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The Origins of the Underline As Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: a Case Study in Skeuomorphism
The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Romano, John J. 2016. The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33797379 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism John J Romano A Thesis in the Field of Visual Arts for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2016 Abstract This thesis investigates the process by which the underline came to be used as the default signifier of hyperlinks on the World Wide Web. Created in 1990 by Tim Berners- Lee, the web quickly became the most used hypertext system in the world, and most browsers default to indicating hyperlinks with an underline. To answer the question of why the underline was chosen over competing demarcation techniques, the thesis applies the methods of history of technology and sociology of technology. Before the invention of the web, the underline–also known as the vinculum–was used in many contexts in writing systems; collecting entities together to form a whole and ascribing additional meaning to the content. -
Hypertext Semiotics in the Commercialized Internet
Hypertext Semiotics in the Commercialized Internet Moritz Neumüller Wien, Oktober 2001 DOKTORAT DER SOZIAL- UND WIRTSCHAFTSWISSENSCHAFTEN 1. Beurteiler: Univ. Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Wolfgang Panny, Institut für Informationsver- arbeitung und Informationswirtschaft der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, Abteilung für Angewandte Informatik. 2. Beurteiler: Univ. Prof. Dr. Herbert Hrachovec, Institut für Philosophie der Universität Wien. Betreuer: Gastprofessor Univ. Doz. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Veith Risak Eingereicht am: Hypertext Semiotics in the Commercialized Internet Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften an der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien eingereicht bei 1. Beurteiler: Univ. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Panny, Institut für Informationsverarbeitung und Informationswirtschaft der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, Abteilung für Angewandte Informatik 2. Beurteiler: Univ. Prof. Dr. Herbert Hrachovec, Institut für Philosophie der Universität Wien Betreuer: Gastprofessor Univ. Doz. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Veith Risak Fachgebiet: Informationswirtschaft von MMag. Moritz Neumüller Wien, im Oktober 2001 Ich versichere: 1. daß ich die Dissertation selbständig verfaßt, andere als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt und mich auch sonst keiner unerlaubten Hilfe bedient habe. 2. daß ich diese Dissertation bisher weder im In- noch im Ausland (einer Beurteilerin / einem Beurteiler zur Begutachtung) in irgendeiner Form als Prüfungsarbeit vorgelegt habe. 3. daß dieses Exemplar mit der beurteilten Arbeit überein -
Ted Nelson History of Computing
History of Computing Douglas R. Dechow Daniele C. Struppa Editors Intertwingled The Work and Influence of Ted Nelson History of Computing Founding Editor Martin Campbell-Kelly, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Series Editor Gerard Alberts, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Advisory Board Jack Copeland, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Ulf Hashagen, Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany John V. Tucker, Swansea University, Swansea, UK Jeffrey R. Yost, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA The History of Computing series publishes high-quality books which address the history of computing, with an emphasis on the ‘externalist’ view of this history, more accessible to a wider audience. The series examines content and history from four main quadrants: the history of relevant technologies, the history of the core science, the history of relevant business and economic developments, and the history of computing as it pertains to social history and societal developments. Titles can span a variety of product types, including but not exclusively, themed volumes, biographies, ‘profi le’ books (with brief biographies of a number of key people), expansions of workshop proceedings, general readers, scholarly expositions, titles used as ancillary textbooks, revivals and new editions of previous worthy titles. These books will appeal, varyingly, to academics and students in computer science, history, mathematics, business and technology studies. Some titles will also directly appeal to professionals and practitioners -
Persistent Identifiers (Pids): Recommendations for Institutions Persistent Identifiers (Pids): Recommendations for Institutions
