DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT DISTRICT-KODERMA

(SAND)

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF , JHARKHAND STATE PREFACE

In Compliance to the Notification Issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change Dated 15.01.2016, the preparation of District survey report of River bed mining in accordance with appendix no. 10 of the notification. It is also mentioned here that the procedure of preparation of District Survey Report is as per notification guidelines. Every efforts have been made to cover sand mining locations, areas & overview of Mining activity in the district with all it's relevant features pertaining to Geology & mineral wealth in areas of rivers, stream and other sand sources. This report consists of available mineral resources, geographical set up, environmental and ecological set up of the District and is based on data of various departments , published reports , and websites. The data may vary due to flood, heavy rains and other natural calamities. Therefore, it is recommended that Sub Divisional Level Committee may take into consideration all its relevant aspects / data while scrutinizing and recommending the application for EC to the concerned Authority.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT

As per Gazette notification of 15th January 2016 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change a Survey shall be carried out by the District Environment Impact Assessment Authority (DEIAA) with assistance of irrigation department, Drainage department, Forest department, Mining department and Revenue department in the district for preparation of District Survey Report as per the sustainable Sand mining guidelines to ensure identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed; and identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area. Every efforts have been made to cover sand mining locations, areas & overview of Mining activity in the district with all it's relevant features pertaining to Geology & mineral wealth in replenish-able and non-replenish-able areas of rivers, stream and other sand sources. The mineral potential is calculated based on field investigation & geology of the catchment area of the river or streams. Also as per the site conditions and locations, depth of minable mineral is defined. The area for removal of the mineral in a river or stream is decided depending on geo-morphology & other factors, it can be 50% to 60% of the area of a particular river or stream. Other constituents like clay and silt are excluded as waste while calculating the mineral potential of particular river or stream. This District Survey Report shall form the basis for application for environment clearance, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The report shall be updated once every five years.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE CONTENTS Sl.No Details Page No. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Location, extent and accessibility 1 1.2 Administrative division and Population 2 1.3 Land Use Pattern, Agriculture, Cropping Pattern 3 2.0 Climate and Rainfall 4 2.1 Rainfall 5 3.0 Physiography 6 3.1 Physiography 6 3.2 Soil 7 3.3 Drainage 7 4.0 Geology 9 4.1 Geological Succession 9 4.2 Ground Water Condition 11 4.3 Hydrogeology 12 4.4 Depth to Water Level 14 5.0 Silent Features of Important Rivers and Stream 17 5.1 Process of Deposition of Sand in the River 18 5.2 Drainage System with description of main Rivers 21 6.0 Overview of Mining Activities 22 6.1 Production & Royalty 22 6.2 Details of Royalty or Revenue received from Settled Balu ghats in last three 23 years 6.3 Details of Royalty or Revenue received from Un- Settled Balu ghats in last 23 three years 6.4 Detail of Production of Sand from Settled Balu ghats in last three years in 23 district 6.5 List of Settled Balu ghats in the District, Location area and Period of 24 Validity, Production and Royalty 6.6 List of Settled Balu ghats in the District, Location, Name of River/Nala, 25 Area and Potential reserve 7.0 Exploration of Potential Sand Deposits 26 7.1 Unsettled Balu ghats of the District 26 7.2 Method for Calculation of Reserves 27 7.3 List of Un-settled Balu ghats in the District Koderma 29 7.4 List of Un-settled Balu ghats in the District, Location, Name of River/Nala, 29 Area and Potential reserve 7.5 Total Potential Sand Deposits of the District 30 7.6 Annual Deposition of Sand /Sediments in Catchment area in Koderma 31 District 7.7 Economic Impact of Mining 31 General Recommendations 32

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE

ANNEXURES DETAILS ANNEXURE NO. Jharkhand State Sand Mining Policy 2017 I List of River wise details of Potential Balu ghats in the district II Field Photographs III

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 1

CHAPTER-01

1.0 INTRODUCTION Koderma district spreads over an area of 1500 Sq.Km. It is the gateway district of Jharkhand. Koderma is known as Mica Capital of . The Koderma district was carved out from in April 1994. Koderma district lies in the northern part of the Jharkhand state and is bounded by the longitude 85°’26’01” and 85°’54’16” E and latitudes 24°’15’46” and 24°’40’18” N.Area is included in degree sheet 72H and survey of India toposheets (1:50,000 scale) no. 72H/6,7,10,11,13,14,15,16.The district has a total area of 1500 sq. km. consisting of six blocks, (, Koderma, Jainagar, , and ) 80 panchayats and 706 villages. It has a population of 7,16, 259 persons as per 2011 census.

1.1 LOCATION, EXTENT AND ACCESIBILITY district of lies in north, of Bihar in west, district of Jharkhand in East and of Jharkhand in south bound the district. Koderma town is situated at 155 Km north of on NH-31 and is well connected by Rail. Koderma Railway station is on railway line connecting Calcutta and .

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 2

1.2 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION AND POPULATION

The district has got Six administrative blocks namely Satgawan, Domchanch,Koderma, Markacho, Jainagar and Chandwara. Chandwara block has been included recently by merging parts of Jainagar and parts of blocks in 2005.According to the 2011 census Koderma district has a population of 717,169,roughly equal to the nation of or the US state of Alaska.

