Hrvatski Tradicijski Brodovi

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Hrvatski Tradicijski Brodovi Velimir Salamon HRVATSKI TRADICIJSKI BRODOVI Predstavljaju se povijesni projekti rekonstrukcije tradicijskih barki stanovnika Jadrana iz razdoblja njihova pogona na jedra i vesla, koji su napravljeni u sklopu projekta Ars Halieutica a pod visokim pokroviteljstvom Komisije za istraživanje i očuvanje hrvatske pomorske baštine, Znanstvenog vijeća za morsku brodogradnju, Razreda za pomorstvo, HAZU. Uvod - neka osnovna pojašnjenja Crteži u ovom tekstu ne predstavljaju ni “iluminacije” ni “ilustracije” pretežito namijenjene “dekoraciji” odnosno “boljem objašnjenju” pisane riječi. Oni su ovdje isključivo stoga što predstavljaju obaveznu likovnu komunikaciju te pripadaju području tzv. službene tehničke dokumentacije. Crteži su tzv. “opći planovi” tradicijskih jadranskih barki iz razdoblja dominacije jedara i vesala, koje su rekonstruirane u sklopu nevladina projekta Ars Halieutica i Znanstvenog vijeća za pomorstvo, Sekcije za morsku brodogradnju, Komisije za istraživanje i očuvanje hrvatske brodograđevne baštine HAZU (sl. 1). Autor svih crteža je Velimir Salamon a svi su, prvenstveno rekonstrukcije tradicijskih barki, izvedeni u kombinaciji tradicionalnog i modernog načina komuniciranja likovnim elementima. Naime, osim neophodnih dijagrama, brodovi su najčešće prikazani na popularan način, na tzv. “vodnoj liniji”, no uvedeno je, u osnovi antičko, označavanje bojom kojom se daje crtežu nova dimenzija, a koja je, čini se, izbačena tijekom rimskog razdoblja i Slika 1. Projekti rekonstrukcije hrvatskih tradicijskih brodova i barki. zadržana u tehnici radi nemogućnosti reprodukcije boje kopija amonijačnim kopiranjem crteža s prozirnog pausa. Usto, shodno struci i nastojanju apeliranja na što veći broj čovjekovih osjetila, tu je i pripadna brodska nomenklatura na “Lingua Franca”, sveopćem jeziku sredozemnih brodograditelja i pomoraca. Također, jer se ponegdje moralo odstupiti od strogih pravila nacrtne geometrije s 673 isključivom namjerom jasnijeg prikaza, oni su dodatno donekle “likovno estetizirani”, no uvijek u skladu s tradicijom. No to je u cijelosti u skladu s maksimom Alberta Einsteina da “ako je matematika točna ona ne opisuje prirodu, a ako opisuje prirodu, nije točna “. O moru: Jadran, trodimenzionalno more “OBO MORU da je more ovaku i onaku nekima je more škarpina u pjatu, …“ (Iz pjesme Joška Božanića na komiškom čakavskom dijalektu) Ponajprije treba reći da ogromna većina javnosti danas mentalno ne živi u 21. stoljeću nego radije u sigurnosti trenutno dominirajućeg materijalističkog razmišljanja nekog ranijeg razdoblja, kad se smatralo da je opravdano postojanje samo onog što je opipljivo, što je materijalno dokazivo1. Nije naime posve uvjerljiva tvrdnja da se čovjek, tijekom 600.000 godina, bavio isključivo razvojem svog jezika dok su, u tom vremenu, ptice izgradile svoja složena gnijezda, mravi sagradili i urbanizirali cijele “gradove”, kad su pčele osmislile fascinantne strukture svojih košnica itd. A onda, u samo par tisuća godina, čovjek je, navodno, imao i razvijeno slikarstvo i arhitekturu, i glazbu, i ples, složene Slika 2. Razvojna spirala čovjeka. simboličke obrede koji su na kraju rezultirali teatrom, filmom i televizijom i složenu tehnologiju koja ga je naposljetku dovela i do Mjeseca (sl. 2). Čini se vjerojatnijim da se ljudska vrsta, u tom vremenu, 1 Mumford L., Mit o mašini, Grafički zavod Hrvatske, Zagreb, 1986. 