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Electrical design and operation of sustainable business parks Simon De Clercq Supervisor: Prof. dr. ir. Lieven Vandevelde Counsellor: Dr. Brecht Zwaenepoel Master's dissertation submitted in order to obtain the academic degree of Master of Science in Electromechanical Engineering Department of Electrical Energy, Metals, Mechanical Constructions & Systems Chair: Prof. dr. ir. Luc Dupré Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Academic year 2016-2017 Electrical design and operation of sustainable business parks Simon De Clercq Supervisor: Prof. dr. ir. Lieven Vandevelde Counsellor: Dr. Brecht Zwaenepoel Master's dissertation submitted in order to obtain the academic degree of Master of Science in Electromechanical Engineering Department of Electrical Energy, Metals, Mechanical Constructions & Systems Chair: Prof. dr. ir. Luc Dupré Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Academic year 2016-2017 The author gives permission to make this master dissertation available for consultation and to copy parts of this master dissertation for personal use. In the case of any other use, the copyright terms have to be respected, in particular with regard to the obligation to state expressly the source when quoting results from this master dissertation. Ghent, June 2017 The promotor The advisor The author Prof. dr. ir. L. Vandevelde Dr. B. Zwaenepoel Simon De Clercq Preface It is a pleasure to be able to finish my engineering studies by writing this dissertation thesis. This work, and the learning process that preceded it, have allowed me to explore the mul- tidisciplinary world of industrial symbiosis and the integration of renewable power sources. It has taught me to enjoy the freedom of independent research and gave me the opportunity to broaden my vision on renewable energy. I would like to thank my promotors professor Vandevelde and Brecht Zwaenepoel for their support and guidance over the course of this work. I also particularly thank Hendrik Ver- meersch for his input throughout the year; our conversations on the Belgian energy sector were a pleasure. I would like to gratefully acknowledge Christof Deckmyn for his explanation on genetic algorithms. I want to thank Mieke Gevaerts at SOGent for introducing me to Eiland Zwijnaarde and showing me a glimpse of what urban development is. To everyone who took their time to review my writing, Brecht, Hendrik and Samie: thank you very much. Finally, I would like to thank everyone who was there for me, my family, friends, fellow students, house mates, . Thank you for making this year so enjoyable. Summary Electrical design and operation of sustainable business parks Simon De Clercq Supervisor: Prof. dr. ir. Lieven Vandevelde Counsellor: Dr. Brecht Zwaenepoel Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Ghent University Academic Year 2016-2017 Abstract - In this study a techno-economic optimisation is carried out on the design and operation of energy systems on newly-developed industrial parks. An optimal sizing model is constructed that uses a genetic algorithm to find the optimal system configuration of an on- grid power system. The system is evaluated according to its life cycle cost and green house gas emissions. While optimal sizing algorithms have been developed for different types of hybrid power systems, these often do not consider the socio-organisational drivers and limitations for inter-firm energy supply facilities. This work presents a list of recommendations for industrial park developers to determine and implement the park's optimal power system. The current development of the project Eiland Zwijnaarde in Ghent provides the basis for a concrete case study in which the opportunities for an inter-firm power system are identified. The main results suggest that a significant share of renewable generation is part of the optimal configuration under varying mean electricity and gas prices. A medium sized cogeneration unit can compensate the renewables' intermittent behaviour and lower the thermal energy cost. Large scale electrical storage is found not to be profitable under the used control structure and tariff scheme. A gradual ingress of firms in the park and the subsequent sloped annual energy demand has a negative effect on the fraction of shared facilities in the power system's optimal configuration. Keywords - On-grid hybrid power system, Optimal sizing, Eco-industrial Park, Industrial microgrid, Genetic Algorithm, Fuzzy logic Electrical design and operation of sustainable business parks Simon De Clercq Supervisor(s): Prof. dr. ir. Lieven Vandevelde, Dr. Brecht Zwaenepoel Ghent University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Electrical Energy, Metals, Mechanical constructions & Systems Academic year 2016-2017 Abstract— In this study a techno-economic optimisation