The Drivers of Mitochondrial DNA Divergences

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Drivers of Mitochondrial DNA Divergences The Drivers of Mitochondrial DNA Divergences by Pedro Henrique Bernardo A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto © Copyright by Pedro Henrique Bernardo, 2018 The Drivers of Mitochondrial DNA Divergences Pedro Henrique Bernardo Doctor of Philosophy Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 2018 Abstract Mitochondrial phylogeography uses the relationship between matrilineal genealogy and geography to explain speciation, phylogeny and population structure. Several hypotheses on what maintains the parapatric matrilines have been proposed: philopatry, incomplete lineage sorting, vicariance and natural selection on female-linked traits. The small lizard Urosaurus nigricaudus of the peninsula of Baja California, Mexico and southern California, USA has six parapatric matrilines that differ by substantial mtDNA divergence. In this study, I investigate what drives and maintains the deep mtDNA discontinuities in this species. I precisely locate the mtDNA lineage breaks and investigate the presence of physical barriers in those areas. I sequence the entire mtDNA genome and then test the following hypotheses: unrestricted nDNA gene flow occurs across the species; mtDNA divergences correspond to the geological events; and that functional diversifying selection is involved in the maintenance of mtDNA discordances. I use thousands of nDNA SNP loci to test the first and last hypotheses. The time-calibrated genealogy cannot reject the ii hypothesis that the mtDNA discordances originated due to a series of vicariant events that happened on the peninsula starting in the late Miocene. For millions of years, females have dispersed beyond their place of birth, and yet, they do not cross the mtDNA contact zones. Thus, I reject the hypothesis of female philopatry as an explanation for the mtDNA discontinuities. In the mtDNA contact zones, females from two lineages co-exist in a small area with no barriers forbidding dispersal beyond the mtDNA breaks. The analysis with nDNA SNPs fails to reject the hypothesis of unrestricted nDNA gene flow throughout the peninsula (K=1). Thus, analyses also reject the hypotheses of vicariance and incomplete lineage sorting as explaining the continuing mtDNA discontinuities. Selective pressure analyses point to purifying selection as the evolutionary force acting in the mitogenome of this lizard, thus rejecting the hypothesis that habitat adaptation maintains the mtDNA discontinuities. My results reject most of the proposed hypothesis for the maintenance of mtDNA discontinuities and create exciting opportunities for further investigation on the role of other female-linked traits in the maintenance of mtDNA discontinuities, such as mito-nuclear functional compensation and female behavior. iii Acknowledgments I believe that no meaningful and pivotal transition in life, comes easily. My move to Canada from Brazil in 2010 was one of the most significant undertakings of my life. Learning a new language and adjusting to a new culture and all its nuances, has been quite an endeavor. What has made this entire mission worthwhile is the reason for my move and the most reliable and solid foundation I could have ever asked for: my precious wife, Aya Refaeli-Bernardo. I thank Aya for always standing by my side during the difficult times and for her continuous support during my Ph.D. degree. I thank my parents Maria da Graça and Jorge, my brothers João Paulo and Luiz Fernando, and Aya’s family, for their continued support and understanding during graduate school. I would like to thank my Canadian father and Ph.D. Supervisor, Prof. Robert W. Murphy. Bob has received me with open arms to his lab when I arrived in Canada, and I thank him for his guidance, financial support, friendship and for continually challenging me to become better. I also thank Bob for understanding the challenges I faced during graduate school, for supporting my new career as a Police Officer, and for allowing me to conclude my Ph.D. degree. I thank professors Deborah McLennan and Marie-Joseé Fortin who were members of my committee, for their continuous support and advice that significantly improved this thesis. I further thank professors Nathan Lovejoy, Doug Currie, Sebastian Kvist, Helen Rodd and Fernando Marques who kindly accepted the invitation to participate in my appraisal and final examinations. iv A special thanks to the lab technicians Amy Lathrop and Kristen Choffe; my fellow lab- mates Christina Davy, Christopher Blair, Kevin Kong, Santiago Sánchez-Pacheco, Santiago Sánchez-Ramírez, Mateus Pepinelli