The Rise and Fall of DNA Hybridization, ca. 1980-1995, or How I Got Interested in Science Studies Jonathan Marks Department of Anthropology University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, NC 28223 Phone: 704-687-2519 Fax: 704-687-3091 Email:
[email protected] For: Workshop on “Mechanisms of Fraud in Biomedical Research,” organized by Christine Hauskeller and Helga Satzinger. The Wellcome Trust, London, Oct. 17-18, 2008. Draft: 15 July 2011 Marks - 2 [Without unreported data alterations] it is virtually certain that Sibley and Ahlquist would have concluded that Homo, Pan, and Gorilla form a trichotomy. Sibley, Ahlquist, and Comstock, Journal of Molecular Evolution 30:225 (1990). There are probably better ways to deal with the problems of inter-experimental variation that Drs. Sibley and Ahlquist faced, but their methods were logical, and made very little difference to inferences from the complete data. Kirsch and Krajewski, American Scientist 81:410 (1993). I will begin this paper with a question posed as an anthropologist: What would motivate an ostensibly honest and reputable scientist to publish an easily demonstrable falsehood – in defense of friends who are accused of fraud? The accused themselves had already publicly acknowledged the significant role of unreported data alterations in determining the conclusions of their study; now, three years later, their friends try to minimize it by saying that those alterations were not really important. Why would they say such a thing, given that it had already been refuted? The answer must be that they perceived the stakes to be very high, and their own interests to lie with the accused.