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Organic Molecules in the Icy Bodies of Planetary Systems – Accepted Notions and New Ideas

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Organic Molecules in the Icy Bodies of Planetary Systems – Accepted Notions and New Ideas Open Astron. 2018; 27: 341–355 Research Article Irakli Simonia* and Dale P. Cruikshank Organic Molecules in the Icy Bodies of Planetary Systems – Accepted Notions and New Ideas https://doi.org/10.1515/astro-2018-0038 Received Feb 26, 2018; accepted Jun 01, 2018 Abstract: Cometary bodies are acknowledged to contain some of the most pristine matter in the Solar System, includ- ing ices and minerals. Certain number of previously unidentified spectral emission features detected in comets canbe explained as emission by hydrocarbon molecules enclosed in a Shpolskii matrix and forming frozen hydrocarbon parti- cles. UV-induced photoluminescence spectra of several self-organized molecules exhibit emission lines coincident with unidentified cometary lines, and open the possibility of the presence of this complex organic as components ofthepris- tine organic inventory of comets. Complex organic was detected also in three satellites of Saturn. We describe in this paper results of our investigation of complex organic of the small bodies and present new approaches and hypotheses. Keywords: comets, planets, ice, organic matter, prebiotic evolution 1 Introduction be rich in complex organic materials (Ehrenfreund and Charnley 2000; Clairemidi et al. 2004; Crovisier and Bockelee-Morvan 2007; Li 2009; Kobayashi and Kawakita The icy halos of comets, which include minerals, con- 2009). In this paper, in accord with other investigators, we sist of shells of micro and nano grains are responsible consider cometary nuclei as the reservoirs of relict organic for the scattering of solar electromagnetic radiation. A matter, that is, primitive material that has survived largely complex mixture of gas and dust around cometary nu- unaltered from an earlier time. The surfaces of icy satel- clei gives rise to the gaseous emissions and the scattering lites and Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNO’s) scatter solar ra- of sunlight. Taken all together, this constitutes the atmo- diation, resulting in the appearance of solar-similar spec- sphere of a comet. The spectra of comets also contain se- tra but with different peculiarities (e.g., specific slopes, ab- ries of unknown emissions. These unidentified emissions sorption bands) reflective of the chemical-mineralogical have been found in the spectra of many comets (Brown composition of a particular surface. The presence of com- et al. 1996; Cochran and Cochran 2002; Cremonese et al. plex organics in cometary or planetary ices is character- 2007; Kobayashi and Kawakita 2009; Dello Russo et al. ized by specific colors of surfaces in integrated light or 2013), for example, 109P/Swift-Tutle. These emissions are by the appearance of the specific emissions and absorp- assigned to multiple ionized molecules (Wyckoff et al. tions in the spectral profiles of these bodies. In this paper, 1999; Cochran and Cochran 2002; Kawakita and Watan- we will discuss similarities and differences of complex or- abe 2002). A new theory by Simonia (2004, 2007, 2011a,b, ganic properties for different classes of icy bodies in the 2013) suggests that the luminescence nature of uniden- Solar System. The complexity of the organic components, tified emissions result of photoluminescence by frozen the color and other properties will be the focus of our in- hydrocarbon particles (FHPs) of cometary atmospheres. terest, as well as possible methods for revealing potential Roughly 14% of the previously unidentified emissions prebiotics in the icy bodies. have been identified as photoluminescence of cometary FHP. However 86% of the mentioned emissions remained as unidentified (Simonia 2011b). Comets are known to Corresponding Author: Irakli Simonia: School of Natural Sciences and Engineering of Ilia State University, Cholokashvili str., 3/5,Tbilisi 0162, Georgia; Email: [email protected]; 995.32 2373468 Dale P. Cruikshank: Astrophysics Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, United States of America Open Access. © 2018 I. Simonia and D. P. Cruikshank, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License 342 Ë I. Simonia and D. P. Cruikshank, Organic in planetary systems 2 Frozen hydrocarbon matter as a rich with various aromatic and aliphatic molecules. The hydrocarbons sequestered in the inner layers or centers of compressed snow – the cometary nuclei may be relict material inherited directly methodological approach from the solar nebula without ever having been processed by the solar electromagnetic radiation or the solar wind. Cometary relicts are the witness of the Solar System An important key to the interpretation of comet spectra formation, resulting from condensation processes, while