Introduction

Notes

Introduction

1. Fascism’ (with an upper case ‘F’) is used to refer to the movement and regime in Italy; ‘fascism’ (lower case ‘f’) is used to refer to the generic ideology. ‘Roman Catholic’ is styled as ‘Catholic’ throughout. 2. E.E. Reynolds (1973) The Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales: a short history (Wheathampstead: Clarke), p. 359. 3. These figures are from 1936, originally from the Catholic Directory, 1937, reprinted in the appendix to P.F. Anson (1937) The Catholic Church in Modern Scotland 1560–1937 (London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne), p. 221. 4. For a much fuller discussion of this see N. Riddell (1997) ‘The Catholic Church and the Labour Party, 1918–1931, Twentieth Century British History, 8, 165–193. 5. T. Gallagher (1983) ‘Scottish Catholics and the British Left, 1918–1939’, The Innes Review, 34, 17–42, p. 26. 6. A. Hastings (2001) A History of English Christianity, 4th edn (London: S.C.M. Press), p. 279. 7. D. Sewell (2001) Catholics: Britain’s largest minority (London: Penguin), p. 71. 8. B. Bergonzi (1965) ‘The English Catholics’, Encounter, 24, 19–30, p. 23. 9. Distributism was a political movement influenced by Catholic social teaching which sought to ‘distribute’ private property as widely as possible. It saw itself as a middle way between state socialism and liberal capitalism. 10. A good example would be George Orwell, who saw British Catholicism as having fascist tendencies. See J. Rodden (1989) ‘George Orwell and British Catholicism’, Renascence, 41, p. 144. 11. S. Rawnsley (1980) ‘The Membership of the British Union of Fascists’, in K. Lunn and R.C. Thurlow (eds.) British Fascism: essays on the radical right in inter-war Britain (London: Croom Helm); and S. Rawnsley (1981) ‘Fas- cists and Fascism in Britain in the 1930s: a case study of Fascism in the North of England in a period of economic and political change’, PhD thesis, University of Bradford. 12. See for example, Roger Griffin (ed.) (2005) Fascism, Totalitarianism and Polit- ical Religion (London: Routledge) and M. Burleigh (2006) Sacred Causes: religion and politics from the European dictators to Al Qaeda (London: HarperPress). 13. For a number of responses to Catholic writers and their attitude to fascism see the Chesterton Review (1999), 25 especially, K. L. Morris, ‘Fascism and British Catholic Writers 1924–1939’. For recent works on Chesterton see especially W. Oddie (2008) Chesterton and the Romance of Ortho- doxy: the making of GKC (Oxford: Oxford University Press); J. Stapleton (2009) Christianity, Patriotism and Nationhood: the England of G.K. Chesterton (Lanham MD and Oxford: Lexington Books) and J. Pearce (1996) Wisdom

219 220 Notes

and Innocence: a life of G.K. Chesterton (London: Hodder and Stroughton). For Belloc see R. Speaight (1957) The Life of Hilaire Belloc (London: Hollis and Carter); A.N. Wilson (1986) Hilaire Belloc (Harmondsworth: Penguin); J. Pearce (2002) Old Thunder: a life of Hilaire Belloc (London: Harper Collins); J.P. Corrin (1981) G.K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc: the battle against modernity (Athens OH and London: Ohio University Press) and J.P. McCarthy (1978) Hilaire Belloc: Edwardian radical (Indianapolis: Liberty Press). For Waugh see especially C. Sykes (1985) Evelyn Waugh: a biography rev. edn (London) and M. Stannard (1986) Evelyn Waugh: the early years 1903–1939 (London: Dent). For an example of a critical attack on Greene’s portrayal of Jews see A. F. Loewenstein (1993) Loathsome Jews and Engulf- ing Women: metaphors of projection in the works of Wyndham Lewis, Charles Williams and Graham Greene (New York: New York University Press). 14. K. Aspden (2003) Fortress Church: the English Roman Catholic bishops and politics 1903–63 (Leominster: Gracewing). 15. J.R. Lothian (2009) The Making and Unmaking of the English Catholic Intel- lectual Community 1910–1950 (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press). 16. J.P. Corrin (2002) Catholic Intellectuals and the Challenge of Democracy (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press). 17. The term is Lucy Delap’s. See L. Delap (2000) ‘The Freewoman,Periodical Communities, and the Feminist Reading Public’, Princeton University Library Chronicle, 61, 233–276 and L. Delap (2002) ‘The Freewoman, periodical culture and the ideas of Edwardian feminism’ (Ph.D thesis, Kings College, Cambridge), pp. 12–45. 18. M. Grimley (2004) Citizenship, Community and the Church of England: liberal Anglican theories of the state between the wars (Oxford: Clarendon Press). 19. Any discussion of secularization inevitably owes something to Max Weber; see for example, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (numerous editions). Some inﬂuential works on secularization are: B. Wilson (1969) Religion in Secular Society (Harmondsworth: Penguin); P.L. Berger (1977) Fac- ing up to Modernity: excursions in society, politics, and religion (New York: Basic Books); and S. Bruce (1995) Religion in Modern Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press). 20. G.L. Mosse (1999) The Fascist Revolution: towards a general theory of fascism (New York: H. Fertig); (1996) The Image of Man: the creation of modern masculinity (Oxford: Oxford University Press); (1985) Nationalism and Sex- uality: respectability and abnormal sexuality in modern Europe (New York: H. Fertig); (1980) Masses and Man: nationalist and fascist perceptions of reality (New York: H. Fertig); (1969) The Crisis of German Ideology: intellectual origins of the Third Reich (London: Widenfeld and Nicolson); (1975)The Nationali- sation of the Masses: political symbolism and mass movements in Germany from the Napoleonic wars through the Third Reich (New York: H. Fertig); (1971) ‘Caesarism, Circuses and Monuments’, Journal of Contemporary History,6, 167–82; (1966) ‘The Genesis of Fascism’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1, 14–26. Z. Sternhell (1972) La droite révolutionnaire 1885–1914: les origines françaises du fascisme (Paris: Seuil), and Z. Sternhell with M. Sznajder and M. Asheri (tr. D. Maisel) (1994) The Birth of Fascist Ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Notes 221

Press). R. Grifﬁn (ed.) (1998) International Fascism: theories, causes and the new consensus (London: Arnold); (1991) The Nature of Fascism (London: Pinter).

1 Catholic Fascists?

1. W. Teeling (1937) The Pope in Politics: the life and work of Pope Pius XI (London: Lovat Dickson), p. 169. 2. Teeling (1937), p. 262. 3. http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/b/Binchy_DA/life.htm (accessed 11 October 2012). 4. D.A. Binchy (1941) Church and State in Fascist Italy (London: Oxford University Press), pp. 714–15. 5. Binchy (1941), p. 719. 6. D. Sewell (2002 edn) Catholics: Britain’s largest minority (London: Penguin), p. 76. 7. ‘Religious Feeling in Scotland’, The Blackshirt, May 17, 1935, p. 3. 8. Rawnsley (1980), p. 161. 9. Rawnsley (1980), p. 162. 10. Rawnsley (1980), p. 162. 11. ‘Religious Feeling in Scotland’, p. 3. 12. S. M.Cullen (2008) ‘The Fasces and the Saltire: the failure of the British Union of Fascists in Scotland, 1932–40’, The Scottish Historical Review, 87, 195–219, p. 325. 13. T. Gallagher (1987) Glasgow: the Uneasy Peace. Religious Tension in Modern Scotland, 1819–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 215. 14. S.M. Cullen (1994) ‘Another Nationalism: the British Union of Fascists in Glamorgan, 1932–40’, Cylchgrawn Hanes Cymru / Welsh History Review, 17, 101–14, p. 101 and p. 113. 15. Letter from the Board of Deputies of the British Jews to the editor of the Catholic Herald, 28 October 1936, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 11. 16. Rawnsley (1980), p. 162. 17. Rawnsley (1981), p. 254. 18. (1986) Mosley’s Blackshirts: the inside story of the British Union of Facists 1932– 1940 (London: Sanctuary), p. 27. O’Donegan also mentioned Alfred Orage and The New English Weekly (p. 28). 19. Mosley’s Blackshirts, p. 28. 20. Mosley’s Blackshirts, p. 31. See also J. Charnley’s autobiography (1990), Blackshirts and Roses (London: Brockingday). 21. Mosley’s Blackshirts, p. 49. 22. Sewell (2002), p. 74. 23. ‘I will follow Sir Oswald Mosley. Says A Catholic’, The Blackshirt, June 29, 1934, p. 8. 24. ‘Catholics and Denominational Schools’, The Blackshirt, January 4, 1935, p. 1. 25. Alexander Raven Thomson, ‘Catholic Doubts and the Corporate State’, The Blackshirt, April 26, 1935, p. 2. 222 Notes

26. Quoted in T. Linehan (2005) ‘The British Union of Fascists as a Total- itarian Movement and Political Religion’, in R. Grifﬁn (ed.), Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion (London: Routledge), p. 112. 27. Linehan (2005), pp. 103–24. 28. Quoted in Linehan (2005), p. 112. 29. Quoted in Linehan (2005), p. 113. 30. Corporatism sought to replace individual democratic representation with ‘group’ or ‘corporate’ representation under the supervision of the state. 31. L. Susser (1988) ‘Fascist and Anti-Fascist Attitudes in Britain Between the Wars’, D.Phil Thesis, University of Oxford, p. 213; referred to in Linehan (2005) p. 113. 32. Linehan (2005), p. 114. 33. Linehan, (2005), pp. 115–16. 34. M. Durham (1998) Women and Fascism (London: Routledge), p. 38. 35. J.V. Gottlieb (2003) Feminine Fascism: women in Britain’s Fascist movement (London: I.B. Tauris), p. 115. The original quote is from Action,23July, 1936. 36. Durham (1998), p. 39. 37. Durham (1998), p. 39. 38. Durham (1998), p. 40. 39. H. F. Srebrnik (1995) London Jews and British Communism 1935–1945 (Ilford: Valentine Mitchell), p. 33. 40. Rawnsley (1980), p. 162. 41. S. Fielding (1993) Class and Ethnicity: Irish Catholics in England, 1880–1939 (Buckingham: Open University Press), p. 123. 42. R. Skidelsky (1975) Oswald Mosley (London: Macmillan), p. 106 and p. 395. 43. G. Alderman (1989) London Jewry and London Politics 1889–1986 (London: Routledge), p. 84. 44. Srebrnik (1995 ) p. 33. 45. T.P. Linehan (1996) East London for Mosley: the British Union of Fascists in East London and South-West Essex 1933–40 (London: Macmillan), p. 82. 46. Linehan (1996), p. 83. 47. Linehan (1996), p. 83. 48. Alderman (1989), p. 212. 49. Fielding (1993), p. 125; Rawnsley (1981), p. 189. 50. Rawnsley (1981), p. 196. 51. Srebrnik (1995), p. 31. 52. Srebrnik (1995), p. 33. 53. Srebrnik (1995), p. 32. 54. Alderman (1989), p. 85. 55. T. Colpi (1991) The Italian Factor: the Italian Community in Great Britain (Edinburgh: Mainstream) and C. Baldoli (2003) Exporting Fascism: Italian Fascists and Britain’s Italians in the 1930s (Oxford: Berg). 56. Colpi (1991), p. 86. 57. Colpi (1991), p. 90. 58. Colpi (1991), p. 90. 59. Colpi (1991), p. 93. 60. Colpi (1991), p. 87. Notes 223

61. Colpi (1991), p. 87. 62. Baldoli (2003), p. 145. 63. Rawnsley (1981), p. 97. 64. Baldoli (2003), p. 15. 65. Baldoli (2003), p. 16. 66. Baldoli (2003), p. 16. 67. Baldoli (2003), p. 16. 68. Baldoli (2003), p. 16. 69. Baldoli (2003), p. 16. 70. Rawnsley (1981), p. 98. 71. Colpi (1991), p. 104. 72. J.K. Heydon (1937) Fascism and Providence (London: Sheed and Ward), p. 4. 73. Heydon (1937), p. 48. 74. Heydon (1937), p. 50. 75. Heydon (1937), p. 50. 76. Heydon (1937), p. 51. 77. Heydon (1937), pp. 53–4. 78. Heydon (1937), pp. 57–8. 79. Heydon (1937), p. 58. 80. Heydon (1937), p. 60. 81. Heydon (1937), p. 89. 82. Heydon (1937), p. 97. 83. Heydon (1937), p. 98. 84. Heydon (1937), p. 102. 85. Heydon (1937), p. 107. 86. Heydon (1937), p. 112. 87. Heydon (1937), p. 128. 88. Heydon (1937), p. 133. 89. Heydon (1937), p. 144. 90. Heydon (1937), p. 146. 91. Heydon (1937), p. 153. 92. K. Aspden (2002) Fortress Church: the English Roman Catholic bishops and politics 1903–1963 (Leominster: Gracewing), pp. 216–17. 93. Aspden (2002), p. 216. 94. J. S. Barnes (1933) Half a Life (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode), p. 7. 95. Barnes (1933), p. 244. 96. Barnes (1933), p. 230, p. 233 and p. 234. 97. Barnes (1933), p. 147. 98. Quoted in T. Linehan (2000) British Fascism 1918–39: politics, ideology and culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 129. 99. Barnes (1933), p. 42. 100. Quoted in Linehan, (2000), p. 129. 101. J. S. Barnes (1937) Half a Life Left (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode), p. 290. 102. Barnes (1937) p. 297. 103. Linehan (2000), p. 239. 104. Barnes (1933), p. 152. 105. Quoted in Linehan, (2000), pp. 129–30. 106. Quoted in Linehan (2000), p. 129. 224 Notes

107. See Z. Sternhell with M. Sznajder and M. Asheri (tr. D. Maisel) (1994) The Birth of Fascist Ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press). 108. See Griffin (1993) and also Linehan (2000), p. 129. 109. Barnes (1933), p. 335. 110. J.S. Barnes (1929 edn), The Universal Aspects of Fascism (London: Williams and Norgate), pp. xviii–xix. 111. Major J.S. Barnes to Cardinal Bourne, 10 July, 1927, Bo. 1/176 (filed under Hi. 2/76) Hinsley Papers. 112. Major J.S. Barnes to Cardinal Bourne, 10 July, 1927, Bo. 1/176 (filed under Hi. 2/76) Hinsley Papers. 113. Cardinal Bourne’s private secretary to Major J.S. Barnes, 12 July, 1927, Bo. 1/176 (filed under Hi. 2/76) Hinsley Papers. 114. Barnes (1929), p. xxii. 115. Barnes (1929), p. 17. 116. Barnes (1929), p. 29. 117. Barnes (1929), pp. 37–8. 118. Barnes (1929), p. 41. 119. Barnes (1929), p. 60. 120. Barnes (1933), p. 301. 121. ‘...it should never be forgotten that a Gentile with a genius for finance, with good connections abroad and a capacity for understanding the for- eigner, is just as great a national danger as the Jew. In other words, the danger is not a question of race but of opportunity.’ Barnes (1933), p. 302. 122. Barnes (1929), pp. 97–8. 123. Barnes (1929), p. 100. 124. Barnes (1929), p. 102. 125. Barnes (1929), pp. 105–6. 126. Barnes (1929), p. 109. 127. Barnes (1929), p. 119. 128. Barnes (1929), p. 123. 129. Barnes (1929), p. 116. 130. Barnes (1929), pp. 106–7. 131. Barnes (1929), p. 126 132. Barnes (1929), p. 240.

2 The Hierarchy

1. Quoted in K. Aspden (2002) Fortress Church: the English Roman Catholic bishops and politics 1903–63 (Leominster: Gracewing), p. 205. 2. T. Maloney (1985) Westminster, Whitehall and the Vatican: the role of Cardinal Hinsley, 1935–43 (Tunbridge Wells: Burns and Oates), p. 64. 3. Maloney (1985), p. 71. 4. Maloney (1985), p. 66. 5. Replies to Hinsley in Hi. 2/217, Hinsley Papers. 6. Letter from Arthur Hope to Cardinal Hinsley, Hi.2/217, Hinsley Papers. 7. Letter from Martin J. Melvin to Cardinal Hinsley, 8 September 1936, Hi. 2/217, Hinsley Papers. Notes 225

8. Letter from Hinley’s Private Secretary, 10 February 1938, Hi. 2/217, Hinsley Papers. 9. Letter from Cardinal Hinsley to José I de Lizaso, February 5, 1938, Hi. 2/217, Hinsley Papers. 10. Letter from the Duke of Alba to Cardinal Hinsley, 7 December, 1938, Hi. 2/217, Hinsley Papers. 11. Letter from Cardinal Hinsley to Manuel de Irujo, 30 March, 1939, Hi. 2/217, Hinsley Papers. 12. Letter from Carhidal Hinsley to Mr. O’Hanlon, 23 February, 1938, Hi. 2/217, Hinsley Papers. 13. Maloney (1985), p. 64. 14. Cardinal Hinsley to Marquis de Moral, 11 February 1938, Hi. 2/217, Hinsley Papers. 15. Ronald Flaxman to Cardinal Hinsley, 17 November, 1937, Hi. 2/92, Hinsley Papers. 16. Cardinal Hinsley to Ronald Flaxman, 13 January, 1938, Hi. 2/92, Hinsley Papers. 17. William Joyce to Cardinal Hinsley, 8 April, 1936, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 18. Harold Brinjes to Cardinal Hinsley, 15 March, 1938, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 19. Cardinal Hinsley to Harold Brinjes, 16 March, 1938, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 20. Cardinal Hinsley to Harold Brinjes, 16 March, 1938, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 21. Maloney (1985), p. 205. 22. Hertz to Zaiman, 23 May, 1933, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 16. 23. Maloney (1985), p. 206. 24. Private secretary of Archbishop of Westminster to Mr. Laski, 24 June, 1938, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 16. 25. Maloney (1985), p. 210. 26. Letter from M.H. Bothill on behalf of the editor of the New Catholic Press to the secretary of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 13. 27. Letter from Mr. Neville Laski to Mr. Lionel L. Cohen, 13 December, 1933, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 14. 28. Letter to Archbishop of Liverpool, 24 December, 1937, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 14. 29. Letter to Archbishop of Liverpool, 3 February, 1938, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 14. 30. Letter from J. Collings, private secretary of the Archbishop of Westminster, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 14. 31. Letter from Sidney Salomon to Neville Laski, 21 January, 1938, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 14. 226 Notes

32. Robert Waley Cohen to Neville Laski, 10 January, 1938, London Metropoli- tan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 14. 33. Archbishop of Liverpool to Mr. Laski, 1 June, 1936, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 16. This book also had a negative review in The Month in March 1935. 34. Charles F. Wegg-Prosser to Cardinal Hinsley (no date; possibly February 1938), Hi. 2/76 Hinsley Papers. 35. Maloney (1985), p. 60. 36. S.J. Gosling to Cardinal Hinsley, 3 February 1939, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 37. Cardinal Hinsley to S.J. Gosling, 4 February 1939, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 38. Mrs Munden to Cardinal Hinsley, 5 February 1939; Mrs. Hundson to Car- dinal Hinsley, 5 February 1939; Mrs Canale to Cardinal Hinsley 4 February, 1939; all in Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 39. Cardinal Hinsley’s secretary to Mrs Munden, 7 February, 1939, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 40. M.G.S. Jewell to Cardinal Hinsley, 3 February, 1939, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 41. Cardinal Hinsley to MG.S. Jewell, 4 February, 1939, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 42. Cardinal Hinsley to MG.S. Jewell, 4 February, 1939, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 43. 12 July, 1939 and 29 September, 1939, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 44. J.K. Heydon to the Catholic Herald, 1 May, 1939, forwards to Cardinal Hinsley, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 45. Cardinal Hinsley to J.K. Heydon, 6 May, 1939, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 46. Cardinal Hinsley to J.K. Heydon, 6 May, 1939, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 47. Cardinal Hinsley to J.K. Heydon, 6 May, 1939, Hi. 2/76, Hinsley Papers. 48. Quoted in Aspden (2002), n. p. 277. 49. Michael Clifton (1987) Amigo – Friend of the Poor. Bishop of Southwark 1904– 1949 (Leominster: Fowler Wright Books), p. 140. 50. Clifton (1987), p. 141. 51. Clifton (1987), p. 142. 52. Clifton (1987), p. 143. 53. Clifton (1987), p. 143–4. 54. Clifton (1987), p. 144. 55. Clifton (1987), p. 148. 56. Aspden (2002), p. 216. 57. Aspden (2002), p. 211. 58. Aspden (2002), p. 212. 59. Aspden (2002), p. 213. 60. Aspden (2002), p. 213. 61. Aspden (2002), p. 213. 62. Aspden (2002), p. 214. 63. Rev. L. O’Hea (S.J) to Archbishop Williams, 20 January, 1932, Birmingham Diocesan Archives, Archbishop’s Papers, AP/5/8/1. 64. See for example Rev. L. O’Hea (S.J) to Archbishop Williams, 27 September, 1938, Birmingham Diocesan Archives, Archbishop’s Papers, AP/5/8/1. 65. Archbishop Williams to ‘R.N’, 10 February, 1939, Birmingham Diocesan Archives, Archbishops Papers, AP/5/8/1. 66. Archbishop Williams to ‘R.N’, 10 February, 1939, Birmingham Diocesan Archives, Archbishops Papers, AP/5/8/1. Notes 227

67. T. Gallagher (1987) Glasgow: the Uneasy Peace. Religious Tension in Modern Scotland, 1819–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 117. 68. Gallagher (1987), p. 207.

