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Physiology #IDC with Kai Physiology #IDC with Kai 1 Decompression sickness (DCS) #IDC with Kai 2 DCS Type 1 – ”Pain Only” DCS • Limb Pain is the most common • Cutaneous DCS (Skin bends) resulting in red rashes / patches usually on shoulder and / or upper chest. 3 DCS Type 1 – ”Pain Only” DCS • Limb Pain is the most common • Cutaneous DCS (Skin bends) resulting in red rashes / patches usually on shoulder and / or upper chest. Type 2 – Life threatening / immediate danger • Brain nervous system • Lungs 4 DCS Signs and Symptoms • Extreme Fatigue • Numbness • Tingling • Paralysis • Weakness • Nausea • Unconsciousness and death • DCS signs and symptoms are delayed vs. immediate in Lung overexpansion injury 5 DCS First Aid • Administer O2 • Place patient on left side in recovery position • Transport to Medical Facility • Do NOT re-immerse into water to decompress 6 DCS Contributing factors • Consumption of alcohol • Obesity • Fatigue • Out of shape • Dehydration • Age • Cold water • Altitude • Injury or Illness 7 DCS Silent Bubbles Some N2 dissolves into microscopic gas pockets in the body and form tiny bubbles that are trapped. 8 DCS Silent Bubbles Some N2 dissolves into microscopic gas pockets in the body and form tiny bubbles that are trapped. These then diffuse harmlessly into air 9 DCS Silent Bubbles Some N2 dissolves into microscopic gas pockets in the body and form tiny bubbles that are trapped. These then diffuse harmlessly into air Silent bubbles are found after some dives, especially those close to computer and table limits. 10 Circulatory system #IDC with Kai 11 Circulatory system What does it do? • Transport of O2 fuel from lungs to all parts of your body 12 Circulatory system What does it do? • Transport of O2 fuel from lungs to all parts of your body • Returns waste product such as carbon dioxide back to lungs 13 Circulatory system HEART • A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body 14 Circulatory system HEART • A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body ARTERIES • Carry oxygenated blood to the organs 15 Circulatory system HEART • A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body ARTERIES • Carry oxygenated blood to the organs • Break into capillaries where gas exchange to tissues take place 16 Circulatory system HEART • A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body ARTERIES • Carry oxygenated blood to the organs • Break into capillaries where gas exchange to tissues take place • Bright red blood 17 Circulatory system HEART • A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body ARTERIES • Carry oxygenated blood to the organs • Break into capillaries where gas exchange to tissues take place • Bright red blood • Squirt blood rhythmically if broken 18 Circulatory system HEART • A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body ARTERIES • Carry oxygenated blood to the organs • Break into capillaries where gas exchange to tissues take place • Bright red blood • Squirt blood rhythmically if broken VEINS 19 Circulatory system HEART • A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body ARTERIES • Carry oxygenated blood to the organs • Break into capillaries where gas exchange to tissues take place • Bright red blood • Squirt blood rhythmically if broken VEINS • Return blood to lungs and get rid off waste such as carbon dioxide 20 Circulatory system HEART • A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body ARTERIES • Carry oxygenated blood to the organs • Break into capillaries where gas exchange to tissues take place • Bright red blood • Squirt blood rhythmically if broken VEINS • Return blood to lungs and get rid off waste such as carbon dioxide • Darker in colour and flows steadily f broken 21 Circulatory system The effect of getting cold on the circulatory system • Reduction in circulation to the extremities • Slowing elimination of N2 • Increase risk of DCS 22 Blood #IDC with Kai 23 Blood Plasma • Liquid that carries nutrients and chemicals. • Carries dissolved gases such as Carbon dioxide and waste Nitrogen 24 Blood Plasma • Liquid that carries nutrients and chemicals. Carries dissolved gases such as Carbon dioxide and waste Nitrogen Red blood cells • Carries the majority of O2 required via hemoglobin (A protein that bonds with O2) 25 Blood Hemoglobin • Bonds with O2 in lungs via Alveoli and releases it to tissues that require it 26 Blood Hemoglobin • Bonds with O2 in lungs via Alveoli and releases it to tissues that require it • Picks up Carbon dioxide in the form of a bicarbonate and returns it to the lungs 27 Blood Hemoglobin • Bonds with O2 in lungs via Alveoli and releases it to tissues that require it • Picks up Carbon dioxide in the form of a bicarbonate and returns it to the lungs • Bonds with Carbon monoxide 200 times better than with O2 