is carried out ficantly reduce CO2 emissions and mitigate the effects of global on the design and operation of energy systems on newly-developed indus- warming. trial parks. An optimal sizing model is constructed that uses a genetic algorithm to find the optimal system configuration of an on-grid power An industrial park’s power system is characterised by loc- system. The system is evaluated according to its life cycle cost and green alised electric and thermal loads, high energetic consumption house gas emissions. While optimal sizing algorithms have been developed and spatial opportunities for the integration of renewable en- for different types of hybrid power systems, these often do not consider ergy sources. For these reasons, the prevailing paradigm for the socio-organisational drivers and limitations for inter-firm energy sup- ply facilities. This work presents a list of recommendations for industrial electric distribution on an EIP is that of a microgrid. Accord- park developers to determine and implement the park’s optimal power sys- ing to [6], the microgrid concept assumes a cluster of loads tem. The current development of the project Eiland Zwijnaarde in Ghent and microsources operating as a single controllable system that provides the basis for a concrete case study in which the opportunities for an inter-firm power system are identified. The main results suggest that provides both power and heat to the local area. The compon- a significant share of renewable generation is part of the optimal config- ents in this energy cluster function independently in possible uration under varying mean electricity and gas prices. A medium sized interaction with the surrounding macrogrid [7]. This results in cogeneration unit can compensate the renewables’ intermittent behaviour enhanced local control, which can lower the cost of energy dis- and lower the thermal energy cost. Large scale electrical storage is found not to be profitable under the used control structure and tariff scheme. A tribution, aid the integration of renewable sources and thereby gradual ingress of firms in the park and the subsequent sloped annual en- reduce green house gas emissions [8]. Furthermore, the pos- ergy demand have a negative effect on the fraction of shared facilities in the sibility of islanding improves the system security of supply by power system’s optimal configuration. detaching the microgrid’s reliability from that of the macrogrid. Keywords—On-grid hybrid power system, Optimal sizing, Eco-industrial Park, Industrial microgrid, Genetic Algorithm, Fuzzy logic Several methods for the optimal sizing of hybrid power sys- tems have been developed [9]. In many cases the power sys- tem is a stand-alone microgrid and consists of wind generation, I. INTRODUCTION solar PV, a micro source and electrical storage [10] [11] [12] Limitless economic growth, ecological collapse and resource [13] [14]. An industrial park’s high electrical demand, both in scarcity are forcing industry as a whole to rethink its funda- terms of quantity and quality, makes permanent islanding a com- mental principles and resort to more sustainable practices [1]. plicated design choice [15]. Furthermore, dense electrification As defined in the Brundtland Report [2], sustainable develop- in Flanders means that an industrial park can be connected to ment is development that meets the needs of the present without the macrogrid at a relatively low cost. An on-grid power system compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own is therefore considered in this study. needs. In this discourse, industrial symbiosis has emerged as While cogeneration offers high efficiency and flexibility [16], an approach in which traditionally separate industries collabor- only very few papers dealing with the optimal sizing of hybrid ate in order to find synergies that offer competitive advantages. power system take this feature into account [11]. A CHP model This can involve physical exchange of materials, energy, wa- is developed and included in the system model. ter, etc. [3]. Geographic proximity is an important facilitating A genetic algorithm is selected to carry out the optimisa- factor, which is why eco-industrial parks (EIP), with their col- tion process because of its computational efficiency in multi- lective infrastructure and spatial density of firms, have become objective optimisation problems with a high number of optim- an important topic of study in the field of sustainability [1]. ised variables [10] [11]. It has been used extensively in the op- The transition towards a carbon neutral industrial sector is timisation of hybrid power systems [9] [11]. driven by the global phenomenon of climate change. The IPCC II. HYBRID POWER SYSTEM MODEL warns that the continued emission of greenhouse
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