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In The Dust You Will Prevail: The Mobilization of Acadia, Dalhousie, Mount Allison, and St. Francis Xavier Universities, 1914-1918 by Scott Matheson A Thesis Submitted to Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in History September 2010, Halifax, Nova Scotia Copyright Scott Matheson, 2010 Approved: Dr. John Reid Supervisor Approved: Dr. Nicole Neatby Reader Approved: Dr. Barry Moody External Reader Date: September 1,2010 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-69903-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-69903-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada ;/ Table of Contents Acknowledgements Hi Abstract v Introduction 1 Chapter One - Reactions to the War 8 ChapterTwo - Enlistment, the Canadian Officer Training Corps 23 and University Units Chapter Three -The Role of Religion 62 Chapter Four -The Experiences of Women 93 Conclusion 116 Appendix 121 Bibliography 127 /// Acknowledgements This thesis is the culmination of two years of work, starting back at StFX in 2008 when I began my undergraduate thesis research. Since then, many people have assisted me along the way and have helped make this thesis a reality. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. John Reid, for his support, comments, and guidance. Working under Dr. Reid has made writing this thesis a pleasure. Many thanks are also due to Dr. Nicole Neatby who provided her time and invaluable advice in her role as internal reader. In addition, Dr. Barry Moody not only wrote many of the key secondary sources utilized in this thesis, but he was interested in my project from the start and proved to be an incredibly insightful external examiner-thank you Dr. Moody. Dr. Tim Stretton in his role as graduate coordinator also had the opportunity to read various drafts of my thesis on several occasions and his suggestions were also extremely helpful. Lastly, I would like to thank Dr. Laurie Stanley-Blackwell, my BA thesis supervisor back at StFX, who originally suggested the idea of looking at Maritime universities during the First World War and for encouraging me to pursue post-graduate studies. I am also grateful to the staffs at the Acadia, Dalhousie, Mount Allison, and St. Francis Xavier Archives. Pat Townsend, Wendy Robicheau, and Bethany Jost at Acadia, Rhianna Edwards at Mount Allison, and Kathleen MacKenzie at StFX each deserve special mention for going above and beyond the call of duty in helping me with my research. My parents, Mark and Trudy Matheson, and my in-laws, Donna and Terry Peters, gave me a lot of encouragement and continue to do so as I continue to pursue a career as a historian. My father was also extremely helpful as an unofficial reader. iv This thesis would not have been written if it were not for my wife Michelle. Her unrelenting patience and willingness to read through my thesis "one more time" in addition to offering her own historical insights have been invaluable to say the least. She also ensured that my work did not consume me entirely - the past year has been a lot of fun. I am also indebted to the Social Sciences and Research Council of Canada whose financial support has made this thesis possible. Finally, I wish to thank the reader who picks up this thesis in an effort to learn more about Acadia, Dal, Mt A, and StFX. Scott Matheson Fredericton, NB September 2010 V Abstract In The Dust You Will Prevail: The Mobilization of Acadia, Dalhousie, Mount Allison, and St. Francis Xavier Universities, 1914-1918 By Scott Matheson For Canada's post-secondary institutions, the First World War precipitated great change and upheaval. In Maritime Canada, the effects of the war were keenly felt at Acadia, Dalhousie, Mount Allison, and St. Francis Xavier Universities. The campuses were witness to extreme patriotism, the enlistment of students and faculty, the founding of contingents of the Canadian Officer Training Corps, the conscription crisis, French-English tensions, the Halifax Explosion, influenza, and the raising of university sponsored hospital units for service overseas. Meanwhile, the female students present at each institution carried on with their education amidst the turmoil. Some enjoyed a newfound freedom and rose to become student leaders in the absence of their male counterparts. Moreover, each university's perspective was different largely due to the religious orientations of the institutions. By the time the armistice was declared on November 11,1918, the face of each university had changed irrevocably. Yet, in the dust and chaos of war, they had prevailed. September 2010 VI For The Students of Acadia, Dalhousie, Mount Allison, and St. Francis Xavier, Past, Present, and Future 1 Introduction At the May 1918 commencement exercises of Mount St. Bernard College in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, the affiliated ladies'college of St. Francis Xavier University, graduating student Leona Hennessey spoke of the changes wrought by the war: "this awful world-war has revolutionized practically everything."1 Although she was referring specifically to the transformation taking place amongst Maritime women as a result of the First World War, her statement was also true in a wider sense. The twentieth century was one of unprecedented human violence and cruelty, and yet its victories, failures, atrocities, and triumphs inevitably helped to define the world that carried forward into the twenty-first century. The First World War has often been described as one of the critical events in Canada's advancement towards true nationhood. Pronouncements about Canada coming of age on Vimy Ridge and emerging into adulthood at the signing of the Treaty of Versailles as a separate signatory abound.2 Canada's contribution to the war in Europe was significant and has affected Canadian society ever since. But while the war raged in Europe, a different sort of battle was being waged at home in Canada. These were the struggles of the mind and emotions, of relationships and hardships, of exuberant youth and experienced maturity. While those who went overseas during the Great War fought in 1 Leona Hennessey, "Woman in Industry," The/Wemorare (December 1918): 2. St. Francis Xavier University Archives (StFXUA). Student magazines and local newspapers are key sources in this thesis. It should be recognized however, that while such sources do offer useful insight into the era, they do not always represent the views of the entire population they claim to represent. 2 See Terry Copp, "The Military Effort, 1914-1918," in David MacKenzie, ed., Canada and the First World War: Essays in Honour of Robert Craig Brown (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), 57-58; J.L. Granatstein, "Conscription in the Great War," in MacKenzie, Canada and the First World War, 70; Margaret MacMillan, "Canada and the Peace Settlements," in MacKenzie, Canada and the First World War, 379-402; Jonathan F. Vance, Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning, and the First World War (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1999), 233, for a few examples. 2 physically violent conflicts, those who remained on the home front, even if only briefly, were engaged in a different sort of battle. The war brought about a societal transformation and to Leona Hennessey and many other Maritimers, it appeared as though everything changed. Dalhousie University was established in 1818 by its namesake George Ramsay, the Earl of Dalhousie.3 Lord Dalhousie's college was modelled after Edinburgh University and open "to all occupations and to all sects of Religion restricted to such branches only as are applicable to our present state."4 The institution adopted the Scottish educational practice of focusing more on philosophy and science than the classics.5 Religion was another tradition inherited from the Scottish model. Although technically secular, Dalhousie had a strong Presbyterian flavour beginning with Lord Dalhousie's appointment of the minister of St. Matthew's Presbyterian church in Halifax to the Board of Trustees.6 Later, the Board of Governors ruled that while Dalhousie was open to students of all denominations, the professors had to be Presbyterian.7 Acadia University was founded in Wolfville, Nova Scotia in 1838 as Queen's College by the Nova Scotia Baptist Education Society.8 Taking its name from the Acadian people, the campus was built only kilometres away from the former Acadian settlement at Grand Pre.
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