DOCSLIB.ORG

Hypertext: an Introduction and Survevj

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hypertext: an Introduction and Survevj SURVEY & TUTORIAL SERIES Hypertext: An Introduction and SurvevJ Jeff Conklin Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corp. ost modern computer sys- design issues that go into fashioning a tems share a foundation hypertext environment. which is built of directories containing files. The files consist of text which is composed of characters. The text Hypertext systems that is stored within this hierarchy is linear. feature machine- For much of our current way of doing graphically (as labelled tokens) and in the business, this linear organization is suffi- supported links-both database (as pointers). (See Figure I .) cicnt. Howcvcr, for morcand moreappli- within and between But this simple idea is creating much cations, a linear organization is not excitement. Several universities have adequate. For example, the documenta- documents-that open created laboratories for research on hyper- tion of a computer program* is usually text, many articles have been written about either squcczcd into the margins of the exciting new the concept just within the last year, and program, in which case it is generally too possibilities for u!Gng the Smithsonian Institute has created a terse to be useful, or it is interleaved with demonstration laboratory to develop and the text of the program, a practice which the computer as a display hypertext technologies. What is all breaks up the flow of both program and communication and the fuss about? Why are some people will- documentation. ing to make extravagant claims for hyper- As workstations grow cheaper, more thinking tool. text, calling it “idea processing” and “the powerful, and more available, new possi- basis for global scientific literature”? bilities emerge for extending the tradi- In this article I will attempt to gc~ at the tional notion of “flat” text files by essence of hypertext. I will discuss its allowing more complex organizations of advantages and disadvantages. I will show the material. Mechanisms are being that this-new technology- opens some very devised which allow direct machine- exciting possibilii;es, particularly for new supported references from one textual pioneers of hypertext, once defined it as ‘?i’ uses of the computer as a communication chunk to another; new interfaces provide Tcorn-.*‘b’ ma I$ onofnaturallanguageiejit’iiriih ‘-’ fand thinking tool. However, the reader the user with the ability to interact directly ‘_Ihe c&puter*s capacity for interacti&* _ who has not used hypertext should espcct with these chunks and IO establish new s branching, or dynamic display. of a that at best he will gain a pcrccption of relationships bctwcen them. Theseexten- iL non~neartext_ . ~whichcannot~p,+.,t~ hypertext as a collection of intcrcsting fca- sions of the’traditional text fall under ihe ”conveniently on a conventional page.“’ cures. Just as a description of electronic general category of hyperkxf (also known This article is a survey of existing hyper- spreadsheets will not get across the real elc- as noniineurfext). Ted Nelson, one of the text systems, their applications, and their gancc of that tool, this article can only hint design. It is both an introduction to the at the potentials of hypertext. In fact, one 'D~cumm~a~ion is Ihe uncrccutablc English text world of hypertext and, at a deeper cut, a must work in current hypertext environ- which explains the logic of the program which it accompanies. survey of some of the most important ments for a while for the collection of fea- September 1987 0018-9162/81/o9ooM)11501.00~~961 IEEE that is common’io many hypertext systems I is the heavy use of windows that have a : one-to-one correspondence with nodes in. ., the database. 1 consider this feature to be of secondary importance. A I One way to delimit hypertext is to point out what it is not. Briefly, several systems B have some of the attributes Sf hypertext CL3 but do not qualify. Window systems fall 4, into this category; while window systems do have some of the interface functional- ’ I I could claim that a file system is a database, I I I i I I : Display screen and that one movef amongnodes(files) by 8I ,8 : II ,1 : t1 8I ,I --AI -L-_I_------ r I It I 1 I : I :i , I I @~m~t;,3imilarly, most outline proces- I sor’s (such as ThinkTank) do not qualify. I They provide little or no support for refer- I ences between outline entries, although their integrated hierarchical database and I interface do approximate hypertext better I than the other systems that I have men- I tioned. Text formatting systems (such as I I Troff and Scribe) do not qua!ify. They allow a tree of text fragments in separate I I files to be gathered into one large docu- !