Maniyaka. a Reference Handbook of Phonetics
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The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology
This page intentionally left blank The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology Phonology – the study of how the sounds of speech are represented in our minds – is one of the core areas of linguistic theory, and is central to the study of human language. This state-of-the-art handbook brings together the world’s leading experts in phonology to present the most comprehensive and detailed overview of the field to date. Focusing on the most recent research and the most influential theories, the authors discuss each of the central issues in phonological theory, explore a variety of empirical phenomena, and show how phonology interacts with other aspects of language such as syntax, morph- ology, phonetics, and language acquisition. Providing a one-stop guide to every aspect of this important field, The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology will serve as an invaluable source of readings for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, an informative overview for linguists, and a useful starting point for anyone beginning phonological research. PAUL DE LACY is Assistant Professor in the Department of Linguistics, Rutgers University. His publications include Markedness: Reduction and Preservation in Phonology (Cambridge University Press, 2006). The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology Edited by Paul de Lacy CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521848794 © Cambridge University Press 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. -
Accent Levelling in the Regional French of Alsace Submitted By
1 Accent Levelling in the Regional French of Alsace Submitted by Katharine Joanna Pipe, to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French, April 2014 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. (Signature) ……………………………………………………………………………… 2 Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the process of accent levelling in the Regional French of Alsace and its relationship with the social variables of age, gender, social class, urban or rural origin of speakers and feelings of regional attachment. Accent levelling, which can be defined as the process of speakers abandoning local phonological forms in favour of supralocal variants, has been the focus of much recent sociolinguistic research on British English, French and other languages. Since knowledge of Alsatian (a Germanic language spoken in Alsace) is decreasing, it is possible that the resulting lack of interference between Alsatian and French is leading to levelling of the traditional accent features of Alsatian Regional French. In order to provide data for this research project, sociolinguistic interviews were conducted and written questionnaires used in Strasbourg and in the village of Helsheim (a fictional name used for reasons of confidentiality) with 56 informants. The data obtained were then subjected to quantitative analysis with regard to the linguistic variables of aspirate h (which can be realised as a supralocal zero variant or as a regional [h] variant) and the devoicing of canonically voiced plosives and fricatives (for example, sage pronounced [saʃ]). -
Proto-Ong-Be (PDF)
PROTO-ONG-BE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS DECEMBER 2018 By Yen-ling Chen Dissertation Committee: Lyle Campbell, Chairperson Weera Ostapirat Rory Turnbull Bradley McDonnell Shana Brown Keywords: Ong-Be, Reconstruction, Lingao, Hainan, Kra-Dai Copyright © 2018 by Yen-ling Chen ii 知之為知之,不知為不知,是知也。 “Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s ignorance.” iii Acknowlegements First of all, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Lyle Campbell, the chair of my dissertation and the historical linguist and typologist in my department for his substantive comments. I am always amazed by his ability to ask mind-stimulating questions, and I thank him for allowing me to be part of the Endangered Languages Catalogue (ELCat) team. I feel thankful to Dr. Shana Brown for bringing historical studies on minorities in China to my attention, and for her support as the university representative on my committee. Special thanks go to Dr. Rory Turnbull for his constructive comments and for encouraging a diversity of point of views in his class, and to Dr. Bradley McDonnell for his helpful suggestions. I sincerely thank Dr. Weera Ostapirat for his time and patience in dealing with me and responding to all my questions, and for pointing me to the directions that I should be looking at. My reconstruction would not be as readable as it is today without his insightful feedback. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Alexis Michaud. -
Central Vowels in the Kru Language Family
Chapter 36 Central vowels in the Kru language family: Innovation and areal spreading Lynell Marchese Zogbo University of the Free State; Institut de Linguistique Appliquée, Abidjan While Proto Kru and many languages on both sides of the East-West divide to- day show a set of 9 oral vowels, a subset of Eastern Kru languages attests a much higher inventory, with up to five distinctive central vowels, resulting in a thir- teen vowel +ATR set. The locus for central vowel innovation appears to be inthe Godié-Guibéroua region, with neighboring languages at varying stages of innova- tion. In this paper we attempt to document vocalic inventories, point to developing systems, and speculate on how such innovations occurred, including proximity to resonant liquids (especially in a CV 1 LV 2 environment where V 1 is reduced in various contexts) and to suffixal morpheme boundaries. In some languages, co- existing lexical variation (mʊ ∼ mɤ ‘go’, Kagbʊwalɩ dialect of Godié) is one clear pathway to phonological change. Pressure for “rounding out” vocalic systems may also play a role in the unusually high number of innovated central vowels. Interest- ingly one Western language, Bakwé (Marchese 1989), also has a full set of central vowels, an apparent case of areal spreading. Vydrine’s (2009) hypothesis of a wider cross-family spread of central vowels into southern Mande is also discussed. While this article only scratches the surface of this complicated puzzle, evidence points to intricate interaction between phonological change and areal spreading. 1 Introduction A quick inventory of vowel systems in the Kru language family1 reveals a striking diversity. -