This gives it a ranking of 500th in India (out of a total of 640.The district has a population density of 427 inhabitants per square kilometer .Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 32.59%.Koderma has a sex ratio of 949 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 68.35%Out of which the rural population is 4.12 lac which is 82.73% of total population. The population density is 287 Persons/Sq.km.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE

3 1.3 LAND USE PATTERN,AGRICULTURE,CROPPING PATTERN Due to lateritic condition of the soil, deficiency in the rainfall and no major rivers, the land use pattern is different from the genetic plain. Some irrigated area takes into account of Rabi, Kharifand oilseeds crops. But generally the area is best suited for vegetables, medicinal plants and floriculture due to natural drainage of water. Forest area covers about 41%of the total area, Barren and Uncultivable land is 11%, Land put to non-agricultural use is 7 %, and current fallow is 15 % and 6% area comes under land other than current fallow. Net area sown is 13 %. The agricultural production is mainly from pulses and corn. Total irrigated Area in the district is 3186 ha. Irrigation is done mostly through dug wells, ponds, Bore wells, minor irrigation and other sources. Irrigation done by dug well is 829.55 hectares. Irrigation by minor irrigation sources is 226.27 ha. Irrigation done by Ponds in the district are 612.39 ha.Irrigation done by bore wells in the district comes out to be 931.52 ha.Other sources of Irrigation contributes about 586.12 ha in the district. Hilly and more scarp areas have more land under forest, while the flatplateau areas are used for cultivation. Paddy is the main crop, while maize, pulses and vegetables are grown in some part of the district. Land Use in District (1997-98): Sl.No Land Use Pattern Area(%) 01 Forest 42.42 % 02 Net sown area 13.56 % 03 Barren and uncultivable waste 11.36 % 04 Non agricultural use 6.82 % 05 Orchards 2.01 % 06 Pasture 1.11 % 07 Cultivable wasteland 1.52 % 08 Current and other fallow 21.20 % Source: Fertilizer and Agriculture Statistics, Eastern Region (2003-2004)

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE

CHAPTER-2 4

2.0 CLIMATE AND RAINFALL The calendar year may be divided into three main seasons in the district of Koderma. The winter season starts form November to February. The summer season is from March to May and the rainy season is from June to October. In winter early mornings and nights are cold. Night temperature falls down to 50C or even lower. To the contrast summer is hot and unpleasant, the temperature rising up to 440 C. The annual average rainfall is 1126 mm. Koderma region receives more rainfall and it gradually decrease in east direction. Having humid and sub humid tropical type of climate characterize the climatic zone of Koderma. In normal year 40-60 mm of rain is received as pre monsoon shower that help farmer to start land preparation. About 80% of the rain is received during mid-June to first week of October. Further, 100 mm of rain is received during October and

November. Winter rain during December to February is very helpful for Rabi cultivation.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 2.1 RAINFALL 5

The average rainfall (06 years) in the district is 871.182 mm.Monthly average rainfall of the district is given below-

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total Month Average Average Average Average Average Average Average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jan 42.85 0 22.63 12.86 18.73 0 16.1783 Feb 6.06 0 34.26 1.5 1.66 0 7.24667 Mar 1.76 0 18.66 13.75 4.8 0 6.495 April 12.66 8.36 0 38.06 0 0.4 9.91333 May 1.27 104.91 92.8 0.9 28.86 25.41 42.3583 June 125.03 102.33 102.63 136.51 101.03 60.66 104.698 July 245.71 66.71 477.76 302.11 247.36 393.73 288.897

Aug 159.05 262.61 399.3 239.48 323.23 0 230.612 Sep 120.36 138.9 81.63 43.56 310.9 0 115.892 Oct 15.46 195.95 13.03 0 38.1 0 43.7567 Nov 30.81 0 0 0 0 0 5.135 Dec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total- 761.02 879.77 1242.7 788.73 1074.67 480.2 871.182

TemperatureThe temperature of the district varies between mean minimum temperature of 10°C in winters and mean maximum temp. of 40°C in summer. Temperature varies between 40°c to 46°c in general.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE

CHAPTER-3 6

3.0 PHYSIOGRAPHY

3.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY

Most part of the district is occupied byKodarma plateau. This area has more slope, which differentiate it from the Hazaribag plateau which lies in thesouth. The northern scarps have steep slopes. Average elevation of the area ranges 300 to 500 meters above mean sea level. The plateau of the district has Dharwanian rocks like quartz and schist containing Pegmatite veins in which good quality mica is found. Southern part of the district comprised with Archean granites and gneisses.The general slope of the district is from south to north. Koderma district is the part of Chotanagpur plateau. The area exhibits undulating topography comprising hills, hillocks, mounds and plains. Valley fills with low to moderate frequency of lineaments, pediplains with moderate frequency of lineaments and pediplains are major geomorphological units of the district. Concentrations of lineaments are more in Chandwara, Koderma and Jainagar blocks and less in Satgawan and Markacho blocks of the district. Northern part of the district is occupied by Koderma Reserve forest. The highest peak is DebourGhati (677 meter) that is the state boundary of Jharkhand and Bihar.Jainagar, Markacho blocks are covered by pediplain. Koderma block consists monthly of directed plateau (Hills / Valley). Upper part of Chandwara block consists of dissected plateau and lowest part by pediplain. Satgawan block is covered by pediplain in upper parts, ridges and valley in middle parts and erosional valley in lower parts.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 7 3.2 SOILS The soils occurring in different landforms have been characterised during soil resource mapping of the state on 1:250,000 scale (Haldar et al. 1996) and three soil orders namely Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols were observed in Kodarma district. Alfisols covers 41.4 percent of TGA followed by Inceptisols (34.6 %) and Entisols (22.9 %). The whole Koderma district is divided into the following four types of soils depending upon lithology and physiography of the area. 1. Reddish yellow, yellow, grayish and yellow deep catenary soil. 2. Hill and forest soil of steep slopes and high-dissected regions. 3. Red yellow and light grey catenary soil 4. Pale yellow, Yellow and pinkish catenary soil on high micaceous schist.

