Notes Introduction 1. Fascism’ (with an upper case ‘F’) is used to refer to the movement and regime in Italy; ‘fascism’ (lower case ‘f’) is used to refer to the generic ideology. ‘Roman Catholic’ is styled as ‘Catholic’ throughout. 2. E.E. Reynolds (1973) The Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales: a short history (Wheathampstead: Clarke), p. 359. 3. These figures are from 1936, originally from the Catholic Directory, 1937, reprinted in the appendix to P.F. Anson (1937) The Catholic Church in Modern Scotland 1560–1937 (London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne), p. 221. 4. For a much fuller discussion of this see N. Riddell (1997) ‘The Catholic Church and the Labour Party, 1918–1931, Twentieth Century British History, 8, 165–193. 5. T. Gallagher (1983) ‘Scottish Catholics and the British Left, 1918–1939’, The Innes Review, 34, 17–42, p. 26. 6. A. Hastings (2001) A History of English Christianity, 4th edn (London: S.C.M. Press), p. 279. 7. D. Sewell (2001) Catholics: Britain’s largest minority (London: Penguin), p. 71. 8. B. Bergonzi (1965) ‘The English Catholics’, Encounter, 24, 19–30, p. 23. 9. Distributism was a political movement influenced by Catholic social teach- ing which sought to ‘distribute’ private property as widely as possible. It saw itself as a middle way between state socialism and liberal capitalism. 10. A good example would be George Orwell, who saw British Catholicism as having fascist tendencies. See J. Rodden (1989) ‘George Orwell and British Catholicism’, Renascence, 41, p. 144. 11. S. Rawnsley (1980) ‘The Membership of the British Union of Fascists’, in K. Lunn and R.C. Thurlow (eds.) British Fascism: essays on the radical right in inter-war Britain (London: Croom Helm); and S. Rawnsley (1981) ‘Fas- cists and Fascism in Britain in the 1930s: a case study of Fascism in the North of England in a period of economic and political change’, PhD thesis, University of Bradford. 12. See for example, Roger Griffin (ed.) (2005) Fascism, Totalitarianism and Polit- ical Religion (London: Routledge) and M. Burleigh (2006) Sacred Causes: religion and politics from the European dictators to Al Qaeda (London: HarperPress). 13. For a number of responses to Catholic writers and their attitude to fas- cism see the Chesterton Review (1999), 25 especially, K. L. Morris, ‘Fascism and British Catholic Writers 1924–1939’. For recent works on Chesterton see especially W. Oddie (2008) Chesterton and the Romance of Ortho- doxy: the making of GKC (Oxford: Oxford University Press); J. Stapleton (2009) Christianity, Patriotism and Nationhood: the England of G.K. Chesterton (Lanham MD and Oxford: Lexington Books) and J. Pearce (1996) Wisdom 219 220 Notes and Innocence: a life of G.K. Chesterton (London: Hodder and Stroughton). For Belloc see R. Speaight (1957) The Life of Hilaire Belloc (London: Hollis and Carter); A.N. Wilson (1986) Hilaire Belloc (Harmondsworth: Penguin); J. Pearce (2002) Old Thunder: a life of Hilaire Belloc (London: Harper Collins); J.P. Corrin (1981) G.K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc: the battle against modernity (Athens OH and London: Ohio University Press) and J.P. McCarthy (1978) Hilaire Belloc: Edwardian radical (Indianapolis: Liberty Press). For Waugh see especially C. Sykes (1985) Evelyn Waugh: a biography rev. edn (London) and M. Stannard (1986) Evelyn Waugh: the early years 1903–1939 (London: Dent). For an example of a critical attack on Greene’s portrayal of Jews see A. F. Loewenstein (1993) Loathsome Jews and Engulf- ing Women: metaphors of projection in the works of Wyndham Lewis, Charles Williams and Graham Greene (New York: New York University Press). 14. K. Aspden (2003) Fortress Church: the English Roman Catholic bishops and politics 1903–63 (Leominster: Gracewing). 15. J.R. Lothian (2009) The Making and Unmaking of the English Catholic Intel- lectual Community 1910–1950 (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press). 16. J.P. Corrin (2002) Catholic Intellectuals and the Challenge of Democracy (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press). 17. The term is Lucy Delap’s. See L. Delap (2000) ‘The Freewoman,Periodical Communities, and the Feminist Reading Public’, Princeton University Library Chronicle, 61, 233–276 and L. Delap (2002) ‘The Freewoman, periodical culture and the ideas of Edwardian feminism’ (Ph.D thesis, Kings College, Cambridge), pp. 12–45. 18. M. Grimley (2004) Citizenship, Community and the Church of England: liberal Anglican theories of the state between the wars (Oxford: Clarendon Press). 19. Any discussion of secularization inevitably owes something to Max Weber; see for example, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (numerous editions). Some influential works on secularization are: B. Wilson (1969) Religion in Secular Society (Harmondsworth: Penguin); P.L. Berger (1977) Fac- ing up to Modernity: excursions in society, politics, and religion (New York: Basic Books); and S. Bruce (1995) Religion in Modern Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press). 