DOCSLIB.ORG

Render for CNN: Viewpoint Estimation in Images Using Cnns Trained with Rendered 3D Model Views

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Render for CNN: Viewpoint Estimation in Images Using Cnns Trained with Rendered 3D Model Views Render for CNN: Viewpoint Estimation in Images Using CNNs Trained with Rendered 3D Model Views Hao Su∗, Charles R. Qi∗, Yangyan Li, Leonidas J. Guibas Stanford University Abstract Object viewpoint estimation from 2D images is an ConvoluƟonal Neural Network essential task in computer vision. However, two issues hinder its progress: scarcity of training data with viewpoint annotations, and a lack of powerful features. Inspired by the growing availability of 3D models, we propose a framework to address both issues by combining render-based image synthesis and CNNs (Convolutional Neural Networks). We believe that 3D models have the potential in generating a large number of images of high variation, which can be well exploited by deep CNN with a high learning capacity. Figure 1. System overview. We synthesize training images by overlaying images rendered from large 3D model collections on Towards this goal, we propose a scalable and overfit- top of real images. CNN is trained to map images to the ground resistant image synthesis pipeline, together with a novel truth object viewpoints. The training data is a combination of CNN specifically tailored for the viewpoint estimation task. real images and synthesized images. The learned CNN is applied Experimentally, we show that the viewpoint estimation from to estimate the viewpoints of objects in real images. Project our pipeline can significantly outperform state-of-the-art homepage is at https://shapenet.cs.stanford.edu/ methods on PASCAL 3D+ benchmark. projects/RenderForCNN 1. Introduction However, this is contrary to the recent finding — features learned by task-specific supervision leads to much better 3D recognition is a cornerstone problem in many vi- task performance [16, 11, 14]. Ideally, we want to learn sion applications and has been widely studied. Despite stronger features by deep CNN. This, however, requires its critical importance, existing approaches are far from huge amount of viewpoint-annotated images. robust when applied to cluttered real-world images. We In this paper, we propose to address both issues by com- believe that two issues have to be addressed to enable bining render-based image synthesis and CNNs, enabling us more successful methods: scarcity of training images with to learn discriminative features. We believe that 3D models accurate viewpoint annotation, and a lack of powerful have the potential to generate large number of images of features specifically tailored for 3D tasks. high variation, which can be well exploited by deep CNN The first issue, scarcity of images with accurate view- with a high learning capacity. point annotation, is mostly due to the high cost of manual The inspiration comes from our key observation: more annotation, and the associated inaccuracies due to human and more high-quality 3D CAD models are available online. error. Consequently, the largest 3D image dataset, PASCAL In particular, many geometric properties, such as symmetry 3D+ [39], contains only 22K images. As such, it is limited ⇠ and joint alignment, can be efficiently and reliably esti- in diversity and scale compared with object classification mated by algorithms with limited human effort (Sec 2). By datasets such as ImageNet, which contains millions of rendering the 3D models, we convert the rich information images [5]. carried by them into 3D annotations automatically. The second issue is a lack of powerful features specif- To explore the idea of “Render for CNN” for 3D tasks, ically tailored for viewpoint estimation. Most 3D vision we focus on the viewpoint estimation problem — for an systems rely on features such as SIFT and HoG, which were input RGB image and a bounding box from an off-the-shelf designed primarily for classification and detection tasks. detector, our goal is to estimate the viewpoint. ⇤Indicates equal contributions. To prepare training data for this task, we augment real 2686 images by synthesizing millions of highly diverse images. alignment problem and built key point correspondences Several techniques are applied to increase the diversity of between 2D images and rendered 3D views. In contrast the synthesized dataset, in order to prevent the deep CNN to these prior efforts that use hand-designed models based from picking up unreliable patterns and push it to learn on hand-crafted features, we let CNNs learn viewpoint more robust features. estimation directly from data. To fully exploit this large-scale dataset, we design a deep Synthesizing Images for Training Synthetic images ren- CNN specifically tailored for the viewpoint estimation task. dered from 3D models have long been used in computer We formulate a class-dependent fine-grained viewpoint vision [25, 26, 37, 23]. Recently, [32, 