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Presentation by Dr D.P. Nagar ETHNO MEDICINAL PLANTS AND TRADITIONAL MEDICAL SYSTEM OF NUBRA VALLEY OF TRANS- HIMALAYAN COLD DESERT OF LADAKH Dr. D. P. Nagar Division of Biotechnology Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior-474 002 Email: [email protected] Area of Study Landscape Cold Desert LANDSCAPE Physical Factors affecting the vegetation Position :34.17° N, 77.58° E Altitude :10500 – 18833 ft Temperature :-35 to 35°C Humidity :03 to 85% Wind velocity :03 to 50 km/h Sun intensity :67056 lux (21000) Photoperiod :5 to 14 hrs Precipitation :10 cm (SF) Thylacospermum caespitosum Acantholimon lycopodioides Ethnic groups Blending of various population groups Mongoloids: Boto, Balti Argons, Changpa (Pastoralists of highland), Tibetans Aryan: Dards, Drogpa, Mons and Bedas represent the Aryan elements Aamchi System of Medicine Traditional form of healing which basically employs natural materials – herbs, animal products, minerals, precious stones for compounding medicines Origin : From Ayurveda spread to Tibet around the 5th century living history of more than 2500 years Sowa- Rigpa”, the science of healing rGyud– bZhi (Chatus tantra), the fundamental text book of this medicine was first taught by Bhagwan Buddha and enriched in Tibet with its own folklore. Practiced in: Practiced in Tibet, Mangolia, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Bhurial republic of Russia and Himalayan region of H.P., Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Ladakh in India. Principles : It is based on sophisticated theory of Jung-Wa-Lna (Pancha Mahabhuta, five elements) and Nespa gsum (Tri- dosh, three humours), according to which all the animate and inanimate phenomena of this world are composed of Jung-Wa-Lna (five elements). Methods of Treatment There are four methods of treatment Through diet Through behaviour modification Through medicine Through physical therapy Preparation Pills . Herbal pills . Jewel pills Decoction Powder Syrup Oils Wines (Chaang) Buttery form Ash Smoke herbal pills are taken Spiked with boiled warm or hot water. Plants Used in Ethnic Medicines Sr. Botanical name Local Part used Uses Status No. name 1. Acantholimon Longze Plant ash Plant ash with milk used in cardiac disorders. Rare lycopodioides(Girard) Boiss 2. Achilliea millefolium Linn. Chung Flower Flower extract used as tonic by locals. Rare 3. Aconitum violaceum Jac. ex Stapf Yangtso Root Dried roots are boiled and used in cough in small Rare doses. 4. A. heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle Buma Root Tuberous roots used as Tonic. Root yields Rare alkaloids‘Aconite’ used as aphrodisiac & diarrhea. 5. Anaphalis contorta Hk. f. Telgang Leaf and flower Decoction of leaf and flower used in cold and cough. Common 6. Anaphalis cuneifolia Hk f. Simula Whole plant Plant extract used to treat skin disease. common 7. A. triplinervis (Sims) Clarke Var. Carpo Leaf Leaf used in septic wounds and eaten by cows and Common intermedia (D.C.) Airy Shaw. burche goats. 8. Androsace mucronifolia Watt. Zingsolo Whole plant Infusion of plant is used to treat abdominal pain. Common 9. Arabidopsis multiflorum Hk. f. Imantso Leaf Infusion of leaf & tender part are appetite stimulant. Frequent 10. Arabis glandulosa Kar & Kir Umnako Whole plant Whole plant used in diarrhea. Common 11. Arctium lappa L. Miah Root and fruit Root is diuretic; fruits are kept in home to keep away Rare the rats. 12. Arnebia euchroma (Royle ex Demock Root Root yield red dye, used for coloring sweets and as a Rare Benth.) I.M. Johnston cosmetics (Lipstick). 13. A. guttata Bunge. Demock Root do Frequent 14. Artemisia brevifolia Wallich Khamchu Leaf Leaf decoction used in stomach complaints. Drug Rare ‘Santonin’ isolated from leaf & flower used in worms and fever. Sr. Botanical name Local Part used Uses Status No. name 15. A. dracunculus Linn. Burtse Leaf Diuretic, controls Menstrual cycle also used in Frequent intestinal worms and toothache. 16. A. gmelinii Weber ex Steckm Khampa leaf Leaf decoction used in cold & cough. Frequent 17. Astragalus rhizanthus Royle ex Sarma Whole plant a decoction of whole plant is used in skin disease. Rare Benth. 18. A. tribulifolius Benth. Yanglo Whole plant Whole plant decoction is diuretic and used in kidney Rare complaints. 19. Berberis lyciun Royle Bark Lower bark used in jaundice by local Amchies. Common 20. B. ulicina Hk. f. & T. Barberry Root and bark Root & bark used in tonic. Fruits yield purplish dye. Common 21. B. zabeliana Schn. Barberry Root Root decoction used in fever by locals. Rare 22. Biebersteinia odora Stephan ex Khardung Leaf Leaf paste used in septic wounds. Common Fischer 23. Campanula aristata Wall. Tikta Leaf Decoction of leaves used in fever, whole plant used Common in lever disorders. 24. Carum curvi L. Kosnyot Seed The extract made by boiling the seeds in water given Common to pregnant ladies to make delivery easy. Seeds also used as spice and in medicines by local. 