-I I- ----_--------- -I ment; however, this structure is hierarchi- Hyperlext database cal and provides no interface for on-line navigation within the (essentially linear) document. Similarly, database manage- Figure 1. The correspondence bctwccn windows and links in the display, and nodes ment systems (DBMSs) have links of var- and links in the dafabasc. In this example, each node in the hypertext database is ious kinds (for example, relational and displayed in a separate window on the screen when requested. The link named “b” object-oriented links), but lack the single in window A has been activated by a pointing device, causing a new window named coherent interface to the database which “B” IO be created on the screen and filled wifh the text from node B in the data- is the hallmark o[ hypertext. _ base. (Gcncrall~. links can have names that arc different from the name of the fqS’~ideodisCie~~orb~~m~~g~.~ .., _I node they point to.) ,‘fhere is,&&in~~~~~~est in theext+& 6&3&i I. $+Xztext to the~n$+~en&l &cept or. ype&&in which_ th;&‘n;$ii wh’ich’~ ‘i“y’iI P are i n&&k$ _. tog&h&, can be- &t, F r &- -+raphiF, digitized speech, audio record- a ‘T; !’ ISI@, picty~e;s, animatir+ film clips, and ,.. .JE, ‘Sistimably,_ _.“..--ttast&‘pdors --.-a and tactilcsentz. F i tures to coalesce into a useful tool. At thu pomt, httle has been done i the design and engineering t One problem with identifying the i tial aspects of hypertext is that the term these additional modalities, “hypertext” !-I% been used quite loosely in ing capability which allows a nonlinear although many of the high-level design ; the pas[20 years for many diffcrcnt collcc- organimtion of 1~x1. An additional feature issues arc likely IO be shared with hypcr- [ions of featurei. Such tools as window 1~x1. Thercforc, this survey will primarily systems, elccrronic mail, and telecon- *While this arliclc seeks to establish the criterion cl address the more conservative text-based i ferenckg share iearures with hypertext. mxhinc-supvrlcd links as the prims? crilcrion of systems. hypertext. this is by no means an xccp~rd definition. This anicle focuses on machine-supported Thcrcforc I will also rcvicw 3nd discuss 3cvnc syrwnr links (both within and between docu- wblch have a weaker notion 01 links. A glimpse of using hypcrtcxt. It is USC- I I8 COMPUTER ‘._ ~.‘. -. _- _, i i ( - ,_’ ._ _ A. “_ ,; . ._ - ~-. -. : r .-*. ful IO have a sense of the central aspects of using a hypertext system, particularly if you have never seen one. Below is a list of _ , * Display screen wilh Wwsrr the features of a somewhat idealized hypertext system. Some existing systems I pXnt have more features than these, and some /stems lertext ns fall ‘stems ional- :I” of single and each has a name or title which e lack ,is always d&played in the window. How- le sys- ever, only a small number of nodes are .t; one yver “open” (as windows) on the screen at Ibase, the same time. ‘cs) by l Standard window system operations their are supported: Windows can be reposi- rtext, tioned, resized, closed, and put aside as. icated small window icons. The position and size more of a window or icon (and perhaps also its Yerely color and shape) arecues to remembering :ditor the contents of the window. Closing a win- -oces- dow causes the window to disappear after alify. any changes that have been made aresaved refer- to the database node. Clicking with the ough mouse on the icon of a closed window e and causes the window to open instantly,. ,_ ,. _. )e i \ .* Windows can contain any number of: n Jink.ico,p+ thich repiesent-pointers to C. other nodes in the database. The link icon They contains a short textual field which sug- Irate gcsts the contents of the node it points to. locu- Clicking on a !ink icon with the mouse rchi- causes the system to find the referenced L -----__--____- 1 .-line node and to immediately open a new win- Hypertext database Icar) dow for it on the screen. ._ ._ : _ iage- ,, l The user can easily create new nodes i var- and new links to new nodes (for anhota- Figure 2. The screen at the top illustrates how a hypertext browser provides a direct and lion, comment; elaboration, etc.) or to two-dimensional graphic view of the underlying database. In this illustration, the ;nglc existing nodes (for establishing new con- node “A” has been selected for full display of its contents. Notice that in the hich nections). _,_.. browser view you can tell not only which nodes are linked IO A but also how the I l Thedatabasecaribebrdwsedin tliiii--“subnetwork fits into the larger hyperdocument. (Of course, hyperdocuments of an> age, ways: (1) by following links and opening ‘size cannot be shown all al once in a browser-only portions can be displayed.) an of windows successively to examine their Con-_:? ‘_.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Origins of the Underline As Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: a Case Study in Skeuomorphism
