Syntactic Alternations of Hindi with Reference to the Morphological Paradigm

Debasri Chakrabarti Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Department of Computer Science and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Powai, Mumbai- Technology, Bombay Powai, Mumbai- 400076 India [email protected] 400076 India [email protected]

Keywords: Syntactic Alternation, Morphological Paradigm, Semantic Category.

Abstract The work is based on the hypothesis of syntactic alternations. Syntactic alternations refer to the argument structure of the verbs. The work is guided by Beth Levin’s work on syntactic alternations of English The aim of this paper is to show the alternation pattern verbs. The basic assumption of Levin is that the behavior of verbs in Hindi. The work is guided by Beth Levin’s of a with respect to the expression and interpretation work on English verb classes and alternations where of its arguments is to a large extent determined by its are classified semantically according to meaning. their argument structure [1]. There is a strong belief that The motivation behind the work is to explore whether the the semantic nature of verbs is largely dependent on its verbs in the Indian languages can also be categorized argument structure. The nature of the Hindi verbs shows semantically on the basis of this alternation pattern. At that along with the argument structure, attention should present, the work deals only with the syntactic patterns also be paid to the phonological changes which influence and does not handle the semantic classification. the morphological paradigms. Preliminary attempts have been made to class the simple verbs of Hindi into different morphological paradigms along with the 2. Alternations of English verbs phonological changes. At present, the work is limited only to the syntactic structure. Semantic characteristics The methodology of Levin is that the ideal lexical entry have not been dealt with. Focus is mainly given on for a word should minimize the information provided for nominal, transitive-causative, and intransitive-causative that word. According to her, this goal can be achieved variants. by factoring predictable information out of lexical entries leaving idiosyncratic information. The principle behind 1. Introduction this is that if the syntactic properties are followed from their meaning then it should be possible to identify general principles that derive the behavior of a verb from Verbs are the most important categories in parts of its meaning. This assumption gives rise to a powerful speech due to their distinctive behavior. It is the verbs technique for investigating verb meaning that gives rise that form the pivot of the sentence. A sentence without a to the development of the theory of lexical knowledge. verb is unthinkable. The knowledge of a speaker about a This states that if the behavior of the verb classes with lexical item suggests that he or she has more lexical respect to their alternations arises from their meaning knowledge than the knowledge of word-specific then any class of verbs whose members pattern together idiosyncratic properties. The lexical knowledge is with respect to their alternations should be semantically characterized with respect to verbs. All the grammatical coherent class. After identifying such a class their information, that is, about tense, number, gender, etc is members can be examined to isolate the meaning carried by the verbs in a sentence. These are the reasons component they have in common [2]. Thus, alternation why the study of verbs has acquired immense importance in Linguistics. pattern plays an important role into the lexical 3.a. The butcher cuts the meat. representation of word meaning. b. The meat cuts easily. Levin had taken care of several types of Hindi: NVDD>PDD0VDND7WDK2 alternations. Some instances of it are shown below: \DKPDD0VD$VDDQD,VDRN7WDK2

Middle alternation Causative / Inchoative alternation. This type This is an intransitive alternation. The middle involves transitive and intransitive uses of verbs where construction, that is, the intransitive variant of this the intransitive use of a verb V can be paraphrased as alternation is characterized by a lack of time reference “cause to V-intransitive”. and by an understood but unexpressed agent. 4.a. Janet broke the cup. b. The cup broke. 1.a. The butcher cuts the meet. Hindi:UDPDQDRNSWDR'D b. The meet cuts easily. NS787JD\DD

