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MARXISM LENINISM MAOISM Study Notes New Vistas Publications Marxism-Leninism-Maoism: Study Notes First Edition: April 2002 No. of copies 1500 ISBN 81-88293-02-4 Front cover: Proclamation of the Paris Commune outside the Hotel de ville, 18th March 1 871 (Engraving, Le Monde illustre’, Paris, 1871) Back cover top: Lenin addressing workers, soldiers and sailors, from Armoured Car at the Finland Station enroute Petrograd on April 3, 1917. Gave a stirring call to Socialist revolution. Back cover Bottom: Mao, reviewing Red Guards arrived from all parts of the country and assembled at Tien-An-Men square in 1966 to support GPCR. (China Reconstructs, 1976-December-Supplement) Price India Rs. 100.00 Out side India $5 (Postage Extra) Printed & Published by: P Govindan Kutty New Vistas Publications 475-5A, Govindpuri Kalkaji, New Delhi-110019 E-mail: new [email protected] Printed at:R.K.Offset Process, M-28 Naveen Shahdara. Delhi-32 Publisher’s Note The emergence of Marxism marked a turning point in the history of human civilization. All positive aspects, which were achieved in the course of development of human civilization till then, were appropriated and synthesized by Marx and Engels. And this resulted in the emergence of Marxism – the Proletarian world outlook. It is the proletarian world outlook which declare that the task of philosophy is not only to interpret the world but to change it. So it explained the laws of development of nature and society, analysed how to change society, put forward the great importance of social practice and clearly indicated the very orientation of class-struggle which would ultimately lead to the establishment of classless society. The world proletariat was thus armed with the scientific world outlook, and a revolutionary orientation was imparted to the movement of the working class and other exploited classes. The practice of Marxism throughout the world helped intensify the world proletarian movement and this science of revolutionary class struggle became a mighty social force. In the course of development of revolutionary class-struggle. This science has further developed in accordance with the ever-changing condition of the world from Marxism-Leninism-Maoism. Naturally, since its inception Marxism has had to face all sorts of offensive measures unleashed by the ruling-exploiting classes and their states throughout the world. These ruling classes not only resort to violence to suppress the struggles guided by this revolutionary science, they also tried, in vain, to repudiate and distort it. Withstanding and countering all these offensive measures it has been developed through ups and downs. After the setback in the Socialist Republic of China there was a short spell of confusion and bewilderment within the international communist movement. But vindicating its vitality it reasserted itself. And since the 1980s it has been advancing with renewed vigour. In the wake of collapse of Soviet Social Imperialism and revisionist regimes of East Europe, imperialism renewed its attack on Marxism and socialism. To counter this, wide vigorous & creative propagation of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism is needed. Keeping this in mind, New Vistas publication intends to publish books, release audio-visual material on Marxism-Leninism-Maoism and its various aspects concerning revolutionary movements. We would be utilizing various resource centres like websites, archives, published and unpublished material, which are unavailable to the present generation. We would like to collect materials from various revolutionary movements worldwide. As a first venture, we are publishing “Marxism-Leninism-Maoism: study notes” prepared by CPI (ML) (PW) for education of its party cadre. In near future, we plan to publish a text book of Marxist Philosophy and outlines of Political Economy. Hope, this will help those who want to understand this science and put this science into practice. Readers’ comments, opinions and suggestions are invited, as those will help improve this book further. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PART I HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARXISM-LENINISM-MAOISM I. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND TO THE BIRTH OF MARXISM The Industrial Revolution The French Revolution The Bourgeois Democratic Revolutions II. MAIN IDEOLOGICAL CURRENTS LEADING UP TO MARXISM The Enlightment Bourgeois Liberalism Classical Political Economy Socialist Theories German Classical Philosophy III. THE BIRTH OF MARXISM Early Life of Marx and Engels The Hegelian Left Contact with Socialist and Revolutionary Thought Study of Political Economy Discovery of the Materialist Conception of History Elaboration of Basic Principles of Marxism Revolutionary Activity The Communist Manifesto IV. THE FIRST PERIOD: 1848 - 1871 Economic Boom Marx’s Analysis of Capitalism The 1848 Revolution Marx and Engels During the 1848 Revolution Other Revolutions in this Period Formation of the International Workingmen’s Association Fight against Wrong Trends in the First International The Paris Commune and the First International V. The SECOND PERIOD: 1871 - 1905 Political Background Economic Background Fight Against Opportunism in the German Party Spread of Marxism Opportunism in the Second International Fight against Bernsteinism Revisionism Lenin’s Early Years Fight against Narodism Fight against Economism Fight against Menshevism VI. THE THIRD PERIOD: 1905 - 1917 Political Background The Russian Bourgeois Revolution of 1905 Two Tactics - the political preparation of the Party Revolutions in the East Second International on Colonialism and War Fight against Revisionist Theories World War I and Social Chauvinism Bolshevik Position on the War Analysis of Imperialism Marxism and the National Question February Bourgeois Revolution in Russia Onwards to the Socialist Revolution The State and Revolution VII. THE FOURTH PERIOD: 1917-1949 Period of Historic Advances Fight against the ‘Left’ Communists War Communism World-wide Revolutionary Crisis Ideological and Political Foundations of the Third International The NEP and the Trotskyite Opposition Stalin’s Early Years Foundations of Leninism Socialist Industrialisation and Collectivisation of Agriculture Errors of Stalin Crisis of Capitalism Rise of Fascism and Threat of World War Third International’s Perspective on War and Fascism World War II and the Tactics of the International Proletariat Mao’s Early Years Path of Revolution in the Colonies and Semi-Colonies Establishment of Red Bases and Fight against various ‘Left’ Lines Tactics for the Anti-Japanese War of Resistance Mao’s Other Contributions to Marxism-Leninism in this Period Victory of the Chinese People’s Revolution Establishment of the Socialist Camp VIII. THE FIFTH PERIOD: 1949 – 1976 Second Stage of General Crisis Chinese Path of Revolution Expansion of the World Economy Modern Revisionism and Collapse of the Socialist Camp The Great Debate Two-Line Struggle against Capitalist Roaders Political Economy of Socialism The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Establishment of Maoism as New Stage of Marxism-Leninism Revival of Revolutionary Movements Some ‘Left’ Ideological Currents in this Period Deng Revisionism and the Loss of All Socialist Bases IX. THE SIXTH PERIOD: 1976 ONWARDS Crisis of Imperialism Reorganisation of Revolutionary Forces Some Anti-Marxist Ideological Trends Advance to Final Victory guided by Marxism-Leninism-Maoism PART II THE COMPONENT PARTS OF MARXISM-LENINISM-MAOISM X. PHILOSOPHY Philosophical Materialism Dialectics The Materialist Conception of History Lenin’s Contribution to the Development of Marxist Philosophy Mao’s Contribution to the Development of Marxist Philosophy XI. POLITICAL ECONOMY Contribution of Marx and Engels Contribution of Lenin Contribution of Mao Economic Laws of Socialism XII. SOCIALISM 1. SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM Theory of Class Struggle Socialism in One Country 2. THE SOCIALIST STATE The Dictatorship of the Proletariat The People’s Democratic Dictatorship 3. SOCIALIST CONSTRUCTION The Russian Experience Socialist Industrialisation...Collectivisation of Agriculture…Victory of Socialism and Preliminary Conditions for Transition to Communism ... Errors in Russian Experience The Chinese Experience General Line and Step-by-Step Collectivisation... Mao’s Development of Dialectical Approach to Socialist Construction… Great Leap Forward and the Birth of People’s Communes… Struggle against the Capitalist Roaders 4. THE GREAT PROLETARIAN CULTURAL REVOLUTION Capitalist Restoration of the Soviet Union: Historical Lessons The Cultural Revolution: A Form Found Anew The Targets of the Revolution Mass-Line in the Revolution Historical Relevance of the Cultural Revolution XIII. TACTICS OF THE CLASS STRUGGLE OF THE PROLETARIAT 1. BASIC PRINCIPLES Marx’s Theoretical Basis Leninist Tactical Principles The Three Magic Weapons 178 2. BOURGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION AND PROLETARIAN-SOCIALIST REVOLUTION 3. TACTICS IN THE ABOVE THREE STAGES OF REVOLUTION The Worker-Peasant Alliance Leadership of the Proletariat Lenin’s Thesis on National and Colonial Question Enrichment and Development of the Leninist Thesis on United Front by Mao 4. FORMS OF STRUGGLE Forms of Armed Revolution Mao’s Theory of Protracted People’s War 5. TACTICS DURING WAR Just and Unjust Wars. Tactics during Imperialist War Mao’s Development of the Line on World War and Peace XIV. THE PARTY Marx and Engels on the Working Class Party The Party of a New Type Democratic Centralism Mass-Line Two-Line Struggle XV. THE NATIONAL QUESTION Marxist Understanding Regarding Early Nationality Movements
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