19, 13, 27] used 3D classification problem and solve the problem with a novel models to render images for training object detectors and loss layer adapted for this task. viewpoint classifiers. They tweak the rendering parameters The results are surprising: trained on millions of to maximize model usage, since they have a limited number ”rendered” images, our CNN-based viewpoint estimator of 3D models - typically below 50 models per category significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods, tested on and insufficient to capture the geometric and appearance ”real” images from the challenging PASCAL 3D+ dataset. variance of objects in practice. Leveraging 3D repositories, In summary, our contributions are as follows: [20, 1] use 250 and 1.3K chair models respectively to render We show that training CNN by massive synthetic data tens of thousands training images, which are then used to • is an effective approach for 3D viewpoint estimation. train deformable part models (DPM [8]). In our work, we In particular, we achieve state-of-the-art performance synthesize several orders of magnitude more images than on benchmark data set; existing work. We also explore methods to increase data variation by changing background patterns, illumination, Based upon existing 3D model repositories, we pro- viewpoint, etc., which are critical for preventing overfitting • pose a synthesis pipeline that generates millions of of the CNN. images with accurate viewpoint labels at negligible While both [27] and our work connect synthetic im- human cost. This pipeline is scalable, and the ages with CNN, they are fundamentally different in task, generated data is resistant to overfitting by CNN; approach and result. First, [27] focused on 2D object Leveraging on the big synthesized data set, we propose detection, whereas our work focuses on 3D viewpoint • a fine-grained view classification formulation, with a estimation. Second, [27] used a small set of synthetic loss function encouraging strong correlation of nearby images (2,000 in total) to train linear classifiers based views. This formulation allows us to accurately predict on features extracted by out-of-the-box CNNs [16, 11]. views and capture underlying viewpoint ambiguities. In contrast, we develop a scalable synthesis pipeline and generate more than two million images to learn geometric- 2. Related Work aware features by training deep CNNs (initialized by [11]). Third, the performance of [27], though better than previous 3D Model Datasets Prior work has focused on manually work using synthetic data, did not match R-CNN baseline collecting organized 3D model datasets (e.g., [7, 10]). trained by real images [11]. In contrast, we show significant Recently, several large-scale online 3D model repos- performance gains (Sec 5.2) over previous work [39] using itories have grown to tremendous sizes through public full set of real data of PASCAL VOC 2012 (trainset). aggregation, including the Trimble 3D warehouse (above 2.5M models in total), Turbosquid (300K models) and 3. Problem Statement Yobi3D (1M models). Using data from these repositories, [38] built a dataset of 130K models from over 600 For an input RGB image, our goal is to estimate its ⇠ categories. More recently, ShapeNet [33] annotated 330K viewpoint. We parameterize the viewpoint as a tuple ⇠ models from over 4K categories. Using geometric analysis (✓, φ, ) of camera rotation parameters, where ✓ is azimuth techniques, they semi-automatically aligned 57K models (longitude) angle, φ is elevation (latitude) angle, and from 55 categories by orientation. is in-plane rotation (around optical axis) angle. They 3D Object Detection Most 3D object detection methods are discretized in a fine-grained manner, with azimuth, are based on representing objects with discriminative fea- elevation and in-plane rotation angles being divided into tures for points [4], patches [6] and parts [19, 29, 34], or by N bins respectively. The viewpoint estimation problem exploring topological structures [15, 2, 3]. More recently, is formalized as classifying the camera rotation parameters 3D models have been used for supervised learning of into these fine-grained bins (classes). appearance and geometric structure. For example, [32] and By adopting a fine-grained (N=360) viewpoint classifi- [20] proposed similar methods that learn a 3D deformable cation formulation, our estimation is informative and accu- part model and demonstrate superior performance for rate. Compared with regression-based formulations [22], cars and chairs, respectively; [21] and [1] formulated an our formulation returns the probabilities of each viewpoint, 2687 Figure 3. Synthetic image examples. Three example images are Figure 2. 3D model set augmentation by symmetry-preserving shown for each of the 12 classes from PASCAL 3D+. deformation. preserving free-form deformation, defined via regularly thus capturing the underlying viewpoint ambiguity possibly placed control points in the bounding cube, similar to caused by symmetry or occlusion patterns. This informa- the approach of [30]. Our choice is largely due to the tion can be useful for further processing. Compared with model’s simplicity and efficiency. More advanced methods traditional coarse-grained classification-based formulations can detect and preserve more structures, such as partial that typically have 8 to 24 discrete classes [29, 39], our symmetry and rigidity [31]. formulation is capable of producing much more fine- To generate a deformed model from a seed model, grained viewpoint estimation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tube Convolutional Neural Network (T-CNN) for Action Detection in Videos