Dative alternation Induced Action Alternation. This is also a type This type of alternation is characterized by an alternation of causative alternation which is found generally with the between the prepositional frame ‘NP1 V NP2 to NP3’ ‘run’ verbs. The causee is typically an animate volitional and the double object frame ‘NP1 V NP3 NP2’. The NP entity that is induced to act by the causer. that is the object of the preposition to in the prepositional frame turns up as the first object in the double object 5.a. Sylvia jumped the horse over the fence. construction. b. The horse jumped over the fence. Hindi:UDPDQDR*DDR'RNDREDD'NR`SUVDRNXGYDD\DD 2.a. Martha carved a toy for the baby. *DDR'DEDD'NR`SUVDRN8GD b. Martha carved the baby a toy. Substances/source alternation. This type of 3. Alternations in Indian languages alternation is found with verbs of substance emission. The alternating pattern is NP1 NP2 P V and NP2 NP1 V. Attempt has been made to see whether Indian languages The verb form also changes with the alternating pattern. also have the same sort of alternation as in English. The 6.a. Heat radiates from the sun. sample language that has been taken here is Hindi. The b. The sun radiates heat. major differences that have been found between English Hindi:WDSVD8UMDVDRLYDLNLUWKDRWDK2? and Hindi are that in case of English it is the same form VD8UMDWDSLYDLNU1DNUWDK2 of verb which is occurring in the alternation, but in Hindi the verb changes its form and hence, the morphological Unspecified Object alternation. This alternation is paradigm too. Levin’s framework tends to be powerful characterized by wide range of activity verbs. The lack for Indian languages also in a sense that it gives of direct object in the intransitive variant is understood to importance to the morphological properties along with have as object something that qualifies as a typical object the subcategorizational frame. This type of study is of the verb. The alternation variant is NP1 P NP2 V and necessary because even a single property sometimes NP1 P V. becomes sufficient to characterize a particular verb class. 7.a. Mike ate the cake. The examples of alternations occurring in Hindi are b. Mike ate. given in section 3.1. Hindi:UDPDQDRNRN.D\DD UDPDQDR.D\DD 3.1. Type of Alternation Understood body-part object alternation. This Transitivity Alternation. The transitivity alternations alternation is found with verbs that describe certain take the form of is ‘NP V NP’ alternating with ‘NP V gestures or signs made with the particular part of the (PP)’ (NP= Noun Phrase, V= Verb, P= Preposition/ body. In transitive use the verbs take this body part as Postposition). their direct object and in intransitive use it is not taken There are different types of alternations under the but understood. heading of this alternation. 8.a. Jennifer craned her neck. b. Jennifer craned. Middle alternation. This type of alternations is found in Hindi:YDK@FDNNRGR.UKDTDD Hindi with the pattern ‘NP1 NP2 V’ with ‘NP PP V’. YDKJDGQD`§FD,NUNRGR.UKDTDD In Hindi there is no single verb which show this type of Locative Alternation. These are verbs that relate to actions. These are expressed by means of combination putting substances on surfaces or things in containers or verbs, that is, by a combination of a noun and a verb. to removing substances from surfaces or things from containers. Understood Reciprocal object alternation. The action denoted by the verb in the intransitive variant of Spray/load alternation. This type of alternation is found this alternation can be roughly paraphrased by the with the transitive verbs. when it takes the reciprocal each other as 13. a. Jack sprayed paint on the wall. (Locative object. variant) 9.a. Anne met Cathy. b. Jack sprayed the wall with paint. (With b. Anne and Cathy met. variant) Hindi:UDPD6\DDPDVDRLPDODD Hindi:UDPDG,YDDUSUODDODU0JDSDRWD UDPD$D2U6\DDPDLPDODR UDPDQDRODDODU0JDVDRG,YDDUN,U0JDD>N, Syntactic pattern is NP1 NP2 V and NP1 and NP2 V. Syntactic Pattern is NP1 NP2 locative NP3 V and NP1 P NP3 with NP2 V. The form of the verb also changes. Characteristic property of agent alternation. Here both the variants indicate that the subject typically Clear alternation. This form of alternation is associated shows a propensity for the action named by the verb. with the ‘holistic/partitive’ effect . 10.a. This dog bites people. 