    The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Romano, John J. 2016. The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33797379 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism John J Romano A Thesis in the Field of Visual Arts for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2016 Abstract This thesis investigates the process by which the underline came to be used as the default signifier of hyperlinks on the World Wide Web. Created in 1990 by Tim Berners- Lee, the web quickly became the most used hypertext system in the world, and most browsers default to indicating hyperlinks with an underline. To answer the question of why the underline was chosen over competing demarcation techniques, the thesis applies the methods of history of technology and sociology of technology. Before the invention of the web, the underline–also known as the vinculum–was used in many contexts in writing systems; collecting entities together to form a whole and ascribing additional meaning to the content.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypertext Semiotics in the Commercialized Internet
    Hypertext Semiotics in the Commercialized Internet Moritz Neumüller Wien, Oktober 2001 DOKTORAT DER SOZIAL- UND WIRTSCHAFTSWISSENSCHAFTEN 1. Beurteiler: Univ. Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Wolfgang Panny, Institut für Informationsver- arbeitung und Informationswirtschaft der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, Abteilung für Angewandte Informatik. 2. Beurteiler: Univ. Prof. Dr. Herbert Hrachovec, Institut für Philosophie der Universität Wien. Betreuer: Gastprofessor Univ. Doz. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Veith Risak Eingereicht am: Hypertext Semiotics in the Commercialized Internet Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften an der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien eingereicht bei 1. Beurteiler: Univ. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Panny, Institut für Informationsverarbeitung und Informationswirtschaft der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, Abteilung für Angewandte Informatik 2. Beurteiler: Univ. Prof. Dr. Herbert Hrachovec, Institut für Philosophie der Universität Wien Betreuer: Gastprofessor Univ. Doz. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Veith Risak Fachgebiet: Informationswirtschaft von MMag. Moritz Neumüller Wien, im Oktober 2001 Ich versichere: 1. daß ich die Dissertation selbständig verfaßt, andere als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt und mich auch sonst keiner unerlaubten Hilfe bedient habe. 2. daß ich diese Dissertation bisher weder im In- noch im Ausland (einer Beurteilerin / einem Beurteiler zur Begutachtung) in irgendeiner Form als Prüfungsarbeit vorgelegt habe. 3. daß dieses Exemplar mit der beurteilten Arbeit überein
    [Show full text]
  • Ted Nelson History of Computing
    History of Computing Douglas R. Dechow Daniele C. Struppa Editors Intertwingled The Work and Influence of Ted Nelson History of Computing Founding Editor Martin Campbell-Kelly, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Series Editor Gerard Alberts, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Advisory Board Jack Copeland, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Ulf Hashagen, Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany John V. Tucker, Swansea University, Swansea, UK Jeffrey R. Yost, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA The History of Computing series publishes high-quality books which address the history of computing, with an emphasis on the ‘externalist’ view of this history, more accessible to a wider audience. The series examines content and history from four main quadrants: the history of relevant technologies, the history of the core science, the history of relevant business and economic developments, and the history of computing as it pertains to social history and societal developments. Titles can span a variety of product types, including but not exclusively, themed volumes, biographies, ‘profi le’ books (with brief biographies of a number of key people), expansions of workshop proceedings, general readers, scholarly expositions, titles used as ancillary textbooks, revivals and new editions of previous worthy titles. These books will appeal, varyingly, to academics and students in computer science, history, mathematics, business and technology studies. Some titles will also directly appeal to professionals and practitioners
    [Show full text]
  • The Media Assemblage: the Twentieth-Century Novel in Dialogue with Film, Television, and New Media