persistent identifiers (pids): recommendations for institutions persistent identifiers (pids): recommendations for institutions edited by ATHENA ATHENA WP3 general co-ordinator Working Group Rossella Caffo “Identifying standards and developing design recommendations” mt milani, geo graphic sdf texts by Gordon McKenna, Athena logo Collections Trust (UK) Susan Hazan Roxanne Wyms, Royal Museums of Art web version and History (Belgium) http://www.athenaeurope. org/index.php?en/110/ The text of this booklet promotional-material is included in deliverables 3.4 and 3.5, This work by ATHENA of the ATHENA project project is licensed under and is based on a survey a Creative Commons of the content that Attribution ATHENA partners Non-Commercial contracted to provide Share Alike Licence to Europeana through (CC-BY-NC-SA) the ATHENA project. http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Foreword Introduction 1. Persistent identifiers A briefing note 2. Persistent identifier policy in context 3. Standards landscape 3.1 Physical objects in museums 3.2 Digital objects 3.3 Services 3.4 Collections in museums 3.5 Institutions 4. Managing organisations 5. Persistent identifier systems table of contents Foreword It is the aim of the ATHENA project to support especially museums in providing object data for publication in Europeana. Thus ATHENA is about access to digitised or digital cultural heritage held in museums and other institutions. In order to ensure that information about an object and the object itself, its digital copies can be related to each other and can be retrieved easily at different points in time and from different places it is necessary to use “persistent identifiers” (PIDs). -
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) System for Research Data
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) System for Research Data A guide explaining what the Digital Object Identifier system does, the advantages of using a DOI Name to cite and link research data and the ARDC DOI minting service. Who is this for? This guide is intended for researchers and eResearch infrastructure support providers. Last updated: May 2019 This work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Australia Licence Contents Anatomy of a DOI ....................................................................................................................................................................1 What is the DOI System? ..............................................................................................................................................................1 What are the advantages of DOIs for datasets? ...................................................................................................................2 Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) .................................................................................................................................................3 DOIs and other persistent identifiers ................................................................................................................................4 DOIs for versioned data .......................................................................................................................................................4 ARDC DOI Minting service...................................................................................................................................................4 -
Identifiers and Use Case in Scientific Research
Submitted on: 19.07.2016 Identifiers and Use Case in Scientific Research Thomas Gillespie Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA E-mail address: [email protected] Qian Zhang School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA E-mail address: [email protected] Chelakara S. Subramanian Department of Mech and Aerospace Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA, E-mail address: [email protected] Yan Han University Libraries, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. E-mail address: [email protected] Copyright © 2016 by Thomas Gillespie, Qian Zhang, Chelakara S. Subramanian, Yan Han. This work is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Abstract: The authors have broad representations across of a variety of domains including Oceanography, Aerospace Engineering, Astronomy, Neurosciences, and Libraries. The article is intended to: a) discuss the key concepts related to identifiers and define identifiers; b) explore characteristics of good and bad identifiers in general, along with an overview of popular identifiers; c) demonstrate a use case in a scientific domain of using identifiers via the data lifecycle; c) raise awareness of data collection, data analysis and data sharing for raw and post-processing data for data producers and data users. It is inevitable for multiple identifiers to co-exist in the data lifecycle, as the case study shows different needs of data producers and data users. Keywords: identifier, use case, data lifecycle 1. Identifiers: Introduction and Definition A lab’s notebook number and page are sufficient for local access in no time. -
The Media Assemblage: the Twentieth-Century Novel in Dialogue with Film, Television, and New Media
