-8, 1006. .hocked at the giddy ways of the author 29The rifle regiment was reduced to 427 men. Id. " Extract from Montreal Herald, in 3330th Cong., 2d Sess., H. Ex. Doe. 1, 18-20. X

TERNMENT. THE FUR COMPANY'S RIGHTS. 773 as done, or could have in some trouble with the president for refusing his course in rted a crushing disaster to sanction the purchase.3 That he the object became not been checked. The of Polk's dislike may be true; but that the been brought to a close president cared for his opinion is hardly With probable. lade a heavy draft upon regard to the proposition of the Hudson's was at that time small. Bay Company, I learn from various sources senate that the enlisting men especially had under consideration a proposal to purchase fle regiment which had its possessory rights in Oregon, upon the tion representa- and along the road to that the anomalous condition of the company marched to its original after the treaty would lead to trouble. Simpson Sir George I been diverted by the and Mr Finlayson paid a visit to Washing- ton32 about s ranks, thinned by bat- this time, and the matter was in the hands )uld be recruited. In- 11The cause of the trouble was really t, or ordering away the approved not so much the fact that he dis- of the purchase, which any one was at taken to show liberty to do, as the manner led by the secretary his disapproval. As the matter is of ceived a call at stated by himself, he re- his lodgings, from KnoxWalker, the private ily to be required from president, who brought with secretary of the him and introduced a Mr George N. Saunders, whom he left with Thornton when he ly on the Pacific coast. to Thornton, took his leave. The latter, according proceeded to make an attempt to tched to John justice of the Hudson's bribe him to advocate the Parrott, BayCompany's pretensions, and offered to write such letters as he him $25,000 to forward orders to should dictate, to two members of the The piousplenipotentiary's reply, if cabinet. kick we may believe him, was to threaten to en, arms, ammunition, Saunders down the stairs, when that person going of his saved him the exertion by also own accord. Not satisfied with this, Thornton to forward by any the president, which brought wrote a letter to him another visit fromWalker, who paid over to the to withdraw the letter, intimating urged him gov- interests that it would be better for his private to do so, but that he still refused. The t issued until the 12th throu h a communication story soon after transpiring to the New York Herald, written en restored.30 signed' Achilles de Harley,'the by Thornton, and president took umbrage, and not only refused to appoint him to the place of one of the his expenses judges for Oregon, but also to pay as messengera from Oregon out of the According to S.A. Clarke $10,000 appropriation. from May to August, in the Overland Monthly, May 1873, who from Thornton's dictation, Robert Smith, wrote ates Alton, from the congressional district of had been charac- Illinois, went to the president for money was refused. for Thornton's expenses, and 'n, Benton was then solicited to interest with a serious air put the business himself for Thornton, but ftr off on Douglas, who being refused, threatened ,sociation, sought Thornton with money to to furnish the stay over to the next session, when he for a committee of inquiry to would move ofiting, as he believed, investigate the matter, in which the president was concerned. This threat brought $2,750 Mr Polk to terms, and the sum g often consulted upon was paid to Thornton, though he was of out an office obliged to return to Oregon with- tt either for himself or the coterie he represented. he was approached explanation furnished by Thornton Such is the of the failure of his mission to Washington, 'ent of the Hudson's and which he has repeatedly made, in his History ofOregon, Autobiography, MS., 48-55; MS., 1-6; hisi the possessory in the statement made to Mr Clarke, and rights occasions. The real reason of Thornton's on other any returning empty-handed was not to the United quarrel of the kind here narrated, but States Nesmith resolution the citizens' memorial and the of the Oregon legislature, before spoken at he became involved carried to Washington along of, which Meek with other documents. While there malice in Meek, he would have was no iischarge of thevolunteers been sure to have his own sport with en- governor's private delegate, the more the -S, 1006. so that Thornton professed to be shocked at the giddy ways of the authorized n. Id. 3'E xtract messenger. from Montreal Herld,INifes' in Reg., lxxiv. 296-7.

- 774 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. RETURN OF T1 of the British charge d'affaires, Crampton. The this government, was the fry 33 Hudson's Bay Company placed a high value upon lumbia River. Later, neg( in Oregon as guaranteed I but not until the establishme' their property and lands to them by the terms of the treaty of 1846; and as in Oregon had shown the Bri the latter were liable to be occupied at any time company that the free naviga by American settlers who held in no respect their was of little consequence, aw possessory rights, they were anxious to sell. The the obligation to pay dutiei United States did not deny their right to do so. The the same footing with citizei only question was as to the price that was set upon When that discovery was n them.33 Some of the senators, on political grounds, possessory rights was much had favored the proposition from the first; but oth- were not so ready to buy. ers, better acquainted with Oregon local affairs, as member Benton's remarks Benton and Douglas, called for information, and the treaty of 1846, in secret see secretary of state laid the whole matter before them, that time he comprehended declaring that as adviser of the president he could blunder made by the British not counsel its acceptance without first ascertaining this article; and it does not the value of the property, but that if he were in the ton was better informed on senate he should vote for the purchase, as it would who had for years been eng: prevent the trouble and annoyance likely to arise from the Oregon Question from E the joint navigation of the Columbia River." the Hudson's Bay Compan- In the following year negotiations on this subject worth $25,000. The public were interrupted, Buchanan declining to entertain the ing a charge against the p company's proposition to sell, for the reason that the consenting to bribery, whet] British government interposed an injunction upon its by another, as be has sincc officers, restraining them from transferring to the from him, would be very g United States any of the rights secured to it by the him with disfavor. treaty, the principal of which, in the estimation of Soon after the adjournm received a little more thai 33A correspondent of the New York Journal of Commerce, under date of territorial bill for mileage ol August 7, 1848, says: 'The senate have before them in secret session the proposition of the Hudson's Bay company and the Puget Sound Company to New York, took passag for the conveyances to the United States of all their lands, buildings, im- for Oregon, where he arrive provements, fields of cattle, forts, etc., and all their possessory rights south of 490, as well as the territory, etc., north of that parallel. The governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, Sir John Henry Pelly represented to Lord "5Washington letter, in Niles' Req., Palmerston the expediency of the transfer of the territorial rights, prop- 36The person whom Thornton accuE erties, and interests of the two companies to the U. S. government, and of a bribe, George N. Saunders, has hE Lord Palmerston, readily embracing the project, instructed Mr Crampton, and was not above attempting to make the British charge d'affaires, to bring it before this government. His letter pany pay for his assumed influence in to Mr Buchanan's is strong; and Mr Buchanan's communication to the senate, an amiable and joyous temperament, I urging the acceptance of the proposition, presents incontrovertible arguments some years editor of the Democratic Re in favor of it. Mr Calhoun and Mr Webster are in favor of it; and to-day I from a respectable magazine into a r learn that Mr Benton and Mr Hannegan have taken the matter in hand.> Yet he was wont with it to make sen Polynesian, v. 150; Niles' Rey., lxxiv. 97. Globe, 1851-2, pt. i. 712, and was o 14 Extract from New York Herald, in Niles' Reg., lxxiv. 224. 1853 he was commissioned consul to L RNMENT. RETURN OF THORNTON. 775 ires, Crampton. The this government, was the Ad a high value upon free navigation of the Co- lumbia River.3 5 )regon as guaranteed Later, negotiations were resumed, but not until the establishment reatyof 1846; and as of a collection district in Oregon had shown occupied at any time the British government and the company that the free navigation d in no respect their of American waters was of little consequence, anxious to sell. The associated as it was with the obligation ir right to do so. The to pay duties on English goods, on the same footing ice that was set upon with citizens of the United States. When that discovery was made, on political grounds, the value of their possessory rights was much lessened, )m the first; but oth- and senators were not so ready to regon local affairs, as buy. The reader who will re- member Benton's remarks information, and the on the 2d article of the treaty of 1846, in secret session, knows that even at z matter before them, that time he comprehended e president he could the importance of the blunder made by out first ascertaining the British embassador in regard to this article; and that if he were in the it does not appear likely that Thorn- ton was better informed purchase, as it would on the subject than senators who had for years been engaged ce likely to arise from in the discussion of the Oregon nbia River.3 4 Question from all points of view, or that the Hudson's Bay Company tions on this subject regarded his opinion as worth $25,000. ining to entertain the The publication of a letter contain- ing a charge against the president ^ the reason that the of bribery, or of consenting to bribery, whether n injunction upon its written by himself, or by another, as he has transferring to the since declared, but emanating from him, would be very secured to it by the good reason for regarding him with disfavor. in the estimation of Soon after the adjournment of congress Thornton I of Commerce, under date of received a little more than the sum allowed by the -e them in secret session the territorial bill for mileage of a delegate, and repairing I the Puget Sound Company 11 their lands, buildings, im- to New York, took passage on the Sylvie De Grasse their possessory rights south for Oregon, where he arrived in May 1849.36 Lat parallel. The governor of y Pelly represented to Lord 3 5 the territorial rights, prop- Washington letter, in Niles' Reg., lxxiv. 312. the U. S. government, and 36The person whom Thornton accuses of approaching him with the offer ~ct, instructed Mr Crampton, of a bribe, George N. Saunders, has had a notorious record as a politician, this government. His letter and was not above attempting to make the agents of the Hudson's Bay Com- communication to the senate, pany pay for his assumed influence in their affairs. He was described as of ts incontrovertible arguments an amiable and joyous temperament, but lacking in principle. He was for e in favor of it; and to-day I some years editor of the DemocraticReview, which his management converted taken the matter in hand. from a respectable magazine into a reckless and disreputable publication. Yet he was wont with it to make senators and members tremble, see Conty. ?ey., lxxiv. 224. Globe, 1851-2, pt. i. 712, and was often called the president-maker. In 1853 he was commissioned consul to London. New York cor. Or. Statesman, FE = - ,------r ~ L

