DOCSLIB.ORG

Designing Spectator Interfaces for Competitive Video Games

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Designing Spectator Interfaces for Competitive Video Games Designing Spectator Interfaces for Competitive Video Games Master’s thesis in the Interaction Design and Technologies Program CHRISTIAN CARLSSON AXEL PELLING Department of Applied Information Technology CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2015 Report No. 2015:129 Report Number 2015:129 Designing Spectator Interfaces for Competitive Video Games CHRISTIAN CARLSSON AXEL PELLING Department of Applied Information Technology CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2015 The Author grants to Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg the non- exclusive right to publish the Work electronically and in a non-commercial purpose make it accessible on the Internet. The Author warrants that he/she is the author to the Work, and warrants that the Work does not contain text, pictures or other material that violates copyright law. The Author shall, when transferring the rights of the Work to a third party (for example a publisher or a company), acknowledge the third party about this agreement. If the Authors has signed a copyright agreement with a third party regarding the Work, the Author warrants hereby that he/she has obtained any necessary permission from this third party to let Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg store the Work electronically and make it accessible on the Internet. Designing Spectator Interfaces for Competitive Video Games CHRISTIAN CARLSSON AXEL PELLING © CHRISTIAN CARLSSON, June 2015. © AXEL PELLING, June 2015. Examiner: OLOF TORGERSSON Master Thesis at Chalmers University of Technology Report No. 2015:129 Department of Applied Information Technology Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden Telephone +46 (0)31-772 10 00 Cover: Final redesign of the Hearthstone spectator interface, see page 73. Department of Applied Information Technology Göteborg, Sweden June 2015 Abstract E-sports is an emerging trend in the video game industry. The amount of spectators and prize pools rise every year. Although a lot of game developers have started looking at having an e- sports scene for their game, many use it is a buzzword for marketing purposes. Having a dedicated spectator interface is an important part of becoming a popular e-sports game. This master thesis aims to produce guidelines on what to consider when designing the spectator interface of an e-sports game. This will be done by analyzing the spectator interfaces of popular e-sports games, regular sports and their video game equivalents, and making redesigned interfaces for four of the games; Starcraft 2, Hearthstone, Dota 2 and Counter-Strike: Global Offensive. Spectatorship and interface theory will also be considered in order to produce satisfactory redesigns and guidelines. The redesigns will be exposed to the communities of each game in order to gather feedback, both through questionnaires, interviews and comments in an iterative process. The guidelines will be based on the lessons we learn from the redesigns, feedback and theory. Acknowledgement We would like to express our gratitude to our supervisor Staffan Björk who helped us throughout the report with well thought comments, remarks and support. Furthermore we would like to thank the users of Reddit for taking the time to give us feedback and thoughts on the work that was done. Also, we would like to thank Ryan T. Schutter for doing an interview with us concerning his work at Blizzard Entertainment. Finally, we would like to thank Hanna Frank and our loved ones for their support and input throughout the whole process. Table of Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Games and Genres .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Purpose and Research Question ......................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Delimitations ....................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Stakeholders ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Terminology .............................................................................................................................................. 5 3. Background ............................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 The History of E-sports ........................................................................................................................ 7 3.2 Descriptions of the Games .................................................................................................................. 8 3.2.1 StarCraft 2 .................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.2 Dota 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 10 3.2.3 Counter-Strike: Global Offensive ............................................................................................... 11 3.2.4 Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft .............................................................................................. 12 3.3 Tournaments ..................................................................................................................................... 14 4. Theory ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 4.1 Casters and observers ....................................................................................................................... 16 4.2 Spectators ......................................................................................................................................... 17 4.3 Information Visualization .................................................................................................................. 19 4.3.1 The Gestalt laws ......................................................................................................................... 19 4.3.2 Fonts and Colors ........................................................................................................................ 20 4.4 Basics of Interface Design for Games ................................................................................................ 21 4.4.1 Interface elements ..................................................................................................................... 