DOCSLIB.ORG

The Rôle of Supply-Chains in the Development of Cross-Channel Exchange in the Romano-British Period

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Rôle of Supply-Chains in the Development of Cross-Channel Exchange in the Romano-British Period THE RÔLE OF SUPPLY-CHAINS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROSS-CHANNEL EXCHANGE IN THE ROMANO-BRITISH PERIOD GRAHAM J. BARTON A thesis submitted to the University of Gloucestershire in accordance with the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Gloucestershire Business School July 2015 ABSTRACT THE RÔLE OF SUPPLY-CHAINS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROSS-CHANNEL EXCHANGE IN THE ROMANO-BRITISH PERIOD by Graham J Barton This thesis explores the early phases of marketing activity in Britain by investigating the supply-chains through which imports arrived during the Roman period. The study adopts a cross-disciplinary approach which draws on archaeological evidence, as few written records survive from this era. The investigation commences with a review of the structure of the Roman economy, after which the characteristic features of a traditional supply-chain are presented and the rôles and relationships of its key members examined. The empirical evidence relating to cross-channel exchange in the Romano- British period (c. 120 BC-AD 410) is reviewed by means of four product- based case studies; two of which relate to amphorae-borne commodities (olive-oil and wine) and two involve types of ceramic pottery (samian ware and Rhenish-beakers). The contribution of this thesis is to combine methodologies from apparently disparate fields such as archaeology and marketing to enable new questions to be asked of existing data to enhance understanding in each discipline. In addition to using archaeological evidence to trace the evolution of marketing practices in the Romano-British period, the reciprocal aim of the study was to explore ways in which archaeologists may be able to utilize economic and marketing models to offer new insights into their own subject area. i Supply-chain analysis forms the central focus of this thesis. Its main insight is to recognize that through their contacts with clients in both Britain and Gaul, Romano-British and Gallo-Roman merchants must inevitably have gained asymmetric knowledge of market conditions in each location, thus enabling them through their choice of cargoes to control the vital ‘choke- point’ of the channel-crossing. In addition to the principal theme of supply- chain analysis, the inclusion of economic and marketing models such as industrial location criteria (Weber, 1929; Ohlin, 1933) and product-cycle analysis (Vernon, 1966; Wells, 1968) all represent new applications of business theories to the archaeological domain and add to the uniqueness of this research. ii AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I declare that the work in this thesis was carried out in accordance with the regulations of the University of Gloucestershire and is original except where indicated by specific reference in the text. No part of the thesis has been submitted as part of any other academic award. The thesis has not been presented to any other educational institution in the United Kingdom or overseas. Any views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and in no way represent those of the University. Signed Date 2/2/2016 iii iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to the individuals and organisations that have assisted me in the course of preparing this thesis. In particular I am grateful to my two supervisors, Professor Barry Cunliffe (University of Oxford) and Professor Barry Davies (University of Gloucestershire) for the constant support each has given me throughout the course of my studies. Both have been extremely generous in the time they have given me I have benefited greatly from their advice and encouragement. Thanks are also due to Professor Andrew Wilson (University of Oxford) whose concluding remarks at the 4th OXREP conference in October 2008 