Physiology #IDC with Kai

1 sickness (DCS) #IDC with Kai

2 DCS

Type 1 – ”Pain Only” DCS

• Limb Pain is the most common

• Cutaneous DCS (Skin bends) resulting in red rashes / patches usually on shoulder and / or upper chest.

3 DCS

Type 1 – ”Pain Only” DCS

• Limb Pain is the most common

• Cutaneous DCS (Skin bends) resulting in red rashes / patches usually on shoulder and / or upper chest.

Type 2 – Life threatening / immediate danger

• Brain nervous system

• Lungs

4 DCS

Signs and Symptoms

• Extreme Fatigue

• Numbness

• Tingling

• Paralysis

• Weakness

• Nausea

• Unconsciousness and

• DCS signs and symptoms are delayed vs. immediate in Lung overexpansion injury

5 DCS

First Aid

• Administer O2

• Place patient on left side in recovery position

• Transport to Medical Facility

• Do NOT re-immerse into water to decompress

6 DCS

Contributing factors

• Consumption of alcohol

• Obesity

• Fatigue

• Out of shape

• Dehydration

• Age

• Cold water

• Altitude

• Injury or Illness

7 DCS

Silent Bubbles

Some N2 dissolves into microscopic gas pockets in the body and form tiny bubbles that are trapped.

8 DCS

Silent Bubbles

Some N2 dissolves into microscopic gas pockets in the body and form tiny bubbles that are trapped.

These then diffuse harmlessly into air

9 DCS

Silent Bubbles

Some N2 dissolves into microscopic gas pockets in the body and form tiny bubbles that are trapped.

These then diffuse harmlessly into air

Silent bubbles are found after some dives, especially those close to computer and table limits.

10 #IDC with Kai

11 Circulatory system

What does it do?

• Transport of O2 fuel from lungs to all parts of your body

12 Circulatory system

What does it do?

• Transport of O2 fuel from lungs to all parts of your body

• Returns waste product such as carbon dioxide back to lungs

13 Circulatory system

HEART

• A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body

14 Circulatory system

HEART

• A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body

ARTERIES

• Carry oxygenated blood to the organs

15 Circulatory system

HEART

• A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body

ARTERIES

• Carry oxygenated blood to the organs

• Break into capillaries where to tissues take place

16 Circulatory system

HEART

• A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body

ARTERIES

• Carry oxygenated blood to the organs

• Break into capillaries where gas exchange to tissues take place

• Bright red blood

17 Circulatory system

HEART

• A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body

ARTERIES

• Carry oxygenated blood to the organs

• Break into capillaries where gas exchange to tissues take place

• Bright red blood

• Squirt blood rhythmically if broken

18 Circulatory system

HEART

• A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body

ARTERIES

• Carry oxygenated blood to the organs

• Break into capillaries where gas exchange to tissues take place

• Bright red blood

• Squirt blood rhythmically if broken

VEINS

19 Circulatory system

HEART

• A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body

ARTERIES

• Carry oxygenated blood to the organs

• Break into capillaries where gas exchange to tissues take place

• Bright red blood

• Squirt blood rhythmically if broken

VEINS

• Return blood to lungs and get rid off waste such as carbon dioxide

20 Circulatory system

HEART

• A pump with 4 chambers supplying blood through arteries to tissues throughout the body

ARTERIES

• Carry oxygenated blood to the organs

• Break into capillaries where gas exchange to tissues take place

• Bright red blood

• Squirt blood rhythmically if broken

VEINS

• Return blood to lungs and get rid off waste such as carbon dioxide

• Darker in colour and flows steadily f broken

21 Circulatory system

The effect of getting cold on the circulatory system

• Reduction in circulation to the extremities

• Slowing elimination of N2

• Increase risk of DCS

22 Blood #IDC with Kai

23 Blood

Plasma

• Liquid that carries nutrients and chemicals.