3 The Press

1. D. Gwynn (1936) ‘The Dublin Review and the Catholic Press’, Dublin Review, 198, 311–321, p. 317. De La Bédoyère held the editorship until 1962, with a short interlude in 1936 when the paper was edited by Donald Attwater. 2. Catholic Herald (hereafter referred to as CH), March 12, 1937, p. 1. 3. Andrew Boyle (2004) ‘Bédoyère, Michael Anthony Maurice Huchet de la, Count de la Bédoyère in the French nobility (1900–1973)’, rev. Oxford Dic- tionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press); online edn, October 2007 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31023, accessed 31 October 2007] 4. See for example John Rodden’s comments on Woodruff’s circle at the Tablet in (2003 edn) George Orwell: the politics of literary reputation (London: Transaction Publishers), p. 366. 5. Gwynn (1936), p. 317. 6. ‘Vote Labour’, CH, October 28, 1922, p. 6. 7. ‘The Critics of Catholic Journalism’, CH, February 10, 1923, p. 6. 8. ‘Fascismo and Fascisti.. Success of New Movement in Italy. Carsonian Unconstitutionalism Succeeds’, CH, November 18, 1922, p. 7. 9. ‘Viva Il Papa Re!’, CH, February 16, 1929, p. 8. 10. C.D., ‘The Roman Question Settled. The Catholic Church and the King- doms of This World. A Historical Retrospect’, CH, February 16, 1929, p. 6. 11. ‘Vatican and the Action Francaise’ [sic], CH, January 15, 1927, p. 9. 12. ‘Vatican Exposure of Neo-Paganism’, CH, February 4, 1933, p. 4. 13. ‘A Fascist Museum. A Disgusting Exhibition’, CH, June 10, 1933, p. 20. 14. ‘We are Catholics’, CH, February 18, 1933, p. 8. 15. We are Catholics’, CH, February 18, 1933, p. 8. 16. We are Catholics’, CH, February 18, 1933, p. 8. 17. CH, March 4, 1933, p. 8. 18. Editorial, CH, February 25, 1933, p. 8. 19. ‘The Corporate State’, CH, June 2, 1934, p. 8. 20. ‘A Moral from Mussolini’, CH, June 9, 1934, p. 11. 21. Barbara Barclay Carter, ‘Italy and the War Mind. Even Leader Misled by Propaganda. Strict Press Censorship.’ CH, November 29, 1935, p. 11. 22. Editorial, CH, October 11, 1935, p. 10. 23. ‘A Wiser Hitler?’, CH, July 7, 1934, p. 8. 24. ‘A Wiser Hitler?’, CH, July 7, 1934, p. 8. 25. ‘A Wiser Hitler?’, CH, July 7, 1934, p. 8. 26. Rev. Edward Quinn, ‘Germany: after three years’, CH, February 14, 1936, p. 9. 27. Editorial, CH, July 31, 1936, p. 8. 28. Editorial, CH, July 31, 1936, p. 8. 228 Notes

29. CH, August 7, 1936, p. 1. 30. ‘Europe at the Cross Roads. Spanish Issue Simplifies Itself’, CH, August 7, 1936, p. 1. 31. Editorial, CH, August 7, 1936, p. 8. 32. CH, August 21, 1936. 33. Viator, ‘Spain Paying in Blood for Democratic Idealism’, CH, August 21, 1936, p. 9. 34. CH, August 28, 1936, p. 8. 35. ‘London Catholic Workers Stand for Franco: The East End Interviewed’, CH, January 22, 1937, p. 2. 36. Editorial, CH, January 27, 1937, p. 8. 37. ‘To Catholic Critics of Franco’, CH, December 2, 1938, p. 8. 38. CH, October 2, 1936, p. 6. 39. ‘People and Freedom Group: Don Sturzo’s Defence’, CH, November 11, 1938, p. 6. 40. Editorial reply, CH, November 11, 1938, p. 6. 41. Editorial reply, CH, November 11, 1938, p. 6. 42. Editorial, CH, January 27, 1937, p. 8. 43. ‘Germany and Europe’, CH, February 5, 1937, p. 8. 44. ‘Germany and Europe’, CH, February 5, 1937, p. 8. 45. CH, October 7, 1938, p. 8. Contribution in this issue include: D. Jerrold, ‘Stop those War Mongers!’, p. 2; A. Lunn, ‘Bellicose Pacifism is not New’, p. 5; C. Dawson, ‘If the Dictators Seek War, then We Must Seek Peace’, p. 9; R. Sencourt, ‘These are the Facts’, p. 7. 46. ‘Hitler’s Responsibility’, CH, September 8, 1939, p. 6. 47. ‘Poland “For Faith and Fatherland”, CH, September 15, 1939, p. 6. 48. ‘A Latin Catholic Bloc’, CH, July 12, 1940, p. 4. 49. ‘A Come-Back for Liberalism’, CH, May 8, 1936, p. 6. 50. ‘Fascism and Christianity’, CH, October 9, 1936, p. 6. 51. Editorial note, CH, October 9, 1936, p. 6. 52. ‘Democracy’s Hour of Trial’, CH, March 16, 1939, p. 8. 53. ‘Notes and Comments: In the East End’, CH, October 9, 1936, p. 8. 54. ‘News from the Country. Street Fighting in East London. The First Barricades. Clash Described by An Eye-Witness.’ CH, October 9, 1936, p. 11. 55. ‘Londoners Watch Labour, Communist and Fascist Marches’, CH, May 12, 1939, p. 3. 56. CH, February 5, 1937, p. 5. 57. ‘A Moral from Mussolini’, CH, June 9, 1934, p. 11. 58. ‘Democrats to Study Fascist Ideas’, CH, December 16, 1938 and ‘Pacifists Discuss Fascist Economics’, CH, February 3, 1939, p. 7. 59. Colan, ‘...Then Atheistic Communism Will Come’, CH, February 5, 1937, p. 12. 60. ‘The Resistance to Jewry’, CH, January 22, 1937, p. 8. 61. H. Belloc, ‘The Jewish question’, Eye-Witness, September 7, 1911, p. 365; ‘The Jewish question. I. The problem stated’, Eye-Witness, September 7, 1911, p. 366; ‘The Jewish question. II. The historical aspect’, Eye-Witness, September 14, 1911, p. 394; ‘The Jewish question. III. The present position’, Eye-Witness, September 21, 1911, p. 427; ‘The Jewish question 1V. The peril’, Notes 229

Eye-Witness, September 28, 1911, p. 459; ‘The Jewish question V. The ﬁrst solution’, Eye-Witness, October 5, 1911, p. 489; ‘The Jewish question. The end-privilege’,Eye-Witness, October 26, 1911, p. 588. H. Belloc (1922) The Jews (London: Constable). 62. ‘Catholics–BUF: Mosley Discusses their Relations’, CH, July 21, 1939, p. 1. 63. ‘Cardinal Hinsley Warns English Catholics – Do Not Call Yourself Fascist’, CH, February 3, 1939, p. 3. 64. ‘Use of the Political Term “Fascist” By Catholics in England Gives Rise to Grave Misunderstandings’, CH, February 10, 1939, p. 9. 65. ‘Use of the Political Term “Fascist” By Catholics in England Gives Rise to Grave Misunderstandings’, CH, February 10, 1939, p. 9. 66. ‘Caution Needed’, CH, July 28, 1939, p. 6. 67. Peter White, ‘Fascism in Britain: What Sir O. Mosley Has Written in the Past’, CH, August 4, 1939, p. 8. 68. CH, August 11, 1939, p. 8. 69. See, however, R.P. Thomas, ‘Communism and Jews’, CH, February 19, 1937, p. 6; the reports on Father Coughlin’s broadcasts in America in ‘Radio Priest Labelled “Anti-Jew” ’, CH, December 30, 1938, p. 2; and ‘English Jesuit Views the German Situation. Jewish Persecution Exaggerated’, CH, June 30, 1934. 70. ‘Italy Breaks Article 34 of Concordat’, CH, November 18, 1938, p. 1. 71. ‘Poland and the Jews’, CH, June 10, 1933, p. 8. 72. ‘Attacks on the Jews’, CH, February 10, 1934, p. 8. 73. ‘Jews and Christians: A Priest’s Experience’, CH, May 15, 1936, p. 2. 74. ‘Mad!’, CH, November 18, 1938. 75. D. Jerrold, ‘Jew Pogrom: Why Our Moral Indignation Carries Little Weight’, CH, November 18, 1938, p. 2. See also ‘Sympathy for the Jews – but why indifference to Red massacres in Spain?’, CH, November 25, 1938, p. 10, and ‘British Ulster is Just Another Nazi-land: Persecution of Catholics’, CH, November 25, 1938, p. 11. 76. Secretary of the Board to Catholic Herald, 22 February, 1928, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 11. 77. Secretary of the Board to the Chief Rabbi, 11 October 1929, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 11. 78. Letter from Mr. Zaiman, 18 December, 1933, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 11. 79. Hugo Yardley to Mr Brotman, 6 November, 1936, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 11. 80. M. Walsh (1990) The Tablet 1840–1990: a Commemorative History (London: The Tablet Publishing Company), Acknowledgements. 81. Walsh (1990), pp. 33–4. 82. Walsh (1990), p. 35. 83. Walsh (1990), pp. 37–8. 84. Walsh (1990), p. 41. 85. Walsh (1990), pp. 42–5. 86. A. Waugh (2004) ‘Woodruff (John) Douglas (1897–1978)’, rev. Oxford Dic- tionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press; online edn. October 230 Notes

2007 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31856, accessed 10 January 2008] 87. Quoted in Walsh (1990), pp. 57–59. 88. Quoted in Walsh (1990), p. 49. 89. Quoted in Walsh (1990), p. 49. 90. Walsh (1990) p. 50. 91. Walsh (1990), p. 57. 92. Walsh (1990), p. 50. 93. Walsh (1990), p. 51 (based on Bishop Derek Warlock’s oration at Woodruff’s funeral). 94. Quoted in Walsh (1990), pp. 50–1. 95. The Tablet, June 17, 1933, p. 749. 96. The Tablet, March 30, 1929, p. 426. 97. Roman Correspondent, The Tablet, March 2, 1929, p. 297. 98. Sir George Shee, ‘Mussolini and Hitler: A Parallel and a Contrast – I’, The Tablet, September 8, 1934, p. 297. 99. The Tablet, June 1, 1935, p. 684. 100. The Tablet, July 20, 1935, p. 65. 101. The Tablet, September 14, 1935, p. 321. 102. The Tablet, October 12, 1935, p. 453, quoted in K. L. Morris (1999) ‘Fascism and British Catholic Writers 1924–1939’, The Chesterton Review 25, p. 41. 103. The Tablet, February 29, 1936, p. 262. 104. The Tablet, November 9, 1935, p. 590. 105. The Tablet, November 9, 1935, p. 590. 106. The Tablet, February 15, 1936, p. 200. 107. The Tablet, February 22, 1936, p. 232. 108. ‘Italy in Abyssinia’, The Tablet, June 13, 1936, pp. 750–51. 109. ‘Italy in Abyssinia’, The Tablet, June 13, 1936, p. 750. 110. ‘Italy in Abyssinia’, The Tablet, June 13, 1936, p. 751. 111. ‘The Abyssinian Record’, The Tablet, May 2, 1936, p. 546. 112. ‘The Abyssinian Record’, The Tablet, May 2, 1936, p. 546. 113. The Tablet, January 2, 1933, p. 26. 114. The Tablet, February 11, 1933, p. 186. 115. The Tablet, June 17, 1933, p. 750. 116. The Tablet, August 12, 1933, p. 194. 117. The Tablet, July 8, 1933, p. 64. 118. For a history of tourism in the Third Reich see K. Semmens (2005) Seeing Hitler’s Germany: tourism in the Third Reich (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). 119. Lt Col. Noel Craig, K.H.S., D.S.O., L.L.D., ‘The Nazis at Close Quarters’, The Tablet, January 20, 1934, p. 71. 120. ‘The Nazis at Close Quarters’, p. 72. 121. ‘The Nazis at Close Quarters’, p. 72. 122. ‘The Nazis at Close Quarters’, p. 72. 123. ‘The Nazis at Close Quarters’, p. 72. 124. The Tablet, March 17, 1934, p. 343 125. The Tablet, March 17, 1934, p. 343. 126. A. Cecil Pearce, ‘The Nazi at Close Quarters’, The Tablet, April 21, 1934, p. 510. Notes 231

127. The Tablet, February 9, 1935, p. 164. 128. The Tablet, April 20, 1935, p. 491. 129. The Tablet, July 6, 1935, p. 3. 130. ‘Twenty Years After’, The Tablet, November 12, 1938, p. 632. 131. ‘The Germans in Europe’, The Tablet, October 1, 1938, p. 421. 132. ‘The Germans in Europe’, The Tablet, October 1, 1938, p. 421. 133. The Tablet, November 19, 1938, p. 661. 134. The Tablet, November 19, 1938, p. 661. 135. The Tablet, November 19, 1938, p. 661. 136. Anthony Gittens, ‘Mussolini and Hitler’, The Tablet, September 25, 1934, p. 409. 137. The Tablet, September 25, 1934, p. 409. 138. ‘The Spanish Tragedy’, The Tablet, August 1, 1936, p. 133. 139. The Tablet, August 15, 1936, p. 198. 140. The Tablet, September 12, 1936, p. 329. 141. Robert Lacoste, ‘The Spain I Saw’, The Tablet, September 19, 1936 quoted in Walsh (1990), p. 55. 142. The Tablet, October 3, 1936, p. 440. 143. The Tablet, August 22, 1936, p. 229. 144. ‘Fascism as Cant Phrase’, The Tablet, October 3, 1936, p. 438. 145. The Tablet, July 25, 1936, p. 101. 146. Quoted in Walsh (1990), p. 55. 147. Quoted in K. L. Morris (1999), ‘Fascism and British Catholic Writers 1924– 1939’, The Chesterton Review 25, p. 31. 148. ‘General Franco: a fellow countryman’s portrait’, The Tablet, November 28, 1936, pp. 735–7. 149. Morris (1999), p. 38. 150. The Tablet, October 3, 1936, p. 438. 151. See for example the reports of atrocities in Southern Spain, The Tablet, February 13, 1937, pp. 223–4. See also Arthur Bryant’s introduction to The Second and Third Reports on the Communist Atrocities in Southern Spain between July and October by the Communist Forces of the Madrid Government / with a preface by Arthur Bryant; issued by authority of the committee of investigation appointed by the national government at Burgos (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1937). 152. The Tablet, June 17, 1933, p. 747. 153. ‘News and Notes’, The Tablet, May 12, 1934, p. 586. 154. The Tablet, July 7, 1934, p. 23. 155. The Tablet, November 11, 1933, p. 618. 156. The Tablet, July 21, 1934, p. 65. 157. The Tablet, November 3, 1934, p. 556. 158. The Tablet, November 3, 1934, p. 556. 159. J. Davies, ‘Sir Oswald Mosley’, The Tablet, November 10, 1934, p. 608. 160. The Tablet, November 10, 1934, p. 608. 161. A.K. Chesterton, ‘The Blackshirts’, The Tablet, January 19, 1935, p. 84. 162. The Tablet, February 15, 1936, p. 199. 163. A.K. Chesterton, ‘The Blackshirts’, The Tablet, January 19, 1935, p. 84. 164. The Tablet, January 19, 1935, p. 84. 165. The Tablet, January 12, 1934, p. 34. 232 Notes

166. The Tablet, January 12, 1934, p. 34. 167. The Tablet, November 10, 1934, p. 587. 168. The Tablet, November 10, 1934, p. 587. 169. The Tablet, October 10. 1936, p. 474. 170. The Tablet, November 12, 1938, p. 631. 171. Leo Ward (1928) ‘The Catholic Aspect of the Action Française’, The Month, 151, p. 38. 172. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 1. 173. Joseph Keating (1929) ‘Catholic Church and Fascist State’, The Month, 153, p. 487. 174. Joseph Keating (1929) ‘Catholic Church and Fascist State’, The Month, 153, p. 489. 175. Joseph Keating (1929) ‘Catholic Church and Fascist State’, The Month, 153, p. 492. 176. Joseph Keating (1929) ‘Catholic Church and Fascist State’, The Month, 153, pp. 220–1. 177. S.B. James (1933) ‘Fascism and Christian Economics’, The Month, 161, p. 219. 178. S.B. James (1933) ‘Fascism and Christian Economics’, The Month, 161, p. 220. 179. S.B. James (1933) ‘Fascism and Christian Economics’, The Month, 161, p. 220. 180. S.B. James (1933) ‘Fascism and Christian Economics’, The Month, 161, p. 221. 181. S.B. James (1933) ‘Fascism and Christian Economics’, The Month, 161, p. 222. 182. S.B. James (1933) ‘Fascism and Christian Economics’, The Month, 161, p. 223. 183. Editorial note (1933), The Month, 161, p. 223. 184. Editorial note (1933), The Month, 161, p. 224. 185. Editorial note (1933), The Month, 161, p. 224. 186. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments – “Back to Sparta” in Italy’, The Month, 164, pp. 292–3. 187. (1935) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 165, p. 295. 188. (1935) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 166, p. 98. 189. (1935) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 166, pp. 385–96. 190. (1935) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 166, p. 389. 191. (1935) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 166, pp. 484–5. 192. (1935) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 166, p. 485. 193. Joseph Keating, (1933) ‘The Church and the Nazis’, The Month, 162, pp. 538–40. 194. Joseph Keating, (1933) ‘The Church and the Nazis’, The Month, 162, p. 541. 195. Joseph Keating, (1933) ‘The Church and the Nazis’, The Month, 162, p. 547. 196. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 163, p. 103. 197. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments – the Ideal of Racial Purity’, The Month, 163, p. 11. 198. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 163, p. 102. Notes 233

199. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments – the Ideal of Racial Purity’, The Month, 163, p. 11. 200. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments – Nazi-ism not wholly bad’, The Month, 163, p. 294. 201. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments – Nazi-ism not wholly bad’, The Month, 163, p. 294. 202. John Murray (1935) ‘A New Kulturkampf’, The Month, 166, p. 511. 203. John Murray (1936) ‘Problems of Church and Race’, The Month, 168, pp. 528–536. 204. John Murray (1936) ‘Problems of Church and Race’, The Month, 168, p. 536. 205. John Murray (1936) ‘Germany and Neo-Paganism’, The Month, 167, p. 134. 206. John Murray (1936) ‘Germany and Neo-Paganism’, The Month, 167, p. 138. 207. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 163, pp. 385–6. 208. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month 164, pp. 195–6. 209. See for example: (1935) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 166, p. 204 and p. 296. 210. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 164, p. 387. 211. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 164, p. 388. 212. John Eppstein (1935) ‘Victims of Nationalism’, The Month, 165, p. 315. 213. John Eppstein (1935) ‘Victims of Nationalism’, The Month, 165, p. 323. 214. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’ The Month, 167, p. 108. 215. Joseph Keating (1935) ‘The Price of Peace’, The Month, 166, p. 343. 216. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 300. 217. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 167, p. 197. 218. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments – Civil War in Spain’, The Month, 168, p. 106. 219. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 193. 220. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 388. 221. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments – Better Fascism than Communism’, The Month, 168, p. 483. 222. John Murray (1936) ‘The Lesson of Spain’, The Month, 168, p. 437. 223. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 289. 224. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 387. 225. See The Church Times, October 9, 1936. 226. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 197. 227. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month 168, pp. 291–2. 228. Wilson D. Miscamble C.S.G (1990) ‘The Limits of American Catholic Antifascism: the case of John A. Ryan’, Church History, 59, 523–538, p. 532. 229. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 293. 230. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments – British Fascism’, The Month, 163, p. 490. 231. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 293. 232. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 163, p. 193. 233. (1934) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 163, p. 490. 234. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 198. 235. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 389. 236. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 390. 237. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 198. 238. (1936) ‘Editorial Comments’, The Month, 168, p. 292. 234 Notes

4 The Chesterbelloc

1. G. Bernard Shaw, ‘Belloc and Chesterton’, The New Age, February 15, 1908, p. 310. 2. See for example, J.P. Corrin (2002) Catholic Intellectuals and the Challenge of Democracy (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press). 3. See note 17 in the introduction 4. See T. Villis (2006) Reaction and the Avant-Garde: the revolt against liberal democracy in early twentieth-century Britain (London: Tauris Academic Studies). 5. J. Stapleton (2009), Christianity, Patriotism and Nationhood: the England of G.K. Chesterton (Lanham, MD and Oxford: Lexington Books). 6. R.P. Tombs (1998) ‘ “Lesser breeds without the law” The British establishment and the Dreyfus Affair, 1894–1899’, Historical Journal, 41, 495–510. 7. A. N. Wilson (1986 edn.) Hilaire Belloc (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 90. 8. H. Belloc (1925) The Cruise of the ‘Nona’ (London: Constable), p. 215, ‘It is to the Dreyfus case that we owe the four years of war, 1914–1918; for it destroyed the French Intelligence Bureau and so permitted the German surprise on Mons and Charleroi’. 9. Wilson (1986), p. 43. 10. Eccles to Belloc, March 3, 1938, Belloc Papers, 54/19. 11. Belloc to Eccles, April 12, 1938, Belloc Papers, 54/19. 12. Quoted in Morris (1999), p. 23. 13. Arnold Lunn to Belloc, May 21, 1938, Sir Arnold Lunn Papers, Box 2, folder 14. 14. Belloc to Arnold Lunn, May 27, 1938, Sir Arnold Lunn Papers, Box 2, folder 14. 15. The New Witness, April 16, 1914, p. 758. 16. F.Y. Eccles, ‘Charles Maurras in Prison’, G.K.’s Weekly, February 4, 1937, pp. 422–3. 17. F.Y. Eccles to H. Belloc, July 11 1939, Hilaire Belloc Papers, 54/20. 18. A.M.C.F., ‘At the Devereux’, G.K.’s Weekly, February 11, 1937, p. 456. 19. ‘Crisis in France’, G.K.’s Weekly, February 15, 1934, pp. 377–8. 20. G.K. Chesterton (1930), The Resurrection of Rome (London: Hodder and Stroughton), p. 346. 21. All quotes in this paragraph from ‘Comments of the week’, The New Witness, November 3, 1922, p. 275. 22. H. Belloc, ‘Current affairs: the Italian revolt against parliament’, The New Witness, November 3, 1922, p. 278. 23. Pro Fascistis, ‘The Fascisti’, The New Witness, November 24, 1922, p. 335. 24. J.P. Corrin (1981), G.K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc: the battle against modernity (Athens OH and London: Ohio University Press), p. 186–7. 25. H. Belloc (1925 [1955 edn]) The Cruise of the ‘Nona’, p. 163. 26. Belloc (1955), p. 163. 27. Belloc (1955), p. 164. 28. Belloc (1955), p. 169. 29. Chesterton (1930), pp. 238–9. 30. Chesterton (1930), p. 242. 31. Chesterton (1930), p. 226. Notes 235