22 4.5 Interface Minimalism, Transparency and Consistency ..................................................................... 23 5. Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 25 5.1 Design process .................................................................................................................................. 25 5.2 Questionnaire ................................................................................................................................... 25 5.3 Interviews .......................................................................................................................................... 25 5.4 Prototyping ....................................................................................................................................... 26 5.5 The KJ Method .................................................................................................................................. 27 6. Project Plan ............................................................................................................................................. 28 7. Execution ................................................................................................................................................. 29 7.1 Preliminary study .............................................................................................................................. 29 7.1.1 Theory and Background ............................................................................................................. 29 7.1.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 29 7.2 Naming UI Components .................................................................................................................... 30 7.2.1 Player Components .................................................................................................................... 30 7.2.2 Spectator Components .............................................................................................................. 32 7.2.3 Overlay Components ................................................................................................................. 33 7.3 Study of the Spectator Interfaces ..................................................................................................... 34 7.3.1 Description of the Dota 2 Spectator Interface ........................................................................... 34 7.3.2 Description
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Development and Validation of the Game User Experience Satisfaction Scale (Guess)
    THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE GAME USER EXPERIENCE SATISFACTION SCALE (GUESS) A Dissertation by Mikki Hoang Phan Master of Arts, Wichita State University, 2012 Bachelor of Arts, Wichita State University, 2008 Submitted to the Department of Psychology and the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2015 © Copyright 2015 by Mikki Phan All Rights Reserved THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE GAME USER EXPERIENCE SATISFACTION SCALE (GUESS) The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this dissertation for form and content, and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy with a major in Psychology. _____________________________________ Barbara S. Chaparro, Committee Chair _____________________________________ Joseph Keebler, Committee Member _____________________________________ Jibo He, Committee Member _____________________________________ Darwin Dorr, Committee Member _____________________________________ Jodie Hertzog, Committee Member Accepted for the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences _____________________________________ Ronald Matson, Dean Accepted for the Graduate School _____________________________________ Abu S. Masud, Interim Dean iii DEDICATION To my parents for their love and support, and all that they have sacrificed so that my siblings and I can have a better future iv Video games open worlds. — Jon-Paul Dyson v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Althea Gibson once said, “No matter what accomplishments you make, somebody helped you.” Thus, completing this long and winding Ph.D. journey would not have been possible without a village of support and help. While words could not adequately sum up how thankful I am, I would like to start off by thanking my dissertation chair and advisor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Nhl-15-Manuals
    AVERTISSEMENT Avant de jouer à ce jeu, lisez les manuels de la console Xbox One™ et de ses accessoires pour les informations importantes relatives à la sécurité et à la santé. www.xbox.com/support. Avertissement de Santé : Crise d’épilepsie liée à la photosensibilité I. Précautions à prendre dans tous les cas pour l’utilisation d’un jeu vidéo Evitez de jouer si vous êtes fatigué ou si vous manquez de sommeil. Assurez-vous que vous jouez dans une pièce bien éclairée en modérant la luminosité de votre écran. Lorsque vous utilisez un jeu vidéo susceptible d’être connecté à un écran, jouez à bonne distance de cet écran de télévision et aussi loin que le permet le cordon de raccordement. En cours d’utilisation, faites des pauses de dix à quinze minutes toutes les heures. II. Avertissement important relatif à la santé : épilepsie Certaines personnes sont susceptibles de faire des crises d’épilepsie entrainant des pertes de conscience dues à des stimulations lumineuses fortes: succession rapide d’images ou répétition de figures géométriques simples, d’éclairs ou d’explosions. Ces personnes s’exposent à des crises lorsqu’elles jouent à certains jeux vidéo comportant de telles stimulations, alors même qu’elles n’ont pas d’antécédents médicaux ou n’ont jamais été sujettes elles-mêmes à des crises d’épilepsie. Les symptômes peuvent comprendre les suivants : vertige, trouble de la vision, contraction des yeux ou des muscles du visage, mouvement involontaire des bras ou des jambes, trouble de l’orientation, confusion, perte momentanée de conscience ou convulsions pouvant entraîner des blessures suite à une chute ou un choc avec des objets à proximité.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Performance in Virtual Teams
