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Bogan Shire Council Thematic History March 20124.37 MB A Thematic History of Bogan Shire - Draft Report - For Bogan Shire Council Dr Terry Kass, B A (Hons), M A (Hons), PhD Historian & Heritage Consultant 32 Jellicoe Street Lidcombe NSW 2141 (02) 9749 4128 January 2011 Table of Contents 1.0 Thematic History ..................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Contextual Essay & Theme – The Natural Landscape ........................................ 6 1.2 Contextual Essay - Occupation by Aboriginal Peoples/Murris .......................... 8 1.2.1 Theme – Living in harmony with the land .................................................... 8 1.2.2 Theme – Coping with invasion ..................................................................... 8 1.3 Contextual Essay – Settlement ........................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Theme – Exploring the Bogan region ......................................................... 10 1.3.2 Theme – Taking up pastoral land ................................................................ 10 1.3.3 Theme – Running livestock ........................................................................ 22 1.3.4 Theme – Building a railway ....................................................................... 23 1.3.5 Theme – Developing mineral wealth .......................................................... 24 1.3.6 Theme – Providing transport ...................................................................... 25 1.3.7 Theme – Creating towns and villages ......................................................... 27 1.3.7.1 Canonba ............................................................................................... 27 1.3.7.2 Nyngan ................................................................................................. 30 1.3.7.3 Girilambone ......................................................................................... 37 1.3.7.4 Hermidale ............................................................................................. 40 1.3.7.5 Coolabah .............................................................................................. 41 1.3.7.6 Bobadah ............................................................................................... 43 1.3.7.7 Miandetta ............................................................................................. 44 1.3.8 Theme – Promoting closer settlement ......................................................... 46 1.3.9 Theme - Altering the landscape .................................................................. 49 1.4 Contextual Essay – Working ............................................................................. 50 1.4.1 Theme - Working the land .......................................................................... 50 1.4.2 Theme – Working in town .......................................................................... 50 1.4.3 Theme - Manufacturing – working in workshops, mills or factories ......... 51 1.5 Contextual Essay - Providing accommodation .................................................. 55 1.5.1 Theme – Housing the rural dweller ............................................................ 55 1.5.2 Theme – Housing the town or village dweller ............................................ 56 1.6 Contextual Essay - Maintaining services and amenities .................................... 59 1.6.1 Theme - Providing utility services .............................................................. 59 1.6.2 Theme – Communicating ............................................................................ 60 1.6.3 Theme – Educating ..................................................................................... 61 1.6.4 Theme - Observing religious practices ....................................................... 62 2 1.6.5 Theme - Supplying retail, financial and professional services ................... 63 1.6.6 Theme - Caring for health ........................................................................... 73 1.6.7 Theme - Enjoying leisure ............................................................................ 74 1.7 Contextual Essay - Developing a community .................................................... 76 1.7.1 Theme – Governing .................................................................................... 76 1.7.2 Theme – Maintaining law and order ........................................................... 76 1.7.3 Theme - Defending the nation .................................................................... 78 1.7.4 Theme – Developing community services .................................................. 79 1.7.5 Theme - Excelling artistically or technically .............................................. 80 1.7.6 Theme - Diversifying the community ......................................................... 80 1.7.7 Theme – Coping with life events ................................................................ 81 2.0 Chronology ............................................................................................................ 83 3.0 Historical Themes for Bogan Shire Compared with National and State Themes 103 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 112 3 Abbreviations C T Certificate of Title DP Deposited Plan JRAHS Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society LPMA Land and Property Management ML Mitchell Library NAA National Archives of Australia NSWGG New South Wales Government Gazette NSWPP New South Wales Parliamentary Papers SRNSW State Records of New South Wales V & P L A N S W Votes & Proceedings, Legislative Assembly, NSW 4 Introduction This thematic history has been prepared as the first stage for the Bogan Shire Heritage Study Review. It is NOT meant to be comprehensive history of all aspects of the history of Bogan Shire due to limitations of time and budget. It has been framed in the light of the methodology recommended by the NSW Heritage Office. It identifies the main ‘themes’ or historical processes and developmental forces, which have shaped the landscapes and streetscapes of the area. These themes need to be identified in order to understand the context that created the physical evidence that survives of these past activities and lifestyles throughout the district. Ultimately, this document is a land-use planning tool, to assist the informed identification of heritage items and an appreciation of their historical context. The NSW Heritage Office Guidelines stress that Thematic Histories should rely largely upon published secondary sources, supplemented by research in maps and plans. Due to the lack of published secondary sources on a number of aspects of the history of Bogan Shire, some primary source research has been necessary to fill these gaps. Primary sources investigated include post office files held by the National Archives of Australia, land title records, the records of the NSW Dept of Lands now held by State Records of NSW, as well as school files and other relevant sources held by State Records of NSW. Some published primary sources such as the Government Gazette, NSW Parliamentary Papers and newspapers have also been used. How to Use this History This history is arranged in the following manner. The major sections are Contextual Essays such as ‘Settlement’ or ‘Providing Accommodation’. These provide a contextual history of change, development and continuity in Bogan Shire. All the Contextual Essays are labelled to assist the reader. The Contextual Essays are divided into sub-sections arranged by Theme. These ‘themes’ explain the principal forces of change that have shaped the development of the Bogan Shire and its peoples and created its current form. Such forces leave evidence of past practices, ways of life, technologies, economies, leisure activities and so on. Thus the arrangement of this history is: Contextual Essay Theme 5 1.0 Thematic History 1.1 Contextual Essay & Theme – The Natural Landscape Bogan Shire is located on the Darling Plain which is an extensive plain only occasionally relieved by a low ridge or an isolated hill. Sluggish rivers flowing north- westerly drain the area. The fall in height is so slight that in times of heavy rain the whole area becomes one huge lake.1 One report noted that ‘across the flat plains country … catchment boundaries are practically indeterminate’.2 The Bogan River, which rises west of the source of the Little River drains the shire that bears its name. A median rainfall about 20 inches of rain per annum is received by the Bogan, which flows northwest to join the Darling River near Bourke. 3 The average rainfall at Nyngan is 400 mm, though this varies considerably from year to year.4 Sedimentary and igneous rocks underlie the area around Nyngan. These have been eroded to form gravels, sand, silt and clay deposits along the river flats.5 Soils in that locality consist of brown light textured soils extending back on both sides of the Bogan River.6 West of the Bogan River, alluvial plains with grey clay are evident with cowals off the river catching seasonal high water flows and runoff. The cowals are usually lined with River Red Gum or Black Box. The rest of the area west of the Bogan consists of low rounded hills and ridges over metamorphosed Ordovician sediments that are vegetated with Red Box and Poplar Box.7 Summers are characterised by very hot weather over most of the Bogan Valley sometimes with extended periods with temperatures over 100º
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