14.a. Clouds cleared the sky. (Locative variant) b. This dog bites. b. The sky cleared. Hindi:\DKNXWDODDRJDDR0NDRND7WDK2 Hindi:$DVDPDDQDVDREDDGODK7JD\DR \DKNXWDND7WDK2 EDDGODK7JD\DR The alternating syntactic pattern is NP1 NP2 P V and Alternation Pattern is NP1 P NP2 V and NP2 V. NP1 V. Material product alternation. This alternation is found Characteristic property of Instrument alternation. The with transitive verbs taking an agent argument expressed intransitive variant of this alternation is used as subject and raw material and product arguments to indicate an instrument’s suitability for carrying out the expressed within the verb phrase. action named by the verb. 15.a. Martha carved a toy out of the piece of 11.a. I cut the bread with this knife. wood. b. This knife cuts the bread. b. Martha carved the piece of wood into toy. c. This knife doesn’t cut. Hindi:UDPDQDR>VDODN',NR7XN'RVDRL.ODD2QDDEDQDD\DD Hindi:PD2QDR0>VDFDDN8VDRNRNND7D UDPDQDR>VDODN',NR7XN'RNDRL.ODD2QDRNDS >VDFDDN8VDRND7DMDDVDNWDK2 LG\DD >VDFDDN8VDRND7DQDK,0MDDVDNWDK2 Here, there is no change in the alternation pattern. This variant is found in Hindi. Simpler reciprocal agreement. This alternation involves Dative Alternation. This type of alternation is verbs found in two frames in a near paraphrase characterized by an alternation between the prepositional relationship: ‘NP1V [pp P NP2]’ and ‘[ NP NP1 and NP2] frame ‘NP1 V NP2 to NP3’ and the double object frame V’. ‘NP1 V NP3 NP2’. The NP that is the object of the 16.a. Brenda agreed with Molly. preposition to in the prepositional frame turns up as the b. Brenda and Molly agreed. first object in the double object construction. Hindi:UDPD6\DDPDVDRVDKPDWKX$D 12.a. Bill sold a car. UDPD$D2U6\DDPDVDKPDWKXH b. Bill sold Tom a car. In Hindi the two frames for alternation are: ‘NP1 NP2 Hindi:UDPDQDRJDD',EDRFD, [VP P V]’ and ‘[ NP NP1 and NP2] V’. UDPD6\DDPDNDRJDD',EDRFD, The pattern alternates with NP1 P NP2 V and Fulfilling alternation. There is a superficial similarity NP1 NP2 P NP3 V. with both the Dative and Locative variants. The alternating pattern here is ‘NP V NP to NP’ which is associated with dative alternation. The other variant of the alternation involves the frame ‘NP V NP with NP’ which is a locative alternation. 17.a. The Judge presented a prize to the winner. b. The Judge presented the winner with a Hindi:UDPDQDRPD6DPDND7, prize. UDPDNR:DUDPD6DPDND7,JD> Hindi: LQD1DD\DNQDRLYDMD\D,NDRSXUVNDUSCGDQDLN\DD Passive alternations are found in Hindi though LQD1DD\DNQDRLYDMD\D,NDRSXUVNDUVDRVDPPDDLQDWLN\DD they are not very common in the language. In Hindi this alternation is not working as the frame for both the variants are ‘NP case marker NP case marker 3.2 Observations NP V’ 1. Not all the alternation does occur in Hindi but Together reciprocal alternation.This alternation involves certain alternations of English do occur. verbs found in two frames in a near paraphrase 2.Unlike English in both the languages there is a relationship: ‘NP1 V [PP P NP2]’ and ‘[ NP NP1 and NP2] phonological change in the verb form that V’. changes the conjugation pattern and 18.a. The eggs mixed with the cream. morphological paradigm. b. The eggs and the cream mixed. 3. In certain cases of alternation the verb form Hindi:$0'RNRVDDTD¢,PDLPDODD>JD>K2 also occurs with the auxiliaries. $0'R$D2U¢,PDNDRLPDODD\DDJD\DDK2 The alternation pattern found in Hindi: ‘[NP NP1 P NP2] 4. Structure of verbs in Hindi V’ and ‘[ NP NP1 and NP2] V. From the observed data it was sure that in Indian Possessor Subject (Transitive). This type of alternation languages it was not only the verb arguments that change is manifested by a set of transitive verb. This alternation but also the verbal form changes. In this connection it involves the expression of a possessor and an attribute of became obvious to put focus on the structure of the the possessor. verbs. 19. a. The clown amused the children with his antics. Structurally Indian verbs are varied in nature. b.The clown’s antics amused the children. According to the structure we may get the following type Hindi:MDDRNUQDR$SQDR.RODVDREDFFDDR0NRPDQDNDREDKODD\DD of verbs [3]: MDDRNUQDREDFFDDR0NRPDQDNDR$SQDR.RODVDREDKODD\DD The alternation frame in Hindi is: ‘[NP NP1case marker Simple Verbs NP2 case marker NP3] V and ‘[NP NP1 case marker NP3 case marker NP2] V’. These verbs are made up of one single verb root. The entire transitive, intransitive and causative verbs fall Possessor Subject (Intransitive). This is the intransitive under this group, for example, Hindi .DQDDVDDRQDD etc. The 20.a. Meat fell in price. nominal verbs that are derived from either noun or b. The price of meat fell. adjective also fall under this group, for example, KLTD\DDQDD, Hindi:VDEMD,ND%DDYDLJDUJD\DD EDLW\DDQDDetc. %DDYDLJDUJD\DDVDEMD,ND Alternation Pattern is NP1 P NP2 V and NP2 V NP1. Conjunct Verbs

