F. Zecca (A Cura Di), Il Cinema Della Convergenza. Industria

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F. Zecca (A Cura Di), Il Cinema Della Convergenza. Industria CINERGIE n. 2 Collana diretta da Roy Menarini COMITATO SCIENTIFICO: Simone Arcagni (Università degli Studi di Palermo) Mariagrazia Fanchi (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – Milano) Luisella Farinotti (IULM – Milano) Leonardo Gandini (Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia) Vinzenz Hediger (Goethe Universität – Frankfurt am Main) Guglielmo Pescatore (Università di Bologna) Leonardo Quaresima (Università degli Studi di Udine) Dario Tomasi (Università degli Studi di Torino). IL CINEMA DELLA CONVERGENZA Industria, racconto, pubblico a cura di Federico Zecca MIMESIS Cinergie © 2012 – MIMESIS EDIZIONI (Milano – Udine) Collana: Cinergie n. 2 www.mimesisedizioni.it / www.mimesisbookshop.com Via Risorgimento, 33 – 20099 Sesto San Giovanni (MI) Telefono +39 02 24861657 / 02 24416383 Fax: +39 02 89403935 E-mail: [email protected] INDICE CINEMA RELOADED Dalla convergenza dei media alla narrazione transmediale di Federico Zecca p. 9 CONGLOMERATE HOLLYWOOD Blockbuster, franchise e convergenza dei media di Thomas Schatz p. 39 STUDIOS HOLLYWOODIANI E MEDIA CONGLOMERATES Tipologie e profi li dei gruppi multimediali di Fabrizio Perretti p. 55 IL BLOCKBUSTER CONTEMPORANEO L’evento, il prototipo, il franchise e quel che resta della pirateria di Roberto Braga p. 77 PRODUCING A GOOD BACKSTORY Il caso della Starlight Runner Entertainment di Enrico Biasin p. 89 ARE YOU READY TO PLAY A MISSION IMPOSSIBLE? Social games e ludicizzazione della promozione cinematografi ca di Giovanni Caruso e Mauro Salvador p. 105 UN DIVERSO GENERE DI UNDERGROUND Ritratto di Lance Weiler, story architect all’alba dell’esperienza transmediale di Andrea Mariani p. 119 DALLA CROSS-MEDIALITÀ ALL’ECOSISTEMA NARRATIVO L’architettura complessa del cinema hollywoodiano contemporaneo di Veronica Innocenti e Guglielmo Pescatore p. 127 NARRAZIONI CONVERGENTI, O LA RIMEDIAZIONE DEL CINEMA di Sergio Brancato p. 139 IL DESTINO DELL’EPOS Racconto e forme epiche nell’era della narrazione transmediale di Ruggero Eugeni p. 151 STORIE UNIVERSALI Transmedia storytelling, memoria “sfocata” e il dominio del fantasy di Colin B. Harvey p. 165 PROIEZIONI CARTOGRAFICHE Il cinema tra geografi e transmediali e spazi urbani di Massimiliano Gaudiosi p. 179 CINEMA - GRAND MASTER Il fi lm e la sua esperienza nell’epoca della convergenza di Mariagrazia Fanchi p. 193 LO SPLEEN DI HOLLYWOOD Lo spettatore fl âneur nell’era dell’algoritmo di Alberto Brodesco p. 205 DALLA SALA CINEMATOGRAFICA AI NETWORKED PUBLICS La nuova esperienza spettatoriale in Rete di Elisabetta Locatelli e Sara Sampietro p. 219 LIFE IN A DAY Il crowdsourcing tra classicità e innovazioni di Nicolò Gallio e Marta Martina p. 233 CONSUMO DI CINEMA E PRATICHE DI FANDOM di Massimo Scaglioni p. 243 CINEMA E PUBBLICI CONNESSI Narrazioni transmediali grassroots nell’era post-convergenza di Giovanni Boccia Artieri p. 255 REMIXING TWILIGHT Produzioni creative grassroots vs. media-franchise di Lucia Tralli p. 271 GLI AUTORI p. 281 Ringraziamenti Un particolare ringraziamento va anzitutto a Roy Menarini per avere stimo- lato e permesso la realizzazione di questo progetto. Per l’importante sostegno e il profi cuo scambio di opinioni durante la progettazione del volume, un sentito ringraziamento va inoltre a: Alice Autelitano, Enrico Biasin, Alessandro Bor- dina, Alberto Brodesco, Mariagrazia Fanchi, Federico Giordano, Sara Martin, Guglielmo Pescatore, Augusto Sainati, Leonardo Quaresima, e a tutto il gruppo di ricerca del DAMS di Gorizia. Un ringraziamento speciale va infi ne a Giovanna Maina, per l’insostituibile contributo materiale e morale. 9 FEDERICO ZECCA CINEMA RELOADED Dalla convergenza dei media alla narrazione transmediale Benvenuti nella Cultura Convergente, dove i vecchi e nuovi media collidono, dove si incrociano i media grassroots e quelli delle corporation, dove il potere dei produttori e quello dei consumatori inte- ragiscono in modi imprevedibili1. Henry Jenkins Cultura convergente e fi lm studies Nell’ultimo quindicennio, i cambiamenti tecnologici, economi- ci, sociologici seguiti alla “svolta digitale” – e sintetizzati da Henry Jenkins nel celebre paradigma della convergenza” –2, hanno radi- calmente modifi cato la fi sionomia della mediasfera novecentesca. In particolare, secondo Jenkins queste trasformazioni hanno dato origine a tre processi diversi (ma strettamente interrelati) che “at- traversano” e informano l’odierno sistema dei media: “Il fl usso di contenuti su piattaforme diff erenti, la cooperazione tra più settori dell’industria dei media e il migrare del pubblico alla ricerca con- tinua di nuove esperienze di intrattenimento”3. In altri termini, la convergenza culturale ha inciso in profondità sulla conformazione 1 H. Jenkins, Convergence