    Tube Convolutional Neural Network (T-CNN) for Action Detection in Videos Rui Hou, Chen Chen, Mubarak Shah Center for Research in Computer Vision (CRCV), University of Central Florida (UCF) [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Deep learning has been demonstrated to achieve excel- lent results for image classification and object detection. However, the impact of deep learning on video analysis has been limited due to complexity of video data and lack of an- notations. Previous convolutional neural networks (CNN) based video action detection approaches usually consist of two major steps: frame-level action proposal generation and association of proposals across frames. Also, most of these methods employ two-stream CNN framework to han- dle spatial and temporal feature separately. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end deep network called Tube Con- volutional Neural Network (T-CNN) for action detection in videos. The proposed architecture is a unified deep net- work that is able to recognize and localize action based on 3D convolution features. A video is first divided into equal length clips and next for each clip a set of tube pro- Figure 1: Overview of the proposed Tube Convolutional posals are generated based on 3D Convolutional Network Neural Network (T-CNN). (ConvNet) features. Finally, the tube proposals of differ- ent clips are linked together employing network flow and spatio-temporal action detection is performed using these tracking based approaches [32]. Moreover, in order to cap- linked video proposals. Extensive experiments on several ture both spatial and temporal information of an action, two- video datasets demonstrate the superior performance of T- stream networks (a spatial CNN and a motion CNN) are CNN for classifying and localizing actions in both trimmed used.
    [Show full text]
  • Calls, Clicks & Smes
    Interactive Local Media A TKG Continuous Advisory Service White Paper #05-03 November 1, 2005 From Reach to Targeting: The Transformation of TV in the Internet Age By Michael Boland Copyright © 2005 The Kelsey Group All Rights Reserved. This published material may not be duplicated or copied in any form without the express prior written consent of The Kelsey Group. Misuse of these materials may expose the infringer to civil or criminal liabilities under Federal Law. The Kelsey Group disclaims any warranty with respect to these materials and, in addition, The Kelsey Group disclaims any liability for direct, indirect or consequential damages that may result from the use of the information and data contained in these materials. 600 Executive Drive • Princeton • NJ • 08540 • (609) 921-7200 • Fax (609) 921-2112 Advisory Services • Research • Consulting • [email protected] Executive Summary The Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) revolution is upon us. The transformation of television that began with the VCR and gained significant momentum with TiVo is now accelerating dramatically with “on-demand” cable, video search and IPTV. Billions of dollars are at stake, and a complex and competitive landscape is also starting to emerge. It includes traditional media companies (News Corp., Viacom), Internet search engines and portals (America Online, Google, Yahoo!), telcos (BellSouth, SBC, Verizon) and the cable companies themselves (Comcast, Cox Communications). Why is all this happening now? While there was a great deal of hype in the 1990s about TV-Internet convergence, or “interactive TV,” previous attempts failed in part because of low broadband penetration, costly storage and inferior video-streaming technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Precise and High-Throughput Analysis of Maize Cob Geometry Using Deep