32. Chesterton (1930), p. 273. 33. Chesterton (1930), p. 246. 34. Chesterton (1930), p. 247. 35. Chesterton (1930), p. 248. 36. Chesterton (1930), p. 252. 37. Chesterton (1930), p. 262. 38. Chesterton (1930), p. 263. 39. Chesterton (1930), p. 268. 40. Chesterton (1930), p. 278. 41. Chesterton (1930), p. 283. 42. Chesterton (1930), p. 283. 43. Chesterton (1930), p. 286. 44. ‘Notes of the Week’, G.K.’s Weekly, October 17, 1931, p. 83. 45. ‘The New Parties’, G.K.’s Weekly, June 21, 1934, p. 240. 46. ‘A Fascist Explanation’, G.K.’s Weekly, May 10, 1934, p. 145. 47. ‘A Fascist Explanation’, p. 146. 48. CFPW, ‘Fascism’, G.K.’s Weekly, May 24, 1934, p. 189. 49. ‘The Goose Step’, G.K.’s Weekly, June 14, 1934, p. 225. 50. ‘The Goose Step’, p. 226. 51. ‘The Goose Step’, p. 226. 52. G.K.’s Weekly, June 21, 1934, p. 253. 53. G.K.’s Weekly, June 21, 1934, p. 254. 54. Joseph Davies, letter in G.K.’s Weekly, June 21, 1934, p. 254. 55. G.K. Chesterton, ‘Queries on Fascism I’, G.K.’s Weekly, July 5, 1934, p. 279. 56. ‘Queries on Fascism I’, p. 280. 57. G.K. Chesterton, ‘Queries on Fascism II’, G.K.’s Weekly, July 12, 1934, p. 295. 58. ‘Queries on Fascism II’, p. 296. 59. G.K. Chesterton, ‘Queries on Fascism III’, G.K.’s Weekly, July 19, 1934, p. 312. 60. G.K. Chesterton, ‘Queries on Fascism IV’, G.K.’s Weekly, July 26, 1934, p. 328. 61. ‘Queries on Fascism IV’, p. 328. 62. ‘Queries on Fascism IV’, p. 329. 63. G.K. Chesterton, ‘The Thrust of Theory’, G.K.’s Weekly, May 7, 1936, p. 121. 64. See for example A.K. Chesterton’s letter, G.K.’s Weekly, February 7, 1935, p. 382. For Sturzo see L. Sturzo, ‘A Want of Psychology’, G.K.’s Weekly, February 7, 1935, pp. 372–3 and ‘The German Peasants’ Calendar’, G.K.’s Weekly, February 21, 1935, pp. 405–6. 65. Corrin (1981), p. 197. 66. ‘Notes’, G.K.’s Weekly, October 15, 1936, p. 95. 67. Advert, G.K.’s Weekly, March 25, 1937, p. 23. 68. J.S.M., ‘Debate with Fascists’, G.K.’s Weekly, April 22, 1937, p. 108. 69. A. Freeman Kent, ‘Are we Fascists’, G.K.’s Weekly, September 16, 1937, p. 32. 70. R. Jebb, ‘Are we Fascist’, G.K’s Weekly, September 16, 1937, p. 22. 71. Corrin (1981), p. 182. 72. J. Desmond Gleeson, ‘The March on Rome’, G.K.’s Weekly, November 12, 1932, p. 152. 73. ‘Notes of the Week’, G.K.’s Weekly, January 7, 1933, pp. 278–9. 236 Notes

74. Corrin (1981), p. 187. See also A. Toomey, ‘An Interview with Hilaire Belloc’, America, March 23, 1935, pp. 563–565 for Belloc’s view of the Abyssinian affair. 75. G.K. Chesterton, ‘Sordid Isolation’, G.K.’s Weekly, September 26, 1935, p. 464. 76. See also ‘A Disaster’, October 10, 1935, p. 18. 77. Gregory MacDonald, ‘Looking On’, G.K.’s Weekly, August 20, 1936, p. 364. 78. ‘Englishmen and Spain’, G.K.’s Weekly, August 19, 1937, p. 386. 79. Corrin (1981), p. 193. 80. See for example Weekly Review, March 23, 1939, p. 9. 81. Corrin (1981), p. 195. 82. Letter from M. Wideman, G.K.’s Weekly, April 15, 1937, p. 97. 83. H. Belloc, ‘Portugal’, G.K.’s Weekly, July 22, 1937, pp. 328–9. 84. This interpretation also informed the Weekly Review’s analysis of the out- break of the Second World War. See ‘The Issue’, Weekly Review, September 7, 1939, p. 641. 85. J. Pearce (1999b) ‘Fascism and Chesterton’, The Chesterton Review 25, 69–79, p. 73. 86. ‘G.K. Chesterton, ‘The Heresy of Race’, G.K.’s Weekly, April 20, 1933, p. 103. 87. Corrin (1981), p. 185. 88. ‘G.K. Chesterton, ‘The Heresy of Race’, G.K.’s Weekly, April 20, 1933, p. 104. 89. G.K.’s Weekly, July 5, 1934, p. 273. 90. G.K. Chesterton, ‘On War Books’, G.K.’s Weekly, October 10, 1935, p. 28. 91. ‘On War Books’, p. 28. 92. H. Belloc, ‘Distractions: XI – On Bonﬁres’, The Tablet, July 16, 1938, p. 84. 93. H. Belloc, ‘Moscow’, G.K.’s Weekly, August 13, 1936, p. 346. 94. H. Belloc, ‘Moscow or Berlin’, G.K.’s Weekly, January 14, 1937, p. 367. 95. ‘Moscow or Berlin’, p. 367. 96. H. Belloc, ‘The Breach’, G.K.’s Weekly, September 23, 1937, pp. 42–44. 97. H. Belloc, ‘The Revolution’, G.K.’s Weekly, October 7, 1937, p. 78. 98. H. Belloc, ‘The Two Monarchies’, Weekly Review, August 25, 1938, p. 466. 99. ‘The Two Monarchies’, p. 467. 100. H. Belloc, ‘Nazi and Jew: a Test’, Weekly Review, December 1, 1938, p. 275. 101. M. Booth, ‘Sachsenhausen Camp’, Weekly Review, December 29, 1938, p. 395. 102. M.B. Reckitt (1941) As it Happened: an autobiography (London: J.M. Dent), p. 185. 103. Reckitt (1941), pp. 187–8. 104. Belloc to Lady Phipps (September 15, 1937) in R. Speaight (ed.) (1958) Letters from Hilaire Belloc (London: Hollis and Carter), p. 265.

5 Campbell, Dawson, Burns and Wall: Catholic Writers and the Crisis of Liberalism

1. Peter F. Alexander (2004) ‘Campbell, (Ignatius) Royston Dunnachie (1901– 1957)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, online edn, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32264, accessed 19 July, 2011. Notes 237

2. R. Campbell (1936) ‘A Yarn with Old Woodley’, in P. Alexander, M. Chapman and M. Leveson (eds.) (1988) Roy Campbell: collected works. IV: prose (Craighall: A.D. Donker), p. 270. 3. J. Pearce (2001) Bloomsbury and Beyond: the friends and enemies of Roy Campbell (London: Harper Collins), p. 215. 4. Pearce (2001), p. 234. 5. R. Campbell (1936) ‘A Yarn with Old Woodley’, in Alexander et al. (1988), p. 272. 6. P. Alexander, M. Chapman and M. Leveson (eds.) (1985) Roy Campbell: collected works. I: poetry (Craighall: A.D. Donker), p. 182. 7. Pearce (2001), pp. 81–3. 8. Alexander et al. (1985), p. 187. 9. R. Campbell (1939 edn) Flowering Rifle: a poem from the battlefield of Spain (London),p.7. 10. A.R. Orage, ‘Unedited opinions: the roots of sentimentalism’, The New Age, May 16, 1912, p. 59. 11. Campbell (1939), p. 8. 12. R. Smith (1971) ‘The Spanish Civil War and the British Literary Right’, Dalhousie Review, 51, 60–76, p. 72. 13. Campbell (1939), p. 28. 14. Campbell (1939), p. 13. 15. Campbell (1939), p. 149. 16. Campbell (1939), pp. 34–5. 17. Campbell (1939), p. 90. 18. Campbell (1939), p. 109. 19. Campbell (1939), p. 19. 20. Campbell (1939), p. 17. 21. Campbell (1939), p. 82. 22. Campbell (1939), p. 125. 23. (1939) ‘Flowering Rifle’, Blackfriars, 20, in Alexander et al. (1988), p. 283. 24. P. Alexander (1982) Roy Campbell: a critical biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 181. 25. Alexander (1982), pp. 176–7. 26. S. Cine (1997) Radclyffe Hall: a woman called John (London: John Murray), p. 84. 27. Cine (1997), p. 84. 28. L. Doan (2006), ‘ “Woman’s Place is the Home”: Conservative Sapphic Modernities’, in L. Doan and H. Garrity (eds.) Sapphic Modernities: sexuality, women and national culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), p. 105. 29. D. Souhani (1998) The trials of Radclyffe Hall (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson), p. 285 and p. 301. 30. Souhani (1998), p. 320. 31. P. Allit (1997) Catholic Converts: British and American intellectuals turn to Rome (Ithaca: Cornell University Press). 32. See L. Passerini (1999), Europe in Love, Love in Europe: imagination and politics in Britain between the wars (London: I.B. Tauris). 33. Quoted in A. Schwartz (2005) The Third Spring: G.K. Chesterton, Graham Greene, Christopher Dawson, and David Jones (Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press), p. 259. 238 Notes

34. See Schwartz (2005), Passerini (1999) and S. Caldecott and J. Morrill (eds.) (1997), Eternity in Time: Christopher Dawson and the Catholic idea of history (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clarke). 35. Quoted in F. Cervantes, ‘Christopher Dawson and Europe’, in Caldecot and Morrill (1997), note p. 67. 36. E. Nolte (tr. L. Vennewitz) (1965) Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson); Grifﬁn (1993). 37. Quoted in C. Scott (1984), A Historian and his World: a life of Christopher Dawson 1889–1970 (London: Sheed and Ward), p. 31. 38. Biographical information taken from William Kingston (2004) ‘Dawson, (Henry) Christopher (1889–1970)’, rev., Oxford Dictionary of National Biog- raphy, Oxford University Press, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/ 37348, accessed 18 March 2009; and Scott (1984) 39. Scott (1984), p. 96. 40. C. Dawson (1929) ‘The New Leviathan’, Dublin Review, 185, 88–102. 41. C. Dawson (1929) ‘The New Leviathan’, Dublin Review, 185, 88–102, p. 89. 42. C. Dawson (1929) ‘The New Leviathan’, Dublin Review, 185, 88–102, p. 88. 43. Quoted in C. Dawson (1929) ‘The New Leviathan’, Dublin Review, 185, 88–102, pp. 98–9. 44. ‘The New Leviathan’, p. 99. 45. ‘The New Leviathan’, p. 101. 46. ‘The New Leviathan’, p. 100. 47. ‘The New Leviathan’, p. 102. 48. ‘The New Leviathan’, p. 102. 49. C. Dawson (1934) ‘The Real Issue’, The Colosseum, 1, 17–31, p. 27. 50. See for example B. Schlesinger (1949) Christopher Dawson and the Modern Political Crisis (Notre Dame) quoted in Scott (1984), p. 126. 51. C. Dawson, ‘The Church and the Dictators I – the Emergence of Fascism’, Catholic Times (April 27, 1934), p. 9. 52. All quoted from ‘The Church and the Dictators I – the Emergence of Fascism’, p. 9. 53. C. Dawson, ‘Communism, Capitalism and the Catholic Tradition. The Church and the Dictators II’, Catholic Times, May 4, 1934, p. 9. 54. ‘Communism, Capitalism and the Catholic Tradition. The Church and the DictatorsII’,p.9. 55. C. Dawson, ‘Catholicism and the Totalitarian State. The Church and the Dictators – III’, Catholic Times, May 11, 1934, p. 4. 56. ‘Catholicism and the Totalitarian State. The Church and the Dictators – III’, p. 4. 57. C. Dawson, ‘The Present Outlook in England. Is Fascism a Live Issue in this Country? The Church and the Dictators – IV’, Catholic Times, May 18, 1934, p. 9. 58. ‘The Present Outlook in England. Is Fascism a Live Issue in this Country? The Church and the Dictators – IV’, p. 9. 59. D.F. Sander, Catholic Times, May 4, 1934, p. 14. 60. J. Gallagher, Catholic Times, May 11, 1934, p. 14. 61. E. Greenwood, Catholic Times, May 18, 1934, p. 14. Notes 239

62. Schlesinger (1949) quoted in Scott (1984), p. 126. 63. C. Dawson (1938) Religion and the Modern State (London: Sheed and Ward), p. xv. 64. Dawson (1938), p. 11. 65. Nolte (1965); Z. Sternhell with M. Sznajder and M. Asheri (tr. D. Maisel) (1994) The Birth of Fascist Ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press). 66. T.E. Hulme, ‘Translator’s Preface to Georges Sorel’s Reﬂections on Violence’, in K. Csengeri (ed.) (1994) The Collected Writings of T.E. Hulme (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 246–52, p. 252. 67. Dawson (1938), p. 9. 68. Dawson (1938), pp. 9–10. 69. Dawson (1938), p. 10. 70. Dawson (1938), pp. 13–14. 71. Dawson (1938), p. 14. 72. Dawson (1938),p. 17. 73. See T. Villis (2006) Reaction and the Avant-Garde: the revolt against liberal democracy in early twentieth-century Britain (London: Tauris Academic Studies), pp. 169–70. 74. Dawson (1938), p. 25. 75. Dawson (1938), pp. 30–31. 76. Dawson (1938), p. 47. 77. Dawson (1938), p. 108. 78. Dawson (1938), p. 43. 79. Dawson (1938), p. 52. 80. Dawson (1938), p. 53. 81. Dawson (1938), p. 58. 82. Dawson (1938), p. 136. 83. This had also been the main complaint against the Action Française in the encyclical of 1926. 84. Dawson (1938), p. 138. 85. C. Dawson (1939) Beyond Politics (New York: Sheed and Ward), pp. 1, 71 and 74. 86. Dawson (1939), p. 71. J.L. Talmon (1952) The Origins of Totalitarian Democ- racy (London: Secker and Warburg). 87. Dawson (1939), p. 70. 88. Dawson (1939), p. 43. 89. Dawson (1939), p. 16. 90. Dawson (1939), p. 62. 91. Dawson (1939), p. 105. 92. Dawson (1939), p. 65. 93. Dawson (1939), p. 81. 94. Dawson (1939), p. 82. 95. Dawson (1939), p. 80. 96. Dawson (1939), pp. 78–9. 97. Dawson (1939), p. 95. 98. Dawson (1939), p. 30. 99. Dawson (1939), p. 55. 100. Dawson (1939), p. 52. 240 Notes

101. T. Burns (1993) The Use of Memory: publishing and further pursuits (London: Sheed and Ward), p. 46. 102. Lothian (2009), p. 239. 103. Burns (1993), p. 26. 104. Burns (1993), p. 46. 105. Burns (1993), p. 52, also quoted in Lothian (2009), p. 248. 106. Quoted in Lothian (2009), p. 249. 107. Lothian (2009), p. 263–4. 108. Lothian (2009), p. 260. 109. ‘An Introductory Restraining Panic’, Order: an Occasional Catholic Review,1 (1), May 1928, p. 3. 110. Order: an Occasional Catholic Review, 1 (1), May 1928, p. 6. 111. ‘The Psychology of Sex and the Catholic Order’, Order: an Occasional Catholic Review, 1 (3), March 1929, p. 79. 112. ‘An Introductory’, Order: an Occasional Catholic Review, 1 (4), November 1929, p. 108. 113. ‘An Introductory’, Order: an Occasional Catholic Review, 1 (4), November 1929, p. 108. 114. ‘The Right-Mindedness of Modern Art’, Order: an Occasional Catholic Review, 1 (4), November 1929, p. 119. 115. See for example, J. Herf (1986) Reactionary Modernism: technology, culture, and politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 116. ‘On the Teaching of Mr Belloc’, Order: an Occasional Catholic Review, 1 (4), November 1929, p. 120. 117. ‘On the Teaching of Mr Belloc’, p. 120. 118. ‘On the Teaching of Mr Belloc’, Order: an Occasional Catholic Review, 1 (4), November 1929, p. 121. 119. ‘On the Teaching of Mr Belloc’, p. 121. 120. ‘On the Teaching of Mr Belloc’, pp. 122–3. 121. ‘On the Teaching of Mr Belloc’, p. 123. 122. Burns (1993), p. 59. 123. Burns (1993), p. 80. 124. Burns (1993), p. 120. 125. H. Grisewood (1968) One Thing at a Time: an autobiography (London: Hutchinson), p. 116. 126. Grisewood (1968), p. 118. 127. B. Wall (1969) Headlong into Change: an autobiography and a memoir of ideas since the thirties (London: Harvill), p. 51. 128. Wall (1969), p. 54. 129. Wall (1969), p. 66. 130. Wall (1969), p. 67. 131. The Colosseum, 1 (1), March 1934, p. 5. 132. ‘Glossary’ Colosseum, 2 (5), March 1935, pp. 4–5. 133. ‘Positions II’, Colosseum, 2 (3), September 1934, pp. 7–8. 134. ‘Commentary’, Colosseum, 1 (2), June 1934, p. 7. 135. ‘Editorial’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 245. 136. ‘Editorial’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 245. 137. ‘Glossary’, Colosseum, 2 (5), March 1935, p. 5. Notes 241

138. ‘Glossary’, Colosseum, 2 (5), March 1935, p. 5. 139. ‘Glossary’, Colosseum, 2 (5), March 1935, p. 5. 140. ‘Glossary’, Colosseum, 2 (5), March 1935, p. 7. 141. ‘Commentary’, Colosseum, 1 (2), June 1934, p. 7. 142. Wall (1969), p. 76. 143. ‘Business Note’, Colosseum, 1 (1), March 1934, p. 74. 144. ‘Business Note’, Colosseum, 1 (1), March 1934, p. 74. 145. Letter from Dorothy Collins (Chesterton’s secretary) to Bernard Wall, 15/3/34, Box 1, folder 28, The Bernard and Barbara Wall Papers. 146. Letter from Martin C. Darcy, S.J. to Bernard Wall, 8/1/34, Box 1, folder 5, The Bernard and Barbara Wall Papers. 147. Letter from Thomas Derrick to Bernard Wall, 3/8/34, Box 1, folder 9, The Bernard and Barbara Wall Papers. 148. Letter from Robert Speaight to Bernard Wall, 15/6/34, Box 1, folder 21, The Bernard and Barbara Wall Papers. 149. Press Reviews from a leaflet advertising for subscribers, Box 1, folder 29, The Bernard and Barbara Wall Papers. 150. Desmond Fitzgerald to Bernard Wall, 8/9/34, Box 1, folder 10, The Bernard and Barbara Wall Papers. 151. Erik von Kühnelt-Leddhin to Bernard Wall, no date, probably between August and September 1934, Box 1, folder 21, The Bernard and Barbara Wall Papers. 152. Erik von Kühnelt-Leddhin, ‘We’re all Marxists now!’, Colosseum, 5 (21), April–June, 1939, pp. 98–9. 153. Giovanni Papini, ‘Two Visits’, Colosseum, 1 (2), June 1934, pp. 37–43. 154. Angel Herrera, ‘Catholic Action and the Situation in Spain’, Colosseum,2 (6), June 1935, pp. 102–5. 155. Ramiro de Maeztu, ‘Spain’, Colosseum, 3 (16), 1937, pp. 202–207, p. 207. 156. Henri Massis and Robert Brasillach, ‘The Cadets of the Alcazar’, Colosseum, 3 (13), March 1937, pp. 36–46; Bernard Fay, ‘Our Debt to Spain’, Colosseum, 3 (16), 1937, pp. 210–11. 157. Berard Wall, review of G. Papini, La Pietra Infernale, Colosseum, 2 (6), June 1935, p. 153. 158. A.R. Birley, ‘Catholicism in our Time’, Colosseum, 2 (5), March 1935, p. 14. 159. Jacques Maritain, ‘The Question of a Holy War’; Juan B. Ortega, ‘Quixotism in the Spanish Revolution’, both in Colosseum, 3 (15), September 1937, pp. 118–30 and pp. 130–42. Waldemar Gurian, ‘Bolshevism and Anti- Bolshevism’, Colosseum, 2 (14), June 1937, pp. 1–19. For information on Gurian see Lothian ( 2009), pp. 199–200. 160. Lothian (2009), p. 319. 161. A.Z., ‘The Revolt in Spain’, Colosseum, 2 (5), March 1935, p. 47. 162. ‘Editorial’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 247. 163. ‘Editorial’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 248. 164. ‘Editorial’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 247. 165. B. Wall, ‘Problems of Pacifism’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 275. 166. B. Wall, ‘Problems of Pacifism’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 249. 167. ‘Christianity and War: A Symposium’, Colosseum, 3 (13), March 1937, pp. 7–35. Contributions from Michael de la Bedoyère, Christopher Dawson, Eric Gill, Douglas Jerrold, Maurice Reckitt, Gerald Vann and E.I. Watkin. 242 Notes

168. ‘Christianity and War: A Symposium’, Colosseum, 3 (13), March 1937, p. 9. 169. Colosseum, 3 (13), March 1937, p. 81. 170. ‘Editorial’, Colosseum, 3 (13), March 1937, p. 3. 171. ‘Editorial’, Colosseum, 3 (13), March 1937, p. 5. 172. Bernard Wall (1938) Spain of the Spaniards (New York: Sheed and Ward), p. xiv. 173. Wall (1938), p. 42. 174. Wall (1938), p. 67. 175. Wall (1938), p. 67. 176. Wall (1938), p. 68. 177. Wall (1938), p. 100. 178. Wall (1938), pp. 101–3. 179. Wall (1938), p. 70. 180. Wall (1938), p. 70. 181. Wall (1938), p. 70. 182. Wall (1938), p. 70. 183. Wall (1938), p. 93. 184. Wall (1938), p. 97. 185. Wall (1938), p. 97–8. 186. Wall (1938), p. 98. 187. Wall (1938), p. 98. 188. ‘A Comment’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 293. 189. ‘Editorial’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 251. 190. ‘Editorial Commentary’, 2 (7), p. 198. 191. Bernard Wall, ‘About Italy and Abyssinia’, Colosseum, 2 (8), December 1935, pp. 289–90. 192. Bernard Wall, ‘About Italy and Abyssinia’, Colosseum, 2 (8), December 1935, p. 252. 193. B. Wall, ‘A Comment’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 291. 194. B. Wall, ‘A Comment’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 291. 195. B. Wall, ‘A Comment’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, pp. 292–3. 196. B. Wall, ‘A Comment’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 293. 197. ‘Editorial’, Colosseum, 3 (11), September 1936, p. 167. 198. ‘Editorial’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 245. 199. B. Wall, ‘A Comment’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 294. 200. ‘Editorial’, Colosseum, 3 (12), December 1936, p. 251. 201. Odysseus, ‘Pen Points After the Crisis’, Colosseum, 4 (19), October 1938, p. 172. 202. Colosseum, 4 (19), October 1938, p. 168. 203. ‘A Commentary: a parable about peace’, Colosseum, 3 (14), June 1937, p. 72. 204. B. Wall, ‘Germany and Racism’, Colosseum, 5 (20), January 1939, p. 36. 205. ‘Germany and Racism’, p. 28. 206. ‘Germany and Racism’, pp. 32–33.