provided the inspiration for my choice of topic. I am also indebted to Dr Ryan Hughes (University of Buffalo) who provided me with a copy of his unpublished M.A. thesis and Tim Copeland (University of Gloucestershire) who kindly offered to read the final draft of my thesis and offered a number of constructive suggestions as to how it might be improved. I am grateful to both Lisa Brown and Peter Davenport who gave me access to their personal book collections while undertaking this research and to the librarians and inter-library loan team at the University of Gloucestershire provided their support throughout the research. Thanks are due to Louise Clough and Lorna Scott, honorary librarians to the Bristol & Gloucestershire Archaeological Society (B&GAS), who provided access to the society’s library during the course of my investigation. Finally, special thanks are due to my wife Cathy, for both her patience and forbearance while I have been engaged in this study and the practical help she has provided in carefully proof reading my finished thesis. Any errors or omissions which remain are clearly my own. v vi LIST OF CONTENTS Section Page TITLE PAGE ABSTRACT i AUTHOR’S DECLARATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v LIST OF CONTENS vii LIST OF FIGURES xix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 RESEARCH CONTEXT 1 1.1.1 Contemporary Research in Marketing 1 1.1.2 Researching Marketing’s History 2 1.1.3 Choice of Investigative Framework 4 1.2 RESEARCH JUSTIFICATION 8 1.3 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES 10 1.3.1 Research Aims 11 1.3.2 Research Objectives 11 1.4 DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPTUAL MODEL 12 1.5 DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL PARTICIPANTS 17 1.6 OUTLINE STRUCTURE 18 1.6.1 Research Methodology 18 1.6.2 Context of Exchange within Socially-Embedded 19 Economies 1.6.3 The Structure of Production in the Roman Empire 19 1.6.4 The Rôle of Rome’s State Administered Supply Network 19 1.6.5 Evidence of Mercantile Activities in the Roman Economy 19 1.6.6 The Rôle of Consumers in the Roman Economy 20 1.6.7 Case Studies of Romano-British Ceramic Imports 20 1.6.8 Conclusions 21 vii 2 METHODOLOGY 23 2.1 INTRODUCTION 23 2.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 24 2.2.1 Research Philosophy 25 2.2.2 Social Science Research Approaches 26 2.2.3 Historical and Archaeological Research Approaches 27 2.2.4 Mixed Method Research Approaches 27 2.2.5 Critical Realism Approach 28 2.3 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 31 2.3.1 Data Collection Methods 31 2.3.2 Analytical Techniques 33 2.4 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 33 2.5 TRANSITION 34 3 THE ROMANO-BRITISH ECONOMY 35 3.1 INTRODUCTION 35 3.2 THE ORIGINS OF CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS 35 3.3 THE STRUCTURE OF THE MODERN MARKET 36 ECONOMY 3.4 THE STRUCTURE OF THE ROMAN ECONOMY 37 3.4.1 Labour Supply 37 3.4.2 Agricultural Output 39 3.4.3 Household Production 41 3.5 FORMALIST AND SUBSTANTIVIST APPROACHES 43 3.5.1 The Formalist Perspective 44 3.5.2 The Substantivist Perspective 44 3.6 SOCIALLY EMBEDDED AND ECONOMIC 46 EXCHANGE 3.6.1 Reciprocal Exchange 47 3.6.2 Redistributive Transfers 49 3.6.3 Market Exchange 51 3.6.4 The Balance of Reciprocal, Redistributive and Market 55 Exchange viii 3.7 PRIMITIVIST vs MODERNIST INTERPRETATIONS 55 3.7.1 Primitivist Perspectives 56 3.7.2 Modernist Perspectives 57 3.7.3 Intermediate Models 58 3.8 THE CONCEPTS OF NEW INSTITUTIONAL 59 ECONOMICS 3.8.1 Transaction Costs 60 3.8.2 Institutional Developments 60 3.9 DEDUCTIONS 61 4 THE STRUCTURE OF ROMAN PRODUCTION 63 4.1 INTRODUCTION 63 4.2 ROMAN PRODUCTION PATTERNS 64 4.3 AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS 64 4.4 WINE PRODUCTION 65 4.4.1 Harvesting and Grape Selection 66 4.4.2 Juice Extraction 67 4.4.3 Inclusion of Additives 69 4.4.4 Wine Fermentation 70 4.4.5 Racking Wine into Amphorae 71 4.4.6 Maturing Wine Prior to Sale 71 4.4.7 Wine Distribution 72 4.5 OLIVE-OIL PRODUCTION 72 4.5.1 Harvesting and