Oblique Subject Alternations. Time Subject These verbs are made up of different parts of speech alternation.‘Oblique’ subjects of this type have been along with a verb.These types of verbs are further characterized as ‘natural forces’. classified into different categories according to different 21.a. The world saw the beginning of a new era parts of speech. These types of verbs are more in number in 1492. in Indian languages. b. 1492 saw the beginning of a new era. This type is further sub divided as: Hindi: S8URLYD6YDQDRPDR0HNQD\DR\DX?JDNDR6DXKDRWRGR.D QDRHNQD\DR\DX?JDNDR6DXKDRWRGR.D Noun and Verb. This type is made up of a noun Two variants are NP1 P NP2 NP3 V and NP2 NP3 V. and a verb. Example for this type is $DU0%D NUQDD, LG.D> GRQDDetc. Passive Alternation. This is a type of verbal passive. This type of passives generally occurs with the Adjective and verb. In this type the first part is an intransitive verbs. adjective while the second is the verb. Examples of such 22.a. The cook sliced the mushrooms. a type is PD,]DODJDQDD$F&DODJDQDDetc. b. The mushrooms were sliced by the cook. Adverb and verb. Here the first component is an adverb .7.7 $D .7.7D .7.7DQDD and the last component is a verb. For example G8UK7DQDD TDUTDU $D TDUTDUD TDUTDUDQDD 4D,URFDODQDD etc. L%DQDL%DQD $D L%DQDL%DQDD L%DQDL%DQDDQDD &QD&QD $D &QD&QDD &QD&QDDQDD Compound verbs 7U7U $D 7U7UD 7U7UDQDD This is a unique formation of verbs in Indian languages. L7PDL7PD $D L7PDL7PDD L7PDL7PDDQDD There are verbs in Indian languages that are formed by a ED'ED' $D ED'ED'D ED'ED'DQDD grammatical process more commonly known as LKQDLKQD $D LKQDLKQDD LKQDLKQDDQDD compound formation or VDPDDVD. Here, two verbs are subjected to the process of compounding. The typicality The above process shows that if the monosyllabic of this type lies in terms of meaning. This means that a nominal roots ending in closed syllable with consonants verb A meaning x and a verb B meaning y when other than dental (in the pronunciation of which the tip of compounded together mean some thing other than x and the tongue touches the upper front teeth) or retroflex y but related to x and y. For example, S=QDDoLOD.QDDmeans (pronounced with the tip of the tongue turned back education but individually S=QDDmeans to read and LOD.QDD toward the hard palate) then first a vowel $Dis added to means to write. These types of examples are abundantly convert it into stem. Then the verbal suffix -QDD is added found in Indian language. to form the verb. –QDDis the verbal suffix of Hindi. In case At present we have only concentrated on simple verbs to see what sort of phonological changes undergo of bisyllabic reduplicated roots, stem suffix $Dis added that change the morphological paradigms of the verbs. to form a nominal stem if the roots end in any The changes and the results of the changes are shown consonants. below: Table 1.2. Nominal Verbs Nominal Affix Nominal Verb 5. Morphological paradigms of Hindi verbs Root stem form ODDW >\DD ODLW\DD ODLW\DDQDD Traditional grammar books of Hindi classify several KDTD >\DD KLTD\DD +LTD\DDQDD verbs under the simple verb category [4]. These are like nominal verbs that are verbs made out of nominal stems EDDW >\DD EDLW\DD EDLW\DDQDD (Nouns, pronoun and Adjectives), transitive verbs, -D8] ODD -DX]ODD -DX]ODDQDD intransitive verbs and the causatives. Here, attempts have been made to group them linguistically. The work deals In the second process of nominal verb formation the stem with the formation of the nominal verbs, intransitive-to- suffix is – >\DD in case of roots ending in dental transitive formation, and causative formations. consonants and if it ends in retroflex sounds then the suffix is –ODD. In this case, the root contains a long vowel 5.1 Nominal Verbs which become short while converting into nominal stem.