Graphematics in Creole Languag
Graphematics Graphematics in Creole languages from Jamaica and Martinique Nicole Arsenec To cite this version: Nicole Arsenec. Graphematics Graphematics in Creole languages from Jamaica and Martinique. 2020. hal-02910337 HAL Id: hal-02910337 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02910337 Preprint submitted on 1 Aug 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Graphematics 1 Graphematics in Creole languages from Jamaica and Martinique Nicole ARSENEC Docteur en sciences du langage Independent researcher ABSTRACT Graphies used to write Jamaican Creole (JC) and Martinican Creole (CM) point out three levels of complexity. An etymological writing of JC, E. Adams’s A Version (1991), and CM, G. Gratiant (1976). A phonological writing of CM, O. Harry (2001) in JC and R. Damoiseau (1979) use IPA. A quasi-phonological graphy of F. Cassidy (1961), Cassidy & R. Le Page (1967) in JC, and I. Césaire and J. Laurent (1976) in CM. In order to teach JC, JLU (2001) Standard quasi-phonological writing, and GEREC-F (2001) Standard etymological CM graphy. Time will -
Qt4k45p9hr.Pdf
UC Berkeley Dissertations, Department of Linguistics Title An Acoustical Basis for Universal Constraints on Sound Sequences Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4k45p9hr Author Kawasaki, Haruko Publication Date 1982 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California An Acoustical Basis for Universal Constraints on Sound Sequences By Haruko Kawasaki A.B. (International Christian University) 1976 M.A. (University of California) 1978 C.Phil. (University of California) 1981 DISSERTATION Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Approved: DOCTORAL DEGREE CONFERRED DECEMBER 4 ,1 9 8 2 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AN ACOUSTICAL BASIS FOR UNIVERSAL CONSTRAINTS ON SOUND SEQUENCES by Haruko Kawasaki ABSTRACT This study investigates acoustic characteristics of some selected sound sequences iu an attempt to explain and predict cross-linguistic tendencies in phonotactic constraints. Phonological literature reveals the following universal tendencies. Consonant clusters and vowel clus ters in general are disfavored. Initial consonants are preferred to final consonants. Obstruent clusters in the same manner of articulation are rare. Obstruent + liquid clusters are preferred to nasal + liquid clusters. Among obstruent + [1] clusters, dental stop + [1] clusters are rare. Obstruent + [r] clusters, however, are not restricted in any particular way. Among consonant + glide clusters, labial + [w] and dental/alveolar/palatal + [j] are disfavored. Similarly, labialization and palatalization as secondary articulations are disfavored on labial consonants and dental/alveolar/palatal consonants, respectively. Com binations of a labial or velar consonant and a rounded vowel and of a dental/alveolar/palatal or velar consonant and a front vowel are rela tively rare. -
Studies in African Linguistics Volume 15, Number 1, April 1984
Studies in African Linguistics Volume 15, Number 1, April 1984 ON THE UNDERLYING REPRESENTATION OF CONTOUR TONES IN WOBE John Victor Singler UCLA and NYU In a 1980 article entitled "The tone puzzle of Wobe," Thomas Bearth and Christa Link argue that only by positing phonemic contour tones can one account satisfactorily for the tone facts of Wobe, a western Kru language spoken in the Ivory Coast. In their analysis, they posit the features [Rise], [Fall], and [Concave] in addition to [High], [Low], and [Extreme]. In that their analysis abandons the assertion that surface glides can always be "de-composed" into sequences of underlying level tones, it represents an enrichment of phonological theory. The present account calls into question that enrichment, argu ing not only that Bearth and Link's analysis obscures more in sights than it captures but also that an analysis that uses on ly level tones at the phonemic level succeeds where Bearth and Link's account fails. 1. Introduction Wobe is a western Kru language spoken in the western Ivory Coast. 1 It is part of what Marchese [1979] terms "Ie conglom~rat krahn-gu~r~-wob~, .•. une s~ rie de dialectes qui appartiennent en fait a une seule langue." (p. 13) In their 1980 account of Wobe tone, Bearth and Link (henceforth B&L) argue for the existence of underlying contours. They use the features [Concave], [Fall], and [Rise] in addition to [High], [Low], and [Extreme], and they posit four- teen tonemes. The following is B&L's feature chart (p. 182):2 lWil1 Leben's contributions are central to this paper. -
Phonology and Morphology of Arabic the PHONOLOGY of the WORLD’ S LANGUAGES General Editor: Jacques Durand
The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic THE PHONOLOGY OF THE WORLD’ S LANGUAGES General Editor: Jacques Durand Published The Phonology of Danish Hans Basbǿll The Phonology of Dutch Geert Booij The Phonology of Standard Chinese San Duanmu The Phonology of English Michael Hammond The Phonology of Norwegian Gjert Kristoffersen The Phonology of Portuguese Maria Helena Mateus and Ernesto d’Andrade The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi David Odden The Lexical Phonology of Slovak Jerzy Rubach The Phonology of Hungarian Péter Siptár and Miklós Törkenczy The Phonology of Mongolian Jan-Olof Svantesson, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, and Vivan Franzén The Phonology of Armenian Bert Vaux The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic Janet Watson The Phonology of Catalan Max Wheeler The Phonology of German Richard Wiese In preparation The Phonology of Tamil Prathima Christdas The Phonology of Polish Edmund Gussman The Phonology of Italian Martin Krämer The Phonology of Spanish Iggy Roca THE PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF ARABIC Janet C. E. Watson 1 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Janet C. -