is derived from the work of Shpolskii (1959, 1960, 1962), the building blocks of complex cometary organic in the who described a matrix with the form of frozen polycrys- form of molecular rings or chains have a presolar origin. talline mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in n- This means that cometary relicts convey the physical prop- alkanes. Quasilinear photoluminescence spectra of these erties and chemical composition of pristine matter of the matrix have been investigated in detailed. Physical proper- solar nebula. Cometary nuclei might be rich in frozen hy- ties and the exact chemical composition of polycrystalline drocarbons in the form of compressed snow. Physical con- mixtures were measured and analyzed. The results of Sh- ditions of the formation process of each specific cometary polskii’s work could have astrochemical and astrobiologi- nucleus, the local chemical composition of the solar neb- cal significance. We enumerate here experimental results ula and other parameters have conditioned the density, of the mentioned works in the context of the investiga- colors, and other characteristics of frozen hydrocarbon tion of comets and other icy bodies of the planetary sys- matter in the cometary nucleus. The cometary organic ma- tems. 1) Solid solutions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocar- terial in the form of frozen hydrocarbons as a compressed bons (PAH’s) and n-alkanes (from pentane to decane) at 4 snow is probably a dense but rather fragile substance. It < T < 77 K demonstrate photoluminescence spectra in the may be that, layers of frozen hydrocarbons in the form form of a series of very narrow emission lines. In such mix- of molecularly dispersed substance or substitutional solid tures, aromatic hydrocarbons are guest substances and n- solutions carry information on physical processes of the alkanes host substances – solvents, or the so-called ma- evolution of the solar nebula. trix. In the referenced works, the matrix (host substance) When comets approach the Sun, processes of ther- was in the form of straight chains of n-alkanes. An aro- mal destruction and sublimation of their ices begin. Micro matic compound (ring) substituted in the n-alkane ma- fragments of nucleus ices form the spherical halo, which trix is frozen as a rarefied “oriented gas”. Freezing of the becomes larger at shorter heliocentric distances. Shells solvents as crystallized masses, that is as microcrystals, of frozen hydrocarbon particles (FHPs) are the sources of results in the formation of discrete luminescence spectra cometary hydrocarbons that are released from the nucleus when excited by ultraviolet radiation in the range 2500 - to form the coma (Simonia 2004). Each FHP is charac- 3900 A; 2) frozen mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydro- terized by an inherent size, shape, and color. FHPs with carbons and n-alkanes (pentane, hexane, heptane, etc.) in substitutional solid solution structures have nano dimen- the form of microcrystals similar to fine-grain snow, have sions, but molecularly dispersed FHPs have micro dimen- specific luminescence and absorption spectra, appearing sions. The shape of each FHP depend on structural pecu- as a series of narrow lines. In the case of larger sizes of liarity of icy grain. FHP with substitutional structures may n-alkane molecules narrow luminescence emission lines be flat, but molecular dispersed grains might be bulky and transform into diffuse bands; 3) luminescence spectra of irregular in shape. complex crystalline organic substances in certain cases Solar UV radiation of 2400 – 3950 Å excites photolu- have an anomalous character, resulting in the formation minescence of frozen hydrocarbon particles in the coma of wide structureless bands. Dimers (which consist of two in the wavelength range 3990 – 9000 Å (Simonia 2004, identical monomers) are characterized by such spectra. 2007). The chemical compositions of cometary FHPs and Simonia and Simonia (2013) proposed that comets the physical peculiarities of Shpolskii microcrystals have nuclei are rich with frozen organics as snow-like micro- specific properties of their photoluminescence spectra in- crystals of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in n-alkanes. cluding the positions and profiles of emission lines. Pho- Clusters of numerous snow-like microcrystals congregate toluminescence spectra of the cometary FHPs at low tem- in specific zones irregularly distributed in different layers perature (T< 80K) have the standard quasiline shapes – of the cometary nuclei. These zones may constitute the a series of multiple narrow emission lines with average principal sources of hydrocarbons. In this view, flat snow- line width ∆λ ≤ 1Å. Laboratory analogs of such spectra like microcrystals consist of aromatic molecules fixed in are called quasilinear photoluminescence spectra of the an aliphatic
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