776 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. OFFICERS AP

President Polk, who was elected on the issues con- were Knitzing Pritchett of nected with the Oregon Question, was desirous of William P. Bryant of Indi having the new territory established during his ad- Turney of Illinois and Pete ministration. It was already the middle of August associate justices; Isaac W. ] when the bill passed, and it was a long journey to United States attorney; Jc Oregon by whatever route the territorial officers and John Adair of Kentuc might choose. No time was lost in making the ap- trict of Oregon.39 Of thee pointments; the appointees being urged to set out 0. C. Pratt was given the I at once for the Pacific coast. The president's first ing, William Strong of Ohi choice for governor was General James Shields37 of Bromley also declined, and Illinois; but the appointment being declined, the pointed in his stead. position was offered to another general of the Mexi- Meek, now United Stat' can war, of Indiana, who was requested commission and that of Go to organize the government before the 4th of March following. Lane accepted." The other appointees tongue, which never deserted him, mac was elected captain of the local militia war with England and the frequent I Oct. 4, 1853. He is described by a writer in the Boston Transcript, in Id., spirit, was considered as a position of h Sept. 16, 1862, as the head and director of all knavish expedients to secure the esteem of his fellows, young Lane 1 the election of Buchanan in 1856. 'Nobody knew how he obtained his money all respects creditably, and began to acq or acquired his right to command; but money he had in abundance, and his the circumstances of his boyhood had right to command was not disputed. There, with his shining shock of brown neighbors were sleeping. He also labor hair, curling over the lowest of human foreheads and the most impudent of first venture in business by buying a flat human faces, he freely dispensed the " influence " which carried Pennsylvania Ohio River. Money came in, and when for Buchanan in spite of the Quaker vote. His reward was the office of navy the legislature of Indiana, first in the I agent in the city of New York.' He became a defaulter to the government the Mexican war broke out the milita to the extent of $21,000 in 1861. He settled in Louisville and preached He enlisted as a private in the 2d Indiai secession, and afterward went to Canada, where he led the rebel fugitive ele- chances of promotion to the captaincy ment, and where he told George Augustus Sala that they were plotting atroci- assembled, captains being plenty, Lane' ties in connection with the war which would 'make the world shudder.' regiments from his state being equall Bois6 City Statesman, July 13, 1865; Portland Oregonian, Nov. 9, 1865; Id., the president made him their general. June 17, 1867. ment to the governorship of Oregon he "I Shields was born in Altmore, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1810, and emi- of Mexico; and to the history of that r grated to America at the age of 16. In 1832 he settled at Kaskaskia, Illi- belongs. Notes from a magazine of Ma nois, in the practice of the law. He was elected to the legislature in 1836, 67-85. and was auditor of the state in 1839; was appointed judge of the supreme 39New Orleans Picayune, Aug. 28, 18 court in 1843, and commissioner of the general land-office in 1845. At the Oregon Facts, 8; Evans, in Or. Pioneer breaking-out of the Mexican war he received the appointment of brigadier- Jan. 4, 1849; S. F. CaliforniaStar and C genera4 in the United States army, and was brevetted major-general for dis- Feb. 8, 1849; S. I. Friend, Nov. 1, 1 tinguished services. He served six years in the U. S. senate, being elected in Reg., lxxiv. 97, 338; Victor's River of th 1849 from Illinois, and afterward two years from Minnesota Territory. He 4 In the New York Tribune of Sept was for a short time in Californiaand Mexico, and afterwards served as agen- that he was so illiterate as to be able ' eral in the union army. In 1878 he was again elected to the U. S. senate although President Polk, with a full k from Missouri, but died a few weeks after taking his seat, in June 1879. etc.; and states that he was an 'old t Grover's Pub. Life, MS., 56; Niles' Reg., lxxiv. 113, 337; S. F. Call, June 3, mountains !' The Or. Spectator of Jan. 1879; Salt Lake S. W. Herald, June 4, 1879. 3 8 that rate, as Meek had been 10 year Joseph Lane was born in Buncombe Co., N. C., in 1801. From healthy probably 20 years old when he went to parentage and pure mountain air he derived a strong constitution, and erable age of 102 years-he was 40-ai though not a large man, he was well knit, tough, and wiry, with a lively standing his want of book learning, and ambitious disposition. His father removed to Kentucky when he was a I faithful in every office with which lie h. child. At 15 he left the paternal roof to seek his fortune, as sons of southern change from the tone of Abernethey't and western men were wont to do. He married at the age of 19. In 1820 he appointment as messenger, in which he settled in Indiana. Struggling with poverty and inexperience, the gift of choice of the legislature. Or. Archives, f4 io ARRIVAL OF TEH 778 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. 4 of August, and followed the president to Bedford i! crossing the Colorado and executive had of gold discoveries caused Springs, whither the family of the Itii gone to escape the heat of the capital. In such haste the expedition reached Will Ana River less than six I was Polk to put his officials on the way to Oregon I' that he had already taken a seat for Meek in the coach were obliged to walk while which would leave Bedford the day of his arrival, and carried the baggage. At on that same afternoon he bade farewell to all his An wayworn and wellnigh star summer's glory, and set out for the home of Lane, pitable entertainment and w near Newburgh Landing in southern Indiana. On to take them to the coast. the 27th of August he presented Lane his commis- found stationed Major Gr, United States troops; and sion, and on the 29th this portion of the Oregon I government was on the way to Fort Leavenworth, San Pedro Bay, where a ve: Franci where was an escort of twenty-five men for the jour- l ready to sail for San ney across the plains. On entering the Golden Owing to the lateness of the season it was deter- encountered one of those w mined to take the southern route by Santa Fe, El in on mankind once in a i Paso, Tucson, and the Pima villages on the Gila River, of men from the Willamel following that stream to its junction with the Colo- last saw in the Cayuse coun rado, and thence north-westwardly to the bay of San to purchase a suit of clothi Pedro in California, where they hoped to find a vessel Oregon City, were waiting to take them to San Francisco, and thence to the Columbia, with thousands Columbia River. The company which left Fort dust buckled to their waist Leavenworth on the 20th of September numbered pervaded the shifting pop, about fifty persons, including Lane, his eldest son which it was impossible to r, Nathaniel, Meek, and Dr Hayden, surgeon of the Lane nor Meek would fork detachment under Lieutenant Hawkins, twenty-five tempted to fit out for the n riflemen, with wagon-masters, teamsters, and ser- remained with them from vants. partnership agreement, al gold-fields with Nathanie On the Santa Fe trail they were met by the army 42 under Price returning from Mexico. The passage their journey. of this host had swept the country of herbage. On Lane and Meek went o arriving at Santa Fe it was found impracticable to Dring. The vessel was cry proceed farther with wagons, and the baggage was gonians, and after a tedioi placed on mules for the march to the seaboard. At anchored in the Columbia. every stage feed was poorer, and the sandy plains of "Near Cook's Wells the compans abandoned by Major Graham, who wi the Grande and Gila rivers reduced the mules to a with them. pitiful condition. At Tucson the escort began to 42 Meek was to receive half the firs ture was three pickle-jars of gold-dust desert, and in an attempt to capture two of them two following year, and which no more others were killed, making the loss double. After Victor's River of the West, 480. I