3.3 DRAINAGE Mainly Barakar, Sakri River and their tributaries drain the district of Koderma. The flow of Barakar is from west to east and in the southern part of the district. The river Ponchkhara, Keso, Akto, Gauri and Gukhana nadi flow from west to east and are the tributaries of . Sakri River is the main river of northern part of the district that flows from Southea st to northwest part of the district. Ghagra and Chhotanari nadi are the tributaries of Sakri river.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 8

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 9 CHAPTER-4

4.0 GEOLOGY The entire district is underlain by the rocks of wide variety of geological formation ranging in age from Archean to Recent. The main being Archeanproterozoic, pemo- carboniferous and recent. Phyllite, Mica Schist, Granite gneiss and intrusive granite are the main geological formation of the district. Sporadic occurrence of Dolerite, Quartz pegmatite veins and Quartzite are also found. Few portion of Gondwana sediments are found in the block of Markacho and Jainagar. Thin deposits of alluvium are found along the course of rivers. The Geological succession of Koderma district is given below.

4.1 GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION The district is underlain by wide range of geological formations ranging in age from Archeans to Recent. Phyllite, Mica Schist’s, Granite gneiss and intrusive granites are the main geological formations of the district. Sporadic occurrence of Dolerite, Quartz, quartz pegmatite veins and quartzite are also found. Thin venner of thin alluvium are found near the course of rivers. In koderma district most of the areas are covered by biotite-granite gneiss, phyllite mica-schist, Intrusive granite, pegmatite veins, Amphibolite hornblende schist, Quartzite and alluvium.InChandwara block three- fourth areas are covered by biotite granite gneiss and one-fourth area is covered by Phyllite mica-schist and Quartzite. In Jainagar block eighty percent area is covered by Biotie granite gneiss and twenty percent area is covered by quartzite and phyllite mica –schist.Markacho block has forty- five percent area covered by Phyllite mica schist, forty-five percent area by biotite granite gneiss and ten percent by Quartzite.Inkoderma block Phyllite-mica schist and Intrusive granite are the main rock types.InSatgawan block, central portion of the block and adjacent to Sakri river alluvium is the main formation.

10 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE Southern portion of the district is covered by Intrusive granite, Phyllite –mica schist and quartzite while the northern portion of the block has Quartzite, Amphibolite hornblende schist and gneisses are observed.

Table : Geological succession of Koderma mica belt (Mahadevan 2002) Age Rocktype

Recent Alluvium

Permo-carboniferous Gondwana sediments ------Unconformity------Dolerite dyke Rapakavi granite and pegmatites Proterozoic Biotiteaugen gneiss

Medium grained massive granites and pegmatites Massive quartzite with slaty and phyllitic intercalations Sillimanite muscovite schist ,calc silicate rocks,hornblende schist Quartz mica schist Garnetiferousbiotite schist Migmatite and composite gneisses ------Unconformity------ArcheanChotanagpur granite gneisses

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 11

4.2 GROUND WATER CONDITION i) ARCHEAN AND PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS Ground water mostly occurs under water table condition in weathered residuum and semi- confirmed condition in deeper fractures. Maximum thickness of weathered mantle is attained in Granitic rocks in favorable topographic and drainage condition. These formations has got yield prospect of approximately 2-20 cu.m/hr. ii) LOWER GONDWANA ROCKS Gondwana rocks represent semi-consolidated formations, which are moderately thick but discontinuous. In the area where lower Gondwana sediments are exposed or underlain in relatively shallower depth, ground water occurs under water table condition. in relatively deeper Gondwana aquifer occurs under semi confined to confined condition. They have yield prospect approximately 3-10 Cu m/hr. iii) QUATERNARY Thin deposits of quaternary sediments occur along the river and nala courses. Thickness of these sediments vary from 2 to 10 m. Ground Water occur under unconfined conditions.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 12 4.3 HYDROGEOLOGY- CHARACTERISTIC OF WATER BEARING FORMATION The rock type in the area are mainly granite gneiss, schist, pegmatite and Quartzite which have undergone intensive weathering both due to structural disturbances and physical condition. Fractures and weathered mantle form the main repository for the movement of ground water. Owing to the process of weathering the following subsurface section can normally be found in the district of Koderma. Thickness as well as depth goes on varying from one place to another.

“D” Soil cover Sandy clay and clayey sand often with Concretion. “C” Decomposed Zone Altered massive clays commonly plastic (Weathered/pediment) “B” Disintegrated Zone Disintegrated crystal aggregate and rock (Saprolite) fragments. “A” Fresh Fracture Zone Fractured rock.

