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Massasoit of the Wampanoags; .-'^^ N^^ y^\ •0- N > •^iany'f^ \ .> -^^ »->-.f^o.--,% :^ ^^-.^c^ 0. ll'^'^^ -^. =,'^- V f. ,A^-^ \ * £,,irr,li^ ^> "" .O^.s^V'., ^^c..'"" ^' <-\.^:^!!^-^ -^-^ sX> vOo. ,H -7-^ •^ >^^ ' '^. N^^ .^ ^. .^^ .x'^ '' ^^ K?^1fe .:^^.^. <'^- .c^' .^<< ^o. > vVV . 0^ c. ,0 ^^'^- v^-^ -^^ x^" ^ .#' aV %'' '^. f ^M^:^ '^>bo^' ^^ ^6t0 tiolume IS PRESENTED TO BY THE MASSASOIT MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION In token of its appreciation of a contribution to the fund for the erection at Plymouth, Massachusetts, of a memorial to Massasoit. Boston, Mass., 1919 President CdAtY^Z.'^djLi^ ^^-^^^I^A-i-^-trx^^ Clerk MASSASOIT OF THE WAMPANOAGS ^wwWH^ra^W^^PMKi^^^K'J:^^ MASSASOIT OF THE WAMPAXOAGS WITH A BRIEF COMMENTARY ON INDIAN CHARACTER; AND SKETCHES OF OTHER GREAT CHIEFS, TRIBES AND NATIONS; ALSO A CHAPTER ON SAMOSET, SQUANTO AND HOBAMOCK, THREE EARLY NATIVE FRIENDS OF THE PLYMOUTH COLONISTS BY ALVIN G. WEEKS PAST GREAT SACHEM OF THE IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN OF MASSACHUSETTS AND PRESIDENT OF THE MASSASOIT MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION PRIVATELY PRINTED 1919 COPYRIGHT 1919, BY ALVIN G. WEEKS, FALL RIVER, MASS. THB'PLIMPTON'PRBSS NORWOOD' MASS* U'S'A SEP -6 1319 ©Ci.A529789 TO THE MEMORY OF MASSASOIT GREAT SACHEM OF THE WAMPANOAG INDIANS, 1620-1661, WHO, BY HIS FRIENDLY DISPOSITION TOWARDS THE WHITES, AND HIS FAITHFUL OBSERVANCE OF HIS TREATY OBLIGATIONS TO THEM, HAS EARNED THE UNDYING GRATITUDE OF HUMANITY, THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULI^Y DEDICATED. FOREWORD IiV the summer of 1910, while serving as Great Sachem of the Improved Order of Red Men of Massachusetts, I had occasion to accom- pany my Deputy Great Sachem for the Plymouth District and a party of Great Chiefs and mem- bers of the order with their families and friends, on a visitation to the tribe located in that old his- toric town. Our official duties performed, we visited the many places of particular interest, the spots especially consecrated to Freedom by the restless energy of the men of three centuries ago. We saw the beautiful memorial erected to the Pilgrims, and the memorable rock which their feet first pressed on December 21, 1620; we climbed the hill to view the spot where so many of them were laid at rest during their first winter of hardship and suffering, and where later the ashes of many more were mingled with the dust; we stood on the summit of CoWs Hill from which we looked out upon the harbor where the Mayflower once lay at anchor; we saw the relics of bygone days, exhibited in the Memorial Hall, vii VUl MASSASOIT and traversed the same old streets laid out hy the fathers. Many of us had seen it all before, while for others it was the first visit; hut, whether for the first time, or to view again and again the old his- toric spots, the real landmarks of the birthplace of free government, as exemplified by nearly three hundred years of colonial and national life, the patriotic interest and enthusiasm of all alike was thoroughly aroused. A bronze tablet on a house on Leyden Street, marking the spot where, on March 22, 1621, Massasoit and Governor Carver entered into a treaty of peace, friendship and mutual aid and protection, attracted our attention. I had seen it many times before, but it seemed fraught with a new significance on that occasion. Whether the mental association of the name of our order with the aborigines, or that of my official designation with that of the great chief of the Wampanoags contributed to the thought, I cannot say; but for some reason the suggestion came to my mind that in 1920 the people of Massachusetts undoubtedly would celebrate in fitting manner the third cen- tenary of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. In my report at the conclusion of my term in the Great Chieftaincy, I brought this matter to the attention of the Great Council with a recommen- dation that steps be taken towards erecting, in connection with the celebration of this Centen- FOREWORD IX nialf a monument or other memorial to Massa- soit, Great Sachem of the Wampanoags, who for forty years religiously observed both the spirit and the letter of the treaty he had made with the colonists, and urged his sons to maintain the same friendly relations. The recommendation was not fruitful of immediate results, but even- tually it took root, and, following it, some of the members of the order formed a corporation under the name of the Massasoit Memorial Associa- tion, for the purpose of carrying out the project. Primarily the Improved Order of Red Men is a patriotic society, tracing its descent from the Sons of Liberty, and limiting its membership to American citizens; and, while teaching pa- triotism, it has endeavored to preserve some of the customs of the aborigines, and to pay due tribute to their many