6 The Catholic Literary Right

1. Some scholars have also seen The Tablet under Woodruff’s editorship as part of a similar network, but given its more speciﬁcally religious identity, I have dealt with this publication in chapter 3. Notes 243

2. Wyndham Lewis, quoted in Morris (1999), p. 36. 3. D. Jerrold (1937) Georgian Adventure (London: Collins), p. 55. 4. Jerrold (1937), p. 79. 5. Jerrold (1937), p. 92. 6. Jerrold (1937), p. 92. 7. Jerrold (1937), p. 97. 8. Jerrold (1937), p. 97. 9. Jerrold (1937), p. 277. 10. Jason Tomes (2004) ‘Jerrold, Douglas Francis (1893–1964)’, Oxford Dic- tionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, http://www www. oxforddnb.com/view/article/34185, accessed 18 July 2007. 11. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, The English Review (hereafter referred to as ‘ER’), October, 1932, p. 343. 12. Advert, quoting form a tribute to the English Review from The Bookman (New York), ER, March 1932, p. xiii. 13. ‘Expansion of the English Review’, ER, October, 1936, p. 299. 14. Viscount Lymington, MP, ‘Hammer and Sickle’, ER, August, 1933, p. 185. 15. Jerrold (1937), p. 363. 16. D. Jerrold (1936a [1936 edn]) England (London: Arrowsmith), pp. 203–4. 17. Jerrold (1937), pp. 363–4. 18. Jerrold, (1936a), p. 222. 19. Jerrold, (1936a), p. 57. 20. Jerrold, (1936a), p. 65. 21. Jerrold, (1936a), p. 80. 22. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, February 1931, p. 141. 23. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, February 1931, p. 141. 24. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, February 1931, pp. 142–3. 25. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, December, 1933, p. 567. 26. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, December, 1933, p. 569. 27. H. Belloc, ‘The Crown and the Breakdown of Parliament’, ER,February 1934, pp. 151–2. 28. H. Belloc, ‘The Crown and the Breakdown of Parliament’, ER,February 1934, p. 152. 29. C. Petrie (1950) Chapters of Life (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode), p. 138. 30. Petrie (1950), p. 128. 31. C. Petrie (1934) The British Problem (London: Nicholson and Watson), p. 45. H. Belloc and C. Chesterton (1911) The Party System (London: Stephen Swift). 32. Petrie (1934), p. 47. 33. Petrie (1934), p. 49. 34. Petrie (1934), p. 51. 35. Petrie (1934), p. 54. 36. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, March 1936, p. 263. 37. Petrie (1950), p. 176. In this post-war autobiography, Petrie understandably but unconvincingly claimed that he was not ‘inﬂuenced by any particular regard for the beaux yeux of Mussolini, or by any special affection for Italy or the Fascist system.’ (p. 178). 38. C. Baldoli (2003) Exporting Fascism: Italian Fascists and Britain’s Italians in the 1930s (Oxford: Berg), p. 102. 39. Baldoli (2003), p. 58. 244 Notes

40. C. Petrie (1931) Mussolini (London: Holme Press), p. vii. 41. Petrie (1931), pp. 37–44. 42. Petrie (1931), p. 43. 43. Petrie (1931), p. 56. 44. Petrie (1931), pp. 55–6. 45. Petrie (1931), p. 66. 46. Petrie (1931), p. 69. 47. Petrie (1931), pp. 71–2. 48. Petrie (1931), p. 81. 49. Petrie (1931), p. 96. 50. Petrie (1931), p. 101. 51. Petrie (1931), p. 124. 52. Petrie (1931), p. 128. 53. Petrie (1931), p. 142. 54. Petrie (1931), p. 145. 55. Petrie (1931), pp. 128–9. 56. Petrie (1931), pp. 165–6. 57. J.D. Gregory, ‘The Power of Fascism’, Review of C. Petrie, Mussolini, ER, March, 1932, p. 285. 58. ‘The Power of Fascism’, p. 285. 59. ‘The Power of Fascism’, p. 285. 60. J.D. Gregory, ‘The Power of Fascism’, Review of C. Petrie, Mussolini, ER, March, 1932, p. 286. 61. ‘The Power of Fascism’, p. 289. 62. ‘The Power of Fascism’, p. 289. 63. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, January, 1933, p. 90. 64. ‘Foreign Affairs’, p. 410. 65. H. Goad, ‘The Principles of the Corporate State’, ER, March, 1933, p. 267. 66. ‘The Principles of the Corporate State’, p. 271. 67. H. Molson MP, ‘Industry and Capital and Labour in the Fascist State’, ER, November, 1933, p. 469. 68. For example: L. Villari, ‘Italy and Yugoslavia’, ER, July 1933, pp. 48–58; ‘NRA and Corporate State (sic.)’, ER, May, 1934, pp. 548–62 and ‘The Evolution of the Corporate State’, ER, October, 1935, pp. 422–3. 69. Baldoli (2003), p. 8. 70. Baldoli (2003), p. 69. 71. W. Teeling, ‘The British Unemployed at Rome’, ER, December, 1933, p. 656. 72. W ‘The British Unemployed at Rome’, ER, December, 1933, p. 656. 73. See Villis (2006). 74. Petrie (1950), p. 188. 75. Petrie (1950), p. 189. 76. See for example, K. Asher (1995), T.S. Eliot and Ideology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 77. Especially in Z. Sternhell (1972) La droite révolutionnaire 1885–1914: les origines françaises du fascisme (Paris: Seuil). 78. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, February 1934, p. 216. 79. Petrie (1950), p. 188. 80. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, February 1934, p. 216. 81. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, February 1934, p. 217. Notes 245

82. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, April, 1934, p. 475. 83. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, June, 1934, p. 735. 84. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, December, 1935, p. 741. 85. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, July, 1934, p. 95. 86. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, June, 1937, p. 717. 87. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, June, 1937, pp. 717–18. 88. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, July, 1937, p. 835. 89. For example: Major E.W. Polson Newman, ‘Abyssinia from Within’, ER, September 1935, pp. 340–6. 90. E. Waugh, ‘The Disappointing War. I’, ER, August, 1936, pp. 114–123. 91. E. Waugh, ‘The Disappointing War. II’, ER, Sept, 1936, p. 217. 92. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, October, 1935, p. 391. 93. W. Hindle, ‘Current Comments’, ER, May, 1936, p. 321. 94. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, March, 1935, p. 353. 95. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, June, 1937, p. 714, 96. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, June, 1937, p. 713. 97. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, June, 1933, p. 674. 98. Jerrold, (1936a), pp. xxvi–xxix. 99. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, June, 1931, p. 74. 100. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER., June 1932, p. 656. 101. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, September 1933, p. 229. 102. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, June 1934, p. 653. 103. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER., July 1932, p. 79. 104. Gilbert Armitage, ER, July 1936, pp. 84–5. 105. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, March 1933, p. 324. 106. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, March 1933, pp. 324–5. 107. For example J.D.P. Bland, ‘Austria To-day’, ER, November 1933, pp. 534–540. 108. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, December 1933, p. 643. 109. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, September 1934, p. 350–1. 110. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, September 1934, p. 354. 111. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, July 1935, p. 96. 112. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, September 1936, p. 252. 113. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, February 1937, p. 219. 114. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, July 1933, p. 7. 115. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, July 1933, p. 7. 116. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, July 1933, p. 7. 117. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, July 1933, p. 7. 118. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, July 1933, p. 8. 119. Ernest Hanblock, ‘The Power Behind European Freemasonry’, ER, December 1936, p. 579. 120. Herbert Agar, ‘Literary Notes’, ER, March 1934, p. 362. 121. K. Williams, ‘The Problem of World-Jewry’, ER, March 1933, pp. 425–30. 122. J.D. Gregory, ‘Germany’, ER, May 1934, pp. 621–5. 123. E.T.S Dugdale, ‘National Socialism in Germany’, ER, October 1931, p. 569. 124. G.T. Waddington (1997) ‘An Idyllic and Unrufﬂed Atmosphere of Com- plete Anglo-German Misunderstanding’: aspects of the operations of the Dienststelle Ribbentrop in Great Britain, 1934–1938’, History, 82, 44–72, p. 61. See also E.W.D. Tennant (1957), True Account (London: M. Parish). 246 Notes

125. C. Petrie and D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, April 1933, pp. 353–61. 126. C. Petrie and D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, April 1933, p. 366. 127. C. Petrie and D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, April 1933, p. 369. 128. C. Petrie and D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, April 1933,p. 375. 129. E.W.D. Tennant, ‘Herr Hitler’s Constructive Policy’, ER, January, 1935, p. 36. 130. E.W.D. Tennant, ‘Herr Hitler’s Constructive Policy’, ER, January, 1935, p. 36. 131. E.W.D. Tennant, ‘Herr Hitler’s Constructive Policy’, ER, January, 1935, p. 40. 132. E.W.D. Tennant, ‘Herr Hitler’s Constructive Policy’, ER, January, 1935, pp. 46–7. 133. E.W.D. Tennant, ‘Herr Hitler’s Constructive Policy’, ER, January, 1935, p. 45. 134. G. Bolitho, ‘Hitlerism: Two Neglected Aspects’, ER, March 1934, pp. 323–29. 135. A. Schwarz (1993) ‘British Visitors to National Socialist Germany: in a familiar or in a foreign country?’, Journal of Contemporary History, 28, 487–509, p. 491. 136. G. Bolitho, ‘Hitlerism: two neglected aspects’, ER, March 1934, p. 324. 137. G. Bolitho, ‘Hitlerism: two neglected aspects’, ER, March 1934, p. 325. 138. G. Bolitho, ‘Hitlerism: two neglected aspects’, ER, March 1934, p. 327. 139. G. Bolitho, ‘Hitlerism: two neglected aspects’, ER, March 1934, p. 328. 140. G. Bolitho, ‘Hitlerism: two neglected aspects’, ER, March 1934, p. 329. 141. Grifﬁths, quoted in Robert Pearce (2004) ‘Wilson, Sir Arnold Talbot (1884–1940)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford,), online edn, October 2005, http:www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36944, accessed 25 July, 2007. 142. See: Arnold Talbot Wilson (1936) Walks and Talks Abroad: the diary of a Member of Parliament in 1934–1936 (London: Oxford University Press). 143. Schwarz (1993), p. 498. 144. Sir Arnold Wilson, KCIE, DSO, MP, ‘Germany in May’, ER, June 1934, p. 692. 145. Sir Arnold Wilson, KCIE, DSO, MP, ‘Germany in May’, ER, June 1934, p. 693. 146. Sir Arnold Wilson, KCIE, DSO, MP, ‘Germany in May’, ER, June 1934, p. 697. 147. Sir Arnold Wilson, KCIE, DSO, MP, ‘Germany in May’, ER, June 1934, p. 694. 148. Sir Arnold Wilson, KCIE, DSO, MP, ‘Germany in May’, ER, June 1934, p. 697. 149. Sir Arnold Wilson, KCIE, DSO, MP, ‘Germany in May’, ER, June 1934, p. 697. 150. Sir Arnold Wilson, KCIE, DSO, MP, ‘Germany in May’, ER, June 1934, p. 698. 151. Major-General J.F.C. Fuller, C.B., C.B.E., D.S.O., ‘Germany – As I See It’, ER, May 1935, p. 584. 152. Major-General J.F.C. Fuller, C.B., C.B.E., D.S.O., ‘Germany – As I See It’, ER, May 1935, p. 584. 153. Major-General J.F.C. Fuller, C.B., C.B.E., D.S.O., ‘Germany – As I See It’, ER, May 1935, p. 587. 154. Major-General J.F.C. Fuller, C.B., C.B.E., D.S.O., ‘Germany – As I See It’, ER, May 1935, p. 591. 155. Major-General J.F.C. Fuller, C.B., C.B.E., D.S.O., ‘Germany – As I See It’, ER, May 1935, p. 591. 156. Major-General J.F.C. Fuller, C.B., C.B.E., D.S.O., ‘Germany – As I See It’, ER, May 1935, p. 591. 157. Randolph Hughes, ‘The New Germany’, ER, November, 1936, pp. 464–5. 158. Randolph Hughes, ‘The New Germany’, ER, November, 1936, p. 478. 159. Quoted in Schwarz (1993), p. 504. 160. Grifﬁn (1993). 161. Schwartz (1993), p. 504. Notes 247

162. D. Stone (2002) Breeding Superman: Nietzsche, race and eugenics in Edwardian and interwar Britain (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press), p. 5. 163. A.M. Ludovici, ‘Hitler and the Third Reich’, ER, July 1936, p. 35. 164. A.M. Ludovici, ‘Hitler and the Third Reich’, ER, July 1936, p. 36. 165. A.M. Ludovici, ‘Hitler and the Third Reich’, ER, July 1936, p. 39. 166. A.M. Ludovici, ‘Hitler and the Third Reich’, ER, July 1936, p. 41. 167. A. Ludovici, ‘Hitler and the Third Reich – II’, ER, August 1936, p. 147. 168. A. Ludovici, ‘Hitler and Nietzsche II’, ER, February 1937, p. 192. 169. A. Ludovici, ‘Hitler and Nietzsche’, ER, January, 1937, p. 50. 170. A. Ludovici, ‘Hitler and Nietzsche’, ER, January, 1937, p. 52. 171. A. Ludovici, ‘Hitler and the Third Reich III’, ER, September 1936, p. 234. 172. A. Ludovici, ‘Hitler and the Third Reich III’, ER, September 1936, p. 232. 173. A. Ludovici, ‘Hitler and Nietzsche II’, ER, February 1937, pp. 194–5. 174. A. Ludovici, ‘Hitler and Nietzsche II’, ER, February 1937, p. 201. 175. Jerrold (1937), p. 361. 176. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, September 1936, p. 249. 177. Jerrold (1937), p. 378. 178. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, September 1936, p. 251. 179. Jerrold (1937), p. 380. 180. Jerrold (1937), p. 380. 181. Jerrold (1937), p. 385. 182. Jerrold (1937), p. 384. 183. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, June 1937, p. 712. 184. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, June 1937, p. 712. 185. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, February 1937, p. 221. 186. Jerrold (1937), pp. 353–8. 187. Jerrold (1937), p. 377. 188. R. Grifﬁths (1980) Fellow Travellers of the Right: British enthusiasts for Nazi Germany 1933–4 (London: Constable), pp. 261–2. 189. C. Petrie, ‘Foreign Affairs’, ER, July 1937, pp. 837–839. 190. Jerrold (1937), p. 294. 191. ‘We can applaud Italy’, Evening Standard, 13 February 1935, in D. Gallagher (ed.) (1996) The Essays, Articles and Reviews of Evelyn Waugh (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 163. 192. This point is also made in Lothian (2009), p. 193. 193. ‘We can applaud Italy’, Evening Standard, 13 February, 1935, in Gallagher (ed.) (1996), p. 164. 194. Lothian (2009), p. 194. 195. Christopher Sykes (1985 edn) Evelyn Waugh: a biography (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 158. 196. Lothian (2009), p. 195. 197. Lothian (2009), p. 196. 198. Quoted in Lothian (2009), p. 196. 199. Lothian (2009), p. 197. 200. Sykes (1975), p. 168. 201. ‘Belloc Anadyomenos’, Review of The Cruise of the ‘Nona’ by Hilaire Belloc, Spectator, 26 August 1955, in Gallagher (ed.) (1996), p. 474. 202. ‘Present Discontents’, Review of Cyril Connolly, Enemies of Promise, The Tablet, 3 December 1938, in Gallagher (ed.) (1996), p. 241. 248 Notes

203. See the reply to Aragon and Cunard’s 1937 questionnaire about attitudes to the war quoted in Stannard (1986), p. 452. 204. C. Hollis (1974) The Seven Ages (London: Heinemann), pp. 125–6. 205. Lothian (2009), pp. 200–1. 206. C. Hollis (1934) The Breakdown of Money: a historical explanation (London: Sheed and Ward), p. vii. 207. Hollis (1934), p. 224 and C. Hollis (1935), The Two Nations: a ﬁnancial study of English history (London: Routledge), pp. 252–3. 208. Hollis (1974), p. 133. 209. Christopher Hollis to Douglas Jerrold, March 30, no date, but almost certainly 1938, Douglas Woodruff Papers, Box 4, folder 4. 210. Hollis (1974), pp. 137–8. 211. C. Hollis (1958) Along the Road to Frome (London: Harrap), p. 161. 212. C. Hollis (1936) Foreigners aren’t Fools (London: Longmans), pp. 8–9. 213. Hollis (1936), p. 13. 214. Hollis (1936), p. 22. 215. Quoted in Lothian (2009), p. 198. 216. Hollis (1936), p. 23. 217. Hollis (1936), p. 25. 218. Hollis (1936), p. 45. 219. Hollis (1936), p. 68. 220. Hollis (1936), p. 136. 221. Hollis (1936), p. 139. 222. C. Hollis (1939), Foreigners aren’t Knaves (London: Longmans), p. 121. 223. Hollis (1939), p. 121. 224. Hollis (1939), p. 126. 225. Hollis (1939), p. 127. 226. Hollis (1939), p. 138. 227. Hollis (1939), p. 148. 228. A. Lunn (1937) Spanish Rehearsal (London: Hutchinson), p. 48. 229. Lunn (1937), p. 49. 230. Lunn (1937), p. 114. 231. Lunn (1937), p. 137. 232. aLunn (1937), p. 140. 233. Lunn (1937), p. 231. 234. Lunn (1937), p. 266. 235. Jerrold (1937), p. 314. 236. Jerrold (1937), p. 325. 237. Jerrold (1937), p. 324. 238. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, June 1931, p. 6. 239. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, January 1934, p. 11. 240. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, January 1934, p. 13. 241. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, June 1934, p. 647. 242. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, June 1934, p. 648. 243. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, June 1934, p. 648. 244. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, June 1934, p. 649. 245. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, June 1934, p. 649. 246. M. Pugh (2005) ‘Hurrah for the Blackshirts!’ Fascists and Fascism in Britain between the wars (London: Jonathan Cape), p. 5. Notes 249

247. Knebworth’s full name was Edward Antony James Bulwer-Lytton, Viscount Knebworth. He was a great-grandson of Edward Bulwer-Lytton, the novelist, and eldest son of Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton, who was himself the son of Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton, Viceroy of India. 248. C. Connolly (1945) ‘The Fate of an Elizabethan’, review of Antony by the Earl of Lytton, in C. Connolly, The Condemned Playground (London: Routledge), p. 220. 249. M. Green (1977) Children of the Sun: a narrative of decadence in England after 1918 (London: Constable), p. 155. 250. Earl of Lytton (1935), Antony: a record of youth (London: Peter Davies), p. 322. 251. Quoted in Green (1977) p. 155. 252. Earl of Lytton (1935), p. 336. 253. Earl of Lytton (1935), p. 336. 254. Earl of Lytton (1935), p. 337. 255. Earl of Lytton (1935), p. 337. 256. Earl of Lytton (1935), p. 338. 257. Earl of Lytton (1935), p. 345. 258. Earl of Lytton (1935), p. 345. 259. Earl of Lytton (1935), p. 346. 260. Earl of Lytton (1935), p. 354. 261. Petrie (1950), p. 130. 262. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, July 1934, p. 7. 263. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, July 1934, p. 8. 264. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, July 1934, pp. 8–9. 265. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, July 1934, p. 10. 266. Pugh (2005), p. 161. 267. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, July 1934, p. 12. 268. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, July 1934, p. 12. 269. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, July 1934, p. 13. 270. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, July 1934, p. 13. 271. Petrie (1950), p. 168. 272. Petrie (1950), p. 168. 273. Petrie (1950), p. 168. 274. Petrie (1950), p. 169. 275. Jerrold (1936a), p. 173. 276. D. Jerrold, ‘Current Comments’, ER, September 1934, p. 261. 277. Jerrold (1937), pp. 331–2. 278. Petrie (1950), p. 168. 279. Jerrold (1937), pp. 347–8. 280. Jerrold (1937), p. 391. 281. ER, June 1935, pp. 645 and 646.