Olive Selection 73 4.5.2 Olive Milling 73 4.5.3 Olive Pressing 74 4.5.4 Oil Separation 76 4.5.5 Oil Distribution 77 4.6 CERAMIC PRODUCTION 77 4.6.1 Bricks and Tiles 78 4.6.2 Amphorae and Dolia 79 4.6.3 Kitchenwares 81 4.6.4 Tablewares 83 4.7 SAMIAN PRODUCTION 86 4.7.1 Chronological Development 87 4.7.2 Samian Production Techniques 88 ix 4.7.3 Application of Potters’ Stamps 89 4.7.4 Scale of Operations 89 4.7.5 Migration of Production Centres 91 4.7.6 Comparative Advantage of Manufacturing Locations 94 4.7.7 Migration from Lyon to Central and Southern Gaul 95 4.7.8 Migration from Central to Southern Gaul 96 4.7.9 Reverse Migration from Southern to Central Gaul 98 4.7.10 Migration from Central to Eastern Gaul 99 4.7.11 Appraisal of the Samian Industry’s Migratory Cycle 100 4.8 DEDUCTIONS 102 5 STATE-ADMINISTERED SUPPLY 105 5.1 INTRODUCTION 105 5.1.1 Roman Provincial Administration 105 5.1.2 Legionary Deployments 108 5.1.3 Taxation and Military Supply 109 5.2 MILITARY SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS 110 5.2.1 Grain 112 5.2.2 Olive-Oil 112 5.2.3 Salt 113 5.2.4 Wine 113 5.2.5 Fish Sauces 114 5.2.6 Leather 115 5.2.7 Metals 115 5.2.8 Pottery 117 5.2.9 Textiles 118 5.3 CAMPAIGN SUPPLIES 118 5.4 SUPPLY NEEDS OF THE ARMY IN PEACETIME 121 5.4.1 Strategic Considerations 121 5.4.2 Self-Sufficiency 123 5.4.3 Access to Local Resources 126 5.4.4 Availability of Provincial Resources 127 5.4.5 Long Distance Supply Requirements 129 5.5 STATE-ADMINISTERED SUPPLY NETWORKS 134 5.6 DEDUCTIONS 136 x 6 MERCHANT ACTIVITIES 139 6.1 INTRODUCTION 139 6.2 MERCHANT INTERMEDIATION 140 6.2.1 Benefits of Intermediation 140 6.2.2 Merchants’ Risks 142 6.3 TYPES OF ROMAN INTERMEDIARY 145 6.3.1 Negotiatores 145 6.3.2 Mercatores 147 6.3.3 Navicularii 149 6.3.4 Nautae 151 6.4 MERCHANTS’ SOCIAL STANDING 152 6.5 PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE ROMAN PERIOD 155 6.6 SECONDMENT OF PRIVATE CONTRACTORS 159 6.7 DEVELOPMENT OF PARALLEL SUPPLY-CHAINS 164 6.8 PRIVATE CIVILIAN SUPPLY 167 6.8.1 Down-the-line-trade 168 6.8.2 Entry Gateways 169 6.9 DEDUCTIONS 171 7 ROMANO-BRITISH CONSUMERS 173 7.1 INTRODUCTION 173 7.2
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Trimontium Trust
    Welcome News Museum Trust Fort Getting There The Stone Amphitheatre Finds Aerial Photography Summerhouse Annexes and Amphitheatre The Three Peaks First Phase Second Phase The Annexes Third Phase Fourth Phase Walks Schools Contact Us Sitemap Downloads Fort The Roman Capital of South Scotland Tons of Stuff about Trimontium Fort THE ROAD TO NEWSTEAD and the SITE THE TRIMONTIUM STONE THE FORT, ANNEXES and AMPHITHEATRE "THE PLACE OF THE THREE PEAKS" THE MARCHING CAMPS and the FORT: FIRST PHASE - THE AGRICOLAN FORT THE FORT - SECOND PHASE - THE DOMITIANIC FORT (after the Emperor, Domitian) THE ANNEXES or VICI FIRST ABANDONMENT or GAP in OCCUPATION: TRIMONTIUM - THIRD PHASE 1 of 10 RE-OCCUPATION and REFURBISHMENT: TRIMONTIUM - FOURTH PHASE: OUTPOST FORT RE-ORGANISED and 'REDUCED' FORT: TRIMONTIUM - FIFTH PHASE FRONT-LINE FIGHTING BASE: TRIMONTIUM - SIXTH PHASE: EXTENSION COMING TO AN END: TRIMONTIUM - SEVENTH PHASE BOOKS ON TRIMONTIUM PROFESSOR J K S St JOSEPH, CBE THE IMPORTANCE OF TRIMONTIUM: A 'SCOTSMAN' LETTER , 1989 3. THE FORT, ANNEXES and AMPHITHEATRE The fields behind the Stone, to right and left, up to the foothills of Eildon Hill North on your right (a Bronze Age tribal capital of the Votadini, twinned with Traprain Law in East Lothian) contained a very large Roman fort surrounded in the second century by a 20' high stone wall, backed on the inside by an enormous 'wedge' of earth ie a 'rampart' 40' across at its base, and 'fronted', on the outside, by a set of three ditches (the barbed wire of the ancient world), the first of which was 20' across and 10' deep.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410