manly virtues, which we, as the dominant race, have been too strongly in- clined to overlook or to ignore. In pursuit of this general purpose, and in aid of the project which we have undertaken, this work has been prepared for presentation to those who may de- sire to contribute to the success of the enterprise. It is our plan to make this a popular movement, that this statute when erected, may be the New World^s tribute to the noble Red Man who stood guard over the cradle in which its liberties were nurtured; and the principal object of the writer in preparing this compilation of historical facts X MASSASOIT has been to array these facts so that they will present a living, moving panorama of the long ago, an examination of which will disclose a com- plete justification of the enterprise in aid of which the hook is written. THE MEMORIAL Fortunately, we have not been left in the dark concerning Massasoifs personal appearance, Edward Winslow, who was one of the hostages for his safe return when he entered the settle- ment at Plymouth to confer with Governor Car- ver, and who saw him on that occasion and often thereafter for many years, who was his friend, and one whom Massasoit loved, has left us such a complete and perfect description of him as is to be found of but few men of those remote times; and fortunately, we have succeeded in enlisting the services of Cyrus E, Dallin of Arlington, Massachusetts, eminent sculptor and portrayer of Indian character, to translate Winslow^s de- scription into bronze, Massasoit was forty-one years old when he first appeared to the Pilgrims, and Mr, Dallin has created a model of the proud warrior in the prime of life, bearing the peace pipe to the strangers from across the great waters. From this model it is proposed to erect a statue of heroic size to be appropriately mounted on FOREWORD XI Cole^s Hilly immediately overlooking the fa- mous rock against which the Mayflower^ s shallop rested and upon which its occupants landed on December 21, 1620. The Pilgrim Society of Plymouth has offered the site, and has volunteered to assume perpetual care of the statue when erected. And so we present our case to the people of the United States in an appeal to them to participate in an enterprise, the purpose of which is to pay deserved hut belated tribute to this great Chief, that he may forever stand guard over the gateway through which the pilgrim bearers of the torch of Liberty first entered New England, even as he kept a watchful eye over her early struggles for existence, A, G, W. Fall River, Mass. May 10, 1919. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Introductory 1 11. Indian Character 18 III. The Algonquins 45 IV. The Wampanoags 68 V. Massasoit 91 VI. Massasoit's Family 129 VII. Samoset, Squanto and Hobamock . 146 VIII. The Narragansetts 160 IX. Miantonomo 178 X. The Pequots, Mohicans and other West- ern Tribes 194 XI. King Philip and his Captains .... 234 MASSASOIT OF THE WAMPANOAGS MASSASOIT I INTRODUCTORY ALMOST three hundred years have passed into history since the Pilgrim ship bearing its precious freight of human souls dropped anchor in Cape Cod Bay, and its occupants sent out their shallop in search of a suitable place for landing. Enghsh ships had visited the New England coast many times between the date of the discovery of the New World by Columbus and that day; but they had brought only explorers, adventurers, traders and fishermen. Unlike the long line of its predecessors, the Mayflower came laden with men, women and children, bringing with them all their earthly possessions; and, what was immeasurably more important, the Anglo-Saxon love of liberty, which, developed under the new conditions they found here, has given us the boon of perfect liberty and equality under the law, but not in contraven- tion of law. They had come to stay. Denied the right to wor- ship God in such form and manner as they saw fit, persecuted for their non-conformity to the estab- 1 2 MASSASOIT lished faith, they had fled from England to Hol- land, and from the latter country to the wilderness peopled only by natives who knew nothing of Euro- pean civilization, European customs or European religion, beyond what Httle they had learned from traders; and that was not favorable to the Euro- peans. The century preceding their coming had wit- nessed the most remarkable upheavals in the re- ligious world of which history furnishes any record, except the advent of men who have promulgated an entirely new religion with such vigor that they have succeeded in impressing their teachings upon a considerable portion of the people of the world. In 1517 Tetzel, a Dominican Friar, and the guardian of the Franciscan Friars had been ap- pointed by the Cardinal Archbishop of Mainz, joint commissaries for Saxony and North Germany, to preach an indulgence to all who would contribute to the rebuilding of St.
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