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'Modelo Chinês Para Os Direitos Humanos': Uma Análise Crítica

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'Modelo Chinês Para Os Direitos Humanos': Uma Análise Crítica “Modelo Chinês para os Direitos Humanos”: uma análise crítica no contexto das relações internacionais (Tese elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor em Ciências Sociais na especialidade de Relações Internacionais) Autora: Isabel Rute Sousa do Amaral Xavier Cabrita Orientador: Prof. Cat. Doutor António Costa de Albuquerque de Sousa Lara Constituição do Júri: Presidente: Presidente do Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas da Universidade de Lisboa Vogais: Doutor António Costa de Albuquerque de Sousa Lara, Professor catedrático Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas da Universidade de Lisboa; Doutor José Adelino Eufrásio de Campos Maltez, Professor catedrático Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas da Universidade de Lisboa; Doutora Maria da Assunção André Coelho Dias da Silva do Vale Pereira Professora auxiliar Escola de Direito da Universidade do Minho; Doutor João Carlos Relvão Caetano, Professor auxiliar Universidade Aberta; Doutor Nuno Gonçalo de Carvalho Canas Mendes, Professor auxiliar Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas da Universidade de Lisboa. 2015 I Dedico este trabalho ao meu marido, Pedro, pelo seu apoio e inexcedível compreensão, e aos nossos filhos, Rodrigo e Tomás, que estão sempre no meu coração. II AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Professor Doutor António de Sousa Lara com infinita gratidão pela inestimável orientação da tese, pelas preciosas sugestões e pelos incentivos à sua realização. O Professor foi decisivo para a elaboração do estudo e esteve sempre presente quando foi necessário. Bem-haja pelo seu exemplo de justiça e de serviço a favor do próximo. Ao Presidente do ISCSP, Professor Doutor Manuel Meirinho, pelo apoio institucional. Á Professora Doutora Francisca Saraiva pela crítica construtiva durante a discussão do pré-projecto da tese. Ao José Pedro Vieira pela sua colaboração diligente e profissionalismo em todos os aspetos administrativos relacionados com a entrega da tese. Aos colegas e amigos, em particular, à Andreia Soares pelo seu apoio e amizade constantes durante este longo percurso. Mas, também, a todos aqueles que foram contribuindo com os seus conselhos e energia positiva, sendo de destacar a Betina São Pedro, Elvira Pereira, Margarida Mesquita, Maria da Luz Ramos, Pedro Fonseca e Raquel Patrício. A toda a minha família pela paciência para ouvir os meus desabafos, por aguentar o meu isolamento, por me ajudar a não desistir e por todo o carinho demonstrado. O vosso apoio foi imprescindível. São todos especiais para mim. III Tzeu lou disse: – Se o príncipe de Wei esperasse que você administrasse os assuntos públicos com ele, qual seria o seu primeiro cuidado? – Dar a cada coisa o seu verdadeiro nome, respondeu o Mestre. – Isso é razoável? Replicou Tzeu lou. Mestre, você está a afastar-se do objetivo. Para que serve essa redefinição dos nomes? O Mestre respondeu: – Como você é rude! Um homem sábio evita dizer ou fazer o que não sabe. Se os nomes não são corretos, a linguagem não é adequada. […] Um príncipe sábio dá às coisas os nomes corretos, e cada coisa deve ser tratada segundo o significado que lhe deu. Na escolha dos nomes ele é muito atento. Confúcio, Os Analectos (Lunyu). IV LISTA DE SIGLAS E ACRÓNIMOS ACFTU: Federação Panchinesa dos Sindicatos ACNUDH: Alto-Comissariado das Nações Unidas para os Direitos Humanos ACWF: Federação Panchinesa das Mulheres AGNU: Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas AI: Amnistia Internacional APN: Assembleia Popular Nacional CCPPC: Conferência Consultiva Política do Povo Chinês CDESC: Comité dos Direitos Económicos, Sociais e Culturais CECC: Congressional-Executive Commission on China CPAPN: Comité Permanente da Assembleia Popular Nacional CTUPs: custos de trabalho por unidade produzida DUDH: Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos ECOSOC: Conselho Económico e Social das Nações Unidas EPL: Exército Popular de Libertação HRW: Human Rights Watch IDE: investimento direto estrangeiro MNA: Movimento dos Não-Alinhados NBSC: Gabinete Nacional de Estatística da China OCDE: Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico ODM: Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milénio OIT: Organização Internacional do Trabalho V OMC: Organização Mundial do Comércio OMS: Organização Mundial da Saúde ONG: Organização Não Governamental ONU: Organização das Nações Unidas PAP: Polícia Armada do Povo PCC: Partido Comunista da China PIB: produto interno bruto PIDCP: Pacto Internacional de Direitos Civis e Políticos PIDESC: Pacto Internacional de Direitos Económicos, Sociais e Culturais PNUD: Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento PPC: Paridade de Poder de Compra RPC: República Popular da China RPU: Revisão Periódica Universal UNESCO: Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura USD: dólar dos Estados Unidos VI ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICOS E QUADROS 1. GRÁFICOS Gráfico 1 – A 2ª maior economia do mundo (PIB, mil milhões de USD a preços correntes) Gráfico 2 – Evolução do PIB per capita (USD constantes 2008) Gráfico 3 – Evolução do PIB per capita (USD PPC) Gráfico 4 – Crescimento do PIB nas províncias chinesas versus outros países (média anual 1980-2010, em %) Gráfico 5 – O maior exportador do mundo (mil milhões de USD a preços correntes) Gráfico 6 – O maior fabricante do mundo (mil milhões USD a preços correntes) Gráfico 7 – Evolução da Taxa de Câmbio (USD por Yuan) Gráfico 8 – Evolução da taxa de inflação (%) Gráfico 9 – Evolução da Poupança Privada (% do PIB) Gráfico 10 – Decomposição do PIB chinês na ótica da despesa (1980-2012) Gráfico 11 – Evolução das Exportações (% PIB) Gráfico 12 – Evolução do Investimento e Capital Fixo (FBCF em % PIB) Gráfico 13 – Composição do PIB na China (Preços correntes, Yuan) Gráfico 14 – Evolução dos Custos de Trabalho por Unidade Produzida (base 1998) Gráfico 15 – Índice de Gini Gráfico 16 – Comparação de despesas públicas entre países – Saúde (% do PIB) Gráfico 17 – Salário Mínimo em percentagem do PIB per capita (%) Gráfico 18 – Consumo de energia total (mil milhões de toneladas de carvão equivalente) VII Gráfico 19 – Eficiência Energética (toneladas de carvão equivalente por mil milhões de USD de PIB PPP) Gráfico 20 – Emissões de CO2 por 1,000 USD de PIB (toneladas) Gráfico 21 – Emissões de CO2 per capita (toneladas) 2. QUADROS Quadro 1 – Dimensão e composição das despesas públicas - comparação com outros países (% PIB) Quadro 2 – Evolução dos custos de trabalho na China (taxas de crescimento, % anual, Yuan) Quadro 3 – CTUPs relativos da China face a outros países (% China / país em comparação) Quadro 4 – Países com taxa média de poupança acima de 50% do PIB entre 2004 e 2012 Quadro 5 – Comparação entre Províncias Chinesas e Países do Mundo por PIB per capita ppc (2010) Quadro 6 - Comparação de indicadores de energia - China versus OCDE elevado rendimento (toneladas, 2009) Quadro 7 – Objetivos e números reais de crescimento do PIB e do rendimento disponível (médias anuais, %) Quadro 8 - Gastos públicos com educação por nível de escolaridade (% do PIB) Quadro 9 – Percentagem da população com ensino secundário (% da população total) Quadro 10 – Registo de patentes por país e valor VIII ÍNDICE 1. INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................... 5 1. Tema e Delimitação do Objeto de Estudo......................................................................... 5 2. Problemática ........................................................................................................................ 38 2.1. Perguntas de Investigação ............................................................................................ 38 2.2. Fundamentação das Perguntas de Investigação........................................................... 39 2.3. Objetivos e tipo de estudo ............................................................................................ 42 3. Justificação do estudo ......................................................................................................... 43 2. REVISÃO DA LITERATURA .............................................................. 47 3. METODOLOGIA ................................................................................ 74 1. Enquadramento Teórico e Conceptual ........................................................................... 74 2. Tipo de Abordagem ............................................................................................................. 76 3. Modelo de Pesquisa............................................................................................................. 80 4. Unidade de Análise .............................................................................................................. 81 5. Técnicas de investigação, recolha e análise dos dados ................................................... 82 5.1. Fontes documentais ...................................................................................................... 82 5.1.1. Lista dos documentos diretos .................................................................................... 83 5.1.2. Lista dos documentos indiretos ................................................................................. 86 5.2. Análise dos Documentos .................................................................................................. 87 5.3. Limites à Investigação ....................................................................................................... 88 4. DIREITOS HUMANOS ....................................................................... 90 1. O Conceito
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