These are verbs which are formed from nouns, pronouns Table 1.3. Nominal Verbs or adjectives [5]. Nominal verbs are formed in different Nominal form Verbal form ways. The process of formation of this type of verbs is I7NDU I7NDUQDD shown in table 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3. .U,G .U,GQDD

$SQDD $SQDDQDD Table 1.1. Nominal Verbs Nominal Affix Nominal Verb L4D#NDU L4D#NDUQDD Root stem form LFDNQDD LFDNQDDQDD JDPD $D JDPDD JDPDDQDD PDDR7D PDX7DQDD 6DPD $D 6DPDD 6DPDDQDD ODDMD $D ODMDD ODMDDQDD In the third process the verbal suffix –QDD is added GX. $D GX.D GX.DQDD straightway to form verbal forms from bisyllabic closed ]JD $D ]JDD ]JDDQDD syllable nominal form. If the nominal contains a long QDUPD $D QDUPDD QDUPDDQDD vowel it is shortened.

5.2 Intransitsive-causative formation The intransitive form has cvc-cv (where c stands for consonant and v for vowel) structure which is This process deals with the formation of the causative changed into a cvcvcv structure. The syllable structure is verbs from the intransitive form. Two types of causations shown in figure 1.1. are found in Hindi. They are indicated in terms of degree. The hypothesis of first-degree causation is “x syllable performs some action for y” and second-degree causation denotes “x to make y perform some action for z”. In case of intransitive –causative formation the first-degree causation is first transformed into a transitive form. To this transitive form then the suffix –YDDis added to form g i r a n a second-degree causation. –YDD is the suffix for second- degree causation formation.