The above profile has been encountered in many places in the district. Near Domchanch thickness of section “B” is very meager, however, section’C’ in this area is found to be of considerable thickness.There is variation in porosity and permeability of the weathered mantle in different zones. Zone’C’ has comparatively more porosity as compared to other three zones. Thick weathered mantle maybe considered as potential and productive aquifer. Hence, pediment & buried pediment may be proved as Ground Water worthy area. In places where there is thin weathered mantle ground water occurs in the fracture system. The thin weathered mantles absorb rainfall infiltration and transmit it to deeper fracture system.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 13

Fig. 3 Hydrogeological map (Source- Central Ground Water Board)

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 14 4.4 DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL The depth from ground at which the ground water rests is called Depth to Water level. According to the survey by Central ground water board, It is deepest during pre monsoon and attains its maximum peak. It is shallowest during August and again stabilizes during the month of November and this level represents post -monsoon level. Further the survey says about Pre-Monsoon and Post- Monsoon depth to Water level as- a) PRE-MONSOON DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL The depth to water level varies between 3-10 mbgl. Depth to water level in Koderma block is largely between 3-5 mbgl around Koderma, JhumriTilaiya, Chilongi and Gajhandi area. In Domchanch, area it is between 5-10 mbgl. In Chandwara block depth to water level becomes deeper from north to south. In northern portion the depth to water level varies between 3-5 mbgl where as in southern portion it varies between 7-10 mbgl. The depth to water level lies between 7-10 mbgl in Markacho block. The Satgawan block has depth to water level varying between 5-7 mbgl. The shallowest depth to water level is reported from southern portion of Jainagar block and it varies between 3-5 mbgl. b) POST- MONSOON DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL

In general Post-monsoon depth to water level in Koderma block varies between 2-3 mbgl except in Gajhandi area and Southern portion of Markacho block where depth to water level is between 3-4 mbgl. In Satgawan block and Chandwara block post-monsoon depth to water level varies between 2-3 mbgl. In Markacho block depth to water level varies between 2-3 mbgl except in southern part where it is between 3-4 mbgl. Jainagar block has depth to water level between 1-2 mbgl in eastern part and 2-3 mbgl in western part of the block.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 15

Fig. 4 Pre-monsoon water level map (Source- Central Ground Water Board)

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 16

(Fig-5 Post-monsoon water level map) Source- Central Ground Water Board

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 17

CHAPTER-5

5.0 SALIENT FEATURES OF IMPORTANT RIVERS AND STREAMS.

RIVERS-

The Barakar River flows in the southern part of the district and supports the multi- purpose Dam. Poanchkhara, Keso, Akto, Gauri, Gukhana Nadi are the main tributaries of the Barakar in the district. The Sakri river is the main river in the northern part of the district. Ghagra nadi, Chhotanari nadi and Tamoriya are the tributaries of Sakri river.

The Barakar River is the main tributary of the in eastern India. Originating near Padma in Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand it flows for 225 kilometres across the northern part of the , mostly in a west to east direction, before joining the Damodar near in , of . It has a catchment area of 6,159 square kilometre. Apart from the two main tributaries some fifteen medium or small streams join it.

The huge volume of monsoon water was carried down the valley and formerly created havoc with floods in the lower Damodar basin. Annual rainfall over the basin varies between 765 and 1,607 millimetres with an average of 1,200 millimetres of which 80 percent occurs during the monsoon season from June to September. In order to harness the river (along with the Damodar), the Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) planned and implemented independent India's first multipurpose river valley project. The first dam of the project was constructed across the Barakar at Tilayiain Koderma district of Jharkhand. The dam is 366 meters long and is 30.18 meters high from the river bed level. Tilaiya hydel power station is located on the left bank of the river Barakar.

18 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE After the construction of the four dams at Tilayia, Konar, and by DVC, it was observed that the rate of silt inflow into the reservoirs were much higher than what was anticipated earlier. It threatened the longevity of the reservoirs. The catchment area of these reservoirs spread over the undulating terrain of the Chota Nagpur plateau is seriously affected by soil erosion. Large volumes of silt in the form of coarse and fine sediment is removed from the area by erosion under the impact of the water flow caused by torrential rain, which runs down the numerous stream channels during the monsoon. Thus the problem of reservoir siltation assumed great importance in the case of DVC. In order to prolong the life of the reservoirs, there was need for soil conservation and silt control. DVC set up a Soil Conservation Department at Hazaribagh to tackle the twin problems of reservoir siltation and soil deterioration in 1949.