RNMENT. OFFICERS APPOINTED. 777 ted on the issues con- were Knitzing tion, was desirous of Pritchett of Pennsylvania, secretary; dished during his ad- William P. Bryant of Indiana, chief justice; James he middle Turney of Illinois and Peter H. Burnett of Oregon, of August associate ras a long journey to justices; Isaac W. R. Bromley of New York, ie territorial officers United States attorney; Joseph L. Meek, marshal; and John Adair of Kentucky, collector for the dis- )st in making the ap- 39 ng urged to set trict of Oregon. Of these, Turney declined, and out 0. The president's C. Pratt was given the position. Burnett declin- first ing, William Strong %lJames Shields37 of of Ohio was named in his place. being declined, Bromley also declined, and Amory Holbrook was ap- the pointed in his stead. general of the Mexi- Meek, 45 la, who was now United States marshal, received his requested commission and that )re the 4th of March of Governor Lane on the 20th rhe other appointees tongue, which never deserted him, made him early a man of mark, and he was elected captain of the local militia, which at that time, when the late the Boston Transcript, in Id., war with England and the frequent Indian wars kept alive the military knavish expedients to secure spirit, was considered as a position of honor and trust. At this evidence of iew how he obtained his money the esteem of his fellows, young Lane became ambitious to acquit himself in he had in abundance, and his all respects creditably, and began to acquire that book knowledge which from rith his shining shock of brown the circumstances of his boyhood had been denied him, studying while his ds and the most impudent of neighbors were sleeping. He also labored to acquire property, and made his a " which carried Pennsylvania first venture in business by buying a fiat-boat and transporting freight on the s reward was the office of navy Ohio River. Money came in, and when he was still young he was elected to * defaulter to the government the legislature of Indiana, first in the house and then in the senate. When )d in Louisville and preached the Mexican war broke out the military spirit of Captain Lane was fired. e he led the rebel fugitive ele- He enlisted as a private in the 2d Indiana regiment of volunteers, to take his that they were plotting atroci- chances of promotion to the captaincy of a company. When the regiment I 'make the world shudder.' assembled, captains being plenty, Lane was chosen colonel; and the other two Oregonian, Nov. 9, 1865; Id., regiments from his state being equally anxious to be commanded by him, the president made him their general. For two years previous to his appoint- one, Ireland, in 1810, and emi- ment to the governorship of Oregon he was winning laurels on the battle-fields he settled at Kaskaskia, Illi- of Mexico; and to the history of that republic this portion of his biography ed to the legislature in 1836, belongs. Notes from a magazine of May 1858, in Lane's Autobiography, MS., )ointed judge of the supreme 67-85. .land-office in 1845. At the 39New Orleans Picayune, Aug. 28, 1848; Honolulu Polynesian, Feb. 3, 1849; :he appointment of brigadier- Oregon Facts, 8; Evans, in Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1877, 27; S. F. Alta, 'vetted major-general for dis- Jan. 4, 1849; S. F. CaliforniaStar and Call/o nian, Dec. 16, 1848; Or. Spectator, U. S. senate, being elected in Feb. 8, 1849; S. I. Friend, Nov. 1, 1849; Am. Almanac, 1849, 313; Niles' m Minnesota Territory. He Reg., lxxiv. 97, 338; Victor's River of the West, 483. nd afterwards served as a gen- 4@In the New York Tribune of Sept. 1849, a correspondent says of Meek a elected to the U. S. senate that he was so illiterate as to be able 'to do little more than write his name, king his seat, in June 1879. although President Polk, with a full knowledge of the fact, appointed him,' 113, 337; S. F. Call, June 3, etc.; and states that he was an 'old trapper who had been 72 years in the mountains !' The Or. Spectator of Jan. 26, 1850, remarked upon this, that at .C., in 1801. From healthy that rate, as Meek had been 10 years in the Willamette Valley, and was a strong constitution, and probably 20 years old when he went to the mountains, he must be of the ven- Lgh, and wiry, with a lively erable age of 102 years-he was 49-and took occasion to say that notwith- to Kentucky when he was a standing his want of book learning, he had been peculiarly prompt and s fortune, as sons of southern P faithful in every office with which he had been intrusted. This was a decided at the age of 19. In 1820 he change from the tone of Abernethey's private letters, written after Meek's Lud inexperience, the gift of appointment as messenger, in which he took frequent occasion to ridicule the choice of the legislature. Or. Archives, MS., 108.

W Iip

"MENT. ARRIVAL OF THE GOVERNOR. 779 )resident to I Bedford crossing the Colorado 4 and entering California rumors L the executive had of gold discoveries caused such desertion that when pital. In such haste the expedition reached Williams' rancho on the Santa the way to Oregon Ana River less than six men remained, and these For Meek in the coach were obliged to walk while the few animals left alive Lay of his arrival, and carried the baggage. At this place, however, the e farewell to all his wayworn and wellnigh starved travellers found hos- the home of Lane, pitable entertainment and were furnished with horses them Indiana. On to take them to the coast. At Los Angeles they d Lane his commis- found stationed Major Graham with a company of rtion of the Oregon United States troops; and thence they proceeded to Fort Leavenworth, San Pedro Bay, where a vessel, the Southampton, was ve men for the jour- ready to sail for San Francisco. On entering the Golden Gate the Oregon officials season it was deter- encountered one of those wild phenomena which drop te by Santa Fe, El in on mankind once in a century or so. Hundreds es on the Gila River, of men from the Willamette, many of whom Meek ,tion with the Colo- last saw in the Cayuse country without money enough y to the bay of San to purchase a suit of clothing had it been for sale in oped to find a vessel Oregon City, were waiting here for a passage to the , and thence to the Columbia, with thousands of dollars' worth of gold- Ly which left Fort dust buckled to their waists. A fever of excitement eptember numbered pervaded the shifting population of San Francisco jane, his eldest son which it was impossible to resist; and although neither ten, surgeon of the Lane nor Meek would forsake their trust, they were awkins, twenty-five tempted to fit out for the mines the few men who had teamsters, and ser- remained with them from Fort Leavenworth, on a partnership agreement, and saw them depart for the re met by the army gold-fields with Nathaniel Lane, before continuing xico. The passage their journey.42 ry of herbage. On Lane and Meek went on board the Janet, Captain nd impracticable to Dring. The vessel was crowded with returning Ore- d the baggage was gonians, and after a tedious voyage of eighteen days the seaboard. At anchored in the Columbia. The party to which Lieu- the sandy plains of 4Near Cook's Wells the company found 100 wagons which had been ced the mules to a abandoned by Major Graham, who was unable to cross the Colorado desert e escort began to with them. 42 Meek was to receive half the first year's profit. The result of his ven- re two of them two ture was three pickle-jars of gold-dust, which young Lane brought to him the oss double. following year, and which no more than reimbursed him for his outlay. After Victor's River of the West, 480. -1 d I