28 Blood Hemoglobin • Bonds with O2 in lungs via Alveoli and releases it to tissues that require it • Picks up Carbon dioxide in the form of a bicarbonate and returns it to the lungs • Bonds with Carbon monoxide 200 times better than with O2 • Smoking results in Hypoxia => Not enough O2 to the tissues 29 Blood Hemoglobin • Bonds with O2 in lungs via Alveoli and releases it to tissues that require it • Picks up Carbon dioxide in the form of a bicarbonate and returns it to the lungs • Bonds with Carbon monoxide 200 times better than with O2 • Smoking results in Hypoxia => Not enough O2 to the tissues • If all hemoglobin was damaged would require 20 times more blood circulation 30 Air supply #IDC with Kai 31 Air supply DENSITY OF AIR AT DEPTH • The deeper you go what happens to the density of the air you breath? 32 Air supply DENSITY OF AIR AT DEPTH • The deeper you go what happens to the density of the air you breath? • It gets denser 33 Air supply DENSITY OF AIR AT DEPTH • The deeper you go what happens to the density of the air you breath? • It gets denser • This makes it harder to breath 34 Air supply DENSITY OF AIR AT DEPTH • The deeper you go what happens to the density of the air you breath? • It gets denser • This makes it harder to breath • Therefore you can overexert yourself easier 35 Air supply Breath hold diving • During the dive the body uses O2 stored in lungs, muscles and blood 36 Air supply Breath hold diving • During the dive the body uses O2 stored in lungs, muscles and blood • Carbon dioxide triggers need to breath, not the lack of O2 37 Air supply Breath hold diving • During the dive the body uses O2 stored in lungs, muscles and blood • Carbon dioxide triggers need to breath, not the lack of O2 • Hyperventilating can increase dive time by reducing Carbon dioxide in the body and delaying the urge to breath • Diaphragmatic breathing – used by freedivers is when the abdomen expands when you inhale 38 Air supply Shallow Water Blackout • Caused by Hyperventilating 39 Air supply Shallow Water Blackout • Caused by Hyperventilating • Reduced Carbon dioxide delays the urge to breath 40 Air supply Shallow Water Blackout • Caused by Hyperventilating • Reduced Carbon dioxide delays the urge to breath • At depth due to pressure O2 is in higher abundance 41 Air supply Shallow Water Blackout • Caused by Hyperventilating • Reduced Carbon dioxide delays the urge to breath • At depth due to pressure O2 is in higher abundance • Body uses O2 whilst breath hold diving 42 Air supply Shallow Water Blackout • Caused by Hyperventilating • Reduced Carbon dioxide delays the urge to breath • At depth due to pressure O2 is in higher abundance • Body uses O2 whilst breath hold diving • During ascent pressure decreases resulting in less O2 available 43 Air supply Shallow Water Blackout • Caused by Hyperventilating • Reduced Carbon dioxide delays the urge to breath • At depth due to pressure O2 is in higher abundance • Body uses O2 whilst breath hold diving • During ascent pressure decreases resulting in less O2 available • Causing unconsciousness as we ascent 44 Air supply Shallow Water Blackout 45 Air supply Shallow Water Blackout 46 Air supply Bradycardia • In cool water • Slowing of the heart • Reduces circulation • Mammalian diving reflex • Possibility of reviving even after fairly long periods of time immersed in water 47 Air supply Carotid – Sinus Reflex • Carotid arteries supply blood to brain 48 Air supply Carotid – Sinus Reflex • Carotid arteries supply blood to brain • Wetsuit or hood too tight around neck exerts pressure on both arteries 49 Air supply Carotid – Sinus Reflex • Carotid arteries supply blood to brain • Wetsuit or hood too tight around neck exerts pressure on both arteries • Pressure in arteries tell brain that plenty of blood supply is available 50 Air supply Carotid – Sinus Reflex • Carotid arteries supply blood to brain • Wetsuit or hood too tight around neck exerts pressure on both arteries • Pressure in arteries tell brain that plenty of blood supply is available • Brain tells heart: “Don’t send so much blood up here” 51 Air supply Carotid – Sinus Reflex • Carotid arteries supply blood to brain • Wetsuit or hood too tight around neck exerts pressure on both arteries • Pressure in arteries tell brain that plenty of blood supply is available • Brain tells heart: “Don’t send so much blood up here” • Due to pressure on arteries from wetsuit or hood this is a false reading. 52 Air supply Carotid – Sinus Reflex • Carotid arteries supply blood to brain • Wetsuit or hood too tight around neck exerts pressure on both arteries • Pressure in arteries tell brain that plenty of blood supply is available • Brain tells heart: “Don’t send so much blood up here” • Due to pressure on arteries from wetsuit or hood this is a false reading.
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