5.1 PROCESS Of DEPOSITION OF SAND/SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT There are some important factors which are responsible for the process of sedimentation in a river basin. These are the stage of river development (the infant, youth, mature or old stage), lithology and structures of the upstream region or provenance from where sediments eroded/migrated/travelled, geomorphology and gradient of provenance, anthropogenic activities such as mining, industrialization and mega engineering projects such as Dam also affects the process of sedimentation and the thickness of the sequence is determined by the depth of the stream channel during flood stage and is related to the size ofriver itself.The deposition in a river bed is more pronounced during rainy season although the quantum of deposition varies from stream to stream depending upon numbers of factors such as catchment area, lithology of the area, discharge, river profile and geomorphology of the river course. The annual deposition of sediments is almost even to two to three meters. I t is noticed that during rainy season whole of the pit so excavated is completely filled up by the sand.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 19

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 20

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 21

5.2 DRAINAGE SYSTEM WITH DESCRIPTION OF MAIN RIVERS

Sl. Name of the Area % Area Total Place of Altitude No River drained drained in Length in Origin at Origin . (Sq. Km) the the District District (in km)

1 Tilaiya 48.65 2.997 14.24

Hazaribagh 2 Barakar River 51.92 3.199 72.85 Forest 420 m (Padma)

Madhuban

3 Dhadhar River 1.04 0.064 18.29 (Giriak, )

4 Pipradah River 1.48 0.091 26.48

5 PhutahivNala 0.88 0.054 26.59

6 Rajwa River 0.11 0.007 4.53

7 ChhotnarNala 2.30 0.142 25.78

8 Sakri River 8.44 0.520 26.03 Sandohro

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 22 CHAPTER-06

6.0 OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITIES Sandis the basic raw material for its utilization in any development activity through out the world. Sand is primarily produced from mining operations on the surface of the earth, near the river beds and the sand quarrying below the surface of earth. In the earlier time the mud houses/buildings were constructed with the use of mud . However with the passage of time, new technique of development activities were started . As such the demand of Minor Mineral started on an increasing trend. In order to meet the requirement of raw material for construction, the extraction of sand carried out manually / semi- mechanized process from the river beds . The production of aggregate area is a function of the availability of natural resources, the size of population, the economy of the area and various developmental and infrastructural works being undertaken in the area like road construction, hydroelectric projects etc. Further, being a low- value, high-volume mineral commodity, the prices are dramatically affected by transportation distances. If the distance increases, the transportation cost may increase much more than the cost of the aggregates.

6.1 PRODUCTION AND ROYALTY There are 20Settledbalughats in the district at different locations in different rivers of the district where production of sand is in process adding royalty to the State Government. The total Sand produced from different river beds of district is 0.36846 Million ton andtotal royalty collected is about eighty five lakh rupees from settled balughat and about four lakh rupees from those balughats which were settled but lease is not executed or whose bandobasti is cancelled due to violations of rule.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 23 6.2 DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED FROM SETTLED BALU GHATS IN LAST THREE YEARS SL.NO YEAR ROYALTY( IN RS.)

SAND 1 2015- 16 5658600 2 2016- 17 1877400 3 2017- 18 1004730 TOTAL 8540730

6.3 DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED FROM UN- SETTLED BALU GHATS IN LAST THREE YEARS SL.NO YEAR ROYALTY( IN RS.)

1 2015- 16 425500 2 2016- 17 - 3 2017- 18 - TOTAL 425500

6.4 DETAIL OF PRODUCTION OF SAND FROM SETTLED BALU GHATS IN LAST THREE YEARS IN DISTRICT. SR.NO YEAR SAND (Million Ton) 1 2015- 16 - 2 2016- 17 0.24326 3 2017- 18 0.1252 TOTAL 0.36846

24 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 6.5 LIST OF SETTLED BALU GHATS IN THE DISTRICT, LOCATION AREA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY,PRODUCTION AND ROYALTY. SR. NAME Of PANCHAYAT AREA PERIOD OF PRODUCTIO ROYALTY NO RIVER (ACRE) VALIDITY N OF SAND RECEIVED (Three years) (TON) (Rs) 1 AKTO 22-03-2016 TO - KATTADIH 2.00 467500 21-03-2019 2 HARHARO 01-02-2016 TO 39600 DANDADIH 40.70 160800 31-01-2019 3 BRAKAR 01-02-2016 TO 2200 TILOKARI 5.00 132500 31-01-2019 4 BRAKAR 23-06-2016 TO 1200 KATIYA 3.45 165600 22-06-2019 5 BRAKAR 25-01-2016 TO 52400 KANKARCHOLI 17.78 3608800 24-01-2019 6 AKTO 01-02-2016 TO 18000 TETRAN 11.80 264800 31-01-2019 7 KESO 04-03-2016 TO 12080 TAMAI 11.25 2132000 03-03-2019 8 BRAKAR 01-02-2016 TO 20400 DASHARO KHURD 8.45 184800 31-01-2019 9 KESO BARKI 23-06-2016 TO 20000 3.75 64000 DHAMRAY 22-06-2019 10 GAURI 01-02-2016 TO 54280 KANTI 10.65 124000 31-01-2019 11 BRAKAR JAMKATI 08.02.2016 TO 1000 7.60 62550 (BIRSODIH) 07.02.2019 12 GAURI 08.02.2016 TO 23900 SAMLDIH 6.79 122800 07.02.2019 13 SAKRI 04-03-2016 TO 17800 MARCHOI 23.32 124400 03-03-2019 14 SAKRI 22-03-2016 TO 84400 TEHRO 12.14 124880 21-03-2019 15 SAKRI 24-04-2016 TO - KOLGARMA 4.10 245600 23-04-2019 16 HARHRO 23-06-2016 TO - PATHALDIH 24.59 192500 22-06-2019 17 AKTO 23-06-2016 TO - LARIYADIH 5.60 60800 22-06-2019 18 AKTO 23-06-2016 TO 6600 MASMOHNA 6.70 120800 22-06-2019 19 KESO KUNDI 18-02-2016 TO 14600 8.02 181600 DHANWAR 17-02-2019 20 KESO 28.08.2017 TO - KARIYAWAN 2.32 115000 27.08.2020