and Hollis Dahn. Tulio Soares and Olivera Joksimovic volunteered to assist with my lab work. They all contributed immensely to my project and made the lab a pleasant and fun place to work. To my Mexican colleagues Prof. Sergio Ticul Álvarez-Castañeda, Prof. Fausto Roberto Mendez-de-la-Cruz, Dr. Eduardo Felipe Aguilera-Miller, Carmen Izmene Gutiérrez-Rojas (Mene), Cintya Segura-Trujillo and Griselda Gallegos-Simental, thank you for the invaluable help in acquiring the material necessary for this thesis. I am also thankful to Dr. Yessica Rico, Jonathan R. Galina-Mehlman and Dr. Taylor Edwards for the valuable assistance during the ddRAD-seq process. I am grateful to the Royal Ontario Museum and the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Toronto (EEB) for providing an intelligent and stimulating environment during my years as a Ph.D. student. I thank York Regional Police Chief Eric Jolliffe and all my supervisors for authorizing my leave of absence to complete this thesis. A special thanks to my YRP friends Paulo Ferreira, Brad Weick and Alvaro Almeida for the continuous support and for inspiring me as examples of excellence. During my Ph.D. I was supported by a Canada Graduate Scholarship from the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), and a number of EEB grants. My research was funded through a NSERC Discovery Grant to Prof. Robert W. Murphy and field equipment was generously donated by IdeaWild. v Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................ xiv Chapter 1 General Introduction ................................................................................... 1 1.1 Mitochondrial DNA Discontinuities and Research Objectives .......................... 1 1.2 The Peninsula of Baja California ....................................................................... 2 1.3 Model Organism ................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Research Outline ................................................................................................ 4 1.4.1 Chapter 2: Using Maternal Ancestry Monophyly Analysis (MAMA) in the field to detect contact zones between parapatric populations .................................... 6 1.4.2 Chapter 3. The complete mitochondrial genome of the black-tailed brush lizard Urosaurus nigricaudus (Reptilia, Squamata, Phrynosomatidae) ..................... 6 1.4.3 Chapter 4. When mitochondrial phylogeography fails: female genealogy is only part of the story .................................................................................................. 7 1.4.4 Chapter 5. The drivers of deep mitochondrial DNA divergence of black- tailed brush lizard (Urosaurus nigricaudus) .............................................................. 8 Chapter 2 Using Maternal Ancestry Monophyly Analysis (MAMA) in the field to detect contact zones between parapatric populations ................................................. 10 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 11 vi 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Material and Methods ...................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Sampling ....................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 DNA Extraction, Amplification and Sequencing ......................................... 14 2.2.3 Development of Lineage-Specific Primers .................................................. 16 2.3 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................... 17 2.4 Figures ............................................................................................................. 20 2.5 Tables ............................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 3 The complete mitochondrial genome of the black-tailed brush lizard Urosaurus nigricaudus (Reptilia, Squamata, Phrynosomatidae). .............................. 28 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 29 3.1 Main text ........................................................................................................... 30 3.2 Figures ............................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Phylogenetic Relationships and Subgeneric Taxonomy of ToadHeaded Agamas Phrynocephalus (Reptilia, Squamata, Agamidae) As Determined by Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing E
