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Status Review Report: Dwarf Seahorse (Hippocampus Zosterae)

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Status Review Report: Dwarf Seahorse (Hippocampus Zosterae) STATUS REVIEW REPORT: DWARF SEAHORSE (HIPPOCAMPUS ZOSTERAE) 2020 National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Acknowledgements The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) gratefully acknowledges the commitment and efforts of the NMFS biologists and managers who worked to acquire and organize all of the biological and ecological data in the development of this status review report. In part, NMFS would also like to thank the Status Review Team for generously contributing their time and expertise in interpreting the status review report and conducting the extinction risk analysis. Special thanks to the following contributors: Calusa Horn, Dana Bethea, Kelcee Smith, Stephania Bolden, Dwayne Meadows, John Carlson, Jason Rueter, and Adam Brame. We would also like to thank the peer reviewers: Heather Masonjones, University of Tampa; Nicole Dunham, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, and Julia Lawson, University of California Santa Barbara for their time and professional review of this report. Major comments and our responses to these comments are available at (https://www.cio.noaa.gov/services_programs/prplans/ID411.html). This document should be cited as: National Marine Fisheries Service. 2020. Status review report: dwarf seahorse (Hippocampus zosterae). Final Report to National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources. February 2020. 90 pp. Disclaimer This document summarizes biological information on the dwarf seahorse, Hippocampus zosterae, throughout its range. It presents the best available information from published and unpublished sources. This document does not represent a decision by NMFS on whether this taxon should be listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 1 2 ESA Overview ........................................................................................................................ 1 3 Life History and Ecology ........................................................................................................ 2 3.1 Taxonomy and Anatomy .................................................................................................. 2 3.2 Range, Habitat Use, and Migration .................................................................................. 3 3.3 Diet and Feeding .............................................................................................................. 4 3.4 Age and Growth ............................................................................................................... 4 3.5 Reproductive Biology ...................................................................................................... 5 4 Population Structure................................................................................................................ 6 5 Demography ............................................................................................................................ 6 6 Distribution and Abundance ................................................................................................... 7 6.1 Florida .............................................................................................................................. 8 6.2 Alabama ......................................................................................................................... 19 6.3 Mississippi ...................................................................................................................... 20 6.4 Louisiana ........................................................................................................................ 20 6.5 Texas .............................................................................................................................. 20 6.6 Mexico ............................................................................................................................ 22 6.7 The Bahamas, Cuba, and Bermuda ................................................................................ 23 6.8 Summary of Dwarf Seahorse Distribution and Abundance ........................................... 24 7 Seagrass Habitat Availability ................................................................................................ 26 8 Analysis of Listing Factors ................................................................................................... 30 8.1 Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment of Habitat or Range 30 8.2 Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or Educational Purposes ..... 37 8.3 Disease and Predation .................................................................................................... 40 8.4 Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms ........................................................... 41 8.5 Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting the Species ............................................ 44 9 Conservation Efforts ............................................................................................................. 47 10 Assessment of Extinction Risk for Dwarf Seahorse (Hippocampus zosterae) ..................... 50 10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 50 10.2 Distinct Population Segment Analysis ....................................................................... 50 10.3 Extinction Risk Analysis ............................................................................................ 51 10.4 Significant Portion of Its Range ................................................................................. 69 11 Literature Cited ..................................................................................................................... 72 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Life History Parameters Used to Develop a Dwarf Seahorse Demographic Model. ....... 7 Table 2. Population estimates of dwarf seahorse ............................................................................ 8 Table 3. Summary of Dwarf Seahorse Records for the Florida South Region, 1884-2011 ......... 12 Table 4. Summary of Dwarf Seahorse Records from the Florida Central Region, Florida, 1930-2011 ............................................................................................................................... 15 Table 5. Summary of Dwarf Seahorse Records from the Florida Big Bend Region, 1930-1999 16 Table 6. Summary of Dwarf Seahorse Records from Florida Panhandle Region, 1880-2013 ..... 17 Table 7. Summary of Dwarf Seahorse Records from Louisiana, 1910-2004 ............................... 20 Table 8. Summary of Dwarf Seahorse Records from Texas, 1927-2012 ..................................... 22 Table 9: Summary of Dwarf Seahorse Records from Mexico, 1932-2002 .................................. 23 Table 10. Summary of Dwarf Seahorse Records from The Bahamas, Bermuda, and Cuba, 1907-1975 ............................................................................................................................... 24 Table 11. Summary of Seagrass Coverage for Texas Bay Systems over Time Periods. .............. 29 Table 12. Overall extinction risk as scored by likelihood points by the three member SRT ....... 68 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Descriptive illustration of the dwarf seahorse anatomy (Lourie et al. 2004). ............... 2 Figure 2. Locations of FWC Fishery-Independent Monitoring surveys. ....................................... 9 Figure 3. Long-term indices of abundance (#/100m2) of dwarf seahorse from FWC FIM trawl (blue) and small seine (red) surveys. .............................................................................. 10 Figure 4. USGS seasonal survey data showing density of the dwarf seahorse in Florida South Region collected during spring (top graph) and fall (bottom graph) 2005-2011. ......... 14 Figure 5. Estimated adult male population size through time and by region from Carlson et al. (2019) retrospective analysis. ......................................................................................... 19 Figure 6. Dwarf seahorse abundance (total number) collected in TPWD FIM surveys in Texas bay systems. .................................................................................................................. 21 Figure 7. Monthly average sea surface temperature (SST) in the Gulf of Mexico during 2010. ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Figure 8. Distribution of seagrass acreage in Florida coastal waters (adapted from Yarbro and Carlson 2016). .................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 9. Distribution of seagrasses along coastal Alabama and Mississippi, 2002, showing seagrass distribution limited to upper Mobile Bay and Perdido Bay, Alabama, and the northern shoreline of Mississippi Sound, Mississippi (Figure 3 in Sturm et al. 2007). ....................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 10. Watershed for the state of Louisiana showing shoals west of the Chandeleur Island (blue boxes) where seagrasses are known to occur (Figure 1 in Poirrier 2007). .......... 28 Figure 11. Harmful algal
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