25 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 6.6 LIST OF SETTLED BALU GHATS IN THE DISTRICT, LOCATION, NAME OF RIVER/NALA, AREA AND POTENTIAL RESERVE. NAME OF SL. AREA LENGTH WIDTH DEPTH TOTAL RESERVE RESERVE LOCATION RIVER/NA NO ( ACRE) (M) (M) (M) (Cum) (TON) (MT) LA 1 KATTADIH AKTO 2 178 63 2.14 23997.96 47995.92 0.047996

2 DANDADIH HARHARO 40.7 250 45.6 3 34200 68400 0.0684

3 TILOKARI BRAKAR 5 294 69 3 60858 121716 0.121716 4 KATIYA BRAKAR 3.45 465 60 1.5 41850 83700 0.0837 KANKAR 5 BRAKAR 17.78 850 50 2.6 110500 221000 0.221 CHOLI 6 TETRAN AKTO 11.8 560 139 3 233520 467040 0.46704 7 TAMAI KESO 11.25 650 120 3 234000 468000 0.468 DASHARO 8 BRAKAR 8.45 744 46 3 102672 205344 0.205344 KHURD

BARKI 9 KESO 3.75 196 77 3 45276 90552 0.090552 DHAMRAI

10 KANTI GAURI 10.65 403 107 3 129363 258726 0.258726 JAMKATI 11 BRAKAR 7.6 97 41 3 11931 23862 0.023862 (BIRSODIH)

12 SAMLDIH GAURI 6.79 266 95 3 75810 151620 0.15162

13 MARCHOI SAKRI 23.32 817 115.5 3 283090.5 566181 0.566181

14 TEHRO SAKRI 12.14 800 60.6 2.4 116352 232704 0.232704

15 KOLGARMA SAKRI 4.1 311 53 3 49449 98898 0.098898

16 PATHALDIH HARHRO 24.59 2488 40 3 298560 597120 0.59712

17 LARIYADIH AKTO 5.6 906 25 3 67950 135900 0.1359

18 MASMOHNA AKTO 6.7 630 43 3 81270 162540 0.16254

KUNDI 19 KESO 8.02 532 70 3 111720 223440 0.22344 DHANWAR 20 KARIYAWAN KESO 2.32 250 49 3 35960 73500 0.0735

TOTAL 216.01 11687 1368.7 2148329 4298239 4.298239

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 26

CHAPTER-7

7.0 EXPLORATION OF POTENTIAL SAND DEPOSITS Survey of India Topo-Sheets are used as base map to know the extent of river course, the district survey report assignments is taken in rainy season, so the approachable and accessible areas have been physically visited. Google Earth software has helped a lot in this survey. In order to calculate the mineral deposits in the stream beds, the mineral constituents have been categorized as clay, silt, sand and boulder. However during present calculation, the waste material i,e silt which vary from 10 to 20% in different streams has also been included in the total production. The mineral reserves have been calculated only upto 3.00 meter depth as mineable depth as per the guidelines of MoEF, although there are some portions in the river beds such as channel bars, point bars and central islands where the annual deposition is raising the level of river bed thus causing shifting of the rivers towards banks resulting in to cutting of banks and at such locations, removal of this material upto the bed level is essential to control the river flow in its central part to check the bank cutting. While calculating the mineral potentials, the mineral deposits lying in the sub-tributaries of that particular stream/river has not been taken into consideration. Since these mineral deposits are actuallyadding annually to the main river, hence increasing the mineral wealth of the river.

7.1 UNSETTLED BALUGHATS OF THE DISTRICT The balughats which are neither settled nor sand has been excavated or mined earlier. The possible Un-Settled balughats of the district has been identified with the help of available data in District Mining office , the toposheets , google Earth Software and local People.

27 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE Several areas in the district has been searched along the main river/ nalasto identify, demarcate and estimate the potential Sand reserves.

Although this District Project Survey project has been taken up in rainy season, due efforts has been taken to collect the faithful data related to the balughats. Due to inaccessibility and non-approachability the length, width and depth of the sand deposit has been assumed to be so at the site itself.

7.2 METHOD FOR CALCULATION OF RESERVES:

For the calculation of total reserves of sand available in the river bed, length, average width and depth of the river bed for which the exploitation is to be carried out /allowed under rule / prevailing instructions of the Govt. was taken into consideration. Thevolume thus obtained is multiplied with the bulk density which has been assumed as 2. For sand the area being a Granitic terrain. Thus reserves up to particular datum line i.e 3 meter below the surface have been calculated.

Total reserves of Minor Minerals (Ton)= Length x Width x Height i.e Depth x Density.

For the annual replenishment of minor mineral reserves, the average annual mean depth up to which the replenishment of minor mineral takes place annually, has been taken into consideration which depends upon the annual rainfall factor and geology of the catchments area. Thus, the approximate Un-Settled area for Potential Sand deposit would be about 80 Acres under 3rd or higher stream order( Category II, Balughat as per Jharkhand Sand Mining Policy,2017) , may be recommended for Jharkhand State Mineral Development Corporation (JSMDC) which will produce a total Sand Production of about 1.73Million every year.