    no nonsense Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410 – interpretation ltd interpretation Contract number 1446 May 2011 no nonsense–interpretation ltd 27 Lyth Hill Road Bayston Hill Shrewsbury SY3 0EW www.nononsense-interpretation.co.uk Cadw would like to thank Richard Brewer, Research Keeper of Roman Archaeology, Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, for his insight, help and support throughout the writing of this plan. Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47-410 Cadw 2011 no nonsense-interpretation ltd 2 Contents 1. Roman conquest, occupation and settlement of Wales AD 47410 .............................................. 5 1.1 Relationship to other plans under the HTP............................................................................. 5 1.2 Linking our Roman assets ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Sites not in Wales .................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Criteria for the selection of sites in this plan .......................................................................... 9 2. Why read this plan? ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Aim what we want to achieve ........................................................................................... 10 2.2 Objectives.............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • RULES of PLAY COIN Series, Volume VIII by Marc Gouyon-Rety
    The Fall of Roman Britain RULES OF PLAY COIN Series, Volume VIII by Marc Gouyon-Rety T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S 1.0 Introduction ............................2 6.0 Epoch Rounds .........................18 2.0 Sequence of Play ........................6 7.0 Victory ...............................20 3.0 Commands .............................7 8.0 Non-Players ...........................21 4.0 Feats .................................14 Key Terms Index ...........................35 5.0 Events ................................17 Setup and Scenarios.. 37 © 2017 GMT Games LLC • P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232 • www.GMTGames.com 2 Pendragon ~ Rules of Play • 58 Stronghold “castles” (10 red [Forts], 15 light blue [Towns], 15 medium blue [Hillforts], 6 green [Scotti Settlements], 12 black [Saxon Settlements]) (1.4) • Eight Faction round cylinders (2 red, 2 blue, 2 green, 2 black; 1.8, 2.2) • 12 pawns (1 red, 1 blue, 6 white, 4 gray; 1.9, 3.1.1) 1.0 Introduction • A sheet of markers • Four Faction player aid foldouts (3.0. 4.0, 7.0) Pendragon is a board game about the fall of the Roman Diocese • Two Epoch and Battles sheets (2.0, 3.6, 6.0) of Britain, from the first large-scale raids of Irish, Pict, and Saxon raiders to the establishment of successor kingdoms, both • A Non-Player Guidelines Summary and Battle Tactics sheet Celtic and Germanic. It adapts GMT Games’ “COIN Series” (8.1-.4, 8.4.2) game system about asymmetrical conflicts to depict the political, • A Non-Player Event Instructions foldout (8.2.1) military, religious, and economic affairs of 5th Century Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Resetting the Urban Network
    Resetting the Urban Network: 117-2012 Short title: Resetting the Urban Network: 117-2012 Guy Michaels London School of Economics† Ferdinand Rauch University of Oxford‡ August 5, 2016 Abstract Article Do fixed geographic features such as coastlines and rivers determine town locations, or can historical events trap towns in unfavourable locations for centuries? We examine the effects on town locations of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, which temporarily ended urbaniza- tion in Britain, but not in France. As urbanization recovered, medieval towns were more often found in Roman-era town locations in France than in Britain. The resetting of Britain’s urban net- work gave it better access to natural navigable waterways, which mattered for town growth from 1200-1800. We conclude that history trapped many French towns in suboptimal locations. KEYWORDS: Economic Geography, Economic History, Path Dependence, Transportation. We thanks conference participants at the ASSA Meetings, IAST (Toulouse) Economic History Conference on Trade and History, and UIBE (Beijing) Workshop in International Trade, and seminar participants