    ISSN 00124966, Doklady Biological Sciences, 2014, Vol. 455, pp. 119–124. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2014. Original Russian Text © E.N. Solovyeva, N.A. Poyarkov, E.A. Dunayev, R.A. Nazarov, V.S. Lebedev, A.A. Bannikova, 2014, published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, 2014, Vol. 455, No. 4, pp. 484–489. GENERAL BIOLOGY Phylogenetic Relationships and Subgeneric Taxonomy of ToadHeaded Agamas Phrynocephalus (Reptilia, Squamata, Agamidae) as Determined by Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing E. N. Solovyeva, N. A. Poyarkov, E. A. Dunayev, R. A. Nazarov, V. S. Lebedev, and A. A. Bannikova Presented by Academician Yu.Yu. Dgebuadze October 25, 2013 Received October 30, 2013 DOI: 10.1134/S0012496614020148 Toadheaded agamas (Phrynocephalus) is an essen Trapelus, and Stellagama) were used in molecular tial element of arid biotopes throughout the vast area genetic analysis. In total, 69 sequences from the Gen spanning the countries of Middle East and Central Bank were studied, 28 of which served as outgroups (the Asia. They constitute one of the most diverse genera of members of Agamidae, Chamaeleonidae, Iguanidae, the agama family (Agamidae), variously estimated to and Lacertidae). comprise 26 to 40 species [1]. The subgeneric Phryno The fragment sequences of the following four cephalus taxonomy is poorly studied: recent taxo mitochondrial DNA genes were used in phylogenetic nomic revision have been conducted without analysis analysis: the genes of subunit I of cytochrome c oxi of the entire genus diversity [1]; therefore, its phyloge dase (COI), of subunits II and IV of NADHdehydro netic position within Agamidae family remains genase (ND2 and ND4), and of cytochrome b (cyt b).
    [Show full text]
  • Karyological Study of Amphisbaena Ridleyi (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae), an Endemic Species of the Archipelago of Fernando De Noronha, Pernambuco, Brazil
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central Genetics and Molecular Biology, 33, 1, 57-61 (2010) Copyright © 2009, Sociedade Brasileira de Genética. Printed in Brazil www.sbg.org.br Short Communication Karyological study of Amphisbaena ridleyi (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae), an endemic species of the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco, Brazil Marcia Maria Laguna1, Renata Cecília Amaro2, Tamí Mott3, Yatiyo Yonenaga-Yassuda1 and Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues2 1Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 2Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 3Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. Abstract The karyotype of Amphisbaena ridleyi, an endemic species of the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, in State of Pernambuco, Brazil, is described after conventional staining, Ag-NOR impregnation and fluorescence in situ hybrid- ization (FISH) with a telomeric probe. The diploid number is 46, with nine pairs of macrochromosomes (three metacentrics, four subtelocentrics and two acrocentrics) and 14 pairs of microchromosomes. The Ag-NOR is located in the telomeric region of the long arm of metacentric chromosome 2 and FISH revealed signals only in the telomeric region of all chromosomes. Further cytogenetic data on other amphisbaenians as well as a robust phylogenetic hy- pothesis of this clade is needed in order to understand the evolutionary changes on amphisbaenian karyotypes. Key words: Amphisbaena ridleyi, karyotype, Fernando de Noronha, Ag-NOR, FISH with telomeric probes.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Analysis of Correlated Evolution of Morphology and Ecological Diversification in Lacertid Lizards
    Butll. Soc. Cat. Herp., 19 (2011) Preliminary analysis of correlated evolution of morphology and ecological diversification in lacertid lizards Fèlix Amat Orriols Àrea d'Herpetologia, Museu de Granollers-Ciències Naturals. Francesc Macià 51. 08402 Granollers. Catalonia. Spain. [email protected] Resum S'ha investigat la diversitat morfològica en 129 espècies de lacèrtids i la seva relació amb l'ecologia, per mitjà de mètodes comparatius, utilitzant set variables morfomètriques. La mida corporal és la variable més important, determinant un gradient entre espècies de petita i gran mida independentment evolucionades al llarg de la filogènia dels lacèrtids. Aquesta variable està forta i positivament correlacionada amb les altres, emmascarant els patrons de diversitat morfològica. Anàlisis multivariants en les variables ajustades a la mida corporal mostren una covariació negativa entre les mides relatives de la cua i les extremitats. Remarcablement, les espècies arborícoles i semiarborícoles (Takydromus i el clade africà equatorial) han aparegut dues vegades independentment durant l'evolució dels lacèrtids i es caracteritzen per cues extremadament llargues i extremitats anteriors relativament llargues en comparació a les posteriors. El llangardaix arborícola i planador Holaspis, amb la seva cua