    THE MEDIA ASSEMBLAGE: THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY NOVEL IN DIALOGUE WITH FILM, TELEVISION, AND NEW MEDIA BY PAUL STEWART HACKMAN DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Michael Rothberg, Chair Professor Robert Markley Associate Professor Jim Hansen Associate Professor Ramona Curry ABSTRACT At several moments during the twentieth-century, novelists have been made acutely aware of the novel as a medium due to declarations of the death of the novel. Novelists, at these moments, have found it necessary to define what differentiates the novel from other media and what makes the novel a viable form of art and communication in the age of images. At the same time, writers have expanded the novel form by borrowing conventions from these newer media. I describe this process of differentiation and interaction between the novel and other media as a “media assemblage” and argue that our understanding of the development of the novel in the twentieth century is incomplete if we isolate literature from the other media forms that compete with and influence it. The concept of an assemblage describes a historical situation in which two or more autonomous fields interact and influence one another. On the one hand, an assemblage is composed of physical objects such as TV sets, film cameras, personal computers, and publishing companies, while, on the other hand, it contains enunciations about those objects such as claims about the artistic merit of television, beliefs about the typical audience of a Hollywood blockbuster, or academic discussions about canonicity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nature of Hypertext: Background and Implications for Librarians
    Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Library Publications Library 3-1999 The Nature of Hypertext: Background and Implications for Librarians Deborah Wills Wilfrid Laurier University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/lib_pub Recommended Citation Wills, Deborah, "The Nature of Hypertext: Background and Implications for Librarians" (1999). Library Publications. 8. https://scholars.wlu.ca/lib_pub/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Library at Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Library Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE NATURE OF HYPERTEXT: BACKGROUND AND IMPLICATIONS FOR LIBRARIANS There has been much talk in recent years about the way electronic information is breaking down the walls of the traditional library, muddying the boundary between what is owned in the library building and what can be accessed from the larger world. However, the advent of electronic hypertext is causing another kind of "breakdown," this time among individual texts. Hypertext allows connections among words or phrases in an electronic environment: highlighted text in one document links directly to other documents or to other parts of the same document. Given the flexibility of hypertext, a group of texts can form a highly complex environment with multiple paths for reading and understanding. The boundaries between individual texts, so easy to identify in the print environment, therefore lose their meaning. Hypertext is affecting the way users read, write, and think about information. Hypertext has been used in various environments, the most familiar being the World Wide Web: a space to which any individual or organization, with the appropriate computer connections, may add documents and links connecting documents.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 1 Web-Based Educational Hypermedia
    CHAPTER 1 Web-based educational hypermedia P. De Bra Department of Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands. Abstract The Web has revolutionized the way information is delivered to people throughout the world. It did not take long for learning material to be delivered through the Web, using electronic textbooks. The use of hypertext links gives the learner a lot of freedom to decide on the order in which to study the material. This leads to problems in understanding electronic textbooks, which can be solved using adaptive hypermedia methods and techniques. In this chapter we describe how the field of educational hypermedia benefits from user modeling and adaptation. We also show that the information gathered about the learners and their learning process can be used to improve the quality of electronic textbooks. 1 Introduction For a long time the use of hypermedia in education was limited because of the need for specialized hardware/software platforms for bringing hypermedia to the end user. Some readers may remember the Plato system [1], featuring personal and group notes, threaded discussions, hyperlinks, interactive elements and games, etc. Its use was restricted to institutes equipped with special terminals, connected to large mainframe computers running the Plato environment. A more affordable but also unsuccessful attempt at bringing hypermedia and interactivity to the pub- lic was the introduction of CD-Interactive by Philips and Sony (in 1986). Many other (hypermedia) environments suitable for delivering interactive learning mate- rial have been developed but never became popular. Then, in 1989, Tim Berners Lee started developing the ideas and software for the World Wide Web.