7 Literary Catholicism and Fascism in Wales

1. Quoted in Lothian (2009), p. 250. 2. E. Ward (1983) David Jones: mythmaker (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 60. 250 Notes

3. Ward (1983), p. 55. 4. Ward (1983), p. 6. 5. P. Robichaud (2003) ‘David Jones, Christopher Dawson, and the Meaning of History’, Logos, 6, p. 71. 6. David Jones Collection, Boston College, MS 86-1, series 2, 2/5. May 11, 1939. Summarised and extensively reproduced with a sympathetic account of Jones’s politics in T. Dilworth (1986) ‘David Jones and Fascism’ Jour- nal of Modern Literature 13, 149–62. I have referenced either the original manuscript, or Dilworth depending where I read the quote ﬁrst. 7. Dilworth (1986), p. 163. 8. Note attached to Jones’s ‘Hitler’ essay, Boston College, MS 86-1, series 2, 2/5. 9. K. H. Staudt (1994) At the Turn of a Civilization: David Jones and modern poetics (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), p. 23. 10. Dilworth (1986), p. 154. 11. Dilworth (1986), p. 155. 12. Dilworth (1986), p. 155. 13. Quoted in Dilworth (1986), p. 159. 14. Dilworth (1986), p. 157. 15. J. Pearce (1999a) Literary Converts: spiritual inspiration in an age of unbelief (London: Harper Collins), p. 211. 16. Same letter, quoted Dilworth, p. 158. 17. David Jones to Harman Grisewood, 24 April 1939, Harmon Grisewood Papers, Part 1, Box 2, folder 6. 18. Harman Grisewood to Thomas Dilworth, 10/8/84, Harman Grisewood Papers, Part 2, Box 6, folder 4. 19. Dilworth (1986), p. 159. 20. David Jones to Neville Chamberlain, 18/12/38, Harman Grisewood Papers, Part 1, Box 3, folder 1. 21. Quoted in Dilworth (1986), pp. 159–60. 22. Grisewood (1968), p. 118. 23. Quoted in Dilworth (1986), p. 160. 24. Stanley Honeyman to Harman Grisewood, 25 September, 1984, Harman Grisewood Papers, Part 1, Box 5, folder 23. 25. K.O. Morgan (1981), Rebirth of a Nation: Wales 1880–1980 (Oxford: Clarendon Press), p. 208. 26. D. Hywel Davies (1983) The Welsh Nationalist Party 1925–1945 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press), p. 35. 27. Davies (1983), note p. 125. 28. Davies (1983), p. 36 and n. p. 45. See also G. Meils, ‘Ambrose Bebb’, Planet, May 1977, p. 70. 29. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 98. 30. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 102(?) 31. N. Thomas (1971), The Welsh Extremist: a culture in crisis (London: Gollancz), p. 61. 32. A. Higgitt, ‘Plaid had fascist leanings’, http://welshpoliticalhistory.com/? p= 5 accessed 7 July, 2009. 33. Geoffrey Alderman (2006), ‘Not always a welcome in the vales’, The Jewish Chronicle 26 January, 2006 retrieved from http://website.thejc.com/home. Notes 251

aspx?AId= 41761&ATypeId= 1&search= true2&srchstr=+%2Bvalley+%2 Balderman+&srchtxt= 0&srchhead= 1&srchauthor= 0&srchsandp= 0&scsr ch= 0 accessed on 29 June, 2010. 34. A. Higgitt, ‘Plaid had fascist leanings’, http://welshpoliticalhistory.com/? p= 5 accessed 7 July, 2009. 35. Morgan (1981), pp. 256–7. 36. Morgan (1981), p. 257. 37. T. O. Hughes (1999), Winds of Change: the Roman Catholic Church and society in Wales. 1916–1962 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press), p. 3. 38. Quoted in Hughes (1999), pp. 64–5. 39. Quoted in Hughes (1999), p. 72. 40. Quoted in Hughes (1999), p. 72. 41. Quoted in Hughes (1999), p. 73. 42. Hughes (1999), p. 72. 43. Quoted in Hughes (1999), p. 74. 44. ‘Llythyr Ynghylch Catholigiaeth’, YLlenor, Summer 1927, quoted in Davies (1983), n. p. 124. 45. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 98. 46. Davies (1983), p. 104. 47. Morgan (1981), p. 256. 48. Davies (1983), pp. 112–13. 49. Davies (1982), p. 105. 50. Davies (1983), n. p. 124. 51. Hughes (1999), p. 77. 52. Hughes (1999), p. 77. 53. Morgan (1981), p. 256. 54. Davies (1983), p. 97. 55. Davies (1983), pp. 27–8. 56. Davies (1983), p. 29. 57. Davies (1983), p. 84. 58. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 98. 59. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 98. 60. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 98. 61. Wil Griffith (2010) ‘Saving the Soul of the Nation: essentialist nationalism and interwar rural Wales’, Rural History, 21, 177–194, p. 180. 62. Griffith (2010), pp.180–81. 63. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 80. 64. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 106. 65. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 81. 66. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 106. 67. Davies (1983), n. p. 33. 68. Davies (1983), p. 36. 69. B. Griffiths (1979), Saunders Lewis (Cardiff: University of Wales Press), p. 26. 70. E. Sherrington (1980) ‘Welsh Nationalism, the French Revolution and the Influence of the French Right 1880–1930’, in D. Smith (ed.), APeopleanda Proletariat: essays in the history of Wales 1780–1980 (London: Pluto), p. 140. 71. Sherrington (1980), p. 140. 72. Sherrington (1980), p. 140. 73. Quoted in Sherrington (1980), p. 140. 252 Notes

74. See for example, Z. Sternhell (1972), Maurice Barrès et le nationalisme français (Paris: A. Collin). 75. I. Williams (1991), A Straitened Stage: a study of the theatre of J. Saunders Lewis (Bridgend: Seren), p. 24. 76. Williams (1991), p. 23. 77. Quoted in E. Humphreys (1983), The Taliesin Tradition: a quest for the Welsh identity (London: Black Raven Press), p. 217. 78. D.G. Jones (1973), ‘His Politics’, in A.R. Jones and G. Thomas (eds.), Presenting Saunders Lewis (Cardiff: University of Wales Press), p. 24. 79. Jones (1973), p. 23. 80. Jones (1973), p. 24. 81. Williams (1991), p. 33. 82. Jones (1973), p. 24. 83. Davies (1983), p. 102. 84. Davies (1983), p. 71. 85. Davies (1983), p. 100. 86. Davies (1983), p. 93. 87. Morgan (1981), p. 207. 88. Davies (1983), p. 90. 89. Davies (1983), p. 71. 90. Davies (1983), p. 85. 91. Davies (1983), p. 101. 92. Davies (1983), p. 101 93. Davies (1983), p. 91. 94. Davies (1983), p. 91. 95. Davies (1983), p. 101. 96. Griffith (2010), p. 177. 97. Griffith (2010), p. 178, translated by Wil Griffith. 98. From Saunders Lewis, ‘The Deluge 1939’, taken from G. Jones (ed.) (1977), The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 182–4. 99. Saunders Lewis in Jones (1977), pp. 182–4. 100. Griffith (2010), p. 181. Sir Alfred Mond was occasionally a target for poets in England too, most famously in T.S. Eliot’s poem ‘A Cooking Egg’ (1920). 101. Saunders Lewis in Jones (1977), pp. 182–4. 102. From Saunders Lewis, ‘Ascension Thursday’, in Jones (1977), p. 188. 103. Davies (1983), p. 94. 104. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 100. 105. Davies (1983), p. 108. 106. All quoted in Davies (1983), p. 110. 107. Davies (1983), p. 112. 108. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 109. 109. Davies (1983), n. p. 127. 110. In YDdraigGoch,August 1936, quoted in A. Higgitt, ‘Plaid had fascist leanings’, http://welshpoliticalhistory.wordpress.com/2009/02/01/was- plaid-once-a-fascist-leaning-party/. accessed 12 October, 2012. 111. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 113. 112. A. Higgitt, ‘Only Saunders Lewis Supported Franco’, http://welshpoliticalhis tory.com/?p= 41, accessed on 7 July, 2009. Notes 253

113. Davies (1983), p. 114. 114. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 114. 115. A. Higgitt, ‘Only Saunders Lewis Supported Franco’, http://welshpoliticalhis tory.com/?p= 41, accessed on 7 July, 2009. 116. Davies (1983), n. p. 129. 117. Davies (1983), p. 112. 118. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 115. 119. Quoted in Davies (1983), p. 116. 120. Morgan (1981), p. 257.

8 Catholic Anti-Fascism

1. John Eppstein (1935) The Catholic Tradition of the Law of Nations (London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne), pp. 375–6. 2. Eppstein (1935), p. 377. 3. Eppstein (1935), p. 378. 4. E.I. Watkin (1939) The Catholic Centre (London: Sheed and Ward), p. 107. 5. Watkin (1939), p. 101. 6. Watkin (1939), p. 103. 7. Watkin (1939), p. 111. 8. Watkin (1939), p. 112. 9. Watkin (1939), p. 113. 10. Quoted in Giovanna Farrell-Vinay (2004) ‘The London Exile of Don Luigi Sturzo (1924–1940)’, Heythrop Journal, XLV, pp. 158–177 at p. 165. 11. Quoted in Farrell-Vinay (2004), p. 165. 12. Watkin (1939), p. 91. 13. Valerie Felssati, ‘PAX: the history of a Catholic peace society in Britain 1936–1971’, PhD thesis, University of Bradford, 1991, p. 5. 14. Felssati (1991), p. 38. 15. Felssati (1991), p. 8. 16. Felssati (1991), p. 8. 17. Joan E. Keating, ‘Roman Catholics, Christian Democracy and the British Labour Movement 1910–1960’, PhD thesis, University of Manchester, 1992, p. 85. The letter appeared in the October 1938 edition of Catholic Worker. 18. Felssati (1991), p. 32. 19. Felssati (1991), p. 34. 20. Felssati (1991), p. 35. 21. Margrieta Beer and Conrad Bonacina (a translator) were both involved in the Kulturkampf Association which published newsletters about the persecution of religion in Nazi Germany. See www.leics.gov.uk/kulturkampf_ newsletters_association_in_england.doc, last accessed 10 October 2012. 22. Felssati (1991), p. 36. 23. Quoted in Farrell-Vinay (2004), p. 158. 24. Farrell-Vinay (2004), p. 161. 25. This point is made in Farrell-Vinay (2004), p. 164 and in J. Keating (1996a) ‘Discrediting the “Catholic State”: British Catholics and the Fall of France’, in F. Tallett and N. Atkin (eds.), Catholicism in Britain and France since 1789 (London: Rio Grande), p. 28. 254 Notes

26. Corrin (2002), p. 224. 27. Corrin (2002), p. 223. 28. Corrin (2002), p. 224. 29. Luigi Sturzo (1926) Italy and Fascismo, tr. Barbara Barclay Carter, preface by Gilbert Murray (London: Faber and Gwyer). 30. Farrell-Vinay (2004), p. 163. Luigi Sturzo (1929) The International Commu- nity and the Right of War (London: Allen and Unwin), pp. 5–9. 31. Joan Keating (1996b) ‘Looking to Europe: Roman Catholic and Christian Democracy in 1930s Britain’, European History Quarterly, 26, pp. 57–79 at p. 64. 32. Keating (1992), p. 48. The early circulation of the periodical was about 7000 but this had dropped to 3700 by 1930. 33. V.M. Crawford (ed.), Italy To-day, Documents Published by the Friends of Italian Freedom, ‘I. The “Corporative State” in Fascist Italy’, January 1929, p. 2. 34. V.M. Crawford (1933) Catholic Social Doctrine 1891–1931 (The Catholic Social Year Book), preface. 35. Farrell-Vinay (2004), p. 167. 36. Keating (1996b), p. 66. 37. Farrell-Vinay (2004), p. 168. 38. T. Buchanan (1997) Britain and the Spanish Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 181. 39. Keating (1996b), pp. 57–79. 40. Keating (1996b), p. 74. 41. People and Freedom Group (1939) For Democracy (London). 42. ‘MUST GOD GO FASCIST’, Blackfriars, 17 (September, 1936), pp. 706–8 at p. 706. 43. ‘MUST GOD GO FASCIST’, pp. 706–8 at p. 706. 44. ‘MUST GOD GO FASCIST’, pp. 706–8 at p. 706. 45. ‘MUST GOD GO FASCIST’, pp. 706–8 at p. 708. 46. Extract and Comments: ‘Catholic Atrocities Propaganda’, Blackfriars, 17 (September, 1936), pp. 704–6 at p. 704. 47. ‘Catholic Atrocities Propaganda’, pp. 704–6 at pp. 705–6. 48. Quoted in J. Pearce (1999a), Literary Converts (London: Harper Collins), p. 203. 49. ‘Catholic Atrocities Propaganda’, pp. 704–6 at pp. 704–5. 50. ‘Catholic Atrocities Propaganda’, pp. 704–6 at p. 705. 51. Editorial, Blackfriars, 17 (September, 1936), p. 697 or p. 647. 52.‘TheWorldWeLiveIn’,The Sower: a quarterly journal of Catholic education, no. 118, January–March 1936, p. 5. 53. Sower, no. 118, April–June, 1936, p. 65. 54. ‘The World We Live In’, Sower, no. 120, July–September, 1936, p. 116. 55. Sower, no. 121, October–December 1936, p. 175. 56. ‘The World We Live In’, Sower, no. 120, July–September, 1936, p. 117. 57. ‘The World We Live In’, Sower, no. 123, April–June, 1937, p. 69. 58. ‘The World We Live In’, Sower, no. 120, July–September, 1936, p. 116. 59. Sower; no. 126, January 1938, pp. 5–6 and Sower, no. 125, October 1937, pp. 190–1 quoted in James Flint (1987) ‘ “Must God go fascist?”: English Catholic opinion and the Spanish Civil War’, Church History 56, pp. 364–74. Notes 255

60. F.H. Drinkwater, ‘Praying for Spain’, Sower, no. 121, October–December 1936, p. 204. 61. ‘Praying for Spain’, p. 205. 62. ‘Praying for Spain’, p. 205. 63. ‘Praying for Spain’, p. 205. 64. ‘Praying for Spain’, p. 205. 65. ‘Praying for Spain’, p. 205. 66. ‘Editorial’, Sower, no. 122, January–March, 1937, p. 1. 67. ‘Editorial’, Sower, no. 122, January–March, 1937, p. 1. 68. ‘Editorial’, Sower, no. 122, January–March, 1937, p. 2. 69. ‘Editorial’, Sower, no. 122, January–March, 1937, p. 2. 70. Parochus, ‘Arriba Epanña’, Sower, no. 123, April–June 1937, p. 106. 71. The company that owned the Catholic Herald. 72. E. Vernor Miles to F.H. Drinkwater, 8 September, 1936, Drinkwater Papers. 73. De la Bedoyère to F.H. Drinkwater, 28 September, 1936, Drinkwater Papers. 74. F.H. Drinkwater to the Catholic Times, 28 September, 1936, Drinkwater Papers. 75. F.H. Drinkwater to the Catholic Times, no date, Drinkwater Papers. 76. F.H. Drinkwater to The Catholic Herald, 29 January, 1937, Drinkwater Papers. 77. Michael de la Bedoyère to Drinkwater, 12 January, 1937, Drinkwater Papers. 78. F.H. Drinkwater to The Universe, 12 October, 1936, Drinkwater Papers. 79. The Universe to F.H. Drinkwater, 9 November, 1936, Drinkwater Papers. 80. Joseph B. Ward to Fr. Gosling, 10 October, 1936, Drinkwater Papers. 81. Dated 30 January 1937, Drinkwater papers. 82. Hinsley to F. H. Drinkwater, 16 June 1937, Drinkwater Papers. 83. Gosling to ‘Bibs’ (Drinkwater), 18 October, 1936, Drinkwater Papers. 84. T. Fish to F.H. Drinkwater 2 February, 1937. 85. Enrique Morento to F.H. Drinkwater, 30 January, 1937. 86. Keating (1996b), p. 58. 87. Keating (1996b), p. 58. 88. Buchanan (1997), p. 182. 89. Quoted in Buchanan (1997), p. 183. 90. Buchanan (1997), p. 184. 91. National Council of Labour (1936) The Truth about Spain (London: pamphlet). 92. Pamphlet prepared by A. Ramos Oliveira (1936) Catholics and the Civil War in Spain (London: National Council of Labour), p. 2. 93. Oliveira (1936), p. 4. 94. Oliveira (1936), p. 15. 95. Irene Mayer, ‘McGovern, John (1887–1968)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, 2004 http://www. oxforddnb.com/view/article/61316, accessed 18 May 2011. 96. John McGovern MP (1937), Why Bishops Back Franco: report of a visit of investigation to Spain (London: Independent Labour Party), p. 2. 97. McGovern (1937), p. 2. 98. McGovern (1937), p. 3. 99. McGovern (1937), p. 4. 100. McGovern (1937), pp. 6–7. 101. McGovern (1937), p. 7. 256 Notes

102. McGovern (1937), p. 4. 103. McGovern (1937), p. 5. 104. McGovern (1937), p. 6. 105. McGovern (1937), p. 11. 106. McGovern (1937), p. 11. 107. Gallagher (1987), p. 211. 108. Gallagher (1987), p. 211. 109. Fielding (1993, p. 125. 110. Buchanan (1997), p. 184. 111. Buchanan (1997), p. 183. 112. Buchanan (1997), p. 183. 113. Buchanan (1997), p. 183. 114. Buchanan (1997), p. 184. 115. G. Bowd (2011) ‘Scotland for Franco: Charles Saroléa v. the Red Duchess’, Journal of Scottish Historical Studies, 31, 195–219. 116. S. Ball (1990) ‘The Politics of Appeasement: the Fall of the Duchess of Atholl and the Kinross and West Perth By-election, December 1938’, The Scottish Historical Review, 69, 49–83, p. 57. 117. Ball (1990), p. 73. 118. Michael Schumacher, ‘British Catholic Perception of the Spanish Civil War’, www.castle.eiuedu/historia.archives/2008/Historia2008Shumacker.pdf, accessed 11 May 2011. 119. Harry Gannes and Thodore Repard (1936) Spain in Revolt: a history of the Civil War in Spain in 1936 and a study of its social, political and economic causes (London, Victor Gollancz), p. 226. 120. Arthur Koestler (1937), Spanish Testament (London, Victor Gollancz), p. 100. 121. Koestler (1937), p. 102. 122. Koestler (1937), p. 108. 123. Koestler (1937), p. 109. 124. Koestler (1937), p. 111. 125. Koestler (1937), p. 112. 126. Prince Hubertus Friedrich of Loewenstein (1937) A Catholic in Republican Spain (London, Victor Gollancz), p. 8. 127. Loewenstein (1937), p. 23. 128. Loewenstein (1937), p. 46. 129. Loewenstein (1937), p. 68. 130. Loewenstein (1937), p. 79. 131. Loewenstein (1937), p. 81. 132. Loewenstein (1937), p. 92. 133. Loewenstein (1937), pp. 98–9. 134. Loewenstein (1937), p. 102 and p. 107. Select bibliography

Primary Sources

Westminster Diocesan Archives: Hinsley papers. Georgetown University Special Collections: Sir Arnold Lunn Papers Douglas Woodruff Papers Michael de la Bédoyère Papers Bernard and Barbara Wall Papers Harman Grisewood Papers Birmingham Diocesan Archives: Drinkwater Papers Archbishop’s Papers Files of the Catholic Evidence Guild Archives of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, London Metropolitan Archives Burns Library, Boston College Hilaire Belloc Papers David Jones Collection

Newspapers and Periodicals

Action American Review Blackfriars The Blackshirt Catholic Herald Catholic Times The Catholic Worker The Colosseum Dublin Review The English Review Everyman The Eye-Witness G.K.’s Weekly L’Italia Nostra The Jewish Chronicle London Mercury The Month The New Age New Statesman The New Witness Order: an Occasional Catholic Review

257 258 Select bibliography

Pax Saturday Review The Sower: a quarterly journal of Catholic education The Tablet The Times Literary Supplement The Universe The Weekly Review

Secondary Sources

(1937) The Second and Third Reports on the Communist Atrocities in Southern Spain between July and October by the Communist Forces of the Madrid Government / with a preface by Arthur Bryant; issued by authority of the committee of investigation appointed by the national government at Burgos (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode). (1986) Mosley’s Blackshirts: the inside story of the British Union of Fascists 1932–1940 (London: Sanctuary). Alderman, G. (1989) London Jewry and London Politics 1889–1986 (London: Routledge). Alderman, G. (2006) ‘Not always a welcome in the vales’, The Jewish Chronicle, 26 January. Alexander P., Chapman M. and Leveson M. (eds.) (1988) Roy Campbell: collected works. IV: Prose (Craighall: A.D. Donker). Alexander, P. (1982) Roy Campbell: a critical biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Alexander, P., Chapman M. and Leveson M., (eds.) (1982) Roy Campbell: collected works. I: Poetry (Craighall: A.D. Donker). Allen, W. (1933) ‘The Fascist Idea in Britain’, Quarterly Review, 261, 223–38. Allit, P. (1997) Catholic Converts: British and American intellectuals turn to Rome (Ithica: Cornell University Press). Alport, M. (1984) ‘Humanitarianism and Politics in the British Response to the Spanish Civil War, 1936–9’, European History Quarterly, 14, 423–40. Anson, P.F (1937) The Catholic Church in Modern Scotland 1560–1937 (London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne). Aragon, L. (1937) Authors Take Sides on the Spanish Civil War (London). Arendt, H., ‘Christianity and Revolution’ reprinted in Kohn J. (1954) (ed.), Essays in Understanding 1930–1954 (London: Harcourt, Brace), 151–55. Asher, K. (1995), T.S. Eliot and Ideology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Aspden, K. (2003) Fortress Church: the English Roman Catholic bishops and politics 1903–63 (Leominster: Gracewing). Baker, D. (1996) Ideology of Obsession: A.K. Chesterton and British Fascism (London: I.B. Tauris). Baldoli, C. (2003) Exporting Fascism: Italian Fascists and Britain’s Italians in the 1930s (Oxford: Berg). Ball, S. (1990) ‘The Politics of Appeasement: the Fall of the Duchess of Atholl and the Kinross and West Perth By-election, December 1938’, The Scottish Historical Review, 69, 49–83. Barnes, J.S. (1929) The Universal Aspects of Fascism (London: Williams and Norgate). Select bibliography 259