I i

780 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. SOCIAL CO} tenant Hawkins was still attached immediately took other officials, and helped tc passage in a canoe for Oregon City, where they of the new political machine, arrived the 2d of March, two days before the expira- 43 And so, without any noi tion of Polk's term of office. government went out and th visional government was vo On the day following his arrival Governor Lane had voluntarily been taken u published a proclamation as follows: of a part of the American p " In pursuance of an act of congress, approved the their small and isolated coi 14th of August, in the year of our Lord 1848, estab- self-government in a manner lishing a territorial government in the territory of sentiments supposed to unde Oregon: I, Joseph Lane, was on the 18th day of Au- which a local population cou gust in the year 1848 appointed governor in and for dent state, and yet be loya the territory of Oregon. I have therefore thought ment. Under judicious mai it proper to issue this my proclamation, making known happiness, as well as a ge that I have this day entered upon the discharge of the perity, had been maintained. duties of my office, and by virtue thereof do declare trious, because all must w the laws of the United States extended over and de- honest, because there was clared to be in force in said territory, so far as the same they were not miserly, becai or any portion thereof may be applicable. Given under hoard; they were hospitable my hand at Oregon City, in the territory of Oregon, pected to need the kindness, this 3d day of March Anno Domini 1849. were moral both on accou JOSEPH LANE. 4 created by the mission and : Thus Oregon enjoyea one day's existence under influence, and from the ab. the president whose acts were signally linked with such a community there is her history, in the settlement of the boundary, and been neither Indian war the establishment of the laws of the United States. same organization might ha The only other presidential appointee besides the gov- a generation without further ernor and marshal present in the territory at its eral government.' setting out on its new career was Associate Justice '6In the din of battle it also stood tl 0. C. Pratt, who had arrived about a month pre- waged war to redress the unprovoked wi 45 its own resources, without extraneous ai viouslV. He administered the oath of office to the the hour of danger its citizens responded I 43 Crawford's Nar., MS., 185; Lane's Autobiography, MS., 3; Or. Argus, ity. The Cayuse war was probably the May 19, 1853. the period. By it was fully demonstrate 44The proclamation was printed on the little press used by G. L. Curry to the provisional government, the unity of print his independent paper, the Free Press. Lane's Autobiography, MS., 5. capability to meet the requirements of " Pratt arrived on the bark Undine, loaded with returning gold-miners, the war had been the constant surround which missed the river and ran into Shoalwater Bay. She entered afterward Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1877, 34. 'The n and went up the river for a cargo of lumber. Pratt landed at Shoalwater men; they would have been men in an, Bay, and went down the beach to Cape Disappointment and Baker Bay, and out of a great nation, a chosen band. T crossed to Astoria, where a large number of natives were congregated, to necessary characteristics to establish a R observe some of their barbarous festivals. 'At this war-dance,' says Craw- put into operation as soon as they arrive ford, 'I saw 0. C. Pratt for the first time.' Nar., MS., 181. provisional government-nurtured and t of the 'territorial government.' Brown'. RNMENT. SOCIAL CONDITION. 781 lied immediately took n City, where they other officials, and helped to set in motion the wheels )ys before the expira- of the new political machine. And so, without any noise or revolution, the old government went out and, the new came in. The pro- rival Governor Lane visional government was voluntarily laid down, as it )Ws: had voluntarily been taken up. It was an experiment of a part of the American people, who represented in )ngress, approved the their small and isolated community the principles of our Lord 1848, estab- self-government in a manner worthy of the republican t in the territory of sentiments supposed to underlie the federal union, by 1 the 18th day of Au- which a local population could constitute an indepen- I governor in and for dent state, and yet be loyal to the general govern- ve therefore thought ment. Under judicious management, good order and nation, making known happiness, as well as a general condition of pros- n the discharge of the perity, had been maintained. The people were indus- te thereof do declare trious, because all must work to live; they were xtended over and de- honest, because there was no temptation to steal; Dry, so far as the same they were not miserly, because they had no money to licable. Given under hoard; they were hospitable, because every man ex- territory of Oregon, pected to need the kindness of his neighbor; and they mini 1849. were moral both on account of a public sentiment JOSEPH LANE." 44 created by the mission and Hudson's Bay Company's ay's existence under influence, and from the absence of temptation. In signally linked with such a community there is strength; and had there )f the boundary, and been neither Indian war nor gold-discovery, the f the United States. same organization might have continued to stand for intee besides the gov- a generation without further assistance from the gen- the territory at its eral government." as Associate Justice 16'In the din of battle it also stood the test. It declared and successfully about a month pre- waged war to redress the unprovoked wrongs the citizens had suffered; from oath of office to the its own resources, without extraneous aid, it levied the necessary troops; in the hour of danger its citizens responded to the call of their constituted author- iography, MS., 3; Or. Aru8s, ity. The Cayuse war was probably the most important historic feature of the period. By it was fully demonstrated, not only the inherent strength of press used by G. L. Curry to the provisional government, the unity of feeling it had engendered, its entire ine's Autobiography, MS., 5. capability to meet the requirements of the people, but the inciting cause of Lwith returning gold-miners, the war had been the constant surrounding of the pioneers.' Evans, in Or. Bay. She entered afterward Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1877, 34. 'The men of the "forty's " were no common Pratt landed at Shoalwater men; they would have been men in any country; they had been winnowed )intment and Baker Bay, and out of a great nation, a chosen band. They came as a community with all the natives were congregated, to necessary characteristics to establish a well-organized government; this they b this war-dance,' says Craw- put into operation as soon as they arrived-rocked the cradle of the infant ., MS., 181. provisional government-nurtured and trained the rapidly developing youth of the 'territorial government.' Brown's Autobiography, MS., 33. 'Thirty - - - __ - - 6 - - .- - 1. - - I- I

782 TERRITORIAL GOVERIKNME. TH1E RETIRING C With the going-out of the provisional government debt. It cannot, therefore, b( greater in a business capacit3 there was unloosed almost the last grasp of the Mis- 4 7 sion political influence. The head and front of this philanthropist. power for several years had been Abernethy. He had A history that is written f stood high with the Methodists, the largest religious the living actors, and that de: denomination in Oregon, and by a certain smooth- ever humble, if it has any c] ness of face, of manner, and of soft brown hair over a should have brought to light, sloping forehead, had created the impression of mild, to record, some acts of gener almost weak amiability, rather than of any intellectual devotion to the good of th( force. I have shown, however, with what pertinacity this leading man among the he could plot and plan against his British commercial the instances requiring the e or other rivals. His dislike of the western men was ties, during the early period ( scarcely less, because he could not rule them, and be- closes with the establishmene cause they snapped their fingers at Mission influence. ernment, the men who cam Like many another of the school in which he had men whom Governor Aber been trained, he believed the Lord was on the side remains to be recorded yet or of professors of religion, and that if they obtained the colonial governor deser the advantage of other men, not -of their belief, the history, which I reserve for a Lord was rejoiced thereat, because the righteous shall I have spoken freely of th inherit the earth. This belief made it right for the personal peculiarities, and a missionary party, of which he was the real head, to jealousies, and occasional mis( practise that underhanded policy, in certain cases, of them religious martyrs, I which when indulged in by men of the world is called have not made of them pilgri dishonesty. In these disingenuous measures Aber- nobler, their fanaticism beir nethy was the prime mover; but the fear of injuring while for self-denying applic his business or his position as governor kept him purpose they were the peen silent. He was by nature, too, a quiet man, whose Plymouth Rock. If I have opinions were made known by what hie did rather of the several migrations as I than by what he said. For a few years following the none the less heroic; while tl change in Oregon affairs, he accumulated money; but a patriotism as lofty and p he failed to keep the fortune circumstances threw into appearing upon the highways He bought everything that offered, whether his lap. 4 Beacon's Mer. Life in Or. City, MS., he could pay for it or not, and when reaction came, Mrs Wilson, in Or. Sketches, MS., 18; Bu in *8 Governor Abernethy, aside from his lost all that he had made, besides being heavily the wreck of the remnant of his fortune i away the most valuable improvements at on this then remote Portland, and engaged in a small businei years ago was established by a mere handful of people, firm fries that famous provisional government which carried the in 1877. He remained always a and inaccessible land, of for these traits. E country through the vicissitudes of peace and war, until March 3,1849, when and is well spoken Statesman, in San Jose Pioneer, the territorial government provided by congress was proclaimed at Oregon 68; Salem of the people, by its first governor, General Joseph 49 Herewith I give some modern biogre City amid the rejoicings in voL ii., Hzstory of Oregon. W. I. BE Lane.' Deady, in Or. Pioneer Assoc., Traiw., 1875, 49. ,1'IN-MENTE. THE RETIRING GOVERNOR. 783

'rovisional government debt. It cannot, therefore, be said of him that he was last grasp of the Mis- greater in a business capacity than as a statesman or liead and front of this philanthropist.4 7 iAbernethy. He had A history that is written from the very mouths of 3, the largest religious the living actors, and that despises no authority how- by a certain smooth- ever humble, if it has any claim to be thought just, soft brown hair over a should have brought to light, had there been anything he impression of mild, to record, some acts of generosity, of self-sacrifice, of han of any intellectual devotion to the good of the country, performed by with what pertinacity this leading man among the missionaries; but in all Us British commercial the instances requiring the exhibition of these quali- the western men was ties, during the early period of Oregon history which iot rule them, and be- closes with the establishment of the territorial gov- , at Mission influence. ernment, the men who came to the front were the iool in which he had men whom Governor Abernethy despised. There Lord was on the side remains to be recorded yet one more act in the life of that if they obtained the colonial governor deserving of preservation in ot of their belief, the history, which I reserve for a future chapter.48 ise the righteous shall I have spoken freely of the Oregon colonists, their made it right for the personal peculiarities, and all their little and great was the real head, to jealousies, and occasional misdoings. I have not made icy, in certain cases, of them religious martyrs, but something better; I of the world is called have not made of them pilgrim fathers, but something uous measures Aber- nobler, their fanaticism being less fierce and cruel, t the fear of injuring while for self-denying application and high and holy governor kept him purpose they were the peers of any wh-o landed on a quiet man, whose Plymouth Rock. If I have not presented the leaders what hle did rather of the several migrations as heroes, to me they were w years following the none the less heroic; while the people were filled with imulated money; but a patriotism as lofty and purposes as pure as any ,unstances threw into appearing upon the highways of history.49 that offered, whether when reaction came, 47 Beacon's Mer. Life in Or. City, MS., 10; Moss' Pioneer Times, MS., 35-9; Mrs Wilson, in Or. Sketches, MS., 18; Beck's Enterprises, MS., 10. des being heavily in 18Governor Abernethy, aside from his unfortunate speculations, sustained the wreck of the remnant of his fortune in the flood of 1831-2, which swept away the most valuable improvements at Oregon City. He then removed to )f people, on this then remote Portland, and engaged in a small business, which he followed till his death government which carried the in 1877. He remained always a firm friend of the church and of temperance, var, until March 3,1849, when and is well spoken of for these traits. See Or. Pioneer Assoc., Trans., 1876, 3ss was proclaimed at Oregon 68; Salem Statesman, in San Josd Pioneer, May 12, 1877. irst governor, General Joseph 49Herewith I give some modern biographies, more of which will be found '75, 4'>. in voL ii., Hastory of Oregon. W. H. Effinger, born in Va, Nov. 14, 1839, - -u I_ I . T