curta, constitueix l’única excepció. Un altre cas de convergència ha estat trobat en algunes espècies que es mouen dins de vegetació densa o herba (Tropidosaura, Lacerta agilis, Takydromus amurensis o Zootoca) que presenten cues llargues i extremitats curtes. Al contrari, les especies que viuen en deserts, estepes o matollars amb escassa vegetació aïllada dins grans espais oberts han desenvolupat extremitats posteriors llargues i anteriors curtes per tal d'assolir elevades velocitats i maniobrabilitat. Aquest és el cas especialment de Acanthodactylus i Eremias Abstract Morphologic diversity was studied in 129 species of lacertid lizards and their relationship with ecology by means of comparative analysis on seven linear morphometric measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Amphibians and Reptiles from the Neogene Locality of Maramena (Greece), the Most Diverse European Herpetofauna at the Miocene/Pliocene Transition Boundary
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Fossil amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene locality of Maramena (Greece), the most diverse European herpetofauna at the Miocene/Pliocene transition boundary Georgios L. Georgalis, Andrea Villa, Martin Ivanov, Davit Vasilyan, and Massimo Delfino ABSTRACT We herein describe the fossil amphibians and reptiles from the Neogene (latest Miocene or earliest Pliocene; MN 13/14) locality of Maramena, in northern Greece. The herpetofauna is shown to be extremely diverse, comprising at least 30 different taxa. Amphibians include at least six urodelan (Cryptobranchidae indet., Salamandrina sp., Lissotriton sp. [Lissotriton vulgaris group], Lissotriton sp., Ommatotriton sp., and Sala- mandra sp.), and three anuran taxa (Latonia sp., Hyla sp., and Pelophylax sp.). Rep- tiles are much more speciose, being represented by two turtle (the geoemydid Mauremys aristotelica and a probable indeterminate testudinid), at least nine lizard (Agaminae indet., Lacertidae indet., ?Lacertidae indet., aff. Palaeocordylus sp., ?Scin- cidae indet., Anguis sp., five morphotypes of Ophisaurus, Pseudopus sp., and at least one species of Varanus), and 10 snake taxa (Scolecophidia indet., Periergophis micros gen. et sp. nov., Paraxenophis spanios gen. et sp. nov., Hierophis cf. hungaricus, another distinct “colubrine” morphotype, Natrix aff. rudabanyaensis, and another dis- tinct species of Natrix, Naja sp., cf. Micrurus sp., and a member of the “Oriental Vipers” complex). The autapomorphic features and bizarre vertebral morphology of Perier- gophis micros gen. et sp. nov. and Paraxenophis spanios gen. et sp. nov. render them readily distinguishable among fossil and extant snakes. Cryptobranchids, several of the amphibian genera, scincids, Anguis, Pseudopus, and Micrurus represent totally new fossil occurrences, not only for the Greek area, but for the whole southeastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Results of Four Recent Joint Expeditions to the Gobi Desert: Lacertids and Agamids
    Russian Journal of Herpetology Vol. 28, No. 1, 2021, pp. 15 – 32 DOI: 10.30906/1026-2296-2021-28-1-15-32 THE RESULTS OF FOUR RECENT JOINT EXPEDITIONS TO THE GOBI DESERT: LACERTIDS AND AGAMIDS Matthew D. Buehler,1,2* Purevdorj Zoljargal,3 Erdenetushig Purvee,3 Khorloo Munkhbayar,3 Munkhbayar Munkhbaatar,3 Nyamsuren Batsaikhan,4 Natalia B. Ananjeva,5 Nikolai L. Orlov,5 Theordore J. Papenfuss,6 Diego Roldán-Piña,7,8 Douchindorj,7 Larry Lee Grismer,9 Jamie R. Oaks,1 Rafe M. Brown,2 and Jesse L. Grismer2,9 Submitted March 3, 2018 The National University of Mongolia, the Mongolian State University of Education, the University of Nebraska, and the University of Kansas conducted four collaborative expeditions between 2010 and 2014, resulting in ac- counts for all species of lacertid and agamid, except Phrynocephalus kulagini. These expeditions resulted in a range extension for Eremias arguta and the collection of specimens and tissues across 134 unique localities. In this paper we summarize the species of the Agamidae (Paralaudakia stoliczkana, Ph. hispidus, Ph. helioscopus, and Ph. versicolor) and Lacertidae (E. argus, E. arguta, E. dzungarica, E. multiocellata, E. przewalskii, and E. vermi- culata) that were collected during these four expeditions. Further, we provide a summary of all species within these two families in Mongolia. Finally, we discuss issues of Wallacean and Linnaean shortfalls for the herpetofauna of the Mongolian Gobi Desert, and provide future directions for studies of community assemblages and population genetics of reptile species in the region. Keywords: Mongolia; herpetology; biodiversity; checklist. INTRODUCTION –15 to +15°C (Klimek and Starkel, 1980).