    Managing performance in virtual teams A multiple case study of esport organizations BBACHELOR TTHESIS WITHIN: Business Administration NNUMBER OF CREDITS: 15 PPROGRAMME OF STUDY: International Management/Marketing Management AAUTHOR: Oliver Näsström, Sebastian Arvérus TTUTOR: Caroline Teh JJÖNKÖPING May 2019 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards the people that have been involved in the process of finalizing this research, either by contributing to the research or by just supporting us. Firstly, we would like to give a huge thanks to our tutor, Caroline Teh, for providing us with her time, support, feedback and guidance during the process of this research. Secondly, we would like to extend a large thank you to people and organizations that participated and made this research possible. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the course examination Anders Melander, for valuable guidelines and information in the opening of this process. Sebastian Arvérus Oliver Näsström Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration Title: Managing Performance in Virtual Teams – A multiple case study of esport organizations Authors: Oliver Näsström & Sebastian Arvérus Tutor: Caroline Teh Date: May 2019 Keywords: virtual teams, esport management, esport organization performance Abstract Background The growing phenomenon of esports during the last decade have sparked the rise of a billion dollar industry. Professional esport teams are now competing in arenas with an audience of millions watching at home. Virtual teams have been used actively since the 1990’s and are now the standard structure in esport organizations. Problem Most of the organizations in esports are based virtually which means that the team members act and communicate in a virtual environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcript 0:00 Ronak Patel (RP): Before Coming in Here I've Never
    Interview with Ronak Patel: Transcript 0:00 Ronak Patel (RP): Before coming in here I've never tattooed before, getting used to the tattoo machine and that, that was a struggle of it's own. starting out wasn't very confident in my skills and my abilities, and you know just came with time and practice and tips from other artists around me, watching how other people did things and now I feel more confident. Am I the best tattoo artist already? No. I have a long road to go but have I improved since I began? Absolutely! 0:30 Guy Prandstatter (GP): Hello everybody and welcome to the tattoo trainer podcast my name is Guy Prandstatter and I am the tattoo trainer. My guess on the show today is Ronak Patel from our Philadelphia location and Ronak is a really talented graphic artist who found himself working and managing a liquor store and he's gonna share with you how he went from working at that liquor store and managing that liquor store to be one of our premier tattoo artist in our PA location. So let's get right in to the interview and could tell you his story. 1:01 Alright, Ronak, welcome to ART tattoo trainer podcast, man, thanks for being here I'm really really glad you're here. I was really looking forward to this today co'z you're just somebody who I've really admired, y'know watching your development watching you grow and become someone that we can all count on here.
    [Show full text]
  • Download and Upload Speeds for Any Individual Device That Is Connected to the Network
    UC Irvine UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Acceleration and Information: Managing South Korean Online Gaming Culture Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2204k0wv Author Rea, Stephen Campbell Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Acceleration and Information: Managing South Korean Online Gaming Culture DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Anthropology by Stephen C. Rea Dissertation Committee: Associate Professor Keith M. Murphy, Chair Professor Tom Boellstorff Professor Bill Maurer 2015 © 2015 Stephen C. Rea TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii CURRICULUM VITAE v ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION vi CHAPTER 1: Playing at the Speed of Life: Korean Online Gaming Culture and the 1 Aesthetic Representations of an Advanced Information Society CHAPTER 2: “Slow to Industrialize, but Let’s Lead in Informatization”: The Korea 31 Information Infrastructure, the IMF, and Online Games CHAPTER 3: Situating Korean Online Gaming Culture Offline 71 CHAPTER 4: Managing the Gap: The Temporal, Spatial, and Social Entailments of 112 Playing Online Games CHAPTER 5: Crafting Stars: e-Sports and the Professionalization of Korean Online 144 Gaming Culture CHAPTER 6: “From Heroes to Monsters”: “Addiction” and Managing Online Gaming 184 Culture CONCLUSION 235 BIBLIOGRAPHY 242 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been
    [Show full text]
  • Esports Yearbook 2017/18
    Julia Hiltscher and Tobias M. Scholz eSports Yearbook 2017/18 ESPORTS YEARBOOK Editors: Julia Hiltscher and Tobias M. Scholz Layout: Tobias M. Scholz Cover Photo: Adela Sznajder, ESL Copyright © 2019 by the Authors of the Articles or Pictures. ISBN: to be announced Production and Publishing House: Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt. Printed in Germany 2019 www.esportsyearbook.com eSports Yearbook 2017/18 Editors: Julia Hiltscher and Tobias M. Scholz Contributors: Sean Carton, Ruth S. Contreras-Espinosa, Pedro Álvaro Pereira Correia, Joseph Franco, Bruno Duarte Abreu Freitas, Simon Gries, Simone Ho, Matthew Jungsuk Howard, Joost Koot, Samuel Korpimies, Rick M. Menasce, Jana Möglich, René Treur, Geert Verhoeff Content The Road Ahead: 7 Understanding eSports for Planning the Future By Julia Hiltscher and Tobias M. Scholz eSports and the Olympic Movement: 9 A Short Analysis of the IOC Esports Forum By Simon Gries eSports Governance and Its Failures 20 By Joost Koot In Hushed Voices: Censorship and Corporate Power 28 in Professional League of Legends 2010-2017 By Matthew Jungsuk Howard eSports is a Sport, but One-Sided Training 44 Overshadows its Benefits for Body, Mind and Society By Julia Hiltscher The Benefits and Risks of Sponsoring eSports: 49 A Brief Literature Review By Bruno Duarte Abreu Freitas, Ruth S. Contreras-Espinosa and Pedro Álvaro Pereira Correia - 5 - Sponsorships in eSports 58 By Samuel Korpimies Nationalism in a Virtual World: 74 A League of Legends Case Study By Simone Ho Professionalization of eSports Broadcasts 97 The Mediatization of DreamHack Counter-Strike Tournaments By Geert Verhoeff From Zero to Hero, René Treurs eSports Journey.