in Aalto, Amsterdam, Au- tonoma Barcelona, Budapest, Edinburgh, Gothenburg, Graz, Lausanne, Leeds, LSE, Mannheim, Munich, Nottingham, Oxford, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Pompeu Fabra, Rotterdam, Royal Holloway, Sussex, Vienna, and Warwick for help- ful comments. We also thank Alan Bowman, Francesco Caselli, Rui Esteves, Penelope Goodman, Alan Manning, Kevin O’Rourke, Assaf Peretz, Michele Piccione, Steve Pischke, Diego Puga, Nicholas Purcell, Steve Redding, Marko Tervio, John Van Reenen, Tony Venables, Andrew Wilson, and Greg Woolf for their helpful suggestions. We are grateful to the Centre for Economic Performance for its financial support. The usual disclaimer applies.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Christian' Archaeology of Cumbria
    Durham E-Theses A reassessment of the early Christian' archaeology of Cumbria O'Sullivan, Deirdre M. How to cite: O'Sullivan, Deirdre M. (1980) A reassessment of the early Christian' archaeology of Cumbria, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7869/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Deirdre M. O'Sullivan A reassessment of the Early Christian.' Archaeology of Cumbria ABSTRACT This thesis consists of a survey of events and materia culture in Cumbria for the period-between the withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain circa AD ^10, and the Viking settlement in Cumbria in the tenth century. An attempt has been made to view the archaeological data within the broad framework provided by environmental, historical and onomastic studies. Chapters 1-3 assess the current state of knowledge in these fields in Cumbria, and provide an introduction to the archaeological evidence, presented and discussed in Chapters ^--8, and set out in Appendices 5-10.
    [Show full text]
  • A Modern History of Britain's Roman Mosaic Pavements
    Spectacle and Display: A Modern History of Britain’s Roman Mosaic Pavements Michael Dawson Archaeopress Roman Archaeology 79 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-831-2 ISBN 978-1-78969-832-9 (e-Pdf) © Michael Dawson and Archaeopress 2021 Front cover image: Mosaic art or craft? Reading Museum, wall hung mosaic floor from House 1, Insula XIV, Silchester, juxtaposed with pottery by the Aldermaston potter Alan Gaiger-Smith. Back cover image: Mosaic as spectacle. Verulamium Museum, 2007. The triclinium pavement, wall mounted and studio lit for effect, Insula II, Building 1 in Verulamium 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents List of figures.................................................................................................................................................iii Preface ............................................................................................................................................................v 1 Mosaics Make a Site ..................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • GADARG - Essays 09/03/2009 10:47
    GADARG - essays 09/03/2009 10:47 GLOUCESTER AND DISTRICT ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP Registered charity No.252290 Contact us: ~ GLEVUM ~ The Roman origins of Gloucester by Nigel Spry In 1997 Gloucester celebrated its founding as a Colonia - the highest status to which any Roman settlement could aspire. To learn about this, let's start at the beginning - and then we can follow on with some later history. Kingsholm Some time after AD 49 the Roman army - we cannot be certain but probably the 20th legion or elements of it, from Colchester - built a fortress at Kingsholm near an Iron-Age settlement beside the then course of the Severn. There appears to have been two major phases of construction, the later one bringing the site to full legionary size. The use of the fortress and its continuity of occupation is uncertain, but its probable role was as a strategic base and support headquarters for campaigns in Wales. Because of flooding the location was an unsatisfactory one; this no doubt was one reason that around AD 66 it was abandoned and the army established a new fortress one km to the south, on an area of raised ground that would in due course become known as Gloucester, where there had been earlier occupation. A New Fortress The new fortress, rectangular in shape and covering an area of 17 hectares (43 acres), had turf faced and 'timber strapped' clay ramparts, 3.5m high, surmounted by a timber palisade and walkway, and fronted by wide steeply cut V-shaped ditches. Substantial timber gate towers pierced the rampart on each side and between them along the ramparts were other timber towers at intervals and at the rampart corners.