28 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE

Google Image of Area of Koderma district, Showing rivers of the district

Landsat Image from Google, Area of Koderma district, showing white to pale white colour as reflection of Existing Sand Deposits on River bed.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 29

7.3 LIST OF UN-SETTLED BALU GHATS IN THE DISTRICT KODERMA :

NAME OF Sl. MAUZA/ AREA PERIOD OF PRODUCTION ROYALTY RIVER/STR PANCHYAT NO PLOT NO (IN ACRES) VALIDITY OF SAND RECEIVED EAM POANCHK 1 MARKACHO 15.50 - - 228500 HARA 2 DUDHI KANKO 9.10 - - 76500 _ PRATAB PUR/ 01 3 AKTO JOGIYA TILHA 10.00 (P) & 69 (P) _ _

_ CHEHAL/ 892,

4 BARAKAR CHEHAL 2358 & CHANDRA 43.28 _ _ PUR/ 732 (p)

5 BARAKAR SATDIHA SATDIHA / 01 2.53 _ _ _

7.4 LIST OF UN-SETTLED BALU GHATS IN THE DISTRICT, LOCATION, NAME OF RIVER/NALA, AREA AND POTENTIAL RESERVE. NAME OF AREA SL. LENGTH WIDTH DEPTH TOTAL RESERVE LOCATION RIVER IN NO (M) (M) (M) (Cum) (TON) /NALA ACRE 1 MARKAC POANCHK 15.5 793 77 2.2 134334.2 268668.4 HO HARA 2 KANKO DUDHI 9.1 968 38 2.3 84603.2 169206.4 3 JOGIYA AKTO 10 660 60.6 2.5 99990 199980 TILHA 4 CHEHAL BARAKAR 43.28 2856.48 60.6 3 519308.1 1038616 5 SATDIHA BARAKAR 2.52 190 53 3 30210 60420 Total 80.4 5467.48 289.2 13 868445.5 1736891

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 30 7.5 TOTAL POTENTIAL SAND DEPOSITS Of THE DISTRICT : SL. Name of Portion of the Length of Average Recommen Mineable NO River/Nala River or Stream area width of ded for mineral Recommended recommend area mineral potential (in for Mineral (in ed for recommen concession metric kilometer) mineral ded for (in square tonne) (60% concession mineral meter) of total (in concessio mineral kilometer) n (in potential) meters) 1 AKTO kattadih,Tetran,L 2.934 66.12 193996.1 608073 ariyadih,Masmoh na, Jogiyatilha

2 HARHARO Pathaldih 2.59 43 111370 399312

3 BARAKAR Satdiha,Chehal,Ja 5.49648 54.22 298019.1 1052795 mkati, Dasharokhurd,Ka nkarcholi,katiya, Tilokari

4 KESO Kariyawan,Kundi 1.628 79 128612 513295 dhanwar,Barkidh amrai,Tamai

5 GAURI Samldih,Kanti 0.669 101 67569 246207

6 SAKRI Kolgarma,Tehro, 1.928 76.36 147222.1 538669 Marchoi,

7 POANCHK Markacho 0.793 77 61061 161201 HARA

8 DUDHI Kanko 0.968 38 36784 101523

31 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 7.6 ANNUAL DEPOSITION OF SAND /SEDIMENTS IN CATCHMENT AREA IN KODERMA DISTRICT

There a large number of rivers and streams in the district, but in most of them the supply of water diminishes rapidly or fails entirely soon after the end of the rains. The landscape being undulating and abnormally sloping, the nallas, rivulets and rivers rising from the hillocks and hills send out torrential currents during the rains which generally run to waste cutting deep ravines and gorges in the basin traces. The carrying capacity of the river decreases as a result of which all the load carrying by the river is deposited.

This stream has developed a high flood plain near the confluence of rivers as during flood season the velocity of this stream is checked by the water of rivers and most of sand sediments load is deposited near the confluence point.

The annual replenishment in the river depends upon the amount of precipitation, velocity of the river, catchment area and etc. Annual replenishment is depend upon the period of rainy season and rainfall and surface run-off at different places of the flow of River. To calculate the replenishment data in rainy season is very difficult. Hence, It is suggested that before considering the report for environment clearance Joint inspection Team report must be collected as per the guidelines..

7.7 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MINING The mining will generate direct and indirect employment during mining operations and most of the unskilled labour will be used for mining purposes and they will be paid more than minimum wages prescribed by State Govt. In general, there will be no adverse effect on human health as no blasting or handling of toxic material is involved. All the safety measureswill be strictly followed to prevent occupational risk during excavation, loading and transportation. This will be a good source of revenue generation for the government as after getting the Environment Clearance, the minor mineral concessioner will have to pay the Royalty Price, which will enhance the revenue of the State Government.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 32

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS:

During the preparation of the present report the two prominent rivers Sakri river and Barakar river may be considered under category -2 which shall be managed by State Government through Jharkhand State Mineral Development Corporation Limited (JSMDC). The prominent rivers/streams has been studied in detail, as the rest of the streams/rivers either have very insignificant annual replenishment/ approachability problem or are very narrow at most of the places and as such are not fit for grant of mineral concession for mineral based industries, however it is also important to mention here that because of the regular demand of sand for the developmental activities in the respective areas, such streams are prone to illegal mining, It is suggested that the auctions of Sand deposits be done regularly to meet out the local demand subject to the approval from the joint Inspection Committee as per Jharkhand Minor Mineral Concession Rules 2017 and Jharkhand Sand Mining Policy 2017.These mineral concessions shall also reduce demand load and will be helpful to minimize illegal extraction of minerals, failure of which may result in to illegal mining at odd hours and shall be haphazard and more detrimental to the local ecology. Irrespective of it following geo-scientific considerations are also suggested to be taken into account during the river bed mining in a particular area: 1. Abandoned stream channels or terrace and inactive floodplains may be preferred rather than active channels and their deltas and floodplains.