    [Show full text]
  • Never the Same Stream: Netomat, Xlink, and Metaphors of Web Documents Colin Post Patrick Golden Ryan Shaw
    Never the Same Stream: netomat, XLink, and Metaphors of Web Documents Colin Post Patrick Golden Ryan Shaw University of North Carolina at University of North Carolina at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill Chapel Hill School of Information and School of Information and School of Information and Library Science Library Science Library Science [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT value for designers and engineers of studying “paths not taken” during the history of the technologies we work on today. Document engineering employs practices of modeling and representation that ultimately rely on metaphors. Choices KEYWORDS among possible metaphors, however, often receive less Hypertext; XLink; browsers; XML; digital art attention than choices driven by practical requirements such as performance or usability. Contemporary debates over how to meet practical requirements always presume some shared 1 Introduction metaphors, making them hard to discern from the surrounding context in which the engineering tasks take place. One way to The metaphor of the printed page has been a prominent address this issue is by taking a historical perspective. In this and indeed from the earliest implementations of hypertext. paper, we attend to metaphorical choices by comparing two structuring principle of Web documentsd hypertext since in the contrast �irst browser, to the historical case studies of “failed” designs for hypertext on the printed page, as whatever “could not conveniently be netomat (1999), a Web browser created preAlthoughsented Nelsonor represented �irst de�ine on paper” [29, page 96], many by the artist Maciej Wisniewski, which responded to search subsequent hypertext systems treated documents as queriesWeb.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning from Hypertext: Research Issues and Findings
    P1: LKK PB378-23 PB378-Jonassen-v3.cls August 26, 2003 20:53 Char Count= 0 LEARNING FROM HYPERTEXT: RESEARCH ISSUES AND FINDINGS Amy Shapiro University of Massachusetts—Dartmouth Dale Niederhauser Iowa State University information in the text. In short, there are greater metacogni- 23.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE tive demands on the reader during HAL. RESEARCH ISSUES While the vast majority of research on hypertext is not specif- ically relevant to learning, investigation into its educational util- The question of how we learn from hypertext is more com- ity began to heat up in the 1980s, and many research reports and plicated than that of how we learn from traditional text. Al- articles have been published since then. Chen and Rada (1996) though all the same elements of character decoding, word conducted a metanalytic study of learning from hypertext. Of recognition, sentence comprehension, and so forth remain the 13 studies they found comparing learning outcomes for subjects same, a number of features unique to hypertext produce added using hypertext versus nonhypertext systems, 8 revealed an ad- complexity. It is these features that drive the research of hy- vantage of hypertext. Although the combined effect size was pertext in education and have shaped our discussion in this small to medium (r = .12), it was highly significant (p< .01). chapter. In addition, they report that the effect sizes and significance lev- The most basic feature of hypertext, of course, is its nonlin- els among studies comparing learning from hypertext and linear ear structure. How nonlinear structure alters learners’ mental text were heterogeneous.
    [Show full text]
  • 01-Www-Intro.Pdf
    The WWW and HTML CMPT 281 Outline • Hypertext • The Internet • The World-Wide-Web • How the WWW works • Web pages • Markup • HTML Hypertext • Hypertext is text displayed on a computer that contains links (‘hyperlinks’) to other locations in that document or other documents History of Hypertext • Vannevar Bush and the Memex • Ted Nelson and Xanadu • Douglas Englebart and NLS Vannevar Bush The Memex • 1945! • An information-storage machine with many mechanisms for retrieving information • Trails of links connecting sequences of information • Storage based on microfilm • Never built The Memex Ted Nelson Ted Nelson Xanadu • 1967 • Invented the term ‘hypertext’ • Documents made of other pieces • Two-way links • Document version control Ted Nelson’s vision of hypertext • Ted Nelson, a professional visionary, wrote in 1965 of "Literary Machines," computers that would enable people to write and publish in a new, nonlinear format, which he called hypertext. Hypertext was "nonsequential" text, in which a reader was not constrained to read in any particular order, but could follow links and delve into the original document from a short quotation. Ted described a futuristic project, Xanadu, in which all the world's information could be published in hypertext. For example, if you were reading this book in hypertext, you would be able to follow a link from my reference to Xanadu to further details of that project. In Ted's vision, every quotation would have been a link back to its source, allowing original authors to be compensated by a very small amount each time the quotation was read. He had the dream of a utopian society in which all information could be shared among people who communicated as equals.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Southampton Research Repository Eprints Soton
    University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science, and Mathematics School of Electronics and Computer Science Integrating institutional repositories into the Semantic Web Harry Jon Mason Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2008 1 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, AND MATHEMATICS SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE Doctor of Philosophy INTEGRATING INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORIES INTO THE SEMANTIC WEB by Harry Jon Mason The Web has changed the face of scientific communication; and the Semantic Web promises new ways of adding value to research material by making it more accessible to automatic discovery, linking, and analysis. Institutional repositories contain a wealth of information which could benefit from the application of this technology. In this thesis I describe the problems inherent in the informality of traditional repository metadata, and propose a data model based on the Semantic Web which will support more efficient use of this data, with the aim of streamlining scientific communication and promoting efficient use of institutional research output.