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Archaeological Institute / Roman Society Colloquium
    Royal Archaeological Institute / Roman Society Colloquium The Romans in North-East England 29 November to 1 December 2019 Chancellor’s Hall, Senate House, Malet Street, University of London WC1E 7HU www.royalarchinst.org [email protected] Registered Charity Number 226222 Friday, 29 November 2019 18.00-18.30 Registration 18.30-19.30 Introduction: The Romans In North-East England (Martin Millett) 19.30-20.00 Discussion Saturday, 30 November 2019 9.30-10.00 Late registration/coffee 10.00-11.00 Aldborough (Rose Ferraby and Martin Millett) 11.00-12.00 Recent Work at Roman Corbridge (Ian Haynes, Alex Turner, Jon Allison, Frances McIntosh, Graeme Stobbs, Doug Carr and Lesley Davidson) 12.00-13.30 LUNCH 13.30-14.30 Scotch Corner (Dave Fell) 14.30-15.00 A684 Bedale Bypass: The excavation of a Late Iron Age/Early Roman Enclosure and a late Roman villa (James Gerrard) 15.00-15.30 COFFEE 15.30-16.30 Dere Street: York to Corbridge – a numismatic perspective (Richard Brickstock) 16.30-17.30 Panel Discussion (Lindsay Allason-Jones, Colin Haselgrove, Nick Hodgson and Pete Wilson) 17.30-19.00 RECEPTION Sunday, 1 December 2019 9.30-10.30 Bridge over troubled water? Ritual or rubbish at Roman Piercebridge (Hella Eckardt and Philippa Walton) 10.30-11.00 Cataractonium: Establishment, Consolidation and Retreat (Stuart Ross) 11.00-11.30 COFFEE www.royalarchinst.org [email protected] Registered Charity Number 226222 11.30-12.00 New light on Roman Binchester: Excavations 2009-17 (David Petts – to be read by Pete Wilson) 12.00-12.30 Petuaria Revisited
    [Show full text]
  • ARTHUR of CAMELOT and ATHTHE-DOMAROS of CAMULODUNUM: a STRATIGRAPHY-BASED EQUATION PROVIDING a NEW CHRONOLOGY for 1St MIILLENNIUM ENGLAND
    1 Gunnar Heinsohn (15 June 2017) ARTHUR OF CAMELOT AND ATHTHE-DOMAROS OF CAMULODUNUM: A STRATIGRAPHY-BASED EQUATION PROVIDING A NEW CHRONOLOGY FOR 1st MIILLENNIUM ENGLAND “It seems probable that Camelot, Chrétien de Troyes’ [c. 1140-1190 AD] name for Arthur's Court, is derived directly from Camelod-unum, the name of Roman Colchester. The East Coast town was probably well-known to this French poet, though whether he knew of any specific associations with Arthur is unclear. […] John Morris [1973] suggests that Camulodunum might actually have been the High-King Arthur's Eastern Capital” (David Nash Ford 2000). "I think we can dispose of him [Arthur] quite briefly. He owes his place in our history books to a 'no smoke without fire' school of thought. [...] The fact of the matter is that there is no historical evidence about Arthur; we must reject him from our histories and, above all, from the titles of our books" (David N. Dumville 1977, 187 f.) I Why neither the habitats of Arthurian Celts nor the cities of their Saxon foes can be found in post-Roman Britain p. 2 II Contemporaneity of Saxons, Celts and Romans during the conquest of Britain in the Late Latène period of Aththe[Aθθe]-Domaros of Camulodunum/Colchester p. 14 III Summary p. 29 IV Bibliography p. 30 Author’s1 address p. 32 1 Thanks for editorial assistance go to Clark WHELTON (New York). 2 I Why neither the habitats of Arthurian Celts nor the cities of their Saxon foes can be found in post-Roman Britain “There is absolutely no justification for believing there to have been a historical figure of the fifth or sixth century named Arthur who is the basis for all later legends.