784 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. BIOGRAPE graduated from Dickinson college, Pa, in 1856, studied law, and took a tour the county seat of Josephine co., beside through the south, intending to locate himself in either Miss. or La; but the manufacturing and railroad enterprises. breaking-out of the civil war caused him to return to Va and take service in from Muinomah co. in 1884. In politics the confederate army. During the war he was twice wounded. After its his father Jonathan Bourne, Sr, who was close he continued the practice of his profession in Va until 1872, when he re- council of Mass., and was the first dele moved to Oregon. At the time of the late Indian war he was maj. -gen. of Lincoln in the convention of 1860, sine the state militia, and accompanied Gov. Chadwick to Umatilla, where a ren- ber of every republican national convent dezvous had been appointed with Gov. Ferry of Washington. Effinger desired inherited also the father's business talents, to call out 800 militia, but Chadwick declined. It is Effinger's opinion that whale-ship owner in the world, and lates had this been done the Indians would not have broken through Howard's manufactures. lines. I have explained Chadwick's actions in my account of this war in John Somerville, a native of Ill., was Hist. Idaho, this series. In 1880 Mr. Effinger was chairman of a delegation gon in 1873 in company with his father, 2 from Oregon to the national democratic convention at Cincinnati, which ad- 1816. His mother's maiden name was El vocated the nomination of Stephen J. Field for the presidency. As a lawyer, other children, Edgar J. and Mary J. T Effinger achieved a high position in Oregon. co., where the father died in 1880. John James Steele, of Scotch lineage, his grandfather having come to the U. S. sequently in stock-raising in eastern Or from Scotland, while his grandmother on the paternal side was a Gladstone, man. In 1883 Somerville, Breyman B a cousin of the English premier, was born and educated in Moore co., Ohio, established the National Bank of East in 1834, moving to Iowa in 1856, just as the first railroad was being con. 1867, Ellen E. Shelley, a native of Lane structed in that state from Davenport to Iowa City. Several years were spent James Lotan, born in Paterson, N. J. in Iowa and Kansas, when he came to Oregon in 1862. His first employment N. Y. regiment in the civil war, and ca here was in R. Pittock's grocery store, where he remained for one year. After been employed in the navy-yard at Wash that he was book-keeper for Harker Bros two years. When the 1st National and manager of the Oregon Iron-works fc Bank was organized in 1866-the first on the Pacific coast-he was made a large stockholder and supt of the Wil cashier, remaining there 16 years, resigning in 1882 to engage in banking on his was incorporated in 1865 with a capital own account, he being one of the organizers of the Willamette Savings Bank, business afterward increased to about $2 and its first president; also sec. and treas. of the Northwest Timber Co., or- Z. Holmes vice-pres., W. S. Stevens see ganized in 1883, the lands of the company being near Astoria. The Oregon pany in 1883 had a business worth $400 Construction Co. was another enterprise in which Steele became interested, the railroads were completed. its purpose being to construct railroads. This co. built the Palouse branch B. F. Kendall, born in Springfield, II of the N. P. R. from Colfax to Moscow. Then there was the Oregon Con- 1851, and engaged in farming and stock-r tract and Pavement Co., with the object of making all kinds of street im- land in Baker co., and several hundred I provement, another important industry in which Steele was early interested; elected county commissioner in 1883 on t] also the Oregon Pottery Co., which is a consolidation of the Buena Vista S. A. Caldwell was one of a joint-st Pottery Co. with the Portland Pottery Co., incorporated by Steele in 1884; Boston who in 1849 came to Cal. by sea besides having mining interests in Idaho, and being a promoter of an enter- rival, and finding that as a company the: prise which contemplated reduction-works at Portland. This is Scotch thrift vessel and disbanded, Caldwell coming to and American enterprise united. one of a company which purchased stock J. C. Carson, born in Pa in 1825, removed with his parents to Ohio in 1862 being a severe one, they lost 5-6 of tI 1834, where he studied medicine until 1850, when he came to Cal. by sea as food, and the cattle being worn down wi asst to a surgeon, Kinnaman, who designed erecting a hospital at Sacramento. In 1854 CaldwDl settled in Eugene, whe Not finding things as they expected, the hospital was given up, and Carson removed to Auburn, and in 1876; settled went to the mines- but after drifting about for two years, he came to Port- of which was arable land. land, at that time a rude hamlet in a forest. Finding nothing to do here, he W. McClanahan, born in Ind., came taught a country school for a year. In 1852 Portland began to grow rapidly, company of William Huntington. In the and taking advantage of the movement, J. C. with D. R. Carson established Cal., and engaged in mining, remaining tl a sash and door factory, in time employing 50 men. Carson has been several excitement carried him to B. C., from wh' times member of the city council, and was its president in 1854 and 1855. of the same year. In 1859 he married An In 1866 he was one of the three commissioners selected to report on the value to Clarksville, where he mined and kept ] of the H. B. Co. property in Oregon and Washington. In 1870 he was a a farm near Bridgeport. He secured 483. member of the lower house of the legislature from Multnomah co., and re- land, and the remainder upland, all good elected in 1880. In 1884 he was elected to the senate. gives the name of James Fleetwood and V Jonathan Bourne, Jr, born in New Bedford, Mass., Feb. 23, 1855, was his section, and mentions Frank Koontz l educated at Harvard university, graduating in 1877. He travelled abroad mill here. The mill was subsequently s( for a year, and came to Portland in 1878, where he read law with W. H. tablisheo in the district, and religions ser Effinger, being admitted to the bar in 1880, and entering into a partnership H. W. Sloan, supb of the Humboldt with him. Bourne became president of the Oregon Milling Co., owning mills furnishes the following: The stock of ti at Turner and Silverton, in Marion co.; president of the Divided Car Axle by 6 working members; namely, H. W. ' Co.; president of E. G. Pierce Transfer and Forwarding Co., with a branch Sprowl, two shares, $3,000; W. C. Spro) in San Francisco; and sole owner of the town of Grant's Pass, recently made H. Hunter, one share each, $6,003. The2 HIST. OR., VOL. L 50 iRNMENT. BIOGRAPHICAL. 785

