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The Background of GA.Escher, Hollander Engineer Who Supported Jode Rijke for 40 Years*

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The Background of GA.Escher, Hollander Engineer Who Supported Jode Rijke for 40 Years* 【土木 史研 究 第19号 1999年5月 自由投 稿 論 文】 The Background of GA.Escher, Hollander Engineer who supported Jode Rijke for 40 years* - Based on 61 volumes of Ir. G. A. Escher's memoirs- Dr. Yoshiyuki KAMIBAYASHP* Abstract HollanderJohannis de Rijke workedat thePublic WorksDepartment, the Ministryof HomeAffairs , Japan, as an engineerfor around 40 years, and rendered remarkable servicesto the improvementof large rivers and Saboworks duringhis stayin Japan. He was initiallyassigned to the positionof a 4th ranked engineerbecause of the lack of his teclmicaleducation at school. However,the Government of Japan promotedhim in 1876 with the treatment of equal rank of an official appointedby the Emperor's approval and further to the rank of an official appointedby the Emperorin 1891, J.de Rijke had been supportedby GeorgeArnold Escher who graduatedfrom Royal Academyat Delft and had workedin the Bureau of Public Works,Holland (Rijkswaterstraat) as an elite engineer. By this paper, the backgroundof G.A.Escher,his personalityand profile on J.de Rijke, Hollander engineer C.J. van Doom,will be presentedaccording to his memoirs. Introduction Riverbasin in thefield of planning and design of public works. Hollander engineer Johannis de Rijke was invited by the He was then requestedby the Governmentto supervise, Japanese Government. He arrived at Osaka in Sept. 1873, adviseand designthe public works for local Governments. and ranked as a 4th class engineer (Yonto-koshi)because he Accordingto the Governorsof prefecturesof Tottori,Fukui, had no technical education at school. He engaged in compa- Niigata,Yamagata, Fukushima, Tochigi, Akita, he supervised ratively simple works like the estimation and supervision for and gaveadvice on the designnot only forriver improvement execution of public works. He, however, provided the of SendaigawaRiver, Kuzuryugawa River, Tonegawa River, distinguishedservices. The Japanese Government promoted Sinanogawa River, Aganogawa River, but also for him in 1891 to the equal rank of an official appointedby the constructionof road,bridge, tunnel etc. Emperor's approval. J.de Rijke had lead the administration He returnedto Hollandin 1878and joined againHolland in the conceptionsand plans of new Osaka sea Harbour, new Governmentservice after a long absence. His official YodogavvaChannel excavation and improvement works of positionwas advancedfmally to ChiefEngineer General at large rivers like Kisogawa River and Chikugogawa River by Departmentof PublicWorks, Ministry of HomeAffairs. His using high engineeringand know-how. son Maurits Cornelis Escher is world-famousartist as a After his return to Holland, he succeeded in completing Magical Printer who had described the 3 dimensional Hoganpoo River Channel Improvement for navigation in infmitivein the 2 dimensionalplan. Shanghai and gained fame world wide as an excellent J.de Rijke wrote manyletters to Ir.G.A. Escher. hydraulic engineer. Escherreplied to J. Rijke's lettersconcerning engineering, Hollander engineer Ir. George Arnold Escher, who had administrationand his privatematters as well. been invited by the Japanese Government as a first class This paper introducesthe backgroundof Jr.G. A.Eshcer engineer (Itto-koshi),a graduate of Royal Academy at Delft beforecoming to Japan(1843-1873), and howhe had thought and an elite officer engineer who passed the difficult about J.de Rijke, C.J. van. Doom et al, accordingto his examination for service, arrived in Osaka together with J.de memoirsvol.1 and 2 forthey are useful for studieson them. Rijke under suspensionfrom service withoutsalary and on an indefiniteterm 1.The purportof the JapaneseGovernment invited the service He worked first 3 years with J.de Rijke for the Yodogawa ofHollander Engineers *Keywords: G.A. Escher, J.de Rijke, C.J. van Doom, Rijkswaterstaat,back ground, memoirs, letters. **Fellow Dr.Eng. Visitinglecturer, Graduate School of Toyo University(T 113-0024 1-15-15Nishikata Bunkyo-ku Tokyo NEW JEC Inc.) ―399― (1) Request for engineers by the Japanese Government C.J. van Doom seemed to have lost his positionat M7 in 1873 English and American engineers had been invited by the and had never experienced hydraulics engineering like river Japanese Meiji New Government, they had been skillful in improvementand harbourconstruction before coming to Japan, the construction of infrastructure like railways, bridges which needed many irons, but the Government found that 3. Outline of why Ir.G. A.Escher and J.de Rijke were invited they were not skillful in the field of river improvement, to Japan harbour construction etc. by using hydraulics.1) C.J. van Doom and I.A. Lindo arrived in Japan in Feb. 1872. Department of Public Works, Ministry, of People They worked energetically in Japan. High government (Minbusho-Dobokutukasa)decided