    [Show full text]
  • Gekko Canaensis Sp. Nov. (Squamata: Gekkonidae), a New Gecko from Southern Vietnam
    Zootaxa 2890: 53–64 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Gekko canaensis sp. nov. (Squamata: Gekkonidae), a new gecko from Southern Vietnam NGO VAN TRI1 & TONY GAMBLE2 1Department of Environmental Management and Technology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnamese Academy of Sciences and Tech- nology, 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Hochiminh City, Vietnam. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis MN 55455. USA. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A new species of Gekko Laurenti 1768 is described from southern Vietnam. The species is distinguished from its conge- ners by its moderate size: SVL to maximum 108.5 mm, dorsal pattern of five to seven white vertebral blotches between nape and sacrum and six to seven pairs of short white bars on flanks between limb insertions, 1–4 internasals, 30–32 ven- tral scale rows between weak ventrolateral folds, 14–18 precloacal pores in males, 10–14 longitudinal rows of smooth dor- sal tubercles, 14–16 broad lamellae beneath digit I of pes, 17–19 broad lamellae beneath digit IV of pes, and a single transverse row of enlarged tubercles along the posterior portion of dorsum of each tail segment. Key words: Cà Ná Cape, description, Gekko, Gekko canaensis sp. nov., Gekkonidae, granitic outcrop, Vietnam Introduction Members of the Gekko petricolus Taylor 1962 species group (sensu Panitvong et al. 2010) are rock-dwelling spe- cialists occurring in southeastern Indochina.
    [Show full text]
  • Cretaceous Fossil Gecko Hand Reveals a Strikingly Modern Scansorial Morphology: Qualitative and Biometric Analysis of an Amber-Preserved Lizard Hand
    Cretaceous Research 84 (2018) 120e133 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cretaceous Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/CretRes Cretaceous fossil gecko hand reveals a strikingly modern scansorial morphology: Qualitative and biometric analysis of an amber-preserved lizard hand * Gabriela Fontanarrosa a, Juan D. Daza b, Virginia Abdala a, c, a Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Argentina b Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, 1900 Avenue I, Lee Drain Building Suite 300, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA c Catedra de Biología General, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Argentina article info abstract Article history: Gekkota (geckos and pygopodids) is a clade thought to have originated in the Early Cretaceous and that Received 16 May 2017 today exhibits one of the most remarkable scansorial capabilities among lizards. Little information is Received in revised form available regarding the origin of scansoriality, which subsequently became widespread and diverse in 15 September 2017 terms of ecomorphology in this clade. An undescribed amber fossil (MCZ Re190835) from mid- Accepted in revised form 2 November 2017 Cretaceous outcrops of the north of Myanmar dated at 99 Ma, previously assigned to stem Gekkota, Available online 14 November 2017 preserves carpal, metacarpal and phalangeal bones, as well as supplementary climbing structures, such as adhesive pads and paraphalangeal elements. This fossil documents the presence of highly specialized Keywords: Squamata paleobiology adaptive structures. Here, we analyze in detail the manus of the putative stem Gekkota. We use Paraphalanges morphological comparisons in the context of extant squamates, to produce a detailed descriptive analysis Hand evolution and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) based on 32 skeletal variables of the manus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Takydromus Amurensis (Squamata: Lacertidae)
    MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B: RESOURCES, 2016 VOL. 1, NO. 1, 214–215 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2016.1155091 MITOGENOME ANNOUNCEMENT The complete mitochondrial genome of Takydromus amurensis (Squamata: Lacertidae) Wei-Wei Ma, Huan Liu, Wen-Ge Zhao and Peng Liu College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, P.R. China ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The complete mitogenome sequence of Takydromus amurensis (Squamata: Lacertidae) is determined Received 3 February 2016 using long PCR for the first time in this study. It is a circular molecule of 17 333 bp in length (GenBank Accepted 13 February 2016 accession number: KU641018). Similar to the most other lizards, the complete mtDNA sequence of T. amurensis contained two rRNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding KEYWORDS Lacertidae; mitogenome; genes (PCGs) and a control region (D-loop). The nucleotide composition was 31.23% A, 26.06% C, phylogenetic tree; 13.91% G and 28.8% T. Mitochondrial genomes analyses based on NJ method yield phylogenetic trees, Takydromus amurensis including 14 reported lizards belonging to three families (Lacertidae, Gekkonidae and Agamidae). These molecular data presented here provide a useful tool for systematic analyses of genus Takydromus. The interrelationships and phylogeny evolution of East Asian arous insectivorous lizard is mainly found in Northeast China, grass lizards of the genus Takydromus (Lacertidae) have been Russia and Korean Peninsula (Zhao et al. 1999). The specimen reported with morphological characters and DNA sequences was collected from Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province of (Arnold 1997; Lin et al. 2002; Ota et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Iguanine Lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) As Determined by Osteological and Myological Characters David F
    Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series Volume 12 | Number 3 Article 1 1-1971 Evolution of the iguanine lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) as determined by osteological and myological characters David F. Avery Department of Biology, Southern Connecticut State College, New Haven, Connecticut Wilmer W. Tanner Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byuscib Part of the Anatomy Commons, Botany Commons, Physiology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Avery, David F. and Tanner, Wilmer W. (1971) "Evolution of the iguanine lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) as determined by osteological and myological characters," Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series: Vol. 12 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byuscib/vol12/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. S-^' Brigham Young University f?!AR12j97d Science Bulletin \ EVOLUTION OF THE IGUANINE LIZARDS (SAURIA, IGUANIDAE) AS DETERMINED BY OSTEOLOGICAL AND MYOLOGICAL CHARACTERS by David F. Avery and Wilmer W. Tanner BIOLOGICAL SERIES — VOLUME Xil, NUMBER 3 JANUARY 1971 Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
    [Show full text]
  • Nyika and Vwaza Reptiles & Amphibians Checklist
    LIST OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS OF NYIKA NATIONAL PARK AND VWAZA MARSH WILDLIFE RESERVE This checklist of all reptile and amphibian species recorded from the Nyika National Park and immediate surrounds (both in Malawi and Zambia) and from the Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve was compiled by Dr Donald Broadley of the Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, in November 2013. It is arranged in zoological order by scientific name; common names are given in brackets. The notes indicate where are the records are from. Endemic species (that is species only known from this area) are indicated by an E before the scientific name. Further details of names and the sources of the records are available on request from the Nyika Vwaza Trust Secretariat. REPTILES TORTOISES & TERRAPINS Family Pelomedusidae Pelusios rhodesianus (Variable Hinged Terrapin) Vwaza LIZARDS Family Agamidae Acanthocercus branchi (Branch's Tree Agama) Nyika Agama kirkii kirkii (Kirk's Rock Agama) Vwaza Agama armata (Eastern Spiny Agama) Nyika Family Chamaeleonidae Rhampholeon nchisiensis (Nchisi Pygmy Chameleon) Nyika Chamaeleo dilepis (Common Flap-necked Chameleon) Nyika(Nchenachena), Vwaza Trioceros goetzei nyikae (Nyika Whistling Chameleon) Nyika(Nchenachena) Trioceros incornutus (Ukinga Hornless Chameleon) Nyika Family Gekkonidae Lygodactylus angularis (Angle-throated Dwarf Gecko) Nyika Lygodactylus capensis (Cape Dwarf Gecko) Nyika(Nchenachena), Vwaza Hemidactylus mabouia (Tropical House Gecko) Nyika Family Scincidae Trachylepis varia (Variable Skink) Nyika,