• Carries dissolved gases such as Carbon dioxide and waste Nitrogen

24 Blood

Plasma

• Liquid that carries nutrients and chemicals. Carries dissolved gases such as Carbon dioxide and waste Nitrogen

Red blood cells

• Carries the majority of O2 required via (A protein that bonds with O2)

25 Blood

Hemoglobin

• Bonds with O2 in lungs via Alveoli and releases it to tissues that require it

26 Blood

Hemoglobin

• Bonds with O2 in lungs via Alveoli and releases it to tissues that require it

• Picks up Carbon dioxide in the form of a bicarbonate and returns it to the lungs

27 Blood

Hemoglobin

• Bonds with O2 in lungs via Alveoli and releases it to tissues that require it

• Picks up Carbon dioxide in the form of a bicarbonate and returns it to the lungs

• Bonds with Carbon monoxide 200 times better than with O2

28 Blood

Hemoglobin

• Bonds with O2 in lungs via Alveoli and releases it to tissues that require it

• Picks up Carbon dioxide in the form of a bicarbonate and returns it to the lungs

• Bonds with Carbon monoxide 200 times better than with O2

• Smoking results in => Not enough O2 to the tissues

29 Blood

Hemoglobin

• Bonds with O2 in lungs via Alveoli and releases it to tissues that require it

• Picks up Carbon dioxide in the form of a bicarbonate and returns it to the lungs

• Bonds with Carbon monoxide 200 times better than with O2

• Smoking results in Hypoxia => Not enough O2 to the tissues

• If all hemoglobin was damaged would require 20 times more blood circulation

30 Air supply #IDC with Kai

31 Air supply

DENSITY OF AIR AT DEPTH

• The deeper you go what happens to the density of the air you breath?

32 Air supply

DENSITY OF AIR AT DEPTH

• The deeper you go what happens to the density of the air you breath?

• It gets denser

33 Air supply

DENSITY OF AIR AT DEPTH

• The deeper you go what happens to the density of the air you breath?

• It gets denser

• This makes it harder to breath

34 Air supply

DENSITY OF AIR AT DEPTH

• The deeper you go what happens to the density of the air you breath?

• It gets denser

• This makes it harder to breath

• Therefore you can overexert yourself easier

35 Air supply

Breath hold diving

• During the dive the body uses O2 stored in lungs, muscles and blood

36 Air supply

Breath hold diving

• During the dive the body uses O2 stored in lungs, muscles and blood

• Carbon dioxide triggers need to breath, not the lack of O2

37 Air supply

Breath hold diving

• During the dive the body uses O2 stored in lungs, muscles and blood

• Carbon dioxide triggers need to breath, not the lack of O2

• Hyperventilating can increase dive time by reducing Carbon dioxide in the body and delaying the urge to breath

• Diaphragmatic – used by freedivers is when the abdomen expands when you inhale

38 Air supply

Shallow Water Blackout

• Caused by Hyperventilating

39 Air supply

Shallow Water Blackout

• Caused by Hyperventilating

• Reduced Carbon dioxide delays the urge to breath

40 Air supply

Shallow Water Blackout

• Caused by Hyperventilating

• Reduced Carbon dioxide delays the urge to breath

• At depth due to O2 is in higher abundance

41 Air supply

Shallow Water Blackout

• Caused by Hyperventilating

• Reduced Carbon dioxide delays the urge to breath

• At depth due to pressure O2 is in higher abundance

• Body uses O2 whilst breath hold diving

42 Air supply

Shallow Water Blackout

• Caused by Hyperventilating

• Reduced Carbon dioxide delays the urge to breath

• At depth due to pressure O2 is in higher abundance

• Body uses O2 whilst breath hold diving

• During ascent pressure decreases resulting in less O2 available

43 Air supply

Shallow Water Blackout

• Caused by Hyperventilating

• Reduced Carbon dioxide delays the urge to breath

• At depth due to pressure O2 is in higher abundance

• Body uses O2 whilst breath hold diving

• During ascent pressure decreases resulting in less O2 available

• Causing unconsciousness as we ascent

44 Air supply

Shallow Water Blackout

45 Air supply

Shallow Water Blackout

46 Air supply

Bradycardia

• In cool water

• Slowing of the heart

• Reduces circulation

• Mammalian diving

• Possibility of reviving even after fairly long periods of time immersed in water

47 Air supply

Carotid – Sinus Reflex

• Carotid arteries supply blood to brain

48 Air supply

Carotid – Sinus Reflex

• Carotid arteries supply blood to brain

• or hood too tight around neck exerts pressure on both arteries

49 Air supply

Carotid – Sinus Reflex

• Carotid arteries supply blood to brain

• Wetsuit or hood too tight around neck exerts pressure on both arteries

• Pressure in arteries tell brain that plenty of blood supply is available

50 Air supply

Carotid – Sinus Reflex

• Carotid arteries supply blood to brain

• Wetsuit or hood too tight around neck exerts pressure on both arteries

• Pressure in arteries tell brain that plenty of blood supply is available

• Brain tells heart: “Don’t send so much blood up here”

51 Air supply

Carotid – Sinus Reflex

• Carotid arteries supply blood to brain

• Wetsuit or hood too tight around neck exerts pressure on both arteries

• Pressure in arteries tell brain that plenty of blood supply is available

• Brain tells heart: “Don’t send so much blood up here”

• Due to pressure on arteries from wetsuit or hood this is a false reading.