Barnes, J.S. (1933) Half a Life (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode). Barnes, J.S. (1937) Half a Life Left (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode). Beck, G.A. (1950) The English Catholics, 1850–1950: essays to commemorate the centenary of the restoration of the hierarchy of England and Wales. With a forward by Cardinal Griffin (London: Burns and Oates). Belloc, H. (1911) ‘The Jewish question’, Eye-Witness, September 7, 1911, p. 365; ‘The Jewish question. 1. The problem stated’, p. 366; ‘The Jewish question. II. The historical aspect’, September14, 1911, p. 394; ‘The Jewish question. III. The present position’, September 21, 1911, p. 427; ‘The Jewish question 1V. The peril’, September 28, 1911, p. 459; ‘The Jewish question V. The first solution’, October 5, 1911, p. 489; ‘The Jewish question. The end – privilege’, October 26, 1911, p. 588. Belloc, H. (1922) The Jews (London: Constable). Belloc, H. (1925), The Cruise of the ‘Nona’ (London: Constable). Belloc, H. (1927) The Servile State, 3rd edn (London: Constable). Belloc, H. (1938) Monarchy: a study of Louis XIV (London: Cassell). Belloc, H. (1955 edn) TheCruiseofthe‘Nona’(London: Constable). Belloc, H. and Chesterton, C. (1911) The Party System (London: Stephen Swift). Benewick, R. (1972) The Fascist Movement in Britain (London: Allen Lane). Berger, P.L. (1977) Facing up to Modernity: excursions in society, politics, and religion (New York: Basic Books). Bergonzi, B. (1965) ‘The English Catholics’, Encounter, 24, 19–30. Bergonzi, B. (1967) ‘Roy Campbell: Outsider on the Right’, Journal of Contemporary History, 2, 133–47. Binchy, D.A. (1941) Church and State in Fascist Italy (London: Oxford University Press). Birch, J. (1937) Why they join the Fascists (London: People’s Press). Bolin, L. (1938) Spain: The Vital Years (London: Cassell). Bowd, G. (2011) ‘Scotland for Franco: Charles Saroléa v. the Red Duchess’, Journal of Scottish Historical Studies, 31, 195–219. Bruce, S. (1995) Religion in Modern Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Bruce, S. (2002) God is Dead: secularization in the west (Oxford: Blackwell). Bryant, A. (ed.) (1934) The Man and the Hour: studies of six great men of our time (London: P. Allan). Buchanan, T. and Conway, M. (eds.) (1996) Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918– 1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Buchanan, T. (1997) Britain and the Spanish Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Burleigh, M. (2006) Sacred Causes: religion and politics from the European dictators to Al Qaeda (London: HarperPress). Burns, T. (1993) The Use of Memory: publishing and further pursuits (London: Sheed and Ward). Caldecott, S. and Morrill, J.S. (1997) Eternity in Time: Christopher Dawson and the Catholic idea of history (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark). Campbell, D. (1989) ‘The Catholic Evidence Guild: towards a history of the laity’, The Heythrop Journal, 30, 306–324. Campbell, R. (1934) Broken Record: reminiscences (London: Boriswood). Campbell, R. (1939) Flowering Rifle: a poem from the battlefield of Spain (London: Longmans). 260 Select bibliography

Campbell, R. (1951) Light on a Dark Horse: an autobiography 1901–1935 (London: Hollis and Carter). Carpenter, L.P. (1976) ‘Corporatism in Britain, 1930–45’, Journal of Contemporary History, 11, 3–25. Charnley, J. (1990), Blackshirts and Roses (London: Brockingday). Chesterton, A.K. and Leftwich, J. (1948) The Tragedy of Anti-Semitism (London: R. Anscombe). Chesterton, G.K. (1930) The Resurrection of Rome (London: Hodder and Stroughton). Cine, S. (1997) Radclyffe Hall: a woman called John (London: John Murray). Clais-Girard, J. (2000) ‘De la littérature catholique comme antidote à l’esprit du temps’, Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardiens, 52, 23–32. Clark, E. (2004) ‘Catholics and the Campaign for Women’s Suffrage in England’, Church History, 73, 635–665. Cleary, J.M. (1960) Catholic Social Action in Britain 1909–59: a history of the Catholic Social Guild (Oxford: Catholic Social Guild). Clifton, M. (1987) Amigo – Friend of the Poor. Bishop of Southwark 1904–1949 (Leominster: Fowler Wright Books). Collins, T. (1999) ‘Return to Manhood: The Cult of Masculinity and the British Union of Fascists’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 16, 145–162. Colpi, T. (1991) The Italian Factor: the Italian community in Great Britain (Edinburgh: Mainstream). Connolly, C. (1945) ‘The Fate of an Elizabethan’, review of Antony by the Earl of Lytton in Connolly, C., The Condemned Playground (London: Routledge). Corrin, J.P. (1981) G.K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc: the battle against modernity (Athens OH and London: Ohio University Press). Corrin, J.P. (1999) ‘Catholic Writers on the Right’, The Chesterton Review, 25, 81–101. Corrin, J.P. (2003) Catholic Intellectuals and the Challenge of Democracy (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press). Cowling, M. (1975) The Impact of Hitler: British politics and British policy, 1933–1940 (London: Cambridge University Press). Cowling, M. (1980) Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Crawford, V.M., (1929) (ed.), Italy To-day, documents published by the Friends of Italian Freedom, ‘I. The “Corporative State” in Fascist Italy’, January. Crawford, V.M. (1933) Catholic Social Doctrine 1891–1931, (The Catholic Social Year Book). Cronin, M. (ed.) (1995) The Failure of British Fascism: the far right and the ﬁght for political recognition (Basingstoke: Macmillan). Cross, C. (1961) The Fascists in Britain (London: Barrie and Rockliff). Csengeri, K., (ed.) (1994) The Collected Writings of T.E. Hulme (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Cullen, S. M. (1987) ’The Development of the Ideas and Policy of the British Union of Fascists 1932–40,’ Journal of Contemporary History, 22, 115–136. Cullen, S. M. (1994) ‘Another Nationalism: the British Union of Fascists in Glamorgan, 1932–40’, Cylchgrawn Hanes Cymru / Welsh History Review, 17, 101–14. Select bibliography 261

Cullen, S. M. (2008) ‘The Fasces and the Saltire: the failure of the British Union of Fascists in Scotland, 1932–40’, The Scottish Historical Review, 87, 195–219 Cunningham, V. (ed.) (1980), The Penguin Book of Spanish Civil War Verse (Harmondsworth: Penguin). Cunningham, V. (ed.) (1986), Spanish Front: Writers on the Civil War (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Currie, R. (1977) Churches and Churchgoers: patterns of church growth in the British Isles since 1700 (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Davie, G. (1994) Religion in Britain since 1945: believing without belonging (Oxford: Blackwell). Davie, M. (ed.) (1979) The Diaries of Evelyn Waugh (Harmondsworth: Penguin). Davis, R.M. (1972) Evelyn Waugh: a checklist of primary and secondary material (Troy, N.Y.: Whitson). Dawson, C. (1938) Religion and the Modern State (London: Sheed and Ward). Dawson, C. (1939) Beyond Politics (New York: Sheed and Ward). Dawson, C. (1948) Religion and Culture: Gifford lectures delivered in the University of Edinburgh in the year 1947 (London: Sheed and Ward). Delap, L. (2000) ‘The Freewoman, Periodical Communities, and the Feminist Reading Public’, Princeton University Library Chronicle, 61, 233–276. Delap, L. (2002) ‘The Freewoman, periodical culture and the ideas of Edwardian feminism’ Ph.D thesis, Kings College, Cambridge. Dilworth, T. (1986) ‘David Jones and Fascism’ Journal of Modern Literature, 13, 149–62. Dingle, R. (1937) ‘Democracy’ in Spain (London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne). Doan, L. (2006) ‘ “Woman’s Place is the Home”: Conservative Sapphic Modernities’, in L. Doan and H. Garrity (eds.), Sapphic Modernities: sexuality, women and national culture (Basingstoke: Pagrave Macmillan). Drinkwater, F.H. (1934) Money and Social Justice (London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne). Drucker, P.F. (1939) The End of Economic Man (London: William Heinemann). Durham, M. (1992) ’Gender and the British Union of Fascists,’ Journal of Contemporary History, 27, 513–529. Durham, M. (1998) Women and Fascism (London: Routledge). Eatwell, R. (1995) Fascism: a history (London: Chatto & Windus). Eatwell, R. (2003) ‘Reﬂections on Fascism and Religion’, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 4, 145–166. Ehret, U. (2005) ‘Catholics and Antisemitism in Germany and England, 1918– 1939’, PhD thesis, King’s College London, University of London. Engin, E.F. and Wood, P.K. (1999) Citizenship and Identity (London: Sage). Eppstein, J. (1935) The Catholic Tradition of the Law of Nations (London : Burns, Oates and Washbourne). Farrell-Vinay, G. (2004) ‘The London Exile of Don Luigi Sturzo (1924–1940), Heythrop Journal, XLV, 158–77. Felssati, V. (1991) ‘Pax: the History of a Catholic Peace Society in Britain 1936– 1971’, PhD thesis, University of Bradford. Fielding, S. (1993) Class and Ethnicity: Irish Catholics in England, 1880–1939 (Buckingham: Open University Press). Flint, J. (1987) ‘ “Must God go fascist?”: English Catholic opinion and the Spanish Civil War’, Church History, 56, 364–74. 262 Select bibliography

Flint, J. (1997) ‘English Catholics and the proposed Soviet alliance, 1939’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 48, 468–484. Gallagher, D. (ed.) (1986 edn) The Essays, Articles and Reviews of Evelyn Waugh (Harmondsworth: Penguin). Gallagher, T. (1983) ‘Scottish Catholics and the British Left, 1918–1939’, The Innes Review, 34, 17–42. Gallagher, T. (1987) Glasgow: the Uneasy Peace. Religious Tension in Modern Scotland, 1819–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Gannes, H., and Repard, T. (1936) Spain in Revolt : a history of the Civil War in Spain in 1936 and a study of its social, political and economic causes (London : Alfred A. Knopf). Garratt, G.T. (1938) Mussolini’s Roman Empire (Harmondsworth : Penguin). Gellner, E. (1992) Postmodernism, Reason and Religion (London: Routledge). Gilley, S. and Shiels, W. (eds) (1994) A History of Religion in Britain (Oxford: Blackwell). Gilley, S., (1988) ‘Irish Catholicism in Britain, 1880–1939’, in Catholics and their Church in Britain 1880–1939 (Warwick Working Papers in Social History, University of Warwick, Coventry). Godden, G.M. (1937) Conflict in Spain, 1920–1937 : a documented record (London : Burns, Oates and Washbourne). Goffin, M. (2006) The Watkin Path: an approach to belief. The Life of E.I. Watkin (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press). Gottlieb, J. V. (2000) Feminine Fascism: women in Britain’s Fascist movement, 1923–1945 (London: I.B. Tauris). Green, M. (1977) Children of the Sun: a narrative of decadence in England after 1918 (London: Constable). Greene, T.R. (1976) ‘The English Catholic Press and the Second Spanish Republic, 1931–1936’, Church History, 45, 70–84. Greene, T.R. (1992) ‘Vichy France and the Catholic Press in England: contrasting attitudes to a moral problem’, Recusant History, 21, 111–33. Griffin, R. (1991) The Nature of Fascism (London: Pinter). Griffin, R. (ed.) (1995), Fascism (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Griffin, R. (ed.) (1998), International Fascism: theories, causes and the new consensus (London: Arnold). Griffin, R. (ed.) (2005) Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion (London: Routledge). Griffith, W. (2010) ‘Saving the Soul of the Nation: essentialist nationalism and interwar rural Wales’, Rural History, 21, 177–94. Griffiths, B. (1979) Saunders Lewis (Cardiff: University of Wales Press). Griffiths, R. (1980) Fellow Travellers of the Right: British enthusiasts for Nazi Germany 1933–9 (London: Constable). Griffiths, R. (1998) Patriotism Perverted: Captain Ramsay, the Right Club and British anti-Semitism, 1939–40 (London: Constable). Grimley, M. (2003) ‘Civil Society and the Clerisy: Christian elites and national culture, c. 1930–1950’, in Harris, J. (ed.), Civil Society in British History: ideas, identities, institutions (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 231–47. Grimley, M. (2004) Citizenship, Community, and the Church of England: liberal Anglican theories of the state between the wars (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Grisewood, H. (1968) One Thing at a Time: an autobiography (London: Hutchinson). Select bibliography 263

Grosvenor, P.C. (1999) ‘The British Anti-Moderns and the Medievalist Appeal of European Fascism’, The Chesterton Review, 25, 103–115. Grundy, Trevor (1998) Memoir of a Fascist Childhood: a boy in Mosley’s Britain (London: Heinemann). Gwynn, D. (1936) ‘The Dublin Review and the Catholic Press’, Dublin Review, 198, 311–21. Hague, René (ed.) (1980), Dai Greatcoat: a self-portrait of David Jones in his letters (London: Faber). Hale, F. (2003) ‘From Pacifism to Neutrality to Advocacy of Francisco Franco: the case of Michael de la Bédoyère’, Chesterton Review, 29, 529–543. Hale, F. (2005) ‘Fighting over the Fight in Spain: the pro-Franco campaign of Bishop Peter Amigo of Southwark’, Catholic Historical Review, 91, 462–83. Halsey, A.H. (ed.) (1972 edn) Trends in British Society Since 1900: a guide to the changing social structure of Britain (London: Macmillan). Hamilton, A. (1971) The Appeal of Fascism: a study of intellectuals and fascism, 1919–1945 (London: Blond). Harding, J. (2002) The Criterion: cultural politics and periodical networks in interwar Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Hastings, A. (1977) ‘Some reflexions on the English Catholicism of the late 1930s’, in Hastings, A. (ed.), Bishops and Writers: aspects of the evolution of modern English Catholicism (Wheathampstead: A. Clarke). Hastings, A. (2001) A History of English Christianity, 4th edn. (London: S.C.M. Press). Hayes, B.C. (1995) ‘The Impact of Religious Identification on Political Attitudes – an international comparison’, Sociology of Religion, 56, 177–194. Hayes, B.C. and Marangudakis, M. (2001) ‘Religion and Attitudes towards Nature in Britain’, British Journal of Sociology, 52, 139–155. Heenan, J.C. (1944) Cardinal Hinsley (London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne). Herf, J. (1986) Reactionary Modernism: technology, culture and politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Heydon, J.K. (1937) Fascism and Providence (London: Sheed and Ward). Heyer, K.E. (2004) ‘Catholics, Politics, and Public Policy: beyond left and right’, Horizons, 31, 476–77. Hickey, J. (1967) Urban Catholics: urban Catholicism in England and Wales from 1829 to the present day (London: G. Chapman). Hickman, M. (1995) Religion, Class and Identity: the state the Catholic Church and the education of the Irish in Britain (Aldershot: Avebury). Higginbottom, M.D. (1992) Intellectuals and British Fascism: A study of Henry Williamson (London: Janus). Hobsbawm, E.J. (1996) ‘Identity Politics and the Left’, New Left Review, 217 May/June, 38–47. Hollis, C. (1934) The Breakdown of Money: a historical explanation (London: Sheed and Ward). Hollis, C. (1935) The Two Nations: a financial study of English history (London: Routledge). Hollis, C. (1936) Foreigners aren’t Fools (London: Longmans). Hollis, C. (1939) Foreigners aren’t Knaves (London: Longmans). Hollis, C. (1956) A Study of George Orwell: the man and his works (London: Hollis and Carter). 264 Select bibliography

Hollis, C. (1958) Along the Road to Frome (London: Harrap). Hollis, C. (1974) The Seven Ages (London: Heinemann). Holmes, C (1979) Anti-Semitism in British Society, 1876–1939 (London: Edward Arnold). Hornsby-Smith., M.P. (1987) Roman Catholics in England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Hoskins, K. (1969) Today the Struggle: literature and politics during the Spanish Civil War (Austin: University of Texas Press). Hughes, T.O. (1999) Winds of Change: the Roman Catholic Church and society in Wales, 1916–1962 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press). Hughes, T.O. (2002a) ‘An Uneasy Alliance? Welsh Nationalism and Roman Catholicism’, North American Journal of Welsh Studies,2,1–6. Hughes, T.O. (2002b) ‘Anti-Catholicism in Wales, 1900–1960’, Journal of Ecclesi- astical History, 53, 312–325. Humphreys, E. (1983) The Taliesin Tradition: A quest for the Welsh identity (London: Black Raven Press). Hynes, S. (1976) The Auden Generation: literature and politics in England in the 1930s (London: Bodley Head). Hywell Davies, D. (1983) The Welsh Nationalist Party 1925–1945 (Cardiff: Univer- sity of Wales Press). Jerrold, D. (1936a [1936 edn]) England (London: Arrowsmith). Jerrold, D. (1936b) They that take the Sword: the future of the League of Nations (London: John Lane). Jerrold, D. (1937) Georgian Adventure (London: Collins). Johnson, J.M. (2011) ‘The Responses of Roman Catholics in England to Anti- semitism from 1930–1939: a thematic approach’, MA thesis, Anglia Ruskin University. Jones, A.R. and Thomas, G. (eds.) (1983) Presenting Saunders Lewis (Cardiff: University of Wales Press). Jones, G. (ed.) (1977) The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Keating, J. (1996) ‘Discrediting the “Catholic State”: British Catholics and the Fall of France’, in Tallett, F. and Atkin, N.(eds.), Catholicism in Britain and France since 1789 (London: Rio Grande). Keating, J. (1996) ‘Looking to Europe: Roman Catholic and Christian Democracy in 1930s Britain’, European History Quarterly, 26, 57–79. Keating, J.E. (1992) ‘Roman Catholics, Christian Democracy and the British Labour Movement, 1910–1960’, Ph.D thesis, University of Manchester. Ker, I. (2003) The Catholic Revival in English Literature, 1845–1961: Newman, Hopkins, Belloc, Chesterton, Greene, Waugh (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press). Koestler, A. (1937) Spanish Testament (London: Victor Gollancz). Kotler-Berkowitz, L.A. (2001) ‘Religion and Voting Behaviour in Great Britain: a reassessment’, British Journal of Political Science, 31, 523–54. Kushner, A. and Lunn. K. (eds.) (1990) The Politics of Marginality (London: Frank Cass). Kushner, Tony and Lunn, Kenneth (eds.) (1989) Traditions of Intolerance: historical perspectives on fascism and race discourse in Britain (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Select bibliography 265

Lawrence, J. (2003) ‘Fascist Violence and the Politics of Public Order in Interwar Britain: the Olympia debate revisited’, Historical Research, 76, 238–67. Lawson, T. (2003) ‘The Anglican Understanding of Nazism 1933–1945: plac- ing the Church of England’s response to the Holocaust in context’, Twentieth Century British History 14, 112–37. Lebzelter, G.G. (1978) Political Anti-Semitism in England 1918–1939 (London). Lewis, D.S. (1987) Illusions of Grandeur: Mosley, Fascism and British society, 1931–81 (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Linehan, T. (1996) East London for Mosley: the British Union of Fascists in East London and South-West Essex 1933–40 (London: Macmillan). Linehan, T. (2000) British Fascism 1918–39: parties, ideology and culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Linehan, T. (2005) ‘The British Union of Fascists as a Totalitarian Movement and Political Religion’, Grifﬁn, R. (ed.), Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion (London: Routledge), 103–24. Linehan, T. (2007) ‘ “On the Side of Christ”: Fascist clerics in 1930s Britain’, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 8, 287–301. Loewenstein, A.F. (1993) Loathsome Jews and Engulﬁng Women: metaphors of projection in the works of Wyndham Lewis, Charles Williams and Graham Greene (New York: New York University Press). Loewenstein, Prince Hubertus Friedrich of (1937) A Catholic in Republican Spain (London: Victor Gollancz). Lothian, J.R. (2009) The Making and Unmaking of the English Catholic Intellectual Community 1910–1950 (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press). Lunn, A. (1937) Spanish Rehearsal (London: Hutchinson). Lunn, A. (1940) Come What May: an autobiography (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode). Lytton, Earl of (1935), Antony: a record of youth (London: Peter Davies). MacRaild, D.M. (ed.) (2000) The Great Famine and Beyond: Irish migrants in Britain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Dublin: Irish Academic Press). Maloney, T. (1985) Westminster, Whitehall and the Vatican: the role of Cardinal Hinsley, 1935–43 (Tunbridge Wells: Burns and Oates). Mandle, W.F. (1966) "The Leadership of the British Union of Fascists." Australian Journal of Politics and History, 12, 360–383. Martland, P. (2003) Lord Haw Haw: the English voice of Nazi Germany (Richmond, Surrey: National Archives). Matthew, D. (1948 edn) Catholicism in England: the portrait of a minority: its culture and tradition (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode). McCarthy, J.P. (1978) Hilaire Belloc: Edwardian radical (Indianapolis: Liberty Press). McCarthy, J.P. (1993) ‘Hilaire Belloc and the French Revolution’, Modern Age, 35, 251–7. McGovern, John (M.P.) (1937) Why Bishops Back Franco: report of a visit of investigation to Spain (London: Independent Labour Party). Mews, S. (1983) ‘The Sword of the Spirit: A Catholic Cultural Crusade of 1940’, in W.J. Shiels (ed.), Studies in Church History, 20, 409–30. Miller, W. (1977) Electoral Dynamics in Britain since 1918 (London: Macmillan). Miller, W.L. and G. Raab, G. (1977) ‘The Religious Alignment at English Elections between 1918 and 1970’, Political Studies, 25, 227–51. 266 Select bibliography

Miscamble, Wilson D. C.S.G (1990) ‘The Limits of American Catholic Antifascism: the case of John A. Ryan’, Church History, 59, 523–538. Morgan, K.O. (1981) Rebirth of a Nation: Wales 1880–1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Morris, K.L. (1999) ‘Fascism and British Catholic Writers 1924–1939’, The Chesterton Review, 25, 21–51. Mosley, N. (1982) Rules of the Game (London: Secker and Warburg). Mosley, N. (1983) Beyond the Pale (London: Secker and Warburg). Mosley, O. (1932) The Greater Britain (London: BUF). Mosley, O. (1968) My Life (London: Nelson). Mosse, G.L. (1966) ‘The Genesis of Fascism’, Journal of Contemporary History,1, 14–26. Mosse, G.L. (1969) The Crisis of German Ideology: intellectual origins of the Third Reich (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson). Mosse, G.L. (1971) ‘Caesarism, Circuses and Monuments” Journal of Contemporary History, 6, 167–82. Mosse, G.L. (1975) The Nationalisation of the Masses: political symbolism and mass movements in Germany from the Napoleonic wars through the Third Reich (New York: H. Fertig). Mosse, G.L. (1980) Masses and Man: nationalist and fascist perceptions of reality (New York: H. Fertig). Mosse, G.L. (1985) Nationalism and Sexuality: respectability and abnormal sexuality in modern Europe (New York: H. Fertig). Mosse, G.L. (1996) The Image of Man: the creation of modern masculinity (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Mosse, G.L. (1999) The Fascist Revolution: towards a general theory of fascism (New York: H. Fertig). National Council of Labour (1936) The Truth about Spain (London: pamphlet). Nolte, E. (1965) (tr. L. Vennewitz), Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson). Nugent ,N., and King, R. (eds.) (1997) The British Right (Farnborough: Saxon House). Nye, Rev. H.E.B. (1939) ‘Fascism Versus Democracy’, in Erminio Turcotti (ed.), Fascist Europe: Europe Fascista, 1 (Milan: National Institute of Fascist Culture of Pavia), 76–9. Oddie, W. (2008) Chesterton and the Romance of Orthodoxy: the making of GKC (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Oliveira, A.R. (1936) ‘Catholics and the Civil War in Spain’, (pamphlet: National Council of Labour). Pajalich., A. (1988) ‘The Inﬂuence of Vorticism on Campbell, Roy the ‘Flaming Terrapin’, English in Africa, 15, 13–23. Passerini, L. (1999) Europe in Love, Love in Europe: imagination and politics in Britain between the wars (London: I.B. Tauris). Pearce, J. (1996) Wisdom and Innocence: a life of G.K. Chesterton (London: Hodder and Stroughton). Pearce, J. (1999a) Literary Converts: spiritual inspiration in an age of unbelief (London: Harper Collins). Pearce, J. (1999b) ‘Fascism and Chesterton’, The Chesterton Review, 25, 69–79. Select bibliography 267