    Kienbaum et al. Plant Methods (2021) 17:91 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-021-00787-6 Plant Methods METHODOLOGY Open Access DeepCob: precise and high-throughput analysis of maize cob geometry using deep learning with an application in genebank phenomics Lydia Kienbaum1, Miguel Correa Abondano1, Raul Blas2 and Karl Schmid1,3* Abstract Background: Maize cobs are an important component of crop yield that exhibit a high diversity in size, shape and color in native landraces and modern varieties. Various phenotyping approaches were developed to measure maize cob parameters in a high throughput fashion. More recently, deep learning methods like convolutional neural networks (CNNs) became available and were shown to be highly useful for high-throughput plant phenotyping. We aimed at comparing classical image segmentation with deep learning methods for maize cob image segmentation and phenotyping using a large image dataset of native maize landrace diversity from Peru. Results: Comparison of three image analysis methods showed that a Mask R-CNN trained on a diverse set of maize cob images was highly superior to classical image analysis using the Felzenszwalb-Huttenlocher algorithm and a Window-based CNN due to its robustness to image quality and object segmentation accuracy ( r = 0.99 ). We inte- grated Mask R-CNN into a high-throughput pipeline to segment both maize cobs and rulers in images and perform an automated quantitative analysis of eight phenotypic traits, including diameter, length, ellipticity, asymmetry, aspect ratio and average values of red, green and blue color channels for cob color. Statistical analysis identifed key training parameters for efcient iterative model updating.
    [Show full text]
  • Julian E. Zelizer
    Julian E. Zelizer Julian E. Zelizer Department of History and Woodrow Wilson School Princeton University 136 Dickinson Hall Princeton, NJ 08544-1174 Phone: 609-258-8846 Cell Phone: 609-751-4147 Department FAX: 609-258-5326 Faculty Appointments Professor of History and Public Affairs, Princeton University, 2007-Present. Faculty Associate, Center for the Study for the Study of Democratic Politics, 2007-Present. Professor of History, Boston University, 2004-2007. Faculty Associate, Center for American Political Studies, Harvard University, 2004-2007. Associate Professor, Department of Public Administration and Policy, State University of New York at Albany, 2002-2004. Joint appointment with the Department of Political Science. Affiliated Faculty, Center of Policy Research, State University of New York at Albany, 2002- 2004. Associate Professor, Department of History, State University of New York at Albany, 1999- 2002. Joint Appointment with Department of Public Administration and Policy, 1999-2002. Assistant Professor, Department of History, State University of New York at Albany, 1996- 1999. Education Ph.D., Department of History, The Johns Hopkins University, 1996. M.A., with four Distinctions, Department of History, The Johns Hopkins University, 1993. B.A., Summa Cum Laude with Highest Honors in History, Brandeis University, 1991. Editorial Positions Co-Editor, Politics and Society in Twentieth Century America book series, Princeton University Press, 2002-Present. Editorial Board, The Journal of Policy History, 2002-Present. Books Jimmy Carter (New York: Times Books, Forthcoming, Fall 2010). 2 Conservatives in Power: The Reagan Years, 1981-1989 (Boston: Bedford, Forthcoming, Fall 2010). Arsenal of Democracy: The Politics of National Security--From World War II to the War on Terrorism (New York: Basic Books, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Render for CNN: Viewpoint Estimation in Images Using Cnns Trained with Rendered 3D Model Views
    Render for CNN: Viewpoint Estimation in Images Using CNNs Trained with Rendered 3D Model Views Hao Su⇤, Charles R. Qi⇤, Yangyan Li, Leonidas J. Guibas Stanford University Abstract Object viewpoint estimation from 2D images is an ConvoluƟonal Neural Network essential task in computer vision. However, two issues hinder its progress: scarcity of training data with viewpoint annotations, and a lack of powerful features. Inspired by the growing availability of 3D models, we propose a framework to address both issues by combining render-based image synthesis and CNNs (Convolutional Neural Networks). We believe that 3D models have the potential in generating a large number of images of high variation, which can be well exploited by deep CNN with a high learning capacity. Figure 1. System overview. We synthesize training images by overlaying images rendered from large 3D model collections on Towards this goal, we propose a scalable and overfit- top of real images. CNN is trained to map images to the ground resistant image synthesis pipeline, together with a novel truth object viewpoints. The training data is a combination of CNN specifically tailored for the viewpoint estimation task. real images and synthesized images. The learned CNN is applied Experimentally, we show that the viewpoint estimation from to estimate the viewpoints of objects in real images. Project our pipeline can significantly outperform state-of-the-art homepage is at https://shapenet.cs.stanford.edu/ methods on PASCAL 3D+ benchmark. projects/RenderForCNN 1. Introduction However, this is contrary to the recent finding — features learned by task-specific supervision leads to much better 3D recognition is a cornerstone problem in many vi- task performance [16, 11, 14].