    [Show full text]
  • Redeye Gaming Report 2018.Pdf
    REDEYE Redeye is the next generation equity research and investment banking company, specialized in life science and technology. We are the leading providers of corporate broking and corporate finance in these sectors. Our clients are innovative growth companies in the nordics and we use a unique rating model built on a value based investment philosophy. Redeye was founded 1999 in Stockholm and is regulated by the swedish financial authority (finansinspektionen). THE GAMING TEAM Johan Ekström Kristoffer Lindström Tomas Otterbeck Client Manager Analyst Analyst Johan has a Master of Science in finance Kristoffer Lindström has both a BSc Tomas Otterbeck gained a Master’s from the Stockholm School of Economics, and an MSc in Finance. He has previously degree in Business and Economics at and has studied e-commerce and market- worked as a financial advisor, stockbroker Stockholm University. He also studied ing at the MBA Haas School of Business, and equity analyst at Swedbank. Kristoffer Computing and Systems Science at the University of California, Berkeley. Johan started to work for Redeye in early 2014, KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Tomas has worked as an equity portfolio man- and today works as an equity analyst cov- was previously responsible for Redeye’s ager at Alfa Bank and Gazprombank in ering companies in the tech sector with a website for six years, during which time Moscow, as a hedge fund manager at EME focus on the Gaming and he developed its blog and community and Partners, and as an analyst and portfolio Gambling industry. was editor of its digital stock exchange manager at Swedbank Robur.
    [Show full text]
  • Songs for Waiters: a Lyrical Play in Two Acts
    SONGS FOR WAITERS: A LYRICAL PLAY IN TWO ACTS Thesis Submitted to The College of Arts and Sciences of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Arts in English By Andrew Eberly Dayton, Ohio May, 2012 SONGS FOR WAITERS: A LYRICAL PLAY IN TWO ACTS Name: Eberly, Andrew M. APPROVED BY: ___________________ Albino Carillo, M.F.A. Faculty Advisor ____________________ John P. McCombe, Ph.D. Faculty Reader ____________________ Andrew Slade, Ph.D. Faculty Reader ii ABSTRACT SONGS FOR WAITERS: A LYRICAL PLAY IN TWO ACTS Name: Eberly, Andrew M. University of Dayton Advisor: Albino Carillo, M.F.A. Through the creative mediums of lyrical poetry, monologues, and traditional dramatic scenes, Songs for Waiters concerns an owner and two employees at an urban bar/restaurant. Through their work, their interactions with the public and each other, and reflecting on their own lives, the three men unpack contemporary debates on work, violence, and sexuality. The use of lyrical poetry introduces the possibility of these portions of the play being put to music in a performance setting, as the play is written to be workshopped and performed live in the future. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………….…………..…iii ACT I…………………………………………………………………………...…………1 ACT II……………………………………………………………………………………35 iv ACT I The play begins with no actors onstage. The set consists of café tables upstage right and left and a bar upstage center. The décor is that of a classic bar with some history. The bar is George’s—known for good food. It’s independent, casual, eclectic, open late, and located on High Street in Columbus, Ohio.