56, studied law, and took a tour the county seat of Josephine co., besides having interests in various other If in either Miss, or La; but the manufacturing and railroad enterprises. He was elected to the legislature return to Va and take service in from Mulnomah co. in 1884. In politics he is an ardent republican, as was was twice wounded. After its his father Jonathan Bourne, Sr, who was four times member of the executive ion in Va until 1872, when he re- council of Mass., and was the first delegate to vote for the nomination of Indian war he was maj. -gen. of Lincoln in the convention of 1860, since which time he has been a mem- tdwick to Umatilla, where a ren- ber of every republican national convention to the present time. The son of Washington. Effinger desired inherited also the father's business talents, who was for many years the largest d. It is Effinger's opinion that whale-ship owner in the world, and later interested in railroads and various have broken through Howard's manufactures. s in my account of this war in John Somerville, a native of Ill., was born in 1846, and migrated to Ore- er was chairman of a delegation gon in 1873 in company with his father, Alexander Somerville, born in Ky in ivention at Cincinnati, which ad- 1816. His mothers maiden name was Elizabeth Stephenson. They had two or the presidency. As a lawyer, other children, Edgar J. and Mary J. The family settled on a farm in Linn co., where the father died in 1880. John engaged in merchandising, and sub- ifather having come to the U. S. sequently in stock-raising in eastern Oregon, in company with A. H. Brey- Lepaternal side was a Gladstone, man. In 1883 Somerville, Breyman Bros of Salem, and B. J. Bowman nd educated in Moore co., Ohio, est*lished the National Bank of East Portland. Somerville married, in he first railroad was being con- 1867, Ellen E. Shelley, a native of Lane co. 6 City. Several years were spent James Lotan, born in Paterson, N. J., served a term of enlistment in a a in 1862. His first employment N. Y. regiment in the civil war, and came to Oregon in 1864, having first he remained for one year. After been employed in the navy-yard at Washington for a year. He was foreman o years. When the 1st National and manager of the Oregon Iron-works for several years, and in 1873 became the Pacific coast-he was made a large stockholder and supt of the Willamette Iron-works. The company i 1882 to engage in banking on his was incorporated in 1865 with a capital of $50,000, the money used in the of the Willamette Savings Bank, business afterward increased to about $200,000; M. W. Henderson pres., B. If the Northwest Timber Co., or. Z. Holmes vice-pres., W. S. Stevens sec., and John Mair supt. The com- )eing near Astoria. The Oregon pany in 1883 had a business worth $400,000, which fell off subsequently as which Steele became interested, the railroads were completed. 'his co. built the Palouse branch B. F. Kendall, born in Springfield, Ill., Feb. 6, 1827, came to Oregon in Chen there was the Oregon Con- 1851, and engaged in farming and stock-raising, having 80 acres of improved ' making all kinds of street imn land in Baker co., and several hundred head of cattle and horses. He was rhich Steele was early interested; elected county commissioner in 1883 on the republican ticket. onsolidation of the Buena Vista S. A. Caldwell was one of a joint-stock company of 150 persons from incorporated by Steele in 1884; Boston who in 1849 came to Cal. by sea in a vessel of their own. After ar- Ad being a promoter of an enter- rival, and finding that as a company they could do nothing, they sold their ; Portland. This is Scotch thrift vessel and disbanded, Caldwell coming to Oregon in 1850. in 1852 he formed one of a company which purchased stock of the immigrants. The winter of red with his parents to Ohio in 1862 being a severe one, they lost 5-6 of their herd, having neither shelter nor when he came to Cal. by sea as food, and the cattle being worn down with their journey across the plains. recting a hospital at Sacramento. In 1854 Caldwell settled in Eugene, where he resided for 8 years, when he spital was given up, and Carson removed to Auburn, and in 1876 settled near Malheur City on 160 acres, 120 for two years, he came to Port. of which was arable land. Finding nothing to do here, he W. McClanahan, born in Ind., came to Oregon overland in 1852 in the Portland began to grow rapidly, company of William Huntington. In the spring of 1853 he went to Shasta, C. with D. R. Carson established Cal., and engaged in mining, remaining there 5 years, when the Fraser River 'Omen. Carson has been several excitement carried him to B. C., from which place he returned in the autumn its president in 1854 and 1855. of the same year. In 1859 he married Annie Butt of Forest Grove and moved rs selected to report on the value to Clarksville, where he mined and kept hotel until 1872, when he settled on Washington. In 1870 he was a a farm near Bridgeport. He secured 483 acres, 260 of which was rich bottom- re from Multnomah co., and re. land, and the remainder upland, all good fcr farming purposes. McClanahan ,he senate. gives the name of James Fleetwood and William Mitchell as early settlers in Iford, Mass., Feb. 23, 1855, was his section, and mentions Frank Koontz as having erected the pioneer saw- ' in 1877. He travelled abroad mill here. The mill was subsequently sold to Clements. A school was es- where he read law with W. H. tablished in the district, and religious services held once a month. and entering into a partnership H. W. Sloan, supt of the Humboldt Mining Association of Canon City, Oregon Milling Co., owning mills furnishes the following: The stock of the co. is divided into 8 shares, held esident of the Divided Car Axle by 6 working members; namely, H. W. Sloan, two shares, value, $3,000; J. Forwarding Co., with a branch Sprowl, two shares, $3,003; W. C. Sprowl, H. Heppner, F. Yergenson, and n of Grant's Pass, recently made H. Hunter, one share each, $6,003. They have a patent to 140 acres ot min- HIST. OR., VOL. I. 50 -- r

786 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. BIOGRAPE ing ground, and work the mine by hydraulic apparatus; have a 7-mile ditch, and located himself in Jackson co. In IE including one mile of flume, which carries 1,000 inches of water. The qual- sisting of the parents, 3 sons, and 5 dai ity of the gold is $18.40 to the ounce, or .909 fine. A clean-up of $2,500 to ain became the pioneer, taking some I $3,000 is made every 5 or 6 weeks. The 6 stockholders and 6 Chinese are Alkali is now situated, and being followe employed in working. Sloan also secured a hay rancho of 100 acres, which erty,15 cows, with which they went in he stocked with fine brood mares. andinvesting all their earnings in cattle. John Laurence, born in N. C., came to the Pacific coast in 1857, and iug up the town of Bonanza, where he m located himself at Yreka, Cal., engaging in mining and farming. In 1865 taught the first school. The Shooks in he removed to Grant co., Oregon, settling in John Day Valley. In 1877 he became the largest land and stock owner began merchandising at Prairie City, and also purchased the Strawberry Richard Hutchinson, born in Pa in flouring mill, built in 1872 by Morehead & Cleaver, which made from 25 to 30 in Sierra and Mono cos until 1864, when barrels of flour per day of 12 hours, and a chop mill, both run by water-power and subsequently to Tule Lake, Klamatt from Waldon Warm Springs. He became owner with his brother, Isham of T one co., Ireland, in 1848. Laurence, of 320 acres of grain land, and raised wheat, oats, and barley. He Newton Franklin Hildebrand, born in also owned an interest in the Keystone gold mine with Starr, Carpenter, and Cal. in 1874, settling in Yolo co. In 187 Shearer. It was situated 7 miles from Prairie City, and had a 5-stamp mill eastern Oregon, and in 1884 settled in upon it. Considerable tunnelling was done on two levels. The ore ran 31 George in 1872. ounces of gold and 5J ounces of silver to the ton. The mine cost $25,000, Joseph Henry Sherar, born in Vt, cai and yielded up to 1886 $31,000. 23 years old. He proceeded to the Salu M. V. Thompson, of the firm of Groth & Thompson of Cafion City, se- 3 years mining. In 1859 he removed tc cured with his partner the Eureka Hot Springs, a fine place of resort; also a 450 acres of good farming land, and a tra large stock rancho for raising horses. on freighting to Arcata on the coast, to George D. McHaley, a farmer and stock-raiser near Prairie City, came to i miles up the Klamath River. While i] Oregon in 1843 with his parents, who settled at Oregon City. In 1850 he Jonathan Lyon, a nephew of Gen. Lyon went to the Cal. gold mines near Redding, where he remained over two years. I spring of 1862 Sherar, with a passenge He subsequently located himself in the John Day country as a farmer, remov- Powderacross the River mountains mines. to The Scott route Valley, was fr al ing from the North Fork to Prairie City in 1881, where he secured 160 acres of hay land, his cattle feeding on the public lands in summer. He was elected to Oregon City, crossing the Cascade Mc the lower house of the legislature. snow in places being 20 feet deep inJune. in 1884 a member of John Day River, Umatilla, Walla Wal Quincy A. Brooks wns born in Pa in 1828, and educated at Duquesne college, Pittsburg, graduating in 1846. He studied law, and came to Oregon Mountains to Powder River. Returninj in 1851, locating himself soon after at Olympia on Puget Sound, then a por- the John Day mines. A German in hie tion of Oregon. He was appointed inspector of customs, and afterward bread in, en route, giving the name t deputy collector of that port. Gov. Gaines appointed him prosecuting attor- formed there. This company also named ney in 1852 for the northern district of Oregon, which office he held until the her of those animals found there, and organization of . He took part in its early politics, and there. Near this camp, while they lay was appointed by Gov. Stevens clerk of the supt of Indian affairs, holding his money and pack-train; he was arrest that position under Stevens, Nesmith, and Geary. In 1857 he removed to Proceeding, Sherar's company named Ml Salem, where he married Lizzie Cranston in 1858; and thence went to Port- Rancho, where Clark and his partner land, where he remained until 1861, when he went into mercantile business Bridge Creek was so called on account in Walla Walla, and afterwards at Auburn. In 1865 he received the appoint- over it by Shoeman and Wadley, who can ment of postal agent for the Pacific coast, holding that office through John- mines with a train. Beyond here was A son's administration. On the breaking-out of the Modoc war in 1872, he was road was erected in 1863. Crossing the commissioned quartermaster-general of the state troop;, with the rank of Creek, the trail led to the John Day Val major, and served during the war. After the removal of the Indians he was the road afterward so much moleste located himself near Linkville, where he secured 1,003 acres of land, and some guarded by the 1st Oregon cavalry. SI valuable solfatara hot springs. His son, Edward C. Brooks, was appo6inted to it for two years. In 1863 he married Jo the military academy at West Point, graduating in 1886. co., raising horses until 1871. Sherar's l David Feree, a native of Ind., born in 1836, of Ky parentage, enlisted lowing history: In earliest immigration as a private on the breaking-out of the civil war, remaining in the service it was frequently forded, at some peril t to the close, and fighting in 37 battles, under Sherman, Sheridan, Rosecrans, carried passengers over in canoes. In 1 and Grant. He rose to be captain during his service. In 1869 he migrated by Todd and Jackson, carried away b: to eastern Oregon, settling in 1870 in what is now Klamath co., at the south 1862. Jackson sold to Todd in the au end of upper Klamath Lake, where lhe made a farm, and engaged in raising Mays as partners. Hemingway soon stock cattle and horses. For 2h years he was supt of farming on the Klamath partners, after which he sold to O'Bri . He married May E. Johnson of Brightborough, Iowa, in 37,04, who expended $75,000 impre miles of which he kept in repair. ln John S. Shook, born in Ind. in 1843, came to Oregon about 1862. He flouring mills, which manufactured 40 1 was the son of Amon Shook, who also was born in Ind., but removed to Iowa a saw-mill cutting 2,800 feet daily. I in 1847. The family being large with little wealth, John migrated to Oregon miles east of his bridge, containing 1, MRNMENT. BIOGRAPHICAL. 787

