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Understanding Species-Microplastics Interactions

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Understanding Species-Microplastics Interactions Master‘s thesis Understanding species-microplastics interactions A laboratory study on the effects of microplastics on the Azorean barnacle, Megabalanus azoricus Lisa-Henrike Hentschel Advisor: Mark Lenz, PhD Internal Reader: Hrönn Jörundsdóttir, PhD University of Akueyri Faculty of Business and Science University Centre of the Westfjords Master of Resource Management: Coastal- and Marine Management Ísafjörður, May 2015 Supervisory Committee Advisor: Mark Lenz, PhD Reader: Hrönn Jörundsdóttir, PhD Program Director: Dagný Arnasdóttir, MSc. Lisa Hentschel Understanding species-microplastics interactions. A laboratory study on the effects of microplastics on the Azorean barnacle, Megabalanus azoricus 45 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master of Resource Management degree in Coastal and Marine Management at the University Centre of the Westfjords, Suðurgata 12, 400 Ísafjörður, Iceland Degree accredited by the University of Akureyri, Faculty of Business and Science, Borgir, 600 Akueyri, Iceland Copyright © 2015 Lisa-Henrike Hentschel All rights reserved Printing: University Centre of the Westfjords June 2015 Declaration I hereby confirm that I am the sole author of this thesis and it is a product of my own academic research. ______________________________________ Student’s name. Abstract Understanding the impact of microplastics on the marine environment, wildlife and humans is a complex issue. Effects of contaminated microplastics (polyvinylchloride (PVC), mean size 1.5 µm) on the Azorean barnacle (Megabalanus Azoricus) were investigated within a global research project (GAME), in which akin experiments were conducted simultaneously at seven different sites worldwide in order to obtain comparable data for a range of benthic invertebrates. During a six weeks laboratory experiment individuals of M. azoricus were exposed to different microplastic density levels and the effects of these treatments on barnacle survival, respiration, motility and survival under hypoxia stress were measured. The results do not allow clear statements on a negative effect of microplastics on barnacles. Cirral activity decreased under medium plastic densities, with barnacles showing no respiratory pumping and beating, but at higher densities the behavior of the barnacles was normal. A similar pattern was observed for the respiration rates in the medium plastic density treatment group, although no statistical difference emerged between this and all other groups. At high plastic densities barnacles may have protected themselves from exposure, while barnacles at lower densities did not manage to do this, maybe because the reflex of feeding was still intact at medium particle densities. Although this experiment did not give clear answers, a comparison with all other studied species showed that under similar conditions some were clearly affected, indicating that some species might be more susceptible to microplastic exposure. An additional investigation of sediment samples from a beach (Praia Formosa) in Southern Madeira should contribute to the understanding of actual microplastics abundance of the surrounding habitat of Megabalanus azoricus. The results suggest a rather low concentration with a mean microplastic abundance of 4 particles per kilogram sediment. This study illustrates how marine science deals with uncertainty and complexity. While some microplastic-species interactions produce inconclusive results, other studies deliver first evidence of the negative influence of microplastics. This study helps to understand species- level impacts of microplastic pollution for range of marine organism from the base of the marine food web. While trying to understand its effects on complex biological systems, it should be highlighted that microplastic pollution is irreversible, meaning there is no method suitable for removing it. There is abundant evidence of the presence of this contaminant in the ocean and the level of pollution is expected to grow. Thus, the precautionary approach is urged to be applied and research supporting mitigation of plastic pollution and decision-makers should be prioritized. v Our own interest lay in relationship of animal to animal. If one observes, in this relational sense, it becomes apparent that species are only commas in a sentence, that each species is at once the base and the point of a pyramid. All life is relational [… ]And then not only the meaning but the feeling about species grows misty. One merges into another, groups melt into ecological groups until the time when what we know life meets and enters what we think of as non-life: barnacle and rock, rock and earth, earth and tree, tree and rain and air. And the units nestle into the whole and are inseparable from it[…]. All things are one, and one thing is all things[…]It is advisable to look from the tide pool to the stars, and then back to the tide pool again. John Steinbeck, The Log from the Sea of Cortez vii Table of Contents Acronyms ................................................................................................................................ xv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... xvii 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Plastic – A success story? ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Plastics in the marine environment .............................................................................. 2 1.3 Microplastics ............................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1 What are the sources of microplastics? ................................................................ 4 1.1.2 How much microplastic is in the environment? ................................................... 4 1.3.1 How microplastics interact with marine biota? .................................................... 6 1.3.2 How do microplastics interact with chemicals? ................................................... 8 1.4 Importance of this study .............................................................................................. 9 1.5 Aim of the study ........................................................................................................ 10 1.6 Research Questions.................................................................................................... 10 1.7 Data and Methods ...................................................................................................... 11 1.7.1 Experimental design of the exposure experiment .............................................. 11 1.7.2 Procedure of the experiment .............................................................................. 13 1.7.3 The GAME-Approach ........................................................................................ 14 1.7.4 Important aspects of the experiment .................................................................. 15 1.8 Structure of the thesis ................................................................................................ 17 2 Material and Methods ...................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Study area .................................................................................................................. 19 2.2 Study organism .......................................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Species screening and sampling ......................................................................... 20 2.2.2 Megabalanus azoricus ........................................................................................ 22 2.2.3 Microplastic ingestion ........................................................................................ 23 2.3 Contamination of microplastics ................................................................................. 24 2.3.1 Plastic Material ................................................................................................... 24 2.3.2 Loading of microplastics with fluoranthene ....................................................... 25 2.3.3 Calculation of the microplastic treatment .......................................................... 26 2.3.4 Experimental set-up ............................................................................................ 27 2.4 Response variables .................................................................................................... 29 2.4.1 Cirral activity ...................................................................................................... 29 2.4.2 Respiration ......................................................................................................... 30 2.4.3 Survival during hypoxia ..................................................................................... 31 ix 2.5 Chemical analysis ...................................................................................................... 32 2.6 Abundance of microplastics in situ ........................................................................... 34 2.7 Statistical Analysis .................................................................................................... 35 3 Results ...............................................................................................................................
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