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THE RURAL ECONOMY AND THE PLANNING SYSTEM FINAL REPORT Prepared for The Welsh Assembly Government by Land Use Consultants in collaboration with The University of the West of England and Atlantic Consultants August 2002 14 Great George Street Bristol BS1 5RH Tel: 01179 291 997 Fax: 01179 291 998 [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was commissioned by the Welsh Assembly Government, Planning Division. We are particularly grateful for the support and assistance provided by Lindsay Roberts as Chair of the Steering Group and Hawen Jones, the Assembly Government’s nominated officer for the study (Welsh Assembly Government, Planning Division). We are also very grateful for the help and guidance provided by the other members of the Steering Group: Peter Samuel (Food and Farming Development Division); Karen Maddock Jones (Countryside Council for Wales); Ann Watkin (Head of Rural Policy, Welsh Development Agency); Ross Murray (Country Land and Business Association); Martin Eaglestone (Principal Planning Officer, Isle of Anglesey County Council) and Ian Roberts (Assistant National Park Officer, Brecon Beacons National Park). We are also indebted to the Local Planning Authorities that covered our sample settlements. These were: Denbighshire, Gwynedd, Conwy, Snowdonia National Park, Ceredigion, and Carmarthenshire. We are particularly grateful to the officers who assisted us with the collection of information and who were prepared to meet us at short notice to discuss the issues relevant to this study. Our particular thanks go to those who attended the four workshops – two in Ruthin and two in Llandeilo and to those rural businesses who agreed to be interviewed as a case study example. We are very grateful for the time given and for the enlightening comments made. This research has been undertaken by Land Use Consultants with Lyndis Cole acting as research director, the work of the University of the West of England led by James Shorten and that of Atlantic Consultants led by John Forsyth. Translation has been undertaken by Prysg. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PURPOSE • A postal questionnaire survey of rural businesses that have made planning This study has been undertaken by Land Use applications in the last three years. Consultants in collaboration with the University • The holding of two seminars in each of the of the West of England and Atlantic Consultants sample zones involving local stakeholders, to on behalf of the Welsh Assembly Government. help characterise the settlements and Its primary purpose has been to investigate “how identify trends for the future. the planning system can manage positively and encourage business development in rural towns and villages to assist rural diversification and help retain CONTEXT rural communities”. This forms complementary Clear themes emerge from commentary and research to that undertaken for the Assembly policy concerning the Welsh rural economy. Government in 2001 looking at farm Strengths centre on the high quality of the diversification and the planning system. Welsh rural environment and its links with agricultural produce and tourism and recreation. RESEARCH METHOD Strong communities and cultural identity are emphasised. Weaknesses identified are far more The study has focused on an assessment of the numerous, and include an overly-narrow economic character of six sample market towns economic base, inaccessibility, lower skills levels and their associated settlements (surrounding and take-up of ICT, out-migration of the young, villages and dispersed settlements) representing and low activity rates and income, generating near urban, accessible rural and remote rural low growth and low innovation. Other areas within a northern and southern zone: important features are the crucial role of SMEs Northern Zone and micro-businesses in the rural economy and St Asaph (Near Urban) the fundamental influence of commuting, which Ruthin (Accessible Rural) is not well-understood. Bala (Remote Rural) Yet the differences between urban and rural Southern Zone economies are not pronounced – the spread of Ammanford (Near Urban) employment by sector is broadly similar to Llandeilo (Accessible Rural) urban Wales, with the service sector dominating Tregaron (Remote Rural) the rural economy and with GDP per head in rural Wales only 1% lower than the national The specific tasks completed as part of the average. Unemployment rates are also low in research have been: rural areas. • A literature review, including a review of Against this background there is now a raft of national policy, and interviews with national policies and initiatives impacting on the Welsh consultees. rural economy. These are criticised for being • Review of the development plan policies uncoordinated and there is now common agreement on the need for integration of relating to the sample settlements. different policies and actions. There is also • Review of Ward-based statistics to help general agreement on the need to respond to understand the economic character of the local circumstances, encourage community sample settlements. empowerment, support existing businesses, • Review of planning registers to identify develop the local skills base, and foster planning applications for economic entrepreneurial activity – in other words to development within and around the sample work with the grain of local areas. The vital settlements for the period May 1998 – May importance of the environment to the rural 2001 followed by detailed study of 20 cases economy is increasingly recognised and policy studies. stresses the importance of adding value to rural settlement hierarchy but reflects the release of produce and encouraging the green economy. land for economic development along, and at the end of, major road corridors. MAIN FINDINGS All the market towns studied, especially in more Economic characteristics remote rural areas, have a strong sense of Character of market towns: Although all community with a high percentage of Welsh market towns are different and are the product speakers (especially in more remote areas) and of their history, location, accessibility, size and with great loyalty to their local area and culture, all the market towns studied exemplify appreciation of the quality of life offered - seen national characteristics. All are dominated by as more than compensating for lower income employment in public administration and levels. The success of community groups such services, making up over 70% of business units as Antur Penllyn has been in taking a realistic and involving between 44% (near urban) and and long term view of the future of their market 93% (remote rural) of employees – a point that town (Bala) – moving slowly but with certainty. is supported by planning applications, with the At the same time, a number of market towns, service sector and public administration, especially those in accessible rural locations, are including schools, making up 54% of all economic beginning to reinvent themselves as specialist planning applications. However, the service centres with emerging business clusters. function of the market towns has been decreasing with increased centralisation of retail Character of individual rural businesses: activity and administrative functions. From the 20 case studies and the postal Nevertheless, the continuing pivotal role of questionnaire of rural businesses, some of the schools in the service function of market towns key characteristics of rural businesses appear to is highlighted – both as key employers and in be: an emphasis on micro businesses and SMEs; forging links between potential future employees strong entrepreneurship with individual and local businesses. businesses relying on the commitment of one or two people; many having started in the last 10 All of the sample market towns (bar one) years and with ambitious expansion plans – 77% continue to have a livestock market and, in of planning applications for economic accessible and remote rural areas, still provide a development relate to the expansion of existing service function for surrounding agricultural businesses. Other characteristics are a strong communities. But in near urban areas there are sense of optimism, with some rural businesses few remaining agricultural businesses whereas in having captured a national or even international remote rural market towns over 60% of VAT market from isolated locations. Attractions of a registered businesses are still associated with rural location include cheap premises, grants, agriculture. working in Welsh, and working close to family roots. The majority of these businesses employ As might be anticipated, near urban market unskilled local people and offer on the job towns are characterised by a number of major training (often linked to the attainment of employers (in manufacturing, construction, NVQs) and flexibility in working hours to suit distribution and public administration) employing local employees. over 100 people, whereas more remote rural areas tend to be characterised by businesses employing under 10 people. At the same time, Planning in near urban areas, major land allocations for National planning policy: Planning Guidance employment development are encouraging (Wales) Planning Policy, First Revision (1999) has dispersal of economic activity away from the now been superseded by Planning Policy Wales market towns, a point which is confirmed by (2002). The former gave broad support for planning applications, with the surrounding economic development and rural diversification