52 Air supply

Carotid – Sinus Reflex

• Carotid arteries supply blood to brain

• Wetsuit or hood too tight around neck exerts pressure on both arteries

• Pressure in arteries tell brain that plenty of blood supply is available

• Brain tells heart: “Don’t send so much blood up here”

• Due to pressure on arteries from wetsuit or hood this is a false reading.

• Brain receives insufficient blood supply and results in unconsciousness.

53 Lung over-expansion injuries #IDC with Kai

54 Lung injury

Air embolism

• Air enters blood stream, flows into arteries which get smaller and blocks blood flow

Sign and Symptoms

• Dizziness

• Confusion

• Shock

• Paralysis

• Personality change

• Unconsciousness and death

55 Lung injury

Pneumothorax

• Air from rupture goes between lung and chest wall

Sign and Symptoms

• Chest pain

• Patient may cough up blood

56 Lung injury

Mediastinal Emphysema

• Air from rupture accumulates in center of chest, over the heart, putting pressure on heart

Sign and Symptoms

• Patient may feel faint or short of breath

57 Lung injury

Subcutaneous Emphysema

• Air accumulates in soft at the base of the neck

Sign and Symptoms

• Patient feels fulness in neck

• May change voice

• Skin crackles to the touch

58 Lung injury

First Aid

• Treatment is same for all

Treat as if as it is the most dangerous

• 100% O2

• Immediate evacuation to medical facility

59 Air #IDC with Kai

60

(Hyper = excess)

Too much Carbon dioxide

Causes:

• Poorly adjusted regulator or hard against

• Shallow rapid breathing / Skip breathing – holding breath periodically

• Overexertion

Signs and Symptoms:

• Headache / Accelerated breathing

• Confusion and loss of consciousness

61

(Hypo = too little)

Not enough Carbon dioxide

Too little carbon dioxide may interrupt normal breathing cycle

Causes:

• Hyperventilation

Symptoms:

• Light headedness

• Shallow water blackout

62 Carbon monoxide poisoning

• Caused by contaminated air

• Smoking is a form of Carbon monoxide poisoning

• Hemoglobin binds 200 times better than with O2

Signs and Symptoms:

• Headache / Nausea

• Confusion

• Narrow vision

• Bright red lips / nails

63 Toxicity

• Oxygen can become toxic at 1.6 ATA

• Attacks the Central Nervous System

Signs and Symptoms:

• Convulsions

• Visual disturbance

• Irritability

• Dizziness

64 Heat and Cold #IDC with Kai

65 Heat exhaustion

A condition in which the body works at full capacity to cool

Signs and Symptoms:

• Weak rapid breathing

• Weak rapid pulse

• Cool clammy skin

• Profuse sweating

• Dehydration

• Nausea

66 Heat stroke

A condition in which cooling has failed – an emergency!!!

Signs and Symptoms:

• Strong and rapid pulse

• No perspiration

• Skin flush, hot to touch

• Brain damage, system damage & death

67 Heat exhaustion vs heatstroke

68

Hypothermia is a medical emergency that occurs when your body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body .

Signs and Symptoms:

• Irrational behavior – such as removing clothing

• Slowed

• Shivering

• Confusion / clumbsiness

• Slurred speach

69 Hypothermia

70 The ear #IDC with Kai

71 The Ear

• Most affected area is the middle ear

72 The Ear

• Most affected area is the middle ear

• Equalize too hard and you may rupture the round window

73 The Ear

• Most affected area is the middle ear

• Equalize too hard and you may rupture the round window

• Ear drum rupture causes water to enter, the cold water affect the vestibula canals and causes vertigo

BAROTRAUMA

74

Any pressure related injury

A squeeze or a block

What is a reverse block?

At the end of a dive what is worse a squeeze or a block?

75 Barotrauma

Any pressure related injury

A squeeze or a block

What is a reverse block?

At the end of a dive what is worse a squeeze or a block?

• Reverse Block

76 Barotrauma

Any pressure related injury

• Mask squeeze

• Any ear injury

• Lungs

• Sinuses

77 THANK YOU Insert Image

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