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By Paul Eyre, Charles Ewart, and Patricia Shade U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4270 Honolu1u, H

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By Paul Eyre, Charles Ewart, and Patricia Shade U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4270 Honolu1u, H HYDROLOGY OF THE LEEWARD AQUIFERS, SOUTHEAST GAHU, HAWAII By Paul Eyre, Charles Ewart, and Patricia Shade U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4270 Honolu1u, hawa i i 1986 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL MODEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report write to: can be purchased from: Distr ict Chief Open-File Services Section U.S. Geological Survey, WRD Western Distribution Branch Rm. 6110, 300 Ala Moana Blvd. U.S. Geological Survey Honolulu, Hawaii 96850 Box 25^25, Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 (Telephone: [303] 236-7^76) CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introducti on ----------------------------------------------------------- 2 Purpose and scope ------------------------------------------------- 4 Acknowledgment -_-----------------------_------_--_-------------- 4 Location and cultural setting ------------------------------------------ 5 Populat ion -------------------------------------------------------- 5 D ev e1opmen t ----------------------------------------------------- 7 Physical setting --- ------ -------------------- ------------------ 7 Climate ---- ------------------------ -------- ________-__--_--- 7 Topography --------_---------_--------------------------__-_----- 8 Geology --------------------------------------------------------- 11 Water-bearing rocks ---------------------------- ----- ---- - - 14 Surface water ------------------------- _____________________________ 17 Surface-water data ---------------------------------------------- 17 Surface-water development --------------------------------------- 19 Occurrence of ground water --------- -------__------------_--_-_-_----- 20 Dike-impounded water ---------------------------- _____--_------ 20 Perched water ------ - ------ __ 22 Basal water ---- ------- --- - 22 Calculation of ground-water flow rate through the Waialae and Wai1upe-Hawaii Kai areas ------------------------------------ 26 Calculation of ground-water flow rate by Darcy's law ------------ 26 Water budget -- ------ ._.-._..__. .__ _ 30 Calculation of water budget parameters -------------------------- 32 Rainfall 32 Runoff -------- ------ -.- __ 34 Potential evapotranspirat ion --------------------------------- 36 Soil characteristics ----------------------------------------- 39 Calculation of recharge ------------------------------ _.-_ 4g i i i CONTENTS Page Ground-water simulation ------------------ 42 Conceptual model -------------------- 42 Mathematical model ------------------ 43 Model application and calibration -- 45 Effects of pumping on the pre-pumping head distribution 51 Model predictions ------------------- 58 Water quality ----------------------- 58 Summary ---------------------------------- 63 References ------------------------------- 65 Supplemental data ------------------------ 68 IV ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Hydrologic study areas on the island of Oahu ----------------- 3 2. Leeward southeast Oahu study area ---------------------------- £ 3. Oahu mean annual rainfall -------------------------------------- 9 4. Dominant landscape features of leeward southeast Oahu -------- 10 5. Rift zones and calderas of Koolau and Waianae volcanoes on the island of Oahu ------------------------------------- 12 6. Generalized geologic map of leeward southeast Oahu ------------- 13 7. Dikes associated with the dike complex, marginal dike zone, Kaau rift, Koko rift and other minor rifts in southern Oahu 15 8. Streams in leeward southeast Oahu ------------------------------ 18 9. Diagram showing perched water, water confined between dikes, basal water, and perched and basal springs ---------- -- 21 10. Part of leeward southeast Oahu showing location of selected wells and distinctive basal-water reservoirs of different heads ------------------------------------------- 23 11. Section (A-A 1 ) across volcanic spurs at the 400-foot contour showing thickness of basal-water reservoirs ----- 24 12. Section (B-B 1 ) across volcanic spurs at the 1,000-foot contour showing thickness of basal-water reservoirs ------- 25 13. Water-level contour map of the Waialae area -------------------- 27 14. Finite-element mesh for leeward southeast Oahu ----------------- 33 15. Rainfal 1 -runoff relationship for leeward southeast Oahu -------- 35 16. Mean annual global radiation over Oahu ------------------------- 38 17. Finite-element mesh for leeward southeast Oahu showing the thickness of the confining layer -------------------- 47 18. Simulated pre-pumping ground-water head distribution in leeward southeast Oahu -- ---------------- 50 19. Simulated ground-water head distribution in 1971 as a