20. G.L. Mosse (1999) The Fascist Revolution: towards a general theory of fas- cism (New York: H. Fertig); (1996) The Image of Man: the creation of modern masculinity (Oxford: Oxford University Press); (1985) Nationalism and Sex- uality: respectability and abnormal sexuality in modern Europe (New York: H. Fertig); (1980) Masses and Man: nationalist and fascist perceptions of reality (New York: H. Fertig); (1969) The Crisis of German Ideology: intellectual origins of the Third Reich (London: Widenfeld and Nicolson); (1975)The Nationali- sation of the Masses: political symbolism and mass movements in Germany from the Napoleonic wars through the Third Reich (New York: H. Fertig); (1971) ‘Caesarism, Circuses and Monuments’, Journal of Contemporary History,6, 167–82; (1966) ‘The Genesis of Fascism’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1, 14–26. Z. Sternhell (1972) La droite révolutionnaire 1885–1914: les orig- ines françaises du fascisme (Paris: Seuil), and Z. Sternhell with M. Sznajder and M. Asheri (tr. D. Maisel) (1994) The Birth of Fascist Ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Notes 221 Press). R. Griffin (ed.) (1998) International Fascism: theories, causes and the new consensus (London: Arnold); (1991) The Nature of Fascism (London: Pinter). 1 Catholic Fascists? 1. W. Teeling (1937) The Pope in Politics: the life and work of Pope Pius XI (London: Lovat Dickson), p. 169. 2. Teeling (1937), p. 262. 3. http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/b/Binchy_DA/life.htm (accessed 11 October 2012). 4. D.A. Binchy (1941) Church and State in Fascist Italy (London: Oxford University Press), pp. 714–15. 5. Binchy (1941), p. 719. 6. D. Sewell (2002 edn) Catholics: Britain’s largest minority (London: Penguin), p. 76. 7. ‘Religious Feeling in Scotland’, The Blackshirt, May 17, 1935, p. 3. 8. Rawnsley (1980), p. 161. 9. Rawnsley (1980), p. 162. 10. Rawnsley (1980), p. 162. 11. ‘Religious Feeling in Scotland’, p. 3. 12. S. M.Cullen (2008) ‘The Fasces and the Saltire: the failure of the British Union of Fascists in Scotland, 1932–40’, The Scottish Historical Review, 87, 195–219, p. 325. 13. T. Gallagher (1987) Glasgow: the Uneasy Peace. Religious Tension in Modern Scotland, 1819–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 215. 14. S.M. Cullen (1994) ‘Another Nationalism: the British Union of Fascists in Glamorgan, 1932–40’, Cylchgrawn Hanes Cymru / Welsh History Review, 17, 101–14, p. 101 and p. 113. 15. Letter from the Board of Deputies of the British Jews to the editor of the Catholic Herald, 28 October 1936, London Metropolitan Archives, Board of Deputies of British Jews, ACC 3121 B4/CAR 11. 16. Rawnsley (1980), p. 162. 17. Rawnsley (1981), p. 254. 18. (1986) Mosley’s Blackshirts: the inside story of the British Union of Facists 1932– 1940 (London: Sanctuary), p. 27. O’Donegan also mentioned Alfred Orage and The New English Weekly (p. 28). 19. Mosley’s Blackshirts, p. 28. 20. Mosley’s Blackshirts, p. 31. See also J. Charnley’s autobiography (1990), Blackshirts and Roses (London: Brockingday). 21. Mosley’s Blackshirts, p. 49. 22. Sewell (2002), p. 74. 23. ‘I will follow Sir Oswald Mosley. Says A Catholic’, The Blackshirt, June 29, 1934, p. 8. 24. ‘Catholics and Denominational Schools’, The Blackshirt, January 4, 1935, p. 1. 25. Alexander Raven Thomson, ‘Catholic Doubts and the Corporate State’, The Blackshirt, April 26, 1935, p. 2. 222 Notes 26. Quoted in T. Linehan (2005) ‘The British Union of Fascists as a Total- itarian Movement and Political Religion’, in R. Griffin (ed.), Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion (London: Routledge), p. 112. 27. Linehan (2005), pp. 103–24. 28. Quoted in Linehan (2005), p. 112. 29. Quoted in Linehan (2005), p. 113. 30. Corporatism sought to replace individual democratic representation with ‘group’ or ‘corporate’ representation under the supervision of the state. 31. L. Susser (1988) ‘Fascist and Anti-Fascist Attitudes in Britain Between the Wars’, D.Phil Thesis, University of Oxford, p. 213; referred to in Linehan (2005) p. 113. 32. Linehan (2005), p. 114. 33. Linehan, (2005), pp. 115–16. 34. M. Durham (1998) Women and Fascism (London: Routledge), p. 38. 35. J.V. Gottlieb (2003) Feminine Fascism: women in Britain’s Fascist movement (London: I.B. Tauris), p. 115. The original quote is from Action,23July, 1936. 36. Durham (1998), p. 39. 37. Durham (1998), p. 39. 38. Durham (1998), p. 40. 39. H. F. Srebrnik (1995) London Jews and British Communism 1935–1945 (Ilford: Valentine Mitchell), p. 33. 40. Rawnsley (1980), p. 162. 41. S. Fielding (1993) Class and Ethnicity: Irish Catholics in England, 1880–1939 (Buckingham: Open University Press), p. 123. 42. R. Skidelsky (1975) Oswald Mosley (London: Macmillan), p. 106 and p. 395. 43. G. Alderman (1989) London Jewry and London Politics 1889–1986 (London: Routledge), p. 84. 44. Srebrnik (1995 ) p. 33. 45. T.P. Linehan (1996) East London for Mosley: the British Union of Fascists in East London and South-West Essex 1933–40 (London: Macmillan), p.