Culture. Where Old and New Media Collide, New York University, New York 2006, trad. it. Cultura convergente, Apogeo, Milano 2007, p. XXV. 2 Ivi. 3 Ivi. 10 Il cinema della convergenza generale dei media, riconfi gurandone sia le tecnologie materiali, sia i modi di produzione, sia ancora le pratiche di consumo4. Più precisamente, sul piano tecnologico la convergenza ha de- terminato la defi nitiva erosione (già inaugurata dalle tecnologie video5) della tradizionale corrispondenza biunivoca tra infra- strutture materiali e forme di comunicazione6, portando i vecchi e i nuovi media a “collidere”, e a “migrare” su diverse piattaforme. Come sottolinea Francesco Casetti, infatti, “old apparatus […] is disintegrated in favour of multifunctional platforms […]; and old products tied to a single medium […] are disintegrated in favour of a rich array of multiplatform and crossover products”7. Attraver- so la connessione telematica delle infrastrutture e la trasferibilità informatica dei dati, la convergenza tecnologica ha dunque per- messo a piattaforme diff erenti di connettersi strettamente le une alle altre, e di farsi carico inter-operativamente di prodotti e generi discorsivi diff erenti. Sul piano economico, invece, la convergenza ha determinato l’in- tegrazione orizzontale di diversi settori dell’industria dei media, dando origine a grandi media conglomerates globali (come News Corporation o The Walt Disney Company) che detengono la pro- prietà di diff erenti sussidiarie mediali (case editrici, studios cinema- tografi ci, canali televisivi, ecc.). Come aff erma Joseph Turow: What the leaders of media conglomerates urge today is horizontal integration in addition to as much vertical integration as possible. Horizontal integration has two aspects. First, it involves the ownership of production facilities, distribution channels, and/or exhibition outlets in diff erent, even potentially competing companies across a number of media industries. Second, it involves bringing those parts together (integrating them) so that each can profi t from the expertise of the others8. 4 Cfr. F. Jameson, Postmodernism, Or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Duke University Press, Durham 1991, p. 67. 5 Cfr. I. De Sola Pool, Technologies of Freedom, Belknap, Cambridge 1983, p. 23. 6 Cfr. G. Cosenza, Semiotica dei nuovi media, Laterza, Roma-Bari 2004, p. 10. 7 F. Casetti, Back to the Motherland. The Film Theatre in the Postmedia Age, in «Screen», LII, n. 1, primavera 2011, p. 10. 8 J. Turow, Media Today. An Introduction to Mass Communication, Routledge, F. Zecca - Cinema Reloaded 11 In questo senso, la convergenza economica ha portato diff erenti comparti dell’industria dei media a instaurare un rapporto di atti- va interrelazione all’interno del medesimo “ombrello corporativo”, favorendo lo sviluppo di (trans)media franchise “condivisi” capaci di essere valorizzati (e capitalizzati) sinergicamente da ogni sussi- diaria coinvolta. Sul piano sociale, infi ne, la convergenza ha determinato l’emer- genza di “pubblici connessi”, dando vita a una cultura partecipa- tiva9 che vede ogni consumatore trasformarsi in un potenziale prosumer10. Questi pubblici – per dirla con Mizuko Ito – “are com- municating more and more through complex networks that are bottom-up, top-down, as well as side-to-side. Publics can be reac- tors, (re)makers and (re)distributors, engaging in shared culture and knowledge through discourse and social exchange as well as through acts of media reception”11. In altri termini, la convergenza sociale ha inciso profondamente sulla fi sionomia dei consumato- ri, donandogli la possibilità di (re)impiegare i contenuti mediali come strumenti di coesione sociale, di attestazione politico-iden- titaria o di creatività individuale. All’interno di questo nuovo contesto, (anche) il cinema ha su- bito giocoforza una profonda mutazione, diventando esso stesso “convergente”. Da centro di propulsione (e negoziazione)12 della mediasfera novecentesca, infatti, il cinema è divenuto un segmen- to integrato (seppure ancora determinante, a livello socio-discor- sivo) di un articolato sistema transmediale, che per così dire ne ha fatto “defl agrare” il dispositivo – espandendolo (e ri-mediandolo) su piattaforme e spazi socio-linguistici diff erenti. Per dirla nuova- mente con Casetti: Londra-New York 2009, p. 209. 9 H. Jenkins et alii, Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture, MIT Press, Cambridge-Londra 2009, p. XI. 10 Cfr. A. Toffl er, The Third Wave, Bantam Book, New York 1980, trad. it, La terza ondata, Sperling & Kupfer, Milano 1987. 11 M. Ito, Introduction, in K. Varnelis (a cura di), Networked Publics, MIT Press, Cambridge-Londra 2008, p. 3. 12 Cfr. F. Casetti, L’occhio del Novecento. Cinema, esperienza, modernità, Bompiani, Milano 2005, pp. 269-289. 12 Il cinema della convergenza On the one hand,
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