Table 2. 1 Intransitive-causative formation O N O N O N Intransitive Causative Causative girana (LJDUDQDD) (1st (2nd degree) degree) O=onset, N= nucleus, C=coda (Transitiv e) Figure 1.2 Syllable structure of LJDUDQDD. 'UQDD 'UDQDD 'UYDDQDD LJDUQDD LJDUDQDD LJDUYDDQDD Table 2.2 Intransitive-causative formation FDPDNQDD FDPDNDQDD FDPDNYDDQDD Verb Causative (1st Causative K§VDQDD K§VDDQDD K§VDYDDQDD (primary degree) (2nd degree) FDODQDD FDODDQDD FDODYDDQDD form) ED=QDD ED=DQDD ED=YDDQDD VDDRQDD VDXODDQDD 6DXODYDDQDD ]KUQDD ]KUDQDD ]KUYDDQDD UDRQDD ODDQDD ODYDDQDD GD2'QDD GD2'DQDD GD2'YDDQDD .DQDD L.ODDQDD L.ODYDDQDD OD'DQDD OD'YDDQDD OD'QDD This is a case of dissimilation. Dissimilation is a process FDX%DQDD FDX%DDQDD FDX%DYDDQDD where one of the two similar sounds becomes dissimilar. LEDJD'QDD LEDJDD'QDD LEDJD'YDDQDD Here, for the first-degree causation the suffix is –QD. It %D,0JDQDD L%D0JDDQDD L%D0JDYDDQDD becomes -ODin the context of –QD in VDDRQDD. In this process %DUQDD %DUDQDD %DUYDDQDD of causation also the long vowel of the intransitive form becomes short in transitive form. The transformation of intransitive into transitive is done by various methods. These are discussed in table Table 2.3. Intransitive-causative formation st 2.1,2.2, 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5. Verb Causative (1 Causative nd (primary degree) (2 degree) syllable form) MDDQDD %DRMDQDD L%DMDYDDQDD

This is a case of suppletion. g i r n a Table 2.4. Intransitive-causative formation st Verb Causative (1 Causative (primary degree) (2nd degree) O N C O N form) girna (LJDUQDD) ODMDDQDD ODLMMDWNUQDD ODLMMDWNUYDDQDD QD<7KDRQDD QD<7NUQDD QD<7NUYDDQDD Figure 1.1 Syllable structure of LJDUQDD.

To form causation auxiliaries are added to this type of Syllable verbs. -va- is added to the auxiliary in case of the 2nd degree causation.

Table 2.5. Intransitive-causative formation st l i kh n a C a u s a t i v e ( 1 C ausative degree) (2nd degree) Verb (primary O N C O N form) I7QDD ID'QDD I'YDDQDD likhna (LOD.QDD) MDX'QDD MDDR'QDD MDX'YDDQDD I87QDD IDR'QDD IX'YDDQDD Figure 2.1 Syllable structure for LOD.QDD. 787QDD WDR'QDD WDR'YDDQDD

Syllable st st To form 1 degree causation vowel of the 1 syllable is lengthened and the coda consonant of the 1st syllable is changed into a flap voiced retroflex sound from a voiceless retroflex stop. l i kh a n a 5. 3 Transitive-causative formation

The third process involves the formation of causation O N O N O N from the transitive verbs. The process is somewhat similar to that of the intransitive version. Different likhana (LOD.DQDD) instances of this process are given below: Figure 2.2 Syllable structure for LOD.DQDD. Table 3.1. Transative-causative formation Transitive verb Causative (1st Causative (2nd Table 3.2. Transitive-causative formation degree) degree) Transitive Causative (1st Causative S=QDD S=DQDD S=YDDQDD nd verb degree) (2 degree) LOD.QDD LOD.DQDD LOD.YDDQDD MD,WQDD LMDWDQDD LMDWYDDQDD VDXQDQDD VDXQDDQDD VDXQDYDDQDD VD,.QDD LVD.DQDD LVD.YDDQDD ODX7QDD ODX7DQDD ODX7YDDQDD ND7QDD N7DQDD N7YDDQDD @]QDD @]DQDD @]YDDQDD EDDRODQDD EDXODDQDD EDXODYDDQDD FDODQDD FDODDQDD FDODYDDQDD &DR'QDD &X'DQDD &X'YDDQDD

The syllable structure of these forms is same with that of This process shows similarity with the examples given in the transitive version, that is, cvc-cv. The first-degree table 3.1 in the sense that it also changes the cvc-cv causation is formed by changing the structure into structure of the primary form into cvcvcv structure for cvcvcv where the nucleus of the second syllable consists forming first-degree causation. The long vowel of the a long vowel form. The syllable tree is shown in figure primary form of the first syllable is shortened. The 2.1. nucleus of the second syllable is a long vowel. The only difference is that it is a case of dissimilation like the one shown in table 2.2.