Pearce, J. (2001) Bloomsbury and Beyond: the friends and enemies of Roy Campbell (London: Harper Collins). Pearce, J. (2002) Old Thunder: a life of Hilaire Belloc (London: Harper Collins). People and Freedom Group (1939) For Democracy (London: Burns and Oates). Petrie, C. (1931) Mussolini (London: Holme Press). Petrie, C. (1934) The British Problem (London: Nicholson and Watson). Petrie, C. (1950) Chapters of Life (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode). Povey, J. (1977) Roy Campbell (Boston: Twayne Publishers). Pugh, M. (2005) ‘Hurrah for the Blackshirts!’ Fascists and Fascism in Britain between the wars (London: Jonathan Cape), Rawnsley, S. (1980) ‘The Membership of the British Union of Fascists’, in Lunn, K. and Thurlow, R.C. (eds.) British Fascism: essays on the radical right in inter-war Britain (London: Croom Helm). Rawnsley, S.J. (1981) ‘Fascists and Fascism in Britain in the 1930s: a case study of Fascism in the North of England in a period of economic and political change’, PhD thesis, University of Bradford. Reckitt, M.B. (1941) As it Happened: an autobiography (London: J.M. Dent). Rees, P. (1979) Fascism in Britain (Hassocks: Harvester Press). Rees, P. (1980) ‘Changing Interpretations of British Fascism’, in Lunn, K. and Thurlow, R.C. (eds.) British Fascism: essays on the radical right in inter-war Britain (London: Croom Helm). Reynolds, E.E. (1973) The Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales: a short history (Wheathampstead: Clarke). Riddell, N. (1997) ‘The Catholic Church and the Labour Party, 1918–1931, Twentieth Century British History, 8, 165–193. Robb, J. (1954) Working-Class Anti-Semite: a psychological study in a London borough, (London: Tavistock). Roberts, A. (1994) Eminent Churchillians (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson). Robichaud, P. (2003) ‘David Jones, Christopher Dawson, and the Meaning of History’, Logos, 6, 68–85. Rodden, J. (1989) ‘George Orwell and British Catholicism,’ Renascence 41, 143–168. Rodden, J. (2003 edn) George Orwell: the politics of literary reputation (London: Transaction Publishers). Rogers, T. (2003) ‘The Right Book Club: text wars, modernity and cultural politics in the late thirties’, Literature and History, 12, 1–15. Santinon, R. (1991) I fasci italiani all’estero (Roma: Settimo Sigillo). Schoenl, W. (1982) The Intellectual Crisis in English Catholicism (New York: Garland). Schwartz, A. (2005) The Third Spring: G.K. Chesterton, Graham Greene, Christopher Dawson, and David Jones (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press). Schwarz, A. (1993) ‘British Visitors to National Socialist Germany: in a familiar or in a foreign country?’, Journal of Contemporary History, 28, 487–509. Schwarz, A. (2003) ‘Confronting the “Totalitarian Antichrist”: Christopher Dawson and totalitarianism’, Catholic Historical Review, 89, 464–488. Scott, C. (1984) A Historian and his World: a life of Christopher Dawson 1889–1970 (London: Sheed and Ward). 268 Select bibliography

Semmens, K., (2005) Seeing Hitler’s Germany: tourism in the Third Reich (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Sewell, D. (2002 edn) Catholics: Britain’s Largest Minority (London: Penguin). Sharma, S.K. (1990) Graham Greene: the search for belief (New Delhi: Harman). Shaw, G. Bernard (1908) ‘Belloc and Chesterton’, The New Age, Feb. 15, p. 310 Sheed, F.J. (1974) The Church and I (Garden City, NY: Doubleday). Shelden, M. (1994 edn) Graham Greene: the man within (London: Heineman). Sherrington, E. (1980) ‘Welsh Nationalism, the French Revolution and the Inﬂu- ence of the French Right 1880–1930’, in D. Smith (ed.), APeopleanda Proletariat: essays in the history of Wales 1780–1980 (London: Pluto). Skidelsky, R. (1975) Oswald Mosley (London: Macmillan). Skidelsky, R. (1990 3rd rev. edn) Oswald Mosley (London: Papermac). Smith, R. (1971) ‘The Spanish Civil War and the British Literary Right’, Dalhousie Review, 51, 60–76. Souhani, D. (1998) The Trials of Radclyffe Hall (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson). Speaight, R. (1957) The life of Hilaire Belloc (London: Hollis and Carter). Speaight, R. (ed.) (1958), Letters from Hilaire Belloc (London: Hollis and Carter). Speaight, R. (1970) The Property Basket: recollections of a divided life (London: Collins). Spiller, L. (2003) "George Orwell’s Anti-Catholicism," Logos, 6, 150–163. Srebrnik, H.F. (1995) London Jews and British Communism 1935–1945 (Ilford: Valentine Mitchell). Stannard, M. (1986) Evelyn Waugh: the early years 1903–1939 (London: Dent). Stapleton, J. (2005) Sir Arthur Bryant and National History in Twentieth-Century Britain (Lanham, MD and Oxford: Lexington Books). Stapleton, J. (2009) Christianity, Patriotism, and Nationhood: the England of G.K. Chesterton (Lanham, MD and Oxford: Lexington Books). Staudt, K.H. (1994) At the Turn of a Civilization: David Jones and modern poetics (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press). Steinfels, P. (1997) ‘The Smoke of Satan: conservative and traditionalist dissent in contemporary American Catholicism’, New York Times Book Review Aug. 17, 20–1. Sternhell, Z. (1972) Maurice Barrès et le nationalisme français (Paris: A. Colin). Sternhell, Z. (1978) La droite révolutionnaire 1885–1914: les origines françaises du fascisme (Paris: Seuil). Sternhell, Z., with Sznajder and Asheri, M. (tr. Maisel, D.) (1994), The Birth of Fascist Ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press). Stone, D. (2002) Breeding Superman: Nietzsche, Race and Eugenics in Edwardian and Interwar Britain (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press). Stradling, R. (1995) ‘Franco’s Irish Volunteers’, History Today, 45, 40–47. Sturzo, L. (1926) Italy and Fascismo, tr. Barbara Barclay Carter, preface by Gilbert Murray. London: Faber and Gwyer Sturzo, L. (1929) The International Community and the Right of War (London: Allen and Unwin). Susser, L. (1988) ‘Fascist and Anti-Fascist Attitudes in Britain Between the Wars’, D.Phil Thesis, University of Oxford. Select bibliography 269

Susser, L. (1989) ’Fascism, Literary Modernism and Modernization: the British case’, Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für Deutsche Geschichte, 18, 463–486. Sykes, C. (1977) Evelyn Waugh: a biography (Harmondsworth: Penguin). Sykes, C. (1985 rev. edn) Evelyn Waugh: a biography (Harmondsworth: Penguin). Tallett, F. and N. Aitkin, N. (1996) Catholicism in Britain and France since 1789 (London: Hambledon Press). Talmon, J.L. (1952) The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (London: Secker and Warburg). Teeling, W. (1937) The Pope in Politics: the life and work of Pope Pius XI (London: Lovat Dickson). Tennant, E. (1936) Spanish Journey: personal experiences of the Civil War (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode). Tennant, E. (1957) True Account (London: M. Parrish). Thomas, N. (1971) The Welsh Extremist: a culture in crisis (London: Gollancz). Thompson, F.M.L. (1990) (ed.), The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750–1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Thorpe, A. (1989) The Failure of Political Extremism in Inter-War Britain (Exeter: University of Exeter). Thurlow, R. (1987) Fascism in Britain: a history, 1918–1985 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell). Thurlow, R. (2000) Fascism in Modern Britain (Stroud: Sutton). Tombs, R.P. (1998) ‘ “Lesser Breeds Without the Law”: the British establishment and the Dreyfus Affair, 1894–1899’, Historical Journal, 41, 495–510. Toomey, A. (1935) ‘An Interview with Hilaire Belloc’, America, March 23, 563–565. Toynbee, A. (1956) An Historian’s Approach to Religion (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Villis, T. (2006) Reaction and the Avant-Garde: the revolt against liberal democracy in early twentieth-century Britain (London: Tauris Academic Studies). Voegelin, E. (1986 edn) Political Religions (Lewisoton, NY: E. Mellen) (1st German edn, 1938). Waddington, G.T. (1997) ‘An Idyllic and Unrufﬂed Atmosphere of Complete Anglo-German Misunderstanding’: aspects of the pperations of the Dienststelle Ribbentrop in Great Britain, 1934–1938’, History, 82, 44–72. Walia, S. (1998) Evelyn Waugh: Witness to Decline: a study in ideas and history (New Delhi: Sterling). Wall, B. (1938) Spain of the Spaniards (New York: Sheed and Ward). Wall, B. (1969) Headlong into Change: an autobiography and memoir of ideas since the thirties (London: Harvill). Walsh, M., (1990) The Tablet 1840–1990: a commemorative history (London: The Tablet Publishing Company). Ward, E. (1983) David Jones: Mythmaker (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Ward, J.M. (1927) The Shadow of Mussolini (London: Sheed and Ward). Watkin, E.I. (1939) The Catholic Centre (London: Sheed and Ward). Watkin, E.I. (1957) Roman Catholicism in England from the Reformation to 1950 (London: Oxford University Press). Waugh, E. (1936) Waugh in Abyssinia (London: Longmans). Webber, G.C. (1984) ’Patterns of Membership and Support for the British Union of Fascists,’ Journal of Contemporary History, 19, 575–606. 270 Select bibliography

Webber, G.C. (1986) The Ideology of the British Right, 1918–1939 (London: Croom Helm). Weber, E. (1964) Varieties of Fascism (Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand). Weintraub, S. (1968) The Last Great Cause: the intellectuals and the Spanish Civil War (London: W.H. Allen). Weller, P. (2004) ‘Identity Politics and the Future(s) of Religion in the UK’ Journal of Contemporary Religion, 19, 3–21. Whyte, J.H. (1981) Catholics in Western Democracies (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan). Williams, G.A. (1985) When Was Wales? A history of the Welsh (London: Black Raven). Williams, I. (1991) A Straitened Stage: a study of the theatre of J. Saunders Lewis (Bridgend: Seren). Wills, G. (1990) ‘A Chesterton for the Religious Right’, The Christian Century, 107, 532–3. Wilson, A.N. (1986 edn) Hilaire Belloc (Harmondsworth: Penguin). Wilson, A.T. (1936) Walks and Talks Abroad: the diary of a Member of Parliament in 1934–1936 (London: Oxford University Press). Wilson, B. (1969) Religion in Secular Society (Harmondsworth: Penguin). Wrench, J.E. (1948) Francis Yeats-Brown, 1886–1944 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode). Wyn Jones, R. (2009) ‘From Utopia to Reality: Plaid Cymru and Europe’, Nations and Nationalism, 15, 129–47.

Websites http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/b/Binchy_DA/life.htm, accessed 12 October, 2012. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPcampbell.htm, accessed 12 October, 2012. http://www.stthomas.edu/libraries/special/dawson/Finding%20Aid/Dawson_ SeriesVI.htm, accessed 12 October, 2012. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Orwell+and+Catholicism-a0151379349, accessed 12 October, 2012. Duque, A. ‘The vision of Christopher Dawson’, http://catholiceducation.org/ articles/history/world/wh0087.html, accessed 12 October, 2012. Heyes, G. (2002) ‘Identity Politics’, The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philoso- phy (Fall, edition), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2002/entries/identity- politics/ last accessed 4 November 2005. Higgitt, A. ‘Plaid had fascist leanings’, http://welshpoliticalhistory.wordpress. com/2009/02/01/was-plaid-once-a-fascist-leaning-party/ accessed 12 October, 2012. Higgitt, A., ‘Only Saunders Lewis Supported Franco’, http://welshpoliticalhistory. com/?p= 41, last accessed 7 July 2009 – note: this link is no longer active. Schumacher, M., ‘British Catholic Perception of the Spanish Civil War’, http: //castle.eiu.edu/historia/archives/2008/Historia2008Schumacher.pdf, accessed 12 October, 2012.. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford, 2004), online edn. Index

Aberdeen, 17 Artaza Goya, Xabier de, 29 Abyssinian crisis, 18, 19, 37, 44, 48, Aspden, Kester, 3 59, 60, 70, 85, 93–4, 131, 148, Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 112 149, 160–161, 165, 183, 193, 205 atheism, 49 Wal-Wal incident, 60–61 Atholl, Duchess of, 212 Action Française, 5, 24, 69, 80–82, Attwater, Donald, 199–200 116, 126, 146–8, 182, 186–7; Auden, W.H., ‘Spain’, 130 papal condemnation of 5, 43, 68, Austria, 133, 150, see also Anschluss 80, 119; see also Maurras, Charles Azaña, Manuel, 74 Action, 14 Adams, David, 29 Baldoli, C., 17 Adelphi, The, 121 Baldwin, Stanley, 136, 139, 171, 173 Agar, Herbert, 152 Balfour, Arthur, 21 Alba, Duke of, 29 Barcelona, bombardment of, 48; Albert Hall (meeting in 1938), 32 see also Spanish Civil War Alderman, Geoffrey, 16, 181 Baring, Maurice, 28 Alf, Gwyn, 181 Barnes, James Strachey, 21–6, 138, All Quiet on the Western Front, 95 216; early life 21–22; The Universal Allit, P., 105 Aspects of Fascism, 23–6, 107 Amigo, Bishop of Southwark, 37, 38, Barrès, Maurice, 5, 81, 187–8; Le Culte 209 du Moi, 187; Colette Baudoche, 188 Ampleforth (school), 2 Barth, Karl, 71 Anglicans, 74, 163; criticisms over Basques, 29, 74, 168, 194, 204, views on Spanish civil war, 159 213–14; Nazi atrocities against see also Protestantism the, 214; see also Guernica Anglo-German Fellowship, 153 Bavaria, 94 Anschluss, 149 Beaumont (school), 2 anti-fascism, 65; criticisms of, 133; see Bebb, Ambrose, 179–87, 189–91, also fascism; Catholic criticisms of 194–5 anti-Semitism, 11, 25, 31, 32, 33, 52, Beer, Margrieta, 200, 253 n21 53, 54–6, 66, 73, 77, 79, 80, 81, begging, 85 84, 91, 92, 94, 95, 102–3, 104, Belloc, H. 1, 2, 3, 8, 13, 14, 50, 53, 58, 115, 119, 133, 146, 166, 172, 191, 77–98, 136, 140, 146, 162, 163, 193, 224 n121; in Germany, 32, 172, 183, 201, 209, 217; The Party 61–3, 72–3, 96, 134, 151–4, 156, System 11, 78, 141; The Servile State 198; in Poland, 55; in Romania, 11, 79, 111, 113; The Cruise of The 32 Nona 85; Catholic criticisms of ap Iwan, Emrys, 191 119, 205–6; The Jews 166 appeasement, 166 Belmont Abbey, 34 Aquinas, Thomas, 11 Benn Brothers, 138 aristocracy, Norman, 22 Berdyaev, Nicholas, 199 art, see modern art Bergson, Henri, 5, 121

271 272 Index

Bidault, Georges, 203 Burns, Tom, 3, 4, 8, 116, 161, 175, 217 Bilbao, bombing of, 29 Butler, Dom Christopher, 21 Binchy, Daniel, 9 Birley, A.R., 126 Birmingham, Archdiocese of, 39 Cable Street, Battle of, 51, 68, 92 birth control, 14, 54, 55, 72 Cahill, Edward, 39 Black and Tans, 15 Cambridge University, 21 Blackburn, 10 Campbell, Mary, 101 Blackfriars, 2, 125, 132, 196, 203–4, Campbell, Roy, 99–104; Flowering Riﬂe, 218 101–4; The Georgiad, 100–101 Blackshirt, The, 10 Cardiff, 17, 18 Blatchford, Robert, 12 Carlyle, Thomas, 22 Bloomsbury group, 23, 100–101, 117, Carson, Edward, 43 120 Carter, Barbara Barclay, 44, 199, 200, Board of Deputies of British Jews, 11, 202, 203 15, 32, 33, 57 Catholic Evidence Guild, 20, 29, 30, Boer War, 93 116 Bolitho, Gordon, 154 Catholic Gazette, The, 16 Bolshevism, criticisms of, 62, 144, Catholic Herald, The, 2, 11, 16, 30, 32, 150, 165–6; see also Communism, 36, 41, 42–57, 75, 200, 207, 208, criticisms of; Russia, Bolshevik 210, 216; circulation 42 Revolution in Catholic News, The, 16, 32 Bolton, 10 Catholic Social Guild, 35, 39, 202 Bonacina, Conrad, 199, 200, 253 n21. Catholic Times, The, 33, 207 Bookman, The, 138 Catholic Truth Society, 38 Bordonaro, Chiaramonte, 18 Catholic Woman’s Suffrage Society, Bourne, Cardinal, 24, 32, 57, 201 202 Boy Scouts, 116 Catholic Worker, The, 196, 199, 203, Brassillach, Robert, 80, 121, 126 209 Brinjes, Harold, 31 Catholic Workers’ College, Oxford, British Committee for Civil and 202, 211 Religious Peace in Spain, 28, 203 Catholic World, The, 73 British Fascist, The, 66 British Union of Fascists, 3, 12, 31, 34, Catholics: criticisms of pro-fascism of, 37, 38, 51, 52, 54, 65–68, 88–92, 28, 36, 120–21, 160, 166, 216, 109, 164, 167, 168–9, 171–3, 215; 217; demography, 1; diversity of attempts to attract Catholics, 54; political views of, 58–9; Catholic membership of, 9; middle-class, 58; press, 8, 41–76; interpretation of history, 14; in schools, 1, 12, 15, 67; upper-class, Scotland, 10; in Wales, 11 58; voting patterns, 1,2, 4, 9; Brogan, Denis, 119 working-class, 47, 209–12 Brooke, Rupert, 21 censorship, 33 Bryant, Arthur, 169 Centre International d’Études sur le Buchanan, Tom, 203, 209, 211 Fascisme, 24 Bull, Stephen, 171 Centre Party (Germany), 44 Bulletin Catholique International, 203 Chamberlain, Neville, 178 Burdett, Osbert, 142 Charnley, John W., 11 Burdett, Rev. Francis, 128 Chelsea group, 106, 116–17, 120, 175 Burke, Owen, 15 Chesterton, A.K., 52, 67, 92 Index 273

Chesterton, Cecil, 78, 137, 138; see Crawford, Virginia Mary, 202, 203 also Belloc, Hilaire; The Party Critertion, The, 106, 121, 125 System Croix de Feu, 147–8 Chesterton, G.K., 1, 2, 3, 8, 77–98, Cromwell, Oliver, 76 124, 138, 140, 163, 183, 217; Crowe, Sir Eyre, 21 Catholic criticisms of, 118, 206; Cule, Cyril P., 194 The Resurrection of Rome, 83, 86–8; Cullen, Stephen, 10 views on British fascism, 88–92 culture, arguments about 115 Christian Democrat, The, 202 Czechoslovakia, 183; see also Church of England, see Anglicans Sudetenland, the Church Times, The, 74, 108 Churchill, Winston, 19 D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 21, 22 Citrine, Sir Walter, 212 Daily Herald, The, 79, 193 Clarke, Mick, 15 Daily Mail, The, 66, 161, 169 Claudel, Paul, 186 Daily News, The, 79 Clayton, Joseph, 202 Daily Telegraph, The, 210 Clayton, Margaret, 29 Daniel, J.E. 182, 189, 194, 195. Clergy Review, The, 21 Dante Alighieri Society, 17 Cobbett, William, 79, 140, 164 Darcy, Martin, 124 Cohen, Robert Waley, 33 Dark, Sidney, 152 Cole, G.D.H., 12, 113 Daudet, Léon, 146–7 Collyhurst, Manchester, council Davies, Alun, 192 elections in, 16 Davies, D.J.,189 Colosseum, 2, 121–35, 175 Davies, Rev. Gwilym, 183 Colpi, Terri, 17 Davis, Morry, 16 Columbia, Knights of, 11 Dawson, Christopher, 3, 7, 8, 50, Comitati d’Azione per L’Universalità 105–16, 121, 126, 128, 156, 177, di Roma, 142 183, 185, 215, 217; Beyond Politics, Commonweal,74 114–16; early life, 105; Religion Communism, 19, 20; criticisms of, 31, and The Modern State, 106, 35, 38, 46, 49, 51, 65, 72, 87, 111–14; Religion and Progress, 106 95–6, 102, 111, 114, 123, 150–51, Day, Dorothy, 201 167, 205, 215 Ddriag Goch, Y, 182, 187 Companys, Lluís, 214 De Gasperi, Alcide, 203 Comte, Auguste, 143 De La Bédoyère, Michael, 36, 42, 44, Congo, Belgian imperialism in the, 46, 60, 207 148 De La Rocque, François, 148 Connolly, Cyril, 169 De Maeztu, Ramiro, 121, 125 Conservative Party, 4, 34, 36, 185 De Maistre, Joseph, 25, 122, 123, 127 Contemporary Review, The, 202 Déat, Marcel, 148 contraception, see birth control Defence of the Realm Act, 15 Corfu, Italian bombardment of, 143 democracy, criticisms of, 20, 51, 59, corporatism, 45, 167, 192, 202, 222 75, 85, 90, 109, 111, 115, 168, n30 173; see also liberalism, criticisms corporate state, 19, 36, 107, 110, 114, of 133, 143, 145 Deroulède, Paul, 81, 83 Corradini, Enrico, 5 Derrick, Thomas, 124 Corrin, Jay P., 77, 93, 94 Deutsche Volkskirsche, 72 Coyne, E.J., 21 Diamond, Charles, 42–3 274 Index