    [Show full text]
  • History Early History
    Cable News Network, almost always referred to by its initialism CNN, is a U.S. cable newsnetwork founded in 1980 by Ted Turner.[1][2] Upon its launch, CNN was the first network to provide 24-hour television news coverage,[3] and the first all-news television network in the United States.[4]While the news network has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta, the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. CNN is owned by parent company Time Warner, and the U.S. news network is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System.[5] CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S. to distinguish the North American channel from its international counterpart, CNN International. As of June 2008, CNN is available in over 93 million U.S. households.[6] Broadcast coverage extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms,[6] and the U.S broadcast is also shown in Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories.[7] In terms of regular viewers (Nielsen ratings), CNN rates as the United States' number two cable news network and has the most unique viewers (Nielsen Cume Ratings).[8] History Early history CNN's first broadcast with David Walkerand Lois Hart on June 1, 1980. Main article: History of CNN: 1980-2003 The Cable News Network was launched at 5:00 p.m. EST on Sunday June 1, 1980. After an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the first newscast.[9] Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television networks, several web sites, specialized closed-circuit networks (such as CNN Airport Network), and a radio network.
    [Show full text]
  • Compressed Convolutional Neural Network For
    COMPRESSED CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Durvesh Pathak In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering December 2018 Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana ii THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL Dr. Mohamed El-Sharkawy, Chair Department of Engineering and Technology Dr. Maher Rizkalla Department of Engineering and Technology Dr. Brian King Department of Engineering and Technology Approved by: Dr. Brian King Head of the Graduate Program iii This is dedicated to my parents Bharati Pathak and Ramesh Chandra Pathak, my brother Nikhil Pathak and my amazing friends Jigar Parikh and Ankita Shah. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This wouldn't have been possible without the support of Dr. Mohamed El- Sharkawy. It was his constant support and motivation during the course of my thesis, that helped me to pursue my research. He has been a constant source of ideas. I would also like to thank the entire Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, especially Sherrie Tucker, for making things so easy for us and helping us throughout our time at IUPUI. I would also like to thank people I collaborated with during my time at IUPUI, De- want Katare, Akash Gaikwad, Surya Kollazhi Manghat, Raghavan Naresh Saranga- pani without your support it would be very difficult to get things done. A special thank to my friends and mentors Aloke, Nilesh, Irtzam, Shantanu, Har- shal, Vignesh, Mahajan, Arminta, Yash, Kunal, Priyan, Gauri, Rajas, Mitra, Monil, Ania, Poorva, and many more for being around.