to employ the engineers officials recognized C.J. van Doom as an excellent engineer from Holland in the field of hydraulics in 1870. for his many theoretical achievements on hydraulics The Meiji New Government did not directly negotiate with engineeringin short term. Holland Government but requested Naval surgeon Doctor He proposed the plan of the New Osaka Harbour in Anthonius Franciscus Baudouin to choose suitable engineers Nov.1872, 9) but it was not accepted by the Government for river improvement and harbor construction, and at the because of expensive cost. He recommended the Govern- same time commanded Ambassador Naonobu Samejima in ment to invite 3 Hollander engineers Ir.G. A. Escher, France to go through formalities with Holland Government.2) A.Thissen and Johannis de Rijke for construction of a Sea (2) Selectionof suitable engineers in Holland Harbour in Osaka bay. The task of finding Hollander Engineers was given to Dr. Ir G.A. Escher had been a good friend of C.J.van Doom, Baudouin. The assignment had been for a while in the hands because they studied together at Royal Academy at Delft and of the Referendary, Head of Division of Public Works of the also worked for National Railway, lodging at the same house Department of Home Affairs and also of Prof.van den Berg at in Alkmaar.10) Delft.3)4)5) But van den Berg could not find anyone in the C.J. van Doom was asked before coming to Japan11) by Division of Public Works of Dept of H.A., though he Ir.G. A. Escher to remind of him in case additional personnel recommended Cornelis Johannes van Doom as a Principal would be needed in Japan, and knew well that Ir.G. A.Escher Engineerand militaryengineer LA.Lindo as a hydraulicengineer. had experienced many constructions and administration on rivers, harbours, and roads etc. 2. Outline of how C.J.van Doom was engaged by Japanese C.J. van Doom. knew of J.de Rijke as a Head Supervisor of Government construction of Amsterdam Canal M7, in which office J.de (1) Background of C.J.van Doom before coming to Japan Rijke had co-operated in the construction of the Oranje Locks C.J.van Doom entered and graduated from Royal Academy in the Lake IJ at Schellingwoudenear Amsterdam. at Delft a few years later than the same age students, and after graduation he worked in surveying for railway as a section 4. Outline of backgroundof J. de Rijke (1842-903) engineer on Java Islands and was transferred to Alkmaar for (1) Birth/2) (5 Dec.,1842) construction of National railway Amsterdam -Alkmaar- Name: Johannisde Rijke JannetjePieter Nella Nollestalle Nieuwediep-Helder.6) Place: Kolijnspraat North Beveland Zeeland He was a very good engineer, but worked.under a famous Father: Pieter de Rijke (Dikeworker) 27 years old engineer A.J.van Prehn, of a very little cheerful look, who was Mother: Anna Catharina Liefbroen 27 years old no more younger at age and he took care of his former position (2) Residences in Holland13) on Java Islands. He had looked forward to being a 1842-1847: Kolijnspraat North Beveland Zeland mathematics teacher of High school of civil engineering at 1847: migrated to Borsela South Beveland Maastricht and was registered in 1866, however was not glad Zeeland to be a teacher. 29 Jul. 1863: returned to Kolijnspraat North Beveland His cousin Dirks who had been the Engineer of Zeeland Department of Public Works and temporary Principal 13 Mar. 1865: migrated to Durgerdam North Holland Engineer at the Amsterdam Canal M7, presented him a 2 Jul. 1868: registered their marriage at municipal position as engineer at this M7 in 1867.7) office of Amsterdam Amsterdam Canal was planed to connect Amsterdam with 15 Nov.1871: migrated to Amsterdam the North Sea for the shortest navigation, and M7 was 26 Aug.1872: registered to Zwollerkerspell Overijssel permitted to be constructed by the Government in Jun.1863. (3) Academic backuound Oranje Locks at M7 located at Amsterdam site were The details of the academic background of J.de Rijke have constructedfor the canal in 1867-1872.8) not been found out yet. It is possible to guess a little through ―400― the Japanese Government decoration documents of J.de Ir.G. A. Escher,20)was started under J.de Rijke supervision on Rijke14)and Ir.G.A.Escher's letter to his mother in Holland in 24 Nov. 1877, and the opening of harbour was celebrated in 14 1875.15)16) Dec.1880. 21) He was tatialit mathematics, dynamicshydraulics etc. by Mr. Planning of Kisogawa River Improvement and Yodo- J.Lebret who had been an engineer of Division of Public gawa down streams Adjigawa-KizugawaRiver Improvement. works of Department of Home Affairs and a lecturer of When J. de Rijke and Ir.G. A. Escher worked together for hydraulics at Royal Academy at Delft of which G.A.Escher planning of Kisogawa River Improvement, J.de Rijke was had been a student in 1859-1863.17) also requested to make a plan for Adjigawa and Kizugawa It seems that he might have been 16 years old when he had Rivers Improvement located at the down streams of been taught by Mr.
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