2. Stream should not be diverted to form inactive channel.

3. Mining below subterranean water level should be avoided as a safeguard against environmental contamination and over exploitation of resources.

33 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 4. Large rivers and streams whose periodic sediment replenishment capacities are larger, may be preferred than smaller rivers.

5. Segments of braided river system should be used preferably falling within the lateral migration area of the river regime that enhances the feasibility of sediment replenishment.

6. Mining at the concave side of the river channel should be avoided to prevent bank erosion. Similarly meandering segment of a river should be selected for mining in such a way as to avoid natural eroding banks and to promote mining on naturally building (aggrading) meander components.

7. Continued riverbed material mining in a given segment of the river will induce seasonal scouring and intensify the erosion activity within the channel. This will have an adverse effect not only within the mining area but also both in upstream and downstream of the river course. Hazardous effects of such scouring and enhanced erosion due to riverbed mining should be evaluated periodically and avoided for sustainable mining activities.

8. Mining area should be demarcated on the ground with Pucca pillars so as to avoid illegal unscientific mining.

9. It is recommended that Sub Divisional Level Committee may take into consideration all its relevant aspects / data while scrutinizing and recommending the application for EC to the concerned Authority.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 34

35 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE

v

36 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE

37 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE

38 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE ANNEXURE-II

LIST OF RIVER WISE DETAILS OF POTENTIAL BALUGHATS IN THE DISTRICT.

SL. NAME OF AREA LENGTH LENGTH WIDTH DEPTH TOTAL RESERVE LOCATION NO RIVER/NALA (ACRE) (M) (KM) (M) (M) (Cum) (TON)

AKTO RIVER

1 KATTADIH AKTO 2 178 0.178 63 2.14 23997.96 47995.92

2 TETRAN AKTO 11.8 560 0.56 139 3 233520 467040 3 JOGIYA TILHA AKTO 10 660 0.66 60.6 2.5 99990 199980

4 LARIYADIH AKTO 5.6 906 0.906 25 3 67950 135900

5 MASMOHNA AKTO 6.7 630 0.63 43 3 81270 162540

36.1 2934 2.934 506728 1013456 HARHARO RIVER

6 DANDADIH HARHARO 40.7 250 0.25 45.6 3 34200 68400

7 PATHALDIH HARHRO 24.59 2488 2.488 40 3 298560 597120

65.29 2738 2.738 332760 665520

BARAKAR RIVER

8 TILOKARI BRAKAR 5 294 0.294 69 3 60858 121716 9 KATIYA BRAKAR 3.45 465 0.465 60 1.5 41850 83700

10 KANKARCHOLI BRAKAR 17.78 850 0.85 50 2.6 110500 221000

DASHARO 11 BRAKAR 8.45 744 0.744 46 3 102672 205344 KHURD

JAMKATI 12 BRAKAR 7.6 97 0.097 41 3 11931 23862 (BIRSODIH)

13 CHEHAL BARAKAR 43.28 2856.48 2.85648 60.6 3 519308.1 1038616 14 SATDIHA BARAKAR 2.52 190 0.19 53 3 30210 60420 88.08 5496.48 5.49648 877329.1 1754658

39 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE KESO RIVER 15 TAMAI KESO 11.25 650 0.65 120 3 234000 468000

KUNDI 16 KESO 8.02 532 0.532 70 3 111720 223440 DHANWAR

BARKI 17 KESO 3.75 196 0.196 77 3 45276 90552 DHAMRAI

18 KARIYAWAN KESO 2.32 250 0.25 49 3 35960 73500

25.34 1628 1.628 426956 855492 GAURI RIVER 19 KANTI GAURI 10.65 403 0.403 107 3 129363 258726 20 SAMLDIH GAURI 6.79 266 0.266 95 3 75810 151620 17.44 669 0.669 205173 410346

SAKRI RIVER

21 MARCHOI SAKRI 23.32 817 0.817 115.5 3 283090.5 566181

22 TEHRO SAKRI 12.14 800 0.8 60.6 2.4 116352 232704

23 KOLGARMA SAKRI 4.1 311 0.311 53 3 49449 98898

39.56 1928 1.928 448891.5 897783 POANCHKHARA RIVER 24 MARKACHO POANCHKHARA 15.5 793 0.793 77 2.2 134334.2 268668.4 DUDHI RIVER 25 KANKO DUDHI 9.1 968 0.968 38 2.3 84603.2 169206.4

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 40

ANNEXURE-II

FIELD PHOTOGRAPHS

41 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE

42 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF KODERMA DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE 43