25. Chrysanthemum pyrethroides(Kar. Serpan Flower Flower powder used in fever by locals. Common & Kir.) B. Fed. 26. Clematis tibetana Kuntze Zakzic Root and stem Boiled crushed root and stem used in itch. Common 27. Colchicum luteum Baker. Hirantutia Corm Corms are used in stomachache and gout by locals. Very rare (H) Corm and seeds are source of Colchicine used in inflammation of gout 28. Corydalis rutifolia (Smith) DC Chimlo Whole plant Plant extract used by locals to cure skin diseases. Common 29. Cremanthodium ellisii (Hk. f.) Luku Whole plant Plant extract used in headache. common Kitam. mentok Sr. Botanical name Local Part used Uses Status No. name 30. Crepis flexuosa (DC) Benth. Remang Leaf Leaf extract used in muscular pains. Rare 31. Cuscuta approximate Beib. Whole plant Whole plant paste is used in warts. Common 32. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Angmolakp Root Root used in kidney complaints, as tonic by locals Very rare Soo. a 33. Delphinium cashmerianum Royle Ladar Flower Flower juice and infusion of whole plant is used in Rare mentok colic. Seeds & vegetative parts contain alkaloid ‘Delphinin’ used as insecticide. 34. Dracocephalum heterophyllum Zinkzer Flower and leaf Decoction of dry flower& leaf is used in cough & Common Benth. headache. 35. D. staminium Kar & Kir Ghiro- Whole plant Whole plant decoction used in cold, cough and Rare manko headache. 36. Echinops cornigerus D.C. Ekzema Leaf Leaf paste used in septic wounds, seeds as tonic, Common powdered leaf in jaundice. 37. Ephedra gerardiana Wallich ex Chhapat Stem Drug ‘Ephedrin’ used in asthma, bronchial asthma, Rare Stapf. hay fever, rheumatism and also a very effective cardiac stimulant. 38. Epipactis helleborine Linn. Penginlo Whole plant Whole plant infusion used as blood purifier by Very rare Amchis &in cold and cough. 39. Erigeron alpinus Linn. Repan Whole plant Used in cold and cough. Common 40. Ermania lanuginosa (Hk. f. & T.) Measlo Leaf Leaf infusion used to treat cuts by locals. Rare O.E.S. 41. Euphorbia stracheyi Boiss. Tingling Latex Latex used in boils. Rare 42. Euphrasia officinalis Linn. Kangchuk Whole plant Infusion of plant used in conjunctivitis. Common 43. Galium serpilloides Royle ex Hk. f. Pemantso Leaf Leaf is diuretic, purgative and used in kidney Rare complaints. 44. Gentiana carinata Griseb. Root Roots used by locals in stomach complaints. Common Sr. Botanical name Local Part used Uses Status No. name 45. Geranium pretense Linn. Gugchuk Leaf Leaf decoction used in diarrhea. Rare 46. G. sibiricum Linn. Eyamlo Leaf Leaf decoction used in diarrhea. Common mentok 47. Herminium monorchis (L.) R.Br. Musk corm Bulb’s paste used in kidney problems. Very rare orchid 48. Humulus lupulus Linn. Hops Flower buds Introduced plant used in beer, stimulate appetite and Common promote sleep. Drug ‘Lupin’ isolated from it. 49. Hyoscymus niger Linn. Gyelamtag/ Whole plant Plant used in asthma and toothache. Drug Rare Hanbane ‘Hyoscamine’ yields by leaf used in painful spasmodic conditions of muscles. It also dilates pupil of the eye. 50. Hypericum leptocarpus Hk. f. & T. Meerong Leaf Leaf paste used in septic wounds. Common 51. Inula rhizocephala Shrenk. Var. Riamko Root Dry root used in cold, cough and chest pains by Rare rhizocephaloides (C.B. Clark) locals 52. Inula obtusifolia Kerner Ghandol Root Root contain ‘inuline’ reduce blood pressure and also Rare stimulate peristaltic movement of intestine. 53. Jurinea ceratocarpa (Decne.) Leaf Leaf paste used in wounds by locals. Common Benth. Var. depressa Cl. ex Hk. f. 54. Lancea tibetica Hk. f. &T. Raikse Whole plant Whole plant extract used as tonic by Amchis. Common 55. Leontopodium nanum (Hk. f.) Palu Whole plant Whole plant used in wounds, dry flower used in Common Hand. lighting by nomads. 56. Llyodia serotina (Linn.) Reichb. Kangkar Bulb Locals use the bulbs for blood purification. Rare 57. Lonicera spinosa (Jac. ex Decne.) Lamora Bark Lower yellow bark used in eye disorder (Redness of Common Walp. eye), jaundice and kidney complaints. Shade dried flower’s decoction used in asthma and headache. 58. Lycium ruthenicum Muvray Umila Leaf Leaves are diuretic. Common 59. Mattiastrum thomsonii (Cl.) I.M.J. Leaf Leaf juice is diuretic and used in intestinal worms. Common Sr. Botanical name Local Part used Uses Status No. name 60. Mentha longifolia (Linn.) Hudson. Phololing Leaf Leaf used in headache, stomach upset and in wounds. Common Leaves also used in chatanee and tea. 61. Nepeta coerulescens Maxim. Dembu Whole plant Used in dysentery. Very rare 62. N. discolor Royle ex Benth. Nyomalo Leaf Leaf decoction used in cold and cough. Rare 63. N. erecta (Benth.) Benth. Eripantso Whole plant Used in dysentery Rare 64. N. floccose Benth. Shamalolo Leaf Leaf decoction used in cold, cough and in Malaria. Common 65. N. glutinosa Benth. Gimaanko Leaf Decoction of dry leaf & flower used in diarrhea Rare by locals. 66. N. leucolaeana Benth. Beimtso Leaf Leaf decoction used in skin diseases. Rare 67. N. longibracteata Benth. Whole plant Plant decoction used in stomach complaints. Common 68. Oxytropis tatarica Jacq. ex Baker Staksha/ Leaf and flower Leaf and flower used in asitis ,leaf paste used in Common Shatmas wounds.
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