    [Show full text]
  • Menschen Märkte Medien Management
    Menschen Märkte Medien Management Berichte aus Forschung und Lehre 03/2007 Aspects of Digital Game Culture The Cases of Eastern Europe and China Sven Jöckel (Hrsg.) MMMM – 03/2007 Gaming Culture 2/111 Table of Content Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................3 Study 1 ...............................................................................................................................................5 Eastern European Gaming Cultures..........................................................................................6 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................6 2. Digital games market in Eastern Europe..............................................................................7 3. Method of research ..................................................................................................................12 4. Results.........................................................................................................................................13 5. Conclusions ...............................................................................................................................26 6. Sources .......................................................................................................................................27 Study 2 .............................................................................................................................................28
    [Show full text]
  • Songs by Title
    16,341 (11-2020) (Title-Artist) Songs by Title 16,341 (11-2020) (Title-Artist) Title Artist Title Artist (I Wanna Be) Your Adams, Bryan (Medley) Little Ole Cuddy, Shawn Underwear Wine Drinker Me & (Medley) 70's Estefan, Gloria Welcome Home & 'Moment' (Part 3) Walk Right Back (Medley) Abba 2017 De Toppers, The (Medley) Maggie May Stewart, Rod (Medley) Are You Jackson, Alan & Hot Legs & Da Ya Washed In The Blood Think I'm Sexy & I'll Fly Away (Medley) Pure Love De Toppers, The (Medley) Beatles Darin, Bobby (Medley) Queen (Part De Toppers, The (Live Remix) 2) (Medley) Bohemian Queen (Medley) Rhythm Is Estefan, Gloria & Rhapsody & Killer Gonna Get You & 1- Miami Sound Queen & The March 2-3 Machine Of The Black Queen (Medley) Rick Astley De Toppers, The (Live) (Medley) Secrets Mud (Medley) Burning Survivor That You Keep & Cat Heart & Eye Of The Crept In & Tiger Feet Tiger (Down 3 (Medley) Stand By Wynette, Tammy Semitones) Your Man & D-I-V-O- (Medley) Charley English, Michael R-C-E Pride (Medley) Stars Stars On 45 (Medley) Elton John De Toppers, The Sisters (Andrews (Medley) Full Monty (Duets) Williams, Sisters) Robbie & Tom Jones (Medley) Tainted Pussycat Dolls (Medley) Generation Dalida Love + Where Did 78 (French) Our Love Go (Medley) George De Toppers, The (Medley) Teddy Bear Richard, Cliff Michael, Wham (Live) & Too Much (Medley) Give Me Benson, George (Medley) Trini Lopez De Toppers, The The Night & Never (Live) Give Up On A Good (Medley) We Love De Toppers, The Thing The 90 S (Medley) Gold & Only Spandau Ballet (Medley) Y.M.C.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta
    Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav hudební vědy Bakalářská diplomová práce 2012 Roman Kusák Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav hudební vědy Teorie interaktivních médií Roman Kusák Profesionální hraní počítačové hry StarCraft ve světě a u nás Bakalářská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Jaroslav Švelch 2012 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. …………………………………………… Podpis autora práce Poděkování: Nejdříve bych rád poděkoval svému vedoucímu práce Mgr. Jaroslavovi Švelchovi za cenné rady a připomínky při psaní práce. Dále děkuji za rozhovory, které mi poskytli členové komunity kolem StarCraftu 2 a v neposlední řadě patří dík i mé rodině za podporu a trpělivost Obsah Úvod ........................................................................................................................ 6 1. Představení počítačové hry StarCraft ............................................................... 11 1.1 StarCraft .......................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Multiplayer ..................................................................................................... 14 2. StarCraft v Jižní Koreji ...................................................................................... 16 2.1 Počátky profesionálního hraní v Koreji ........................................................... 18 2.1.1 První organizace pro profesionální hráče ............................................ 19
    [Show full text]
  • Esports): El Espectáculo De Las Competiciones De Videojuegos
    UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL Los deportes electrónicos (esports): el espectáculo de las competiciones de videojuegos MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Marcos Antón Roncero Director Francisco García García . Madrid Ed. electrónica 2019 © Marcos Antón Roncero, 2018 FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE TEORÍAS Y ANÁLISIS DE LA COMUNICACIÓN DOCTORADO EN COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL, PUBLICIDAD Y RELACIONES PÚBLICAS LOS DEPORTES ELECTRÓNICOS (ESPORTS) El espectáculo en las competiciones de videojuegos TESIS DOCTORAL PRESENTADA POR: D. Marcos Antón Roncero DIRECTOR: D. Francisco García García MADRID, 2018 Todas las imágenes y textos con copyright referenciados en el presente trabajo han sido utilizados bajo el derecho de cita, regulado en el artículo 32 del Texto refundido que recoge la Ley de la Propiedad Intelectual (TRLPI) según se recoge en el Decreto Legislativo 1/1996, de 12 de abril. AGRADECIMIENTOS Estamos demasiado acostumbrados a leer agradecimientos, incluso a escribirlos, pero pocas veces se agradece de palabra y de corazón, mirando a los ojos. Que esta página sea una mirada a los ojos para quienes aparecen en ella, pues muchos están lejos y a otros no les agradezco lo suficiente su paciencia, experiencia y visión del mundo, cualidades que me han hecho crecer y madurar para convertirme en quien soy ahora y llevarme a realizar el trabajo que aquí se presenta. Gracias a mis padres por darme los medios y la voluntad para seguir un camino que ellos no tuvieron la opción de elegir. De ellos son todos los logros conseguidos (con y sin títulos de por medio).
    [Show full text]