    [Show full text]
  • The 2016 Festival Programme
    The 2016 Festival Programme Festival of Walks • Established 1995 Festival of Walks • Established 1995 All walks meet at the Selwyn Samuel Centre/Leisure Centre Car Park, Park Crescent, Llanelli. Get together and briefing at The Selwyn Samuel Centre, Park Crescent, Llanelli, where a bar will be available. (If you miss FRIDAY, 27 MAY 20.00 hrs : this, any relevant information will be available at the start of your first walk).N.B. See “A few points to bear in mind” overleaf. SATURDAY, 28 MAY SUNDAY, 29 MAY MONDAY, 30 MAY WALK 1 RHONDDA VALLEYS 1: PORTH TO YNYSWEN WALK 6 RHONDDA VALLEYS 3 : MAERDY TO PORTH WALK 11 LLANTWIT MAJOR TO DUNRAVEN BAY Bus 08.45 hrs Bus 08.45 hrs Bus 08.45 hrs This varied walk, through moorland, wood and pasture and A magnificent high-level walk over moorland, forestry and Join us to be captivated by the magnificent Glamorgan following the ridge between the two Rhonddas, Fach and farmland, taking in the breathtaking scenery of Rhondda Heritage Coast, with its dramatic geology of crumbling Fawr, offers splendid views over both and far beyond. As Fach, Rhondda Fawr and Taff valleys and the vast cliffs, spectacular beaches, striking lighthouses and other Walk 2 leaves our common route above Ferndale, we surrounding areas of South Wales. hidden gems. Starting from historic Llanilltud Mawr (once continue on the high ground, crossing Cefn y Rhondda and Leader: John Evans 01792 864259 the most important ecclesiastical centre of Wales), this Craig yr Aber through Fforch-orky to end at Ynyswen. 9 miles, strenuous undulating walk westward to Dunraven Bay will reward Leader: John Davies 01792 864525 your efforts tenfold.
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matter
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87687-2 - Agricola: Tacitus Edited by A . J . Woodman Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICS General Editors P. E. Easterling Regius Professor Emeritus of Greek, University of Cambridge Philip Hardie Senior Research Fellow, Trinity College, and Honorary Professor of Latin, University of Cambridge Richard Hunter Regius Professor of Greek, University of Cambridge E. J. Kenney Kennedy Professor Emeritus of Latin, University of Cambridge S. P. Oakley Kennedy Professor of Latin, University of Cambridge © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87687-2 - Agricola: Tacitus Edited by A . J . Woodman Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87687-2 - Agricola: Tacitus Edited by A . J . Woodman Frontmatter More information TACITUS AGRICOLA edited by A. J. WOODMAN Basil L. Gildersleeve Professor of Classics, University of Virginia with contributions from C. S. KRAUS Thomas A. Thacher Professor of Latin, Yale University © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87687-2 - Agricola: Tacitus Edited by A . J . Woodman Frontmatter More information University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521700290 C Cambridge University Press 2014 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Roads of Britain
    Roman Roads of Britain A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 04 Jul 2013 02:32:02 UTC Contents Articles Roman roads in Britain 1 Ackling Dyke 9 Akeman Street 10 Cade's Road 11 Dere Street 13 Devil's Causeway 17 Ermin Street 20 Ermine Street 21 Fen Causeway 23 Fosse Way 24 Icknield Street 27 King Street (Roman road) 33 Military Way (Hadrian's Wall) 36 Peddars Way 37 Portway 39 Pye Road 40 Stane Street (Chichester) 41 Stane Street (Colchester) 46 Stanegate 48 Watling Street 51 Via Devana 56 Wade's Causeway 57 References Article Sources and Contributors 59 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses License 63 Roman roads in Britain 1 Roman roads in Britain Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman army, constituted the three most impressive features of the Roman Empire. In Britain, as in their other provinces, the Romans constructed a comprehensive network of paved trunk roads (i.e. surfaced highways) during their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 - 410 AD). This article focuses on the ca. 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of Roman roads in Britain shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.[1] This contains the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is readily available to the general public. The pre-Roman Britons used mostly unpaved trackways for their communications, including very ancient ones running along elevated ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath.
    [Show full text]