THE MEDIA ASSEMBLAGE: THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY NOVEL IN DIALOGUE WITH FILM, TELEVISION, AND NEW MEDIA BY PAUL STEWART HACKMAN DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Michael Rothberg, Chair Professor Robert Markley Associate Professor Jim Hansen Associate Professor Ramona Curry ABSTRACT At several moments during the twentieth-century, novelists have been made acutely aware of the novel as a medium due to declarations of the death of the novel. Novelists, at these moments, have found it necessary to define what differentiates the novel from other media and what makes the novel a viable form of art and communication in the age of images. At the same time, writers have expanded the novel form by borrowing conventions from these newer media. I describe this process of differentiation and interaction between the novel and other media as a “media assemblage” and argue that our understanding of the development of the novel in the twentieth century is incomplete if we isolate literature from the other media forms that compete with and influence it. The concept of an assemblage describes a historical situation in which two or more autonomous fields interact and influence one another. On the one hand, an assemblage is composed of physical objects such as TV sets, film cameras, personal computers, and publishing companies, while, on the other hand, it contains enunciations about those objects such as claims about the artistic merit of television, beliefs about the typical audience of a Hollywood blockbuster, or academic discussions about canonicity. -
Referencing Source Code Artifacts: a Separate Concern in Software Citation Roberto Di Cosmo, Morane Gruenpeter, Stefano Zacchiroli
Referencing Source Code Artifacts: a Separate Concern in Software Citation Roberto Di Cosmo, Morane Gruenpeter, Stefano Zacchiroli To cite this version: Roberto Di Cosmo, Morane Gruenpeter, Stefano Zacchiroli. Referencing Source Code Artifacts: a Separate Concern in Software Citation. Computing in Science and Engineering, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, In press, pp.1-9. 10.1109/MCSE.2019.2963148. hal-02446202 HAL Id: hal-02446202 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02446202 Submitted on 22 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Referencing Source Code Artifacts: a Separate Concern in Software Citation Roberto Di Cosmo, Inria and University Paris Diderot, France [email protected] Morane Gruenpeter, University of L’Aquila and Inria, France [email protected] Stefano Zacchiroli, University Paris Diderot and Inria, France [email protected] Abstract—Among the entities involved in software citation, II. REFERENCING SOURCE CODE FOR REPRODUCIBILITY software source code requires special attention, due to the role Software and software-based methods are now widely used it plays in ensuring scientific reproducibility. To reference source code we need identifiers that are not only unique and persistent, in research fields other than just computer science and en- but also support integrity checking intrinsically. -
Persistent Identifiers: Consolidated Assertions Status of November, 2017
Persistent identifiers: Consolidated assertions Status of November, 2017 Editors: Peter Wittenburg (RDA Europe), Margareta Hellström (ICOS), and Carlo-Maria Zwölf (VAMDC) Co-authors: Hossein Abroshan (CESSDA), Ari Asmi (ENVRIplus), Giuseppe Di Bernardo (MPA), Danielle Couvreur (MYRRHA), Tamas Gaizer (ELI), Petr Holub (BBMRI), Rob Hooft (ELIXIR), Ingemar Häggström (EISCAT), Manfred Kohler (EU- OPENSCREEN), Dimitris Koureas (NHM), Wolfgang Kuchinke (ECRIN), Luciano Milanesi (CNR), Joseph Padfield (NG), Antonio Rosato (INSTRUCT), Christine Staiger (SurfSARA), Dieter van Uytvanck (CLARIN) and Tobias Weigel (IS-ENES) The Research Data Alliance is supported by the European Commission, the National Science Foundation and other U.S. agencies, and the Australian Government. Document revision history 2016-11-01 v 1.0 (extracted from RDA Data Fabric IG wiki) 2016-12-15 v 2.0, after comments & feedback from Bratislava 2016-11-14 2017-03-29 v 3.0, partially discussed at RDA P9 in Barcelona 2017-04-07 2017-05-10 v 4.0, discussed during GEDE telco on 2017-05-29 2017-06-21 v 5.0 for GEDE PID group review on 2017-06-28 2017-08-29 v 5.1 for GEDE PID group review on 2017-08-30 2017-11-13 v 6.0, for GEDE review on 2017-11-20 2017-12-13 V 6.1, circulated for RDA (Data Fabric IG) review ii Abstract Experts from 47 European research infrastructure initiatives and ERICs have agreed on a set of assertions about the nature, the creation and the usage of Persistent Identifiers (PIDs). This work was done in close synchronisation with the RDA Data Fabric Interest Group (DFIG) ensuring a global validation of the assertions. -
The Nature of Hypertext: Background and Implications for Librarians
Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Library Publications Library 3-1999 The Nature of Hypertext: Background and Implications for Librarians Deborah Wills Wilfrid Laurier University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/lib_pub Recommended Citation Wills, Deborah, "The Nature of Hypertext: Background and Implications for Librarians" (1999). Library Publications. 8. https://scholars.wlu.ca/lib_pub/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Library at Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Library Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE NATURE OF HYPERTEXT: BACKGROUND AND IMPLICATIONS FOR LIBRARIANS There has been much talk in recent years about the way electronic information is breaking down the walls of the traditional library, muddying the boundary between what is owned in the library building and what can be accessed from the larger world. However, the advent of electronic hypertext is causing another kind of "breakdown," this time among individual texts. Hypertext allows connections among words or phrases in an electronic environment: highlighted text in one document links directly to other documents or to other parts of the same document. Given the flexibility of hypertext, a group of texts can form a highly complex environment with multiple paths for reading and understanding. The boundaries between individual texts, so easy to identify in the print environment, therefore lose their meaning. Hypertext is affecting the way users read, write, and think about information. Hypertext has been used in various environments, the most familiar being the World Wide Web: a space to which any individual or organization, with the appropriate computer connections, may add documents and links connecting documents. -
CHAPTER 1 Web-Based Educational Hypermedia
CHAPTER 1 Web-based educational hypermedia P. De Bra Department of Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands. Abstract The Web has revolutionized the way information is delivered to people throughout the world. It did not take long for learning material to be delivered through the Web, using electronic textbooks. The use of hypertext links gives the learner a lot of freedom to decide on the order in which to study the material. This leads to problems in understanding electronic textbooks, which can be solved using adaptive hypermedia methods and techniques. In this chapter we describe how the field of educational hypermedia benefits from user modeling and adaptation. We also show that the information gathered about the learners and their learning process can be used to improve the quality of electronic textbooks. 1 Introduction For a long time the use of hypermedia in education was limited because of the need for specialized hardware/software platforms for bringing hypermedia to the end user. Some readers may remember the Plato system [1], featuring personal and group notes, threaded discussions, hyperlinks, interactive elements and games, etc. Its use was restricted to institutes equipped with special terminals, connected to large mainframe computers running the Plato environment. A more affordable but also unsuccessful attempt at bringing hypermedia and interactivity to the pub- lic was the introduction of CD-Interactive by Philips and Sony (in 1986). Many other (hypermedia) environments suitable for delivering interactive learning mate- rial have been developed but never became popular. Then, in 1989, Tim Berners Lee started developing the ideas and software for the World Wide Web. -
ARK Identifier Scheme
UC Office of the President CDL Staff Publications Title The ARK Identifier Scheme Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9p9863nc Authors Kunze, John Rodgers, Richard Publication Date 2008-05-22 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Network Preservation Group J. Kunze California Digital Library R. Rodgers US National Library of Medicine May 22, 2008 The ARK Identifier Scheme Abstract The ARK (Archival Resource Key) naming scheme is designed to facilitate the high-quality and persistent identification of information objects. A founding principle of the ARK is that persistence is purely a matter of service and is neither inherent in an object nor conferred on it by a particular naming syntax. The best that an identifier can do is to lead users to the services that support robust reference. The term ARK itself refers both to the scheme and to any single identifier that conforms to it. An ARK has five components: [http://NMAH/]ark:/NAAN/Name[Qualifier] an optional and mutable Name Mapping Authority Hostport (usually a hostname), the "ark:" label, the Name Assigning Authority Number (NAAN), the assigned Name, and an optional and possibly mutable Qualifier supported by the NMA. The NAAN and Name together form the immutable persistent identifier for the object independent of the URL hostname. An ARK is a special kind of URL that connects users to three things: the named object, its metadata, and the provider's promise about its persistence. When entered into the location field of a Web browser, the ARK leads the user to the named object.