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 2. Animals
    AC20 Doc. 8.5 Annex (English only/Seulement en anglais/Únicamente en inglés) REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE ANALYSIS OF TRADE TRENDS WITH NOTES ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF SELECTED SPECIES Volume 2. Animals Prepared for the CITES Animals Committee, CITES Secretariat by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre JANUARY 2004 AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 3 Prepared and produced by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK UNEP WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE (UNEP-WCMC) www.unep-wcmc.org The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre is the biodiversity assessment and policy implementation arm of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. UNEP-WCMC aims to help decision-makers recognise the value of biodiversity to people everywhere, and to apply this knowledge to all that they do. The Centre’s challenge is to transform complex data into policy-relevant information, to build tools and systems for analysis and integration, and to support the needs of nations and the international community as they engage in joint programmes of action. UNEP-WCMC provides objective, scientifically rigorous products and services that include ecosystem assessments, support for implementation of environmental agreements, regional and global biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and development of future scenarios for the living world. Prepared for: The CITES Secretariat, Geneva A contribution to UNEP - The United Nations Environment Programme Printed by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK © Copyright: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre/CITES Secretariat The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organisations.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 25 No. 1 March, 2000 H a M a D R Y a D V O L 25
    NO.1 25 M M A A H D A H O V D A Y C R R L 0 0 0 2 VOL. 25NO.1 MARCH, 2000 2% 3% 2% 3% 2% 3% 2% 3% 2% 3% 2% 3% 2% 3% 2% 3% 2% 3% 4% 5% 4% 5% 4% 5% 4% 5% 4% 5% 4% 5% 4% 5% 4% 5% 4% 5% HAMADRYAD Vol. 25. No. 1. March 2000 Date of issue: 31 March 2000 ISSN 0972-205X Contents A. E. GREER & D. G. BROADLEY. Six characters of systematic importance in the scincid lizard genus Mabuya .............................. 1–12 U. MANTHEY & W. DENZER. Description of a new genus, Hypsicalotes gen. nov. (Sauria: Agamidae) from Mt. Kinabalu, North Borneo, with remarks on the generic identity of Gonocephalus schultzewestrumi Urban, 1999 ................13–20 K. VASUDEVAN & S. K. DUTTA. A new species of Rhacophorus (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats, India .................21–28 O. S. G. PAUWELS, V. WALLACH, O.-A. LAOHAWAT, C. CHIMSUNCHART, P. DAVID & M. J. COX. Ethnozoology of the “ngoo-how-pak-pet” (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) in southern peninsular Thailand ................29–37 S. K. DUTTA & P. RAY. Microhyla sholigari, a new species of microhylid frog (Anura: Microhylidae) from Karnataka, India ....................38–44 Notes R. VYAS. Notes on distribution and breeding ecology of Geckoella collegalensis (Beddome, 1870) ..................................... 45–46 A. M. BAUER. On the identity of Lacerta tjitja Ljungh 1804, a gecko from Java .....46–49 M. F. AHMED & S. K. DUTTA. First record of Polypedates taeniatus (Boulenger, 1906) from Assam, north-eastern India ...................49–50 N. M. ISHWAR. Melanobatrachus indicus Beddome, 1878, resighted at the Anaimalai Hills, southern India .............................
    [Show full text]