674 ipak više bavila razvojem svoje ukupne komunikacije, a ne samo i isključivo jezikom. Naposljetku, i u Bibliji piše da „u početku bijaše Riječ, i Riječ bijaše kod Boga, i Bog bijaše Riječ”. Iako mi pogrešno čitamo taj prijevod kao „riječ” izvorno je vjerojatno stajala riječ „logos”, mnogo šireg značenja. No mada je odavno poznato da uz, uglavnom racionalnu i mjerljivu, znanstvenu analizu mora postojati i uglavnom nemjerljiva, intuitivna i stručna sinteza, mada je ta činjenica poznata svakom stručnjaku koji se ikad u povijesti, dok još nije bilo dominacije novca, bavio osnivanjem i oživotvorenjem raznih projekata, mada nevladina udruga Ars Halieutica tijekom posljednjih 30-tak godina uporno promiče “materijalnu» ali i «nematerijalnu» kulturnu baštinu u svojim projektima istraživanja, rekonstrukcije, izgradnje i predstavljanja lokalne jadranske pomorske baštine, tek je 2003. godine i sam UNESCO priznao postojanje nematerijalnog kulturnog nasljeđa kojeg naziva „nedodirljivim»2. No zanimljivo je ustvrditi da je, tijekom povijesti, ideja trodimenzionalnosti uvijek bila usporedna s idejom dvodimenzionalnosti. Takvoj dvodimenzionalnoj viziji svijeta, ideji da je kopno ravna ploča, narugao se i slikar Salvador Dali3 svojom slikom mora predstavljenog kao koža, s usnulim psom ispod njega. No, živeći u 21. stoljeću morali bismo naposljetku prihvatiti znanstveno utvrđenu činjenicu da, ne samo da je naš vid trodimenzionalan, već da i kopno ima svoj volumen, baš kao i more, iz kojeg je, uostalom potekao sav život na zemlji (sl. 3). Slika 3. I more je trodimenzionalno. Promicanjem ideje komunikacije, ideje “Riječi» (kako stoji u svjetskim Biblijama4) a ne “riječi» (kako se biblijska tvrdnja popularno tumači), promiče se tvrdnja da je čovjek razvijao svoju cjelokupnu komunikaciju a ne samo svoj jezik, da se njegov izraz sastoji od složenih jezika glazbe, jezika likovnih umjetnosti, simboličkog jezika obreda itd., Pritom, svaki od tih jezika ima svoju vlastitu složenu gramatiku i zasebni, specifični «rječnik». Stoga će se ubuduće, obzirom da je, po svemu sudeći, Leonardo da Vinci bio posljednja osoba koja je posjedovala svo znanje poznatog svijeta5, u ozbiljne projekte rekonstrukcije tradicijskih artefakata nastojati uključiti multidisciplinarne timove stručnjaka od kojih će svatko raditi onaj posao za koji je obrazovan i koji najbolje radi. 2 Bozanic J., Salamon V., “Gajeta Falkusa Booklet” Ars Halieutica, Komiža-Split-Zagreb, 2000. 3 Gerard M., Dali, Harry Abrams, New York, 1968. 4 Biblija, Stvarnost, Zagreb, 1968. 5 Burger H., Filozofija tehnike, Naprijed, Zagreb,1979. 