Compensatory Stress Strategy Subsequent to Consonant Drops and Changes in Youth’S Speech in Côte D’Ivoire
Compensatory Stress Strategy Subsequent to Consonant Drops and Changes in Youth’s Speech in Côte d’Ivoire Alain ADEKPATE [email protected] Université Félix Houphouët Boigny (Côte d’Ivoire) Résumé : Cet article essaie de rendre compte du phénomène très caractéristique des chutes et changements de consonnes observés dans le français ordinaire de Côte d’Ivoire tel qu’il est pratiqué par les jeunes, en termes d’économie linguistique. Il établit que les consonnes fricatives sont les plus affectées par ce phénomène, à cause du plus grand effort articulatoire que leur production implique par rapport aux occlusives, et que les consonnes approximantes requièrent le moins d’effort articulatoire. Pour éviter les formes déviantes résultant des chutes ou changements de consonnes et éviter les erreurs d’interprétation, les locuteurs de ce parler ont recours à une stratégie prosodique de maintien du schèma accentuel du parler standard. Mot-clés : français ordinaire de côte d’ivoire, français populaire ivoirien, chutes consonantiques, parler des jeunes, français standard. Introduction Abnormality may be thought as an action or a fact that comes counter to the rules or principles of how things are or are run. It can also be thought as behaving or running something weird regarding what is considered as normal. It has become quite usual that in grammar or linguistics, breaches in language uses, it is spoken or written, are subject to judgements spotting them out as being “erroneous” or “ill-formed” or even as “exceptions”. Addressing the question of abnormality in any aspect of a language amounts to question the nature of the norm or standard which comes into play in this respect, since as agreed on by all scholars, a language is a social product Alain ADEKPATE – Compensatory Stress Strategy Subsequent to Consonant Drops and Changes in Youth’s Speech in Côte d’Ivoire shared by members of a given community, the common means by which these members communicate with each other. -
The Phonetics and Phonology of Coronal Markedness and Unmarkedness
THE PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF CORONAL MARKEDNESS AND UNMARKEDNESS by Yoonjung Kang B.A., English Language and Literature (1994) Seoul National University Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2000 © 2000 Yoonjung Kang. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author Departmenof Linguistics and Philosophy August 17, 2000 Certified by Michael Kenstowicz Professor of Linguistics Thesis Advisor Certified by Cheryl Zoll Professor of Linguistics Thesis Advisor Accepted by Alec Marantz MA SSA C IIiuserrs I srla I Head, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy OF TEGHNOLOGY SEP 2 1200 LIBRARIES THE PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF CORONAL MARKEDNESS AND UNMARKEDNESS by Yoonjung Kang Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy on August 17, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Abstract This thesis investigates place feature restrictions in oral and nasal stop consonants with a special focus on the asymmetrical behavior of coronal and noncoronal stops. Two conflicting patterns of place restriction in outputs are attested: coronal unmarkedness and coronal markedness. This thesis shows that coronal unmarkedness is truly a default pattern of place restriction. Coronal unmarkedness is not confined to specific segmental contexts or to languages with a particular inventory structure. In addition, the coronal unmarked pattern is attested through diverse phonological processes such as assimilation, place neutralization, segmental and featural deletion, metathesis, vowel syncope and morpheme structure constraints. -
Standardizing Minority Languages
Standardizing Minority Languages This volume addresses tensions that are born of the renewed or continued need to standardize ‘language’ in the early 21st century acround the world. The case studies collected here go beyond the traditional macro/micro dichotomy by foregrounding the role of actors as they position themselves as users of standard forms of language, oral or written, across sociolinguis- tic scales. By considering the perspectives and actions of people who partici- pate in or are affected by minority language politics, the contributors aim to provide a comparative and nuanced analysis of the complexity and ten- sions inherent in minority language standardization processes. This volume provides new insight into how social actors in a wide range of geographical settings embrace, contribute to, resist and also reject (aspects of) minority language standardization. Pia Lane is a professor in multilingualism at the Centre for Multilingual- ism in Society across the Lifespan (MultiLing) at the University of Oslo, where she is PI of the project Standardising Minority Languages. Recent publications on standardization include: Lane (2015). Minority language standardization and the role of users. Language Policy, 14, 3, 263–283 & Lane (2016). Standardising Kven: Participation and the role of users. Socio- linguistica 30, 105–124. James Costa, previously a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Oslo, where he worked on the standardization of Scots as part of the STAN- DARDS project directed by Pia Lane, is currently a lecturer at Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle in Paris, where he teaches sociolinguistics, linguis- tic anthropology and semiotics. He is also an affiliate of Lacito, a CNRS, Sorbonne Nouvelle and Inalco research unit.