Table 3.3. Transitive-causative formation Transitive Causative (1st Causative verb degree) (2nd degree) 3D,QDD LSODDQDD LSODYDDQDD

VD,QDD LVDODDQDD LVDODYDDQDD 4DDRQDD 4DXODDQDD 4DXODYDDQDD References: GRQDD LGODDQDD LGODYDDQDD .DQDD L.ODDQDD L.ODYDDQDD [1]. Levin Beth, 1993, English Verb Classes and Alternations A Preliminary Investigation, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. For this work, 300 verbs of Hindi are been investigated.

The references of these verbs are taken from Hindi [2]. Hale Kenneth, Keyser Samuel Jay, 1993, View from Wordnet [6]. In this paper only certain sample are Building do, On Argument Structure and the Lexical shown. Expression of Syntactic Relations, MIT Press.

6. Conclusion [3].Bahari Hardev, 1997, Vyavaharik Hindi Vyakaran Tatha Rachna, Lokbharti Prakashan, Allahabad, India. In the present work, attempts have been made to deal with the verbs in detail with respect to their phonology, [4]. Singh Suraj Bhan, 1985, Hindi ka Vakyatmak morphology and . It is a challenging task for any Vyakaran, Sahitya Sahakar, Delhi, India. kind of machine translation to deal with sentences of different syntactic pattern. So, the inclusion of the [5]. Guru Kamata Prasad, Samvat 2058, Hindi Vyakaran, morphological paradigm and syntactic pattern of a Nagari Pracharini Sabha, Varansi, India. language will be an obvious help for machine translation [7]. This information will be included in the lexicon [6]. Chakrabarti Debasri, Narayan Dipak Kumar, Pandey wherever it will be relevant. Thus, given a frame like Prabhakar, Bhattacharyya Pushpak, 2002, Experiences in sprayed paint on the wall G,YDDU SU ODDOD U0JD SDRWD and Building the Indo Wordnet: A Wordnet for Hindi, sprayed the wall with paint ODDODU0JDVDRG,YDDUN,U0JDD>N,, Proceedings of the First Global Wordnet Conference. one will able to extract the information that one variant [7]. Somers Harold L, Hutchins John W,1992, occurs with the locative and the other with a post Introduction to machine translation, Academic position. Press,London. The work will also be helpful in dealing with the phenomena of “language divergence” and “machine [8]. Dave Shachi, Parikh Jignashu, Bhattacharyya translation”. The syntactic divergence is captured by Pushpak, 2002, Interlingua Based English Hindi means of rules in any process of analysis and generation Machine Translation and Language Divergence, Journal from an interlingua [8]. Given a syntactic pattern for a of Machine Translation, vol 17. language the task will become easier for the process of machine translation. To capture the semantic nature of verbs this sort of analysis is necessary. The semantic categorization will provide with a deep hierarchy for the verbs. The deep hierarchical tree will provide insight into natural language processing, which, in turn will be useful for machine translation, building concept dictionaries etc. Thus, the next attempt of this work will be to utilize this information for creating semantic bases of verbs. Due to the shallow structure of the verb tree, machine translation faces problems in the disambiguation process. This semantic classification will help to handle the ambiguous nature of verbs.

Acknowledgement:

Prof. Milind S. Malshe and Prof. Vaijayanthi Sarma from the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Bombay, have guided the work.