result of Waialae shaft and golf course well pumpage ------ 52 20. Simulated versus observed heads from 1935 to 1975 at the Waialae shaft ---- - ------------------------------ 53 LLUSTRAT ION'S Figure Page 21. Differences between observed and mean annual ra i nfal1, and between simulated and observed heads 54 22. Simulated water levels using annually adjusted recharge and specific yields of 0.10, 0.05, and 0.02 56 23. Simulated head versus time ------- 59 2k. Steady-state head contours resulting from projected pumpage in leeward southeast Oahu 60 25. Maximum-minimum chloride concentration and pumpage at Waialae shaft and rainfall at Wilhelmina Rise gage no. 721 61 TABLES Table 1, Water-bearing properties of rocks and occurrence of ground-water in leeward southeast Oahu 16 Waialae shaft (1747-02) pumping test cjata for calculation of aquifer hydraulic conductivity ----------------------- 29 Water balance for leeward southeast Oc hu 41 Distribution of heads in leeward southeast Oahu 49 Cross reference of node numbers and we 11 identification 49 VI CONVERSION TABLE The following table may be used to convert measurements in the inch-pound system to the International System of Units (SI). Multip1y By To obtain Length inch (in.) --------------------- 25.** ---- millimeter (mm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile, statute (mi) ---- --- 1.609 ---- kilometer (km) Area 2 2 square foot (ft ) -- ---- 0.0929 ---- square meter (m ) 2 2 square mile (mi ) - -- --- 2.590 ---- square kilometer (km ) Volume cubic foot (ft 3 ) 0.02832 cubic meter (m3 ) gallon (gal) 3.785 liter (L) mi 11 ion gal Ions (10 gal or Mgal) ------- ----------- 3,7^5 ---- cubic meters (m o ) Volume Per Unit Time (includes Flow) 3 > cubic foot per second (ft /s) 0.02832 ---- cubic meter per second (m /s) cubic foot per second-day (ft3 /s-d) 2,447 cubic meter (m3 ) gallon per minute (gal/min) -- 0.06309 ---- liter per second (L/s) million gallons per day (10 gal/d or Mgal/d) 0.04381 cubic meter per second (mVs) Niscellaneous foot per mile (ft/mi) - --- 0.1894 - meter per kilometer (m/km) foot per day (ft/d) -- 0.3048 - meter per day (m/d) foot squared per day (ft 2 /d) 0.0929 ---- meter squared per day (m 2 /d) micromho per centimeter at 1.000 ---- microsiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius (ymho/cm at 25°C). 25° Celsius (pS/cm at 25°C). VI I HYDROLOGY OF THE LEEWARD AQUIFERS OF SOUTHEAST OAHU, HAWAII By Paul Eyre, Charles Ewart, and Patricia Shade ABSTRACT The leeward southeast Oahu ground-water area includes the Waialae and Wai1upe-Hawaii Kai aquifers. The Waialae aquifer is separated from the ground water of Kaimuki to the west by Palolo valley fill and the Kaau rift zone, and from the Wai1upe-Hawaii Kai aquifer to the east by a line of northeast-trending volcanic dikes. The distinct ground-water head changes across these boundaries indicate that the aquifers are separate, with little or no leakage between them. A water budget of leeward southeast Oahu determined the quantity and spatial distribution of ground-water recharge. These estimates of recharge, 6 million gallons per day over the Waialae area and 9.1 million gallons per day over the Wai1upe-Hawaii Kai area, were used as input to a finite-element two-dimensional ground-water flow model. Ground-water heads were simulated in the modeled aquifer for several pumping scenarios. Projected pumpage from the recently drilled wells in the area is predicted to draw the water table down about one foot from its present mean position. The existing ground-water development of 1.4 million gallons per day is small compared to the quantity of ground-water that flows through the area and discharges to the sea. Because the Waialae and Wai1upe-Hawaii Kai aquifers are isolated from adjacent ground-water bodies, they can be fully developed without affecting ground-water resources outside the area. NTRODUCTION Many areas of the United States are dependent on ground water for a large part of their total water needs or for a ready reserve supply during droughts. As part of the national response to the severe drought of 1976-77 in the conti­ nental United States, the 95th Congress introduced a national program for the analysis of regional aquifer systems. The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting these studies. Approximately 30 regional aquifer systems have been identified nationwide including the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The Regional Aquifer System Analysis (RASA) study for Oahu has two principal objectives: (1) to provide a firm understanding of the complex hydrology and hydraulics of Oahu's ground-water system, and (2) to provide a framework for future hydrologic studies and data gather!ng. Oahu's regional aquifer system can be div ided into five study areas which are enclosed by topographic divides (fig. 1). Tor the determination of recharge to the underlying ground-water bodies, topographic divides serve well as study area boundaries
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