675 Potrebno je, nadalje, istaknuti, da se, prema dostupnoj literaturi6, ljudska osoba još uvijek nije pokazala zamjenjivom u prikazanom dijagramu proizvoda (sl. 4), da postojanje u cijelosti automatskog proizvoda, sustava u kojem je čovjek suvišan, postojanje «mašine radi mašine» (le machine pour le machine), zasad još nije opravdano. Jer proizvodi danas postoje isključivo zato da pomognu ljudskom biću suočiti se sa svijetom. Slika 4. Dijagram nastajanja proizvoda. Rekonstrukcije tradicijskih barki Jadrana BRACERA IZ OKOLIŠA ZADRA (sl. 5) Bracere su se na Jadranu jako dugo gradile, te su, zajedno s većim trabakulima i pelizima, činile okosnicu trgovačke flote na tom moru7. Nažalost, podrijetlo naziva te barke izgubljen je u povijesti. Za razliku od βρατσερα(bratsera) odnosno μπρατσερα (mpratsera) s Egejskog mora, jadranski je naziv označavao cio brod a ne samo snast. Na Jadranskom se moru ona znala mijenjati u skladu s vremenom. Tako je latinsko jedro bivalo zamijenjeno oglavnim, a potom i sošnim jedrom. Jedino su letna jedra na kosniku ostajala nepromijenjena. Međutim, danas se zna da je latinsko jedro bilo poznato diljem cijelog Sredozemlja vrlo rano, već u antici. Budući da je ono omogućavalo jedrenje protiv vjetra, zadržalo se relativno dugo sve dok ga, naveliko, nisu zamijenila prikladnija rješenja. Danas ga koriste uglavnom nostalgičari, koji ne dopuštaju da se ono zaboravi. BRACERA S BRAČA (sl. 6) Neki smatraju da ime bracere potječe iz činjenice da su se prve brodice pokretale veslanjem, odnosno mišićnom snagom koja se na talijanskom jeziku, okosnici «Lingua Franca», sveopćeg jezika pomoraca i brodograditelja, nazivala «forza di braccia». 6 Flursheim C. H., Industrial Design in Engineering. A Marriage of Techniques, The Design Councill, London, 1983. 7 Vidović, R., Pomorski rječnik, Split, 1984. 676 Slika 5. Bracera iz okoliša Zadra. Slika 6. Bracera s Brača. Drugi, međutim, vjeruju da, ne samo da se velik broj drugih barki također pokretao prvenstveno veslima, već da su otočani slabijeg imovnog stanja radije odlučili graditi jeftinije bracere no veće i skuplje trabakule i pelige. No još značajniji je stručni podatak da je razmjerno malena bracera bolje odgovarala uvjetima malih morskih površina među mnogobrojnim otocima, prvenstveno tamošnjoj valnoj duljini, kao i da je lako mogla potražiti zaklon od jakog mora i iznenadnih provala vjetra u malim zaklonjenim otočkim uvalama8. Tako se prve bracere na Jadranu spominju već u 17. stoljeću. Uglavnom s promjenom njene primjene ali i u skladu s modom, mijenjala se i snast tradicijskih barki na Jadranu. Uz to, unatoč mišljenju popularnom u Dalmaciji 19-tog stoljeća, jadranska je bracera mogla ponijeti i po dva pa i po tri jarbola. Tako su bračke bracere, prikazane luci Splita na uljanoj slici Mencija Klementa Crnčića, imale po jedan jarbol opremljen oglavnim jedrom s letnim jedrom na kosniku. BRACERA «SV. NIKOLA» IZ DUBROVNIKA (sl. 7) Iako je, tijekom dugih stoljeća, Dubrovačka Republika uglavnom održavala svoju neutralnost na Jadranu, Grad je, u svojem životu, ipak zabilježio mnogo pomorskih ratnih operacija. S jedne strane, to je bilo zbog potreba njenih velikih saveznika ali i zbog potreba same Republike. Na Jadranu su, tijekom posljednjih vjekova proteklog tisućljeća, bracere, uz trabakule i pelige, činile okosnicu obalne flote. Čini se da su slabije imućni jadranski trgovci običavali graditi manje bracere umjesto velikih i skupljih trabakula i peliga, te da je bracera tako i nastala, budući da se njeno 8 Arhiv NGO “Ars Halieutica”, Komiža-Zagreb-Split 677 izvorno ime (brazzera) podudara
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