apparatus; have a 7-mile ditch, and located himself in Jackson co. In 1864 the remainder of the family, con- 000 inches of water. The qual- sisting of the parents, 3 sons, and 5 daughters, followed, and in 1870 John )9 fine. A clean-up of $2,500 to again became the pioneer, taking some land in the Klamath country, where stockholders and 6 Chinese are Alkali is now situated, and being followed by the others and their joint prop- hay rancho of 100 acres, which erty, 15 cows, with which they went into stock-raising, working for wages and investing all their earnings in cattle. John took a leading part in bui d- the Pacific coast in 1857, and ing up the town of Bonanza, where he was postmaster for mning several years, and and farming. In 1865 taught the first school. The Shooks in a few years were independent, and LJohn Day Valley. In 1877 he became the largest land and stock owners in the country. also purchased the Strawberry Richard Hutchinson, born in Pa in 1826, came to Cal. in 1867, residing ,aver, which made from 25 to 30 in Sierra and Mono cos until 1864, when he removed to Jackson co., Oregon, p mill, both run by water-power and subsequently to Tule Lake, Klamath co. He married Annie Armstrong, iwner with his brother, Isham of Tyrone co., Ireland, in 1848. td wheat, oats, and barley. He Newton Franklin Hildebrand, born in Moniteau co., Mo., in 1843, came to nine with Starr, Carpenter, and Cal. in 1874, settling in Yolo co. In 1879 he made a tour through Idaho and e City, and had a 5-stamp mill eastern Oregon, and in 1884 settled in Klamath co. He married Rhoda E. on two levels. The ore ran 3J George in 1872. ton. The mine cost $25,000, I Joseph Henry Sherar, born in Vt, came to Cal. by sea in 1855, being then 23 years old. He proceeded to the Salmon River mines, where he remained Thompson of Caion City, se- 3 years mining. In 1859 he removed to Hoopa Valley, purchased a farm of IB, a fine place of resort; also a 450 acres of good farming land, and a train of 40 mules, with which he carried on freighting to Arcata on the coast, to the mines on Salmon River, and 150 aiser near Prairie City, came to miles up the Klamath River. While in this business he had for a partner I at Oregon City. In 1850 he Jonathan Lyon, a nephew of (Gen. Lyon of the army of the civil war. In the tre he remained over two years. spring of 1862 Sherar, with a passenger and freight train, started for the )ay country as a farmer, remov- Powder River mines. The route was along Trinity River to Trinity Centre, 81, where he secured 160 acres across the mountains to Scott Valley, from there to Jacksonville, and ds in summer. thence He was elected to Oregon City, crossing the Cascade Mountains by the old Barlow road, the ;islature. snow in places being 20 feet deep in June, to Tyghe Valley, Des Chutes Bridge, 28, and educated at Duquesne John Day River, Umatilla, Walla Walla, Grand Rend, and over the Blue tdied law, and came to Oregon Mountains to Powvder River. Returning to the Dalles he loaded a on Puget Sound, his train for then a por- the John Day mines. A German in his party built an oven of clay to bake yr of customs, and afterward bread in, en route, giving the name to a settlement which was afterward pointed him prosecuting attor- formed there. This company also named Antelope Valley from the great num- ,which office he held until the ber of those animals found there, and Cold Camp from the cold experienced k part in its early politics, and there. Near this camp, while they lay there, Berryway killed Gallagher for 8upt of Indian affairs, holding his money and pack-train; he was arrested, tried, and hanged at ,ary. Cation City. In 1857 he removed to Proceeding, Sherar's company named Muddy Creek, Cherry Creek, and Burnt 58; and thence went to Port- Bancho, where Clark and his partner were burned out by the Indians. went into mercantile business Bridge Creek was so called on account of a small bridge of 1865 he juniper logs, built received the appoint- over it by Shoeman and Wadley, who came from Cal. and went to the John Day ding that office through John- mines with a train. Beyond here was Alkali Flat, where the first hotel on the :he Modoc war in 1872, he was road was erected in 1863. Crossing the Blue Mountains to the ate troops, head of Rock with the rank of Creek, the trail led to the John Day Valley, and thence to Cation City. This e removal of the Indians he was the road afterward so much molested by Indians, 1 1,003 acres of land, 180 miles in length, and and some guarded by the 1st Oregon cavalry. Sherar continued to carry freight over *d C. Brooks, was appointed to i-t for two years. In 1863 he married Jane A. Herbert, and g in 1886. settled in Wasco co., raising horses until 1871. Sherar's bridge over the Des Chutes has the fol- 36, of Ky parentage, enlisted lowing history: In earliest immigration times, as my readers will remember, war, remaining in the service it was frequently forded, at some peril to the traveller; sometimes herman, Sheridan, the Indians Rosecrans, carried passengers over in canoes. In 1860 a bridge was built at the crossing ervice. In 1869 he migrated by Todd and Jackson, carried away by high water in 1861, and rebuilt in ow Klamath co., at the south 1862. Jackson sold to Todd in the autumn, who took in Hemingway farm, and and engaged in raising Mlays as partners. Hemingway soon purchased the interest of the other pt of farming 9 on the Klamath partners, after which he sold to O Brien, who sold to Sherar in 1871, for n of Brightborough, Iowa, in $7,040, who expended $75,000 in improving the roads on every side of it, 66 miles of which he kept in repair. In 1876 he purchased the White River to Oregon about 1862. He flouring mills, which manufactured 40 barrels of flour per day. He had in Ind., but removed also to Iowa a saw-mill cutting 2,800 feet daily. He purchased the Fenegan rancho 14 Ith, John migrated to Oregon miles east of his bridge, containing 1,580 acres, worth $25,000; had 6,500 MFF__ - -- -_ __ -- r u'er t a aa_ a . i . .. I-