    [Show full text]
  • Governing the “Spatial Reach”? Spheres of Influence and Challenges to Global Media Policy
    International Journal of Communication 1 (2007), 56-73 1932-8036/20070056 Governing the “Spatial Reach”? Spheres of Influence and Challenges to Global Media Policy INGRID VOLKMER University of Otago The advanced globalization process reveals not only new 'network' information infrastructures but new political terrains. Although communication theory has just commenced to debate new forms of 'public' discourse, it is of equal importance to address new emerging issues of information sovereignty within a transnational public space. The following article attempts to 'map' the arising spheres of 'sovereignty.' In the first part, the article develops the conceptual shift of 'sovereignty' as 'ontological spaces' which provide, in the second part, a framework of analysis of today's transnational political information flows. The advanced global communication process of the 21st century discloses new symbolic boundaries within a sophisticated globalized media sphere which constitute new layers of not only cultural but increasingly political relevance. It seems as if not only central values of ‘Western’ and ‘Moslem’ worlds indisputably collide but it has illustrated once more the powerful role of global mediated communication itself. In comparison to today’s complex multidimensional globalization process, things were refreshingly simple in McLuhan’s time in the early satellite age. The metaphor of the “Global Village” (McLuhan/Powers, 1989) was coined to describe the notion of a cultural ‘contraction’ of otherwise conflicted societies into a borderless homogenized world. Within the dusty boundaries of the Cold War time, of ‘iron curtains’ and walls raised to (physically!) separate ideological terrains, structured international relations in those days. Given this geopolitical context, McLuhan’s vision has been perceived as a truly liberating idea, liberating through the view on the world as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • Sentiment Analysis Via Sentence Type Classification Using Bilstm-CRF
    Expert Systems With Applications 72 (2017) 221–230 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Expert Systems With Applications journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/eswa Improving sentiment analysis via sentence type classification using BiLSTM-CRF and CNN ∗ Tao Chen a, Ruifeng Xu a,b, , Yulan He c, Xuan Wang a a Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Performance Robots at Digital Stage, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China b Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Data Science, Guangzhou, China c School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, UK a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Different types of sentences express sentiment in very different ways. Traditional sentence-level senti- Received 9 July 2016 ment classification research focuses on one-technique-fits-all solution or only centers on one special type Revised 1 October 2016 of sentences. In this paper, we propose a divide-and-conquer approach which first classifies sentences Accepted 21 October 2016 into different types, then performs sentiment analysis separately on sentences from each type. Specif- Available online 9 November 2016 ically, we find that sentences tend to be more complex if they contain more sentiment targets. Thus, Keywords: we propose to first apply a neural network based sequence model to classify opinionated sentences into Natural language processing three types according to the number of targets appeared in a sentence. Each group of sentences is then Sentiment analysis fed into a one-dimensional convolutional neural network separately for sentiment classification. Our ap- Deep neural network proach has been evaluated on four sentiment classification datasets and compared with a wide range of baselines.
    [Show full text]
  • Lucifer-Onde-A-Verdade-É-A-Lei-Bob-Navarro.Pdf
    1 “O real Conhecimento não é a repetição de informação, mas a soma da Sensação e Lógica que define a própria Verdade. É o corpo da Luz em expressão temporal; - que dá vida as palavras e se faz vivo por elas." - Bob 10-3-2012 SP 2 ÍNDICE: PRIMEIRA PARTE: Introdução. Do autor. OUB. A história que não contam. Vivemos uma grande fraude. SEGUNDA PARTE: Lucifer. Sobre a Teia. Geometria Sagrada – Momentos eternos: Momento Alpha – Ponto, sensação, fêmea. Momento Beta – Reta, lógica, macho. Momento Celta – Escolha por reação, triângulo. Momento Delta – Forma, criação, quadrado. Momento Quina – Defesa, fúria, família, inter-ego. Momento Secta – Sabedoria, entendimento. Momento Septa – Escolha pela ação, poder. Momento Octa – Riqueza, conquista, glória. Momento Nona – Destruição, reciclagem. Momento Deca – Ponderação, paciência, controle. Momento Elpha – Sacrifício, construção. Momento Dota – O Reinado. Momento Ômega – O Deus Livre. Reinos – De Alpha a Ômega nos teatros do tempo. Éter. Momento Lux. 3 Adaptação. Revolução – Visão Ômega sobre Alpha. Evolução – Recontagem sobre Alpha de novo Raio. Deuses – O domínio da Consciência. Dualidade – Só da ilha se vê o continente. Destino e Livre arbítrio – Lógica e Sensação. Jeová e Lucifer – Um não bebe sem o outro. As Igrejas x Escolas de Mistérios – O Teatro da Terra. Do Apocalipse ao Ragnarök – A respiração da Vida. Orion - Os Três Reis – O desdobramento final. Conclusão. Constituição brasileira - Liberdade de expressão. ... Art. 5º Todos são iguais perante a lei, sem distinção de qualquer na- tureza,
    [Show full text]
  • Jews Control U.S.A., Therefore the World – Is That a Good Thing?