Diana Theatre, Milan, 143 Eppstein, John, 35, 73, 196–7; The dictatorship, 91 Catholic Tradition of The Law of Dilworth, Thomas, 178 Nations, 196–7 Distributism, 2, 25, 53, 88, 89, 91, 92, Epstein, Jacob, 137 98, 108, 190 Estado Español Agencia en Londres, Ditchling, 175 29 Divini Redemptoris, 38 Eton, 21, 163, 169, 170, 172 Dollfuss, Engelbert, 150, 190, 202 eugenics, 14, 15, 54, 78 Dominicans, 2 Evans, J. Alban, 199–200 Don Bosco Order, 17 Exeter University, 106 Dopolavoro scheme, 143 Eye-Witness, The, 78, 88; see also New Doriot, Jacques, 126, 148, 187 Witness, The Douglas, Major Clifford Hugh, 164, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 138 190 Dowding, Walter, 194 Fabian Society, 80 Downey, Archbishop of Liverpool, 33, Fabre-Luce, Robert, 187 38 Fahey, Denis, 33, 39; The Mystical Body Downside (school), 2, 34 of Christ in The Modern World, 33 Downside Review, The, 21 Falange, the, 129 Drennan, James, 14 Faner, Y, 182, 184 Dreyfus Affair, 80, 82, 234 n8. fasci in Britain, 17 Drinkwater, Francis Harold, 206–9, Fascism: in Britain, 7, 8, 9–26, 31–8, 218 52–5, 66–8, 75–6, 88–92, 162, Driver, Nellie 11, 39 171–3, 203; see also British Union Dru, Alick, 116 of Fascists; deﬁnitions of, 7, 25–6, Dublin Review, The, 106, 125, 202 64, 74, 131, 160, 166, 215, 219 Dublin, 18 n1; Catholic criticisms of, 43, Duffy, Victor, 10 196–214, 218; economics of, Dugsdale, E.T.S., 152 69–70; in Germany, 7; see also Dundee, 17 Nazism; ideological origins of, 5; in Italy, 5, 6, 7, 38, 42–4, 70–71, 83–6, 131, 160–62, 216; East End, of London, 15, 16; see also interpretations of, 35, 107, 108, Limehouse 111; paganism of, 60, 75; religion, Easter Rising, the, 15 characterised as a 115; in Scotland Eaton, William, 11 10–11; in Spain 7; see also Spanish Eccles, F.Y., 80, 81, 82, 146 Civil War; violence of, 25 Edinburgh, 17, 19 Fascist Quarterly, 173 Edwards, Owen M., 191; Yn y Wlad, Fay, Bernard, 126 191 feminism, criticisms of, 87 Edwards, Richard, 181 Fire,Jacob,16 El Greco, 138 First World War, 21, 175 Eliot, T.S., 99, 136, 146, 186 Fish, T., 208 Ellison, Fr. James, 39 Fitzgerald, Desmond, 125, 128 empire, 100, 193 Fiume, 93 English Review Luncheon Club, 171 Flaxman, Ronald, 29, 30 English Review, The, 2, 8, 106, 136–74, Flowering Riﬂe, 101–4 217 Fracassi, Fr. Gaetano, 18 Index 275

France, 4, 5, 50, 96, 175, 203; riots of Grisewood, Harman, 116, 120, 121, 6 February 1934, 82; see also 176–9 French radical right; Vichy France Gruffydd, W.J., 182, 186–7 Franco, Francisco, 6, 28, 47, 48, 49, 65, Guernica, bombing of, 129 74, 94, 127, 129, 158, 159, 199, Guild Socialism, 137 202–3, 206, 210–11, 213, 216, 217 guilds, 110 freemasonry, 32, 72, 147, 152 Gurian, Waldemar, 126, 164–5 French radical right, 80; see also Gwerin movement, 182 Maurras, Charles; Action Gwynn Jones, T., see, Jones, Française T. Gwynn French Revolution, 19, 81 Freud, Sigmund, 125 Hall, John Radclyffe, 104 Fribourg, 124 Harari, Manya, 2 Friends of National Spain, 29, 94, Hardie, Kier, 12 158 Harvard University, 106 Fuller, Major General J.F.C., 155 Haywood, E.H., 92 Hegel, G.W.F., 24 G.K.’s Weekly, 2, 11, 82, 92–8 Herrera, Angel, 125 Hertz, Joseph, Chief Rabbi, 32, 33 Gallagher, Tom, 10 Heydon, J.K., 19–21, 36, 216; Fascism Gannes, Harry, 212 and Providence, 19–21 Gaxotte, Pierre, 80, 146 hierarchy, of Roman Catholic Church; George, Alderman William, 191 in Austria, 196; in England and Georgiad, The, 100–101 Wales, 3, 8, 12, 27–40; in Holland, Germania, 44 196; in Scotland, 40; in Spain, 27 Gilbert, W.S., 171 Hill, Christopher, 105 Gill, Eric, 2, 29, 74, 126, 128, 175, Hinsley, Cardinal, 27–40, 197, 200, 199, 200 211, 212, 216, 218; views of Gilmour, William Weir, 10 fascism, 30–31, 34, 35–7, 53–4 Gilson, Etienne, 186 Hitchin, 169 Giornata delle Fedi, 18 Hitler, 44, 49, 103, 149–50, 155, 165, Glamorgan, 184 194; anti-Communism of, 50; Glasgow Observer, 40 Catholicism and, 45; Mein Kampf, Glasgow, 1, 4, 17, 18, 19, 210–11 152, 176–79 Gleeson, J. Desmond, 93 Hogan, Professor James, 125 Goad, H., 145 Hollis, Christopher, 28, 138, 163–7; Gobineau, 5 The Breakdown of Money, 163; Goering, Herman, 152 Foreigners aren’t Fools, 165–6; Two Gollancz, Victor, see Victor Gollancz Nations: A Financial Study of Gooch, George Peabody, 202 English History, 164 Gosling, Fr S.J., 29, 34, 202, 205 homosexuality, 23 see also lesbianism Graham, Sir Ronald, 142 Hope, Arthur, 28 Grandi, Count Dino, 142 Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 2 Greenbaum, Alfred, 16 Houghton, Bryan, 128 Greene, Graham, 2, 3, 74, 204 House of Commons, 142 Gregory, J.D., 152 House of Lords, 141–2 Grifﬁn, Roger, 6, 23, 105, 156 Howard, Francis, 116 Grifﬁth, Wil, 191 Hughes, Henry, 18 Grimley, Matthew, 4 Hughes, Randolph, 156 276 Index

Hughes, Rev. R.H., 182 Keating, Joan, 208 Hull, 10 Keating, Joseph, 68–70, 75 Hulme, T.E., 112, 118, 123, 137, 146, Keily, Bishop of Plymouth, 37 186 Kennedy, J.M., 146 Huxley, Aldous, 99 Kensit,J.A.,182 Hyndman, Henry, 80 Kent, A. Freeman, 93 Keynes, J.M., 21, 164 Imperial Fascist League, 76 Killowen, Lord Justice Baron Russell Independent Labour Party, 210, 211, of, 80 212 Killowen, Mary Russell of, 28 individualism, criticisms of, 19, 26, Knebworth, Antony Viscount, 169–71, 197 249 n247 industrialism, criticisms of, 22 Knox, Ronald, 2 integral Catholicism, 138 Koestler, Arthur, 212–13 intellectuals, 23, 49, 71, 103, 123–4, Kristallnacht, 32, 63 133, 151, 215, 217; Catholic Kühnelt-Leddhin, Erik Von, 125 intellectual community 120 Kulturkampf Association, 253 n21 Ireland, 1, 42, 43, 48 Kulturkampf, 71, 134 Irish community in Britain, 15, 16, 42, 43 L’Aube, 203 Irrationalism, 197–8 L’Italia d’Oggi, 144 Irujo, Manuel de, 29, 209, 214 L’Italia Nostra, 17, 18 Irvine, Louise, 12 Labour Party, 1, 4, 9, 12, 16, 28, 34, Italians in Britain, 17–19; internment 38, 42, 47, 65, 67, 68, 80, 202, 212 of, 19 Lancaster, 10 Italy, 4, 5, 50; anti-clericalism in, 60; Langdale, James, 202 see also, Fascism; in Italy Lansbury, George, 12 Laski, Neville, 33 James, Henry, 21 Lateran Pacts, 6, 13, 18, 37, 59, 69, 144 James, S.B., 69–70 Latin Catholic Bloc, 50, 218 Je Suis Partout, 80 Latin culture, 22 Jebb, Reginald, 93, 97 Lausanne, 24 Jenks, Jorian, 14 Lawrence, T.E., 21 Jerrold, Douglas, 2, 3, 4, 120, 128, League for Clean Government, 79 136–40, 149, 151–2, 158–9, 164, League of Nations, 59, 149, 165, 185 168–9, 171–4, 209, 217; Leeds, 10, 17 interpretation of British history, left, the, 33, 127 140; view on the Catholic revival, Lemaître, Jules, 186 139 Leo XIII, pope, 108, 114 Jesuits, 2 lesbianism, 104 Jeunesses Patriotes, 147 Liberal Party, 1, 34 Jews, 15, 16; see also anti-Semitism liberalism, criticisms of, 19, 23, 26, 49, John, Augustus, 21 50, 87, 106, 109, 111, 115, 122, Jones, David, 2, 8, 116, 118, 175–9, In 123, 167, 170, 215, 216, 218; Parenthesis 175 see also, democracy, criticisms of Jones, T. Gwynn, 191, 192 Limehouse, 15, 16, 17, 34, 209; Jones, Thomas, 183 see also East End Joyce, William, 10, 30 Linehan, Thomas, 14 Jugendbewegung, 107 Lingard, John, 14 Index 277

Liverpool Archdiocesan Board of Melvin, Martin J., 28 Catholic Action, 38–39 metahistory, 105 Liverpool, 4, 9, 17, 18, 19 Mexico, anti-Catholicism in, 32, 56 Lizaso, José I. de, 29 MI5, 145 Llandrindod Wells, 182 Michels, Robert, 5 Llenor, Y, 182 Missiroli, Mario, 144 Lloyd George, David, 21 modern art, 118–19 Loewenstein, Prince Hubertus Molson, Hugh, 145 Friedrich of, 152, 213–14 monarchism, 96, 119, 141 Lombroso, Cesare, 5 Mond, Sir Alfred, 191 London, 1, 17, 18; see also Limehouse; Month, The, 2, 41, 68–76, 125, 216 East End Moore, Anthony, 202 Long, J.J., 16 Moral, Marquis de, 29 Lothian, James, 3, 161 Moreno, Enrique, 208, 210 Ludovici, A.M., 52, 136, 156–8 Morocco, 159 Lunn, Arnold, 2, 136, 138, 167–8, 171; Morris, William, 79 Spanish Rehearsal, 167–8 Morton, J.B., 172 Lymington, Lord (later Viscount), 136, Mosca, Gaetano, 5 139, 171 Mosley, Oswald, 9, 10, 14, 30, 52, 67, 88, 109, 155, 165, 168–9, 171–3, Macdonald, Gregory, 93 217; interview in Catholic Herald Machiavelli, Niccolò, 143 53–5; see also British Union of Mackintosh, Archbishop of Glasgow, Fascists 40 Mosse, G.L., 6, 78 MacNeice, Louis, 135 Mounier, Emmanuel, 121 Malines, Belgium, 57 Muckermann, Friedrich, 13 Manchester Guardian, The, 193 Murray, Gilbert, 202 Manchester, 10, 16, 17 Murray, John, 72, 73, 74 Mann, Tom, 12 Murray, Rosalind, 2 Manning, Cardinal, 42, 202 Mussolini, Benito, 5, 6, 17, 24, 37, 43, March on Rome, 83, 93 59, 66, 84–6, 104, 142–144, 148, Marconi Scandal, 88, 137 160–62, 164–5, 167, 184, 192, Marinetti, F.T., 21 194, 202, 205, 206, 217, 218 Maritain, Jacques, 121, 126, 203 Marshall, Cicely, 201 Nation, The, 138 martyrdom, 20, 102–3, 204 National Government, 136 Marx, Karl, 24 Naylor, T.E., 38 Massingham, H.J., 138 Nazism, 32, 35, 54, 71–73, 108, 111, Massis, Henri, 121, 126 112, 114, 149–58, 165, 167, materialism, criticisms of, 23, 49, 54, 176–79, 215, 216; Catholic 113 criticisms of, 44, 71–3, 94–5, Matteotti, murder of, 143 149–51, 214; Catholic views on, Matthew, Anna, 200 61–3; paganism of, 72 Mauriac, François, 121, 186 Negrín, Juan, 48 Maurras, Charles, 5, 24, 68, 71, 80–82, New Age, The, 77, 78–9, 101, 138, 146 143, 146–7, 186, 187, see also New Britain, 125 Action Française New Catholic Herald, The, 207 McGovern, John, 47, 210–11 New Catholic Press, The, 32 Melville, C.F., 202 New Party, the, 15, 169 278 Index

New Statesman, The, 138, 171 Petrie, Charles, 69, 120, 136, 138, New Witness, The, 78–9, 83–5, 138, 146 141–151, 158–159, 172, 173, 217, Newman Society, 34 243 n 37; The British Problem, News Chronicle, The, 193 141–2 Mussolini 142–4 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 5, 22, 95, 121, Phillips, Morgan, 16 143 Phipps, Lady, 97 Night of the Long Knives, 45, 73, 95 Pius XI, pope, 59, 70, 108, 114, 197 Nitti, Francesco Saverio, 201, 202 Pius XII, pope, 126 Nolte, Ernst, 105, 112 Plaid Cymru, 179–95; economic Non Abbiamo Bisogno, 75, 132, 164, policies of, 189–90; responses to 197 the Second World War, 194–5 Northern Ireland, 4 Poland, 50 Notre Dame University, 163–4 political religion, Nazism Noyes, Alfred, 2, 28 characterised as, 156 pornography, 69 O’Donegan, Patrick, 11 Portugal, 133 O’Duffy, Eoin, 29 Power, Dr Roper, 202 Oldmeadow, Ernest, 57, 59–62, 66 Preston, 10 Oliver, James, 128 Pro-Deo Commission, 38, 39 Oliviera, A.R., 210 propaganda, 193 Olympia, BUF meeting in 1934, 11, 67 Protestantism, 19, 72 see also Orage, Alfred R., 101, 138 Anglicans Orchard, W.E., 2 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The, Order, 4, 106, 117–20, 175; circulation 208 of, 117 proto-fascism, 5 Ortega, Juan B., 126 Prussianism, 94, 149 Orwell, George, 46–7; Homage to Pugh, Martin, 169, 171 Catalonia, 47 Pugin, A.W.N., 2 Osmaston Manor, 171 Outlook, 141 Quadrageismo Anno, 19, 69, 108 Oxford University, 2, 34, 137, 141 racism, 25, 71–2, 78, 134 Pakenham, Frank, 2 rationalism, 197–8 Papini, Giovanni, 121, 125, 126 Rawnsley, Stuart, 3, 15 Pareto, Vilfredo, 5 Reckitt, Maurice, 97 parliamentary democracy, criticisms Reformation, the, 22, 26, 115, 117 of, see democracy, criticisms of Repard, Theodore, 212 Parti Populaire Français, 148 Rerum Novarum, 11, 13, 19, 93, 108, party system, 109 202 Passerini, L., 105 rexisme,69 Pax, 199–200, 218 right, the, 127 Peace with Ireland Council, 15 Roberts, Goronwy, 182 Pearce, Joseph, 100 Robichaud, Paul, 176 Péguy, Charles, 121 Röhm,Ernst,45 Penty, A.J., 93 Rome, 85–7; 145; see also Italy; Penyberth, 185 fascism, in Italy People and Freedom Group, 48, Roosevelt, F.D., 164 202–3, 218 Rosenberg, Alfred, The Myth of The periodical communities, 4 Twentieth Century, 62 Index 279

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 24 Spanish Civil War, 3, 6, 15, 28, 30, 45, Rugby School, 105 52, 57, 66, 94, 127–31, 158–60, Ruskin, John, 22 162, 165, 168, 193–4, 198–9; air Russell, Bertrand, 21 raids in 28, 29; Catholic criticisms Russia, 50, 145; anti-Catholicism in, of Nationalists, 48, 202–14, 218; 32, 56; Bolshevik Revolution in, Catholic working-class views on, 33, 61, 95, 205 209–12; Republican anti-clerical atrocities in, 15, 47, 56, 63–4, 73, Sackville-West, Vita, 101 160, 199, 204, 207–8, 210–11, Salazar, António de Oliveira, 94, 190, 213, 216–18; significance for left 191, 192, 202 and right, 130; views of the Salomon, Sidney, 33 Catholic hierarchy on, 27, 32, 34, sanctions, 149 37, 38, 40 Saroléa, Charles, 212 Speaight, Robert, 116, 124, 128 Saunders Lewis, John, 8, 179–95, 217; Speaker, The, 79, 80 Gwaed yr Uchelwyr 188; poetry Spengler, Oswald, 139 191–2. Squire, Jack, 172 Scarborough, 136 Srebrnik, H.F., 16 Schlesinger, Bruno, 110 St Albans Church, Ancoats, Schopenhauer, Arthur, 121 Manchester, 18 Schwarz, A., 154 St Augustine, 13 Scotland, 4, 40, 211; Catholic Church St George’s Cathedral, Southwark, 38 in 1; fascism in 10; Protestants in St Joan’s Social and Political Alliance, 10; sectarianism in 10 48, 202 Scottish Democratic Fascist Party, 10, Standard, The, 125 66 Stapleton, Julia, 79 Scott-Stokes, Dorothy, 202 state, Catholic ideas on the, 13, 24–5, Scrutiny, 125 31, 90; fascist ideas on the, 13, Second World War, 194–5, 216 24–5, 31, 55; worship of the, 20 secularisation, 4, 30, 220 n19 Stavisky scandal, 82, 147 Sharp, Clifford, 138 Steed, Wickham, 202 Shaw, George Bernard, 77, 144 Stepney Borough Council, 16 Sheed and Ward, 106, 173 sterilisation, 54, 66 Sheed, Frank , J., 2, 28 Sternhell, Zeev, 6, 23, 78, 112, 147, Sheffield, 17 188 Sheppard, Fr. William, 39 Stonyhurst (school), 2, 163 Sitwells, the, 99 Sturzo, Don Luigi, 28, 48, 85, 196, Smith, Llew, 181 199, 201–3, 209, 218 Smith, Shiela Kaye, 2 Sudetenland, the, 164 Social Credit, 108, 190 Susser, Leslie, 14 Soho, 19 Sword of the Spirit, 218 Solidarité Française, 147 syndicalism, 79 Somerville, Henry, 202 Somme, battle of the, 21, 175 Tablet, The, 2, 41, 57–68, 104, 106, Sorel, Georges, 5, 112, 143; Reflections 116, 176, 216; circulation 57–8 on Violence, 112 Talmon, Jabob, 114 South London Press, 38 Tanaman, Lewis, 16 Sower, 2, 29 34, 196, 202, 205–6, Teeling, William, 9 208 Tennant, E.W.D., 152–3 280 Index

Terrenoire, Louis, 203 Ward, Leo, 68 Thomas, Daniel Lleufer, 191 Ward, Maisie, 2 Thomas, N., 181 Wateyn-Williams, Rev. M., 182 Thomas,Rev.J.Penry,182 Watkin, Edgar Ingram, 51, 106, 128, Thomson, Alexander Raven, 13–14, 92 197–9, 201–202, 209 Tierney, Michael, 125 Waugh, Evelyn, 2, 3, 28, 57, 60, 148, Tillet, Ben, 12 160–63, 183; Black Mischief, 57; A Time and Tide, 200 Handful of Dust, 57; Scoop, 162; Toledo, 101–2 Waugh in Abyssinia, 161, 165 totalitarianism, 31, 36, 40; ‘liberal Webster, N., 208; The World Revolution, totalitarianism’, 50 208 trade unions, 47 Wedgwood, Josiah, 212 Traethodydd, Y, 183 Weekly Review, The, see G.K.’s Weekly Trotsky, Leon, 57 Wegg-Prosser, Charles F., 34 Troubridge, Una, 104 Weimar Germany, 45 Turkey, 112, 158 Wells, H.G., 91, 125 Welsh nationalism, 8, 179–95, 217; Universe, The, 2, 14, 28, 35, 41, 125, and Catholicism, 181; see also 208 Plaid Cymru; Saunders Lewis, John Van Den Bruck, Moeller, 152 Welsh Nationalist, The, 194 Vann, Gerald, OP, 199 Westminster School, 137 Vaussard, Maurice, 203 Westminster, Diocese of, 31 Versailles, peace conference, 21 Whately, Monica 29, 47, 200, 209, 211 Vichy France, 181, 218 Williams, Archbishop of Birmingham, Victor Gollancz, 138, 213 39 Villari, Luigi, 145 Williams, K., 152 Vincent de Paul, Saint, society of, 11, Williamson, Fr. Benedict, 37 34 Wilson, Arnold, 154–5, 171 völkisch thought, 5 Wilson, McNair, 164 Von Hügel, Friedrich, 138 Wilson, Woodrow, 21 Wales, 4, 175–95, 217; fascism in 11; Winchester College, 105 anti-Catholicism in, 180–82, 217 Woodruff, Douglas, 28, 41, 57–8, 64, Wall, Barbara, 199 65, 163 Wall, Bernard, 2, 8, 116, 121–35, 209, Wordsworth, William, 22 215, 217; Spain of the Spaniards, Wyndham Lewis, Percy, 99, 137, 146, 129–31 150, 172; Left Wings Over Europe, Walsh, R.P. (Bob), 199, 203, 209 150 Wandervögel, 107 Ward, Barbara, 202 Yardley, Hugo, 57, 200 Ward, Elizabeth, 175–6 Yeats-Brown, Francis, 136