788 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. BIOGRAP

sheep and horses and mules for farm work. He kept the st1%ge-station and the autumn of 1880 he had in operation post-office at the bridge, where a little settlement grew up, and was considered of road, when he applied to the legislat worth $60,000. Here was a pioneer; a man who by hard work became owner locate his road upon the public grouni of $100,000 worth of property, with a good yearly income. Many such there lard's railroad companies and the city are in this favored land. ever, passed the bill over the governor Rodney Glisan was born at Linganore, Md., in 1827, of Maryland's earliest triumphant, Reid being local president English ancestry, and educated at the university of that state as a physician. Portland was proceeded with, and the g In 1849 he passed a competitive examination by a board of army surgeons, was 11 miles of the city, when the stockholc accepted, and commissioned aisst surgeon U. S. A. in 1850. After being on of the local president, gave a 96 years' I temporary duty at several posts in the west and south-west, he was ordered co guarantee of 7 per cent on the stock. F the Pacific coast, arriving in S. F. in 1855 on the steamer John L. Stephens, and turned to other enterprises. His n from Panaumi. Soon after he was ordered to southern Oregon with the troops into the state of the roller system of sent to suppress the Rogue River Indians, at -that time in a hostile attitude Salem Company, with a capital of $200,( to the white settlers, and in this service endured hardships from which one the Capitol A and B mills at Salem and ( might well shrink. In 1861 he settled in Portland, where he married, in 1863, with a combined capacity of 900 barrels Elizabeth R. Couch, daughter of the pioneer John H. Couch. He has been led to the erection of others on the sc president of the Multnomah County Medical Society, and the Medical Society The First National Bank of Salem was, of the State of Oregon; member of the American Medical Association, and an ing the bank building and becoming the emeritus professor of obstetrics in the medical dept of the Willamette uni- all connection with the Scotch companio versity. He published a book entitled A Journal of Army Life, and is the 1883 he organized the Oregon MortgagE author of several brochures upon different branches of medicine and surgery. of $1,000,000, which he managed for ti In 1881 he was appointed by the medical societies of Oregon delegate to the Portland National Bank, and was made International Medical Congress held in London, and spent two years subse- of the Oregon and Washington Mortgaj quently in the hospitals and medical colleges of Europe, whence he returned the successors to Villard in Oregon repi to Portland in 1883. row-gauge system, because the road William Ried was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1842, of Scotch parentage. The courts appointed a receiver; the le He was brought up in an atmosphere of railroads, his father being manager nian Company was chartered became i of the Glasgow and South-western Railway, and a railroad builder for 20 the time allowed for the completion of years. William was sent to St Andrew's parish school, and educated in the sired to have a road to tide-water put ii Presbyterian faith, under Samuel Neil, author of Logic and Literature. At bring it about. Another bill was intro. an early age he left his father's house to do battle in the world for himself, the first had been by the city of Portla succeeding in securing an education in Glasgow university, with a knowl- pany; but the bill became a law, and edge of the law which enabled him to practice as a partner of Alex. Douglas Railway Company, organized by Reid, of Dundee, soon after which he married Agnes Dunbar. While at Dundee be Valley system with Portland by the lsi met Mrs Lincoln, widow of President Lincoln, and performing for her some new company a contract, to last for R literary service, was rewarded by the appointment of U. S. vice-consul at Dun- sengers of the uncompleted road to Pori dee, which office he held from 1869 to 1874, when he resigned to come to Oregon. cier. There has been loaned on real-esi His frequent intercourse with Americans led him to give much attention to 1885, $7,597,741 of Scotch money. As the country, and in 1873 he published a pamphlet on Oregon and Washing- of value at minimum estimates, and a ton as Fields for Capital and Labor, -which was widely circulated, and re- never released, there are many millioi sulted in the formation by its author of the Oregon and Washington Trust lands held in Scotland. Investment Company, for doing business in Portland. The president of the Thomas H. Crawford was born in company was the earl of Airlie, and Mr Reid the secretary. This company Oregon in 1852, with his parents, who invested over $1,000,000 in Oregon and secured mortgages on much valu- years his opportunities for study were Ii able property, being subsequently converted into the Dundee Mortgage and tiam academy at Lebanon for about a Trust Investment Company, with Reid as manager. Mr Reid has been very lamette university, from which he gram active in commercial and financial affairs. Soon after arriving in Portland teaching. His first school was in Subli' he organized the Board of Trade, with A. P. Ankeny and 85 other mem- when he took charge of the public scho( bers, who elected him secretary. In Sept. of the same year he procured the he came to Portland in 1868, and taught establishment by the legislature of a State Board of Immigration, the gov- Seminary as assistant for two years. II ernor appointed him one of the commissioners, and the board making him Portland school, after which he was elE secretary. He prepared pamphlets, which were printed in several languages, cf Willamette university, remaining in and circulated at the Paris exposition and the Philadelphia exposition, at- to Portland in 1875, and being electe tracting much attention to the north-west. He was the organizer of the Ore- school. On the resignation of the form gon and Washington Mortgage Savings Bank of Portland, the first deposit Portland, in 1877, he was elected to fill savings bank in the state. In 1878 he conceived a system of narrow-gauge bored conscientiously to improve the railways in the Willamette Valley, to be built by Scotch capital, under the which he has been eminently successfu name of Railway Company, Limited; and secured the passage plans of building, and all matters con by the legislature of a law entitling foreign corporations to build railroads those of Portland are not excelled by a in the state, with the same powers belonging to domestic corporations. In the United States. It is noteworthy I for many years have been educated in ( INMENT. BIOGRAPHICAL. 789 He kept the stage-station and ant grew up, and the autumn of 1880 he had in operation in the was considered of road, Willamette Valley 118 miles ho by hard work became when he applied to the legislature for a right to enter owner locate his road the city, and Irly income. Many such there upon the public grounds therein, but was opposed lard's railroad companies by Vil. and the city government. The legislature, how- in 1827, of ever, passed the bill over the governor's veto, and Maryland's earliest triumphant, the Scotch company was Ity of that state as a Reid being local president. The construction physician. Portland was proceeded of the road into a board of army surgeons, was with, and the grading had reached to a point within 3. A. in 1850. 11 miles of the city, when the stockholders in Scotland, After being on of the despite the protests 1 south-west, he was ordered local president, gave a 96 years' lease of their railways co guarantee of to Villard for a the steamer Johin L. Steplns, 7 per cent on the stock. Reid then abandoned the management, -thern Oregon and turned to other enterprises. His next with the troops into undertaking was the introduction that time in a hostile the state of the roller system of manufacturing attitude Salem Company, flour, and the City of red hardships from which with a capital of $200,000, was the result. In one the Capitol A and 1883 it erected nd, where he married, in 1863, B mills at Salem and C mill at Turner, at a cost of with a combined capacity $230,000, ohn H. Couch. He has been of 900 barrels per day. The success of these mills niety, and the Medical led to the erection of others on the same plan, Society The First in Portland and elsewhere. mn Medical Association, and National Bank of Salem was organized in 1882 by an ing the bank building Mr. Reid erect- I dept of the Willamette uni- and becoming the first president. Having relinquished all connection with the Scotch rnal of Array Life, and is the companies above mentioned, in the spring of ches of medicine 1883 he organized the Oregon Mortgage Company and surgery. of of Scotland, with a capital ties of Oregon delegate $1,000,000, which he managed for two years. In to the Portland National 1884 he organized the n, and spent two years subse- Bank, and was made its first president, and also president Europe, whence of the Oregon and Washington Mortgage Savings he returned the successors Bank. In the mean time to Villard in Oregon repudiated the 96 years' lease row-gauge system, of the nar- in 1842, of Scotch parentage. because the road was uncompleted and unproductive. ids, his father being The courts appointed a receiver; the legislative act manager nian Company under which the Orego- nd a railroad builder for 20 was chartered became inoperative through the expiration the time allowed for the of i school, and educated in the completion of the road, the people of the valley de- of Logic and Literature. sired to have a road to tide-water put in operation, At bring and Reid was the man to ;tle in the world for himself it about. Another bill was introduced in the legislature, the first had been contested as w university, with a knowl- by the city of Portland and the Oregonian Railway pany; but the bill became Com- .s a partner of Alex. Douglas a law, and the Portland and Willamette Valley unbar. While Railway Company, organized by Reid, undertook at Dundee he Valley to connect the Willamette and performing for her system with Portland by the 1st of Nov., 1886. some new company The state gave the t of U. S. vice-consul a contract, to last for 15 years, to carry the at Dun. sengers of the uncompleted freight and pas- te resigned to come to Oregon. road to Portland. Mr. Reid is eminently a finan- m to give much cier. There has been loaned on real-estate mortgages attention to 1885, from May 1874 to June let on Oregon and Washing- $7,597,741 of Scotch money. As one dollar borrowed of value at minimum represents three * widely circulated, and re- estimates, and as much of the property mortgaged never released, there is 3gon and Washington Trust are many millions' worth of Oregon and Washington land. The president of lands held in Scotland. the Thomas H. Crawford e secretary. This company was born in Indiana, June 24, 1840, and came to I mortgages Oregon in 1852, with his parents, who settled in on much valu- years Linn co. on a farm. For 6 D the Dundee Mortgage his opportunities for study were limited. and tiam Then he was sent to the San- ,r. Mr Reid has been academy at Lebanon for about a year, after which very lamette university, he entered the Wil- after arriving in Portland from which he graduated in 1863, after which teaching. His first he began mnkeny and 85 other mem- school was in Sublimity, where he remained three years, same year he when he took charge of the public schools in Salem procured the he came for lj years. From there d of Immigration, the gov- to Portland in 1868, and taught in the Portland Academy Seminary as assistant and Female md the board making him for two years. In 1870-2 he was principal of Portland school, after the North rinted in several languages, whichhe was elected to the chair of natural sciences Philadelphia exposition, cf Willamette university, remaining in that position at- to Portland three years, returning as the organizer of the Ore- in 1875, and being elected principal of the Central school. On the resignation grammar Portland, the first deposit of the former superintendent of public schools in Ia system of narrow-gauge Portland, in 1877, he was elected to fill that position. bored conscientiously Mr Crawford has la- V Scotch capital, under the to improve the school system and management, which he has been eminently in I; and secured the passage successful; much attention has been given to 'orations to build plans of building, and all matters connected with railroads those the public schools, until iiomestic corporations. In of Portland are not excelled by any city of its population the United States. anywhere in It is noteworthy that the leading teachers in Portland for many years have been educated in Oregon.