    [Show full text]
  • Vision and Reality of Hypertext and Graphical User Interfaces
    Universität Hamburg Fachbereich Informatik Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30 D-22527 Hamburg Germany Bericht 237 Vision and Reality of Hypertext and Graphical User Interfaces FBI-HH-B-237/02 Matthias Müller-Prove [email protected] In die Reihe der Berichte des Fachbereichs Informatik aufgenommen durch Prof. Dr. Horst Oberquelle Prof. Dr. Christopher Habel Februar 2002 Abstract The World Wide Web took off ten years ago. Its tremendous success makes it easy to forget the more than forty years of hypertext development that preceded the Web. Similarly, modern graphical user interfaces have drawn attention away from the many compelling ideas behind earlier user interface designs. In the present thesis, numerous early hypertext and graphical user interface systems are presented and contrasted with today's Web and desktop interfaces. The designers of early hypertext and graphical user interface systems shared a common objective: the development of a personal dynamic medium for creative thought. Not very much is left from this original vision. Retrospect reveals promising insights that might help to reconcile the desktop environment with the Web in order to design a consistent and powerful way to interact with the computer. Zusammenfassung Das World Wide Web hat vor nunmehr über zehn Jahren seinen unvergleichlichen Siegeszug begonnen. Dabei wird oft übersehen, daß die Idee des Hypertexts eine bereits über vierzigjährige Geschichte hinter sich hat. Die Arbeit zeigt diese Entwicklung anhand der verschiedenen Hypertextsysteme auf und kontrastiert sie mit dem Web. Die Betrachtung der Grafischen Benutzungsoberflächen zeigt ganz ähnlich, daß auch hier viele gute Ideen auf dem Wege zu den heute dominierenden Fenstersystemen verloren gegangen sind.
    [Show full text]
  • The World Wide Web, Hyper-G and Microcosm: Historical Analysis and Future Integration Directions
    The World Wide Web, Hyper-G and Microcosm: Historical Analysis and Future Integration Directions {tag} {/tag} International Journal of Computer Applications © 2015 by IJCA Journal Volume 115 - Number 11 Year of Publication: 2015 Authors: Noura Nassir Alomar 10.5120/20199-2443 {bibtex}pxc3902443.bib{/bibtex} Abstract Hypertext systems went through several stages of development and dedicated research efforts. Currently, the World Wide Web is the backbone which links massive amount of hypertext and hypermedia documents published by communities and individuals working from all parts of the universe. However, the history of hypertext systems reveals that there were a competition between the Web and two open hypermedia systems which are Hyper-G and Microcosm. The aim of this paper is to investigate the success factors of the Web and present the ways of including open hypermedia features in the Web. Refer ences - Andrews, K. , Kappe, F. and Maurer, H. 1996. &quot;The Hyper-G network information system. &quot; J. UCS the Journal of Universal Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 206-220. ? - Kappe, F. 1993. &quot;Hyper-G: A distributed hypermedia system. &quot; Proc. INET. Vol. 93. - Fountain, A. M. , et al. 1990. &quot;MICROCOSM: An Open Model for Hypermedia with Dynamic Linking. &quot; - Hall, W. 2011. &quot;The ever evolving web: the power of networks&quot;, International 1 / 4 The World Wide Web, Hyper-G and Microcosm: Historical Analysis and Future Integration Directions Journal of Communication 5 ,651-664. - Andrews, K. et al. 1994. &quot;Hyper-G: A new tool for distributed hypermedia. &quot; In International Conference on Distributed Multimedia Systems and Applications.
    [Show full text]