    Jews Control U.S.A., Therefore the World – Is That a Good Thing? By Chairman of the U.S. based Romanian National Vanguard©2007 www.ronatvan.com You probably don’t believe a world! That’s why we decided to back up with proof & facts all our statements in 15 (as short as possible) Chapters! v. 1.5 1 INDEX 1. Are Jews satanic? 1.1 What The Talmud Rules About Christians 1.2 Foes Destroyed During the Purim Feast 1.3 The Shocking "Kol Nidre" Oath 1.4 The Bar Mitzvah - A Pledge to The Jewish Race 1.5 Jewish Genocide over Armenian People 1.6 The Satanic Bible 1.7 Other Examples 2. Are Jews the “Chosen People” or the real “Israel”? 2.1 Who are the “Chosen People”? 2.2 God & Jesus quotes about race mixing and globalization 3. Are they “eternally persecuted people”? 3.1 Crypto-Judaism 4. Is Judeo-Christianity a healthy “alliance”? 4.1 The “Jesus was a Jew” Hoax 4.2 The "Judeo - Christian" Hoax 4.3 Judaism's Secret Book - The Talmud 5. Are Christian sects Jewish creations? Are they affecting Christianity? 5.1 Biblical Quotes about the sects , the Jews and about the results of them working together. 6. “Anti-Semitism” shield & weapon is making Jews, Gods! 7. Is the “Holocaust” a dirty Jewish LIE? 7.1 The Famous 66 Questions & Answers about the Holocaust 8. Jews control “Anti-Hate”, “Human Rights” & Degraded organizations??? 8.1 Just a small part of the full list: CULTURAL/ETHNIC 8.2 "HATE", GENOCIDE, ETC.
    [Show full text]
  • A Transfer Learning and Random Forest Pipeline
    The classification of EEG-based winking signals: a transfer learning and random forest pipeline Jothi Letchumy Mahendra Kumar1, Mamunur Rashid2, Rabiu Muazu Musa3, Mohd Azraai Mohd Razman1, Norizam Sulaiman2, Rozita Jailani4 and Anwar P.P. Abdul Majeed1,5 1 Innovative Manufacturing, Mechatronics and Sports Laboratory, Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia 3 Centre for Fundamental and Liberal Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 4 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 5 Centre for Software Development & Integrated Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia ABSTRACT Brain Computer-Interface (BCI) technology plays a considerable role in the control of rehabilitation or peripheral devices for stroke patients. This is particularly due to their inability to control such devices from their inherent physical limitations after such an attack. More often than not, the control of such devices exploits electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that the extraction of the features and the classification of the signals is non-trivial for a successful BCI system. The use of Transfer Learning (TL) has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool in the extraction of essential features. However, the employment of such a method towards BCI applications, particularly in regard to EEG signals, are somewhat limited. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of different fi 13 October 2020 TL models in extracting features for the classi cation of wink-based EEG signals. Submitted fi fi Accepted 8 March 2021 The extracted features are classi ed by means of ne-tuned Random Forest (RF) Published 31 March 2021 classifier.
    [Show full text]