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London-Welsh Writing 1890-1915: Ernest Rhys, Arthur Machen, W. H. Davies, and Caradoc Evans

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London-Welsh Writing 1890-1915: Ernest Rhys, Arthur Machen, W. H. Davies, and Caradoc Evans LONDON-WELSH WRITING 1890-1915: ERNEST RHYS, ARTHUR MACHEN, W. H. DAVIES, AND CARADOC EVANS Tomos Owen A Thesis Submitted in Candidature for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Cardiff University 2011 LONDON-WELSH WRITING 1890-1915: ERNEST RHYS, ARTHUR MACHEN, W. H. DAVIES, AND CARADOC EVANS Tomos Owen A Thesis Submitted in Candidature for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Cardiff University 2011 UMI Number: U585531 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U585531 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Form: PGR_Submission_200701 NOTICE OF SUBMISSION OF THESIS FORM: Ca r d if f POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH UNIVERSITY APPENDIX 1: Specimen layout for Thesis Summary and Declaration/Statements page to be included in a Thesis DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed . (candidate) STATEMENT 1 This is«Js being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of (insert MCh, MD, MPhil, PhD etc, as appropriate) Signed (candidate) Date. STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. explicit references. Signed .. (candidate) STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter- library loc ie title and summary to be made available to outsii' Signed (candidate) Date..n STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter- library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Graduate Development Committee. Signed (candidate) Date Abstract This thesis explores the emergence of a Welsh voice in exile in London at the turn of the twentieth century. Through readings of works by four London-Welsh writers active during the period 1890-1915 — Ernest Rhys (1859-1946), Arthur Machen (1863-1947), W. H. Davies (1871-1940) and Caradoc Evans (1878-1945) — it argues that the London context of these works makes possible the construction of various modes of Welsh identity. The introduction begins by noting how theorists of national identity have identified cultural practices, including literature, as important in shaping the imagined community of the nation. It then incorporates, and adapts, Raymond Williams’s thinking about the interplay of residual, dominant, and emergent currents operating within a culture by arguing that residual elements within a society can be harnessed and endowed with the potential to become newly emergent. The introduction concludes by identifying Matthew Arnold’s description of the Celt in hisOn the Study of Celtic Literature (1867) as a residual element. Nevertheless, it points out how, in various ways, Arnold’s Celt is recuperated by London-Welsh writers (among others) at the turn of the twentieth century. Chapter One argues that the work of Ernest Rhys constructs a self-conscious Welsh literary tradition by reclaiming Welsh-language literature and Arnold’s Celt and mobilising them as part of a cultural-nationalist aesthetic; London is an important influence on this development for material and aesthetic reasons. Chapter Two considers how Celtic history and mythology haunt the representation of the Gwent border country in the work of Arthur Machen, arguing that Machen’s Celt is also derived from Arnold but recast as a spectral, ghosdy figure. Chapter Three discusses Machen’s fellow son of Gwent, W. H. Davies. Davies’s work, both poetry and prose, frequendy contrasts country and city, yet this chapter argues that Davies’s work articulates a hybrid voice which anticipates several of the themes and techniques present in later Welsh writing in English. Chapter Four extends this by considering the early work of Caradoc Evans, whose early ‘Cockney’ stories carry structural and thematic similarities with both Davies’s poetry and his own later collections. By this reading, Evans’sMy People (1915) stands as a text which inherits earlier works and draws on an already-existing London-Welsh literary culture. This thesis concludes by arguing that the London context to these writers’ works makes possible the consolidation of a Welsh literary structure of feeling into an emergent literary voice in English: London enables each of these writers to reassess their relationship with a Wales left behind, but a Wales which nonetheless provides an impetus to new creative developments. Acknowledgements It is a pleasure to thank all those who have helped and supported me in the writing of this thesis. Doing so reminds me how lucky I am to be able to draw upon the experience and generosity of friends, family and colleagues. My indebtedness to them is matched only by my gratitude. First of all I wish to thank my supervisors. I am very honoured to have studied under the supervision of Katie Gramich and with the guidance of Stephen Knight; I am now especially proud, however, to count them both as good friends. Thanks also go the following, all of whom have offered insight and encouragement during the preparation of the thesis: Neil Badmington, Martin Coyle, Paul Crosthwaite, Dylan Foster Evans, Bill Jones, Becky Munford, David Skilton, Melanie Waters and Heather Worthington. Particular thanks go to the eagle-eyed Rob Gossedge. For friendship, wisdom, and sparkling conversation in Room 0.40 and beyond, my heartfelt thanks go to James Aubrey, Katie Gamer, Jodie Matthews, Peter Roberts, Kara Tennant, Laura Wainwright and Jess Webb. Thanks also to Maggie Knight and Lloyd Roderick. I am lucky to have such wonderful friends. Thanks to the IT support staff at Cardiff School of English, Communication and Philosophy for help with the preparation of the thesis, and also to the staff at the Arts and Social Studies Library — particularly in the Special Collections and Archives - for patience and support with countless requests and enquiries. I am grateful to the Arts and Humanities Research Council for awarding me a Doctoral Award in order to carry out this research. I am also grateful to the School of English, Communication, and Philosophy for support in enabling me to conduct and present my research during the course of my study. Finally, for their love, support, and untiring patience, diolch o galon i Sharon, Wynne, Gwen, a Becky. Ill Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements ii Introduction Culture and Nation: Residual and Emergent Myths of National Identity 1 Models of National Identity: Anderson, Gellner, and Smith 4 Raymond Williams and the Residual, Dominant, and Emergent Cultural Modes 11 (Residual) Myths of National Identity 16 Matthew Arnold’s Residual Celticity 18 The London Welsh 30 Chapter One Ernest Rhys: London Keldcism 36 A Coat Covered With Embroideries Out of Old Mythologies 36 In Search of Lost Times: Reading and Constructing Welsh History 46 Wales, London, and the Invention of Literary Tradition:A. London Rose and Other Rhymes 38 Nation and Translation 02 Chapter Two Arthur Machen: The Gothic London Celt 106 Gothic Contexts; or, The Ghostly Nation 106 Machen and the Celtic Gothic 112 Spectres of Arnold:The Three Impostors 127 The Hill of Dreams and the Death of the (London-Welsh) Author 144 Conjuring Celticism 161 Chapter Three ‘A City’s Noise and Nature’s Quiet Call*: W. H. Davies 175 Davies, the Welsh Georgian Poet 175 A Poetics of Exile 186 Finding Utterance 101 Davies and Evans: TowardsM y People 219 Chapter Four ‘An Intransigence that is Not Easily Ignored’: Caradoc Evans priorM y to People 237 A Prologue to History 237 Sinker of the Sandcasde Dynasty 239 London Chat 255 Caradoc Evans: Super-Tramp 266 Chatting About Wales 285 The City, The Village 296 Conclusion 304 Bibliography 309 1 Introduction Culture and Nation: Residual and Emergent Myths of National Identity Late-nineteenth-century London sees the emergence of a Welsh voice in exile. In various social, political, and cultural spheres, the Welsh community in London succeeds in negotiating a distinctive position for itself within the great metropolis. Across a range of forms and authors, the period around the turn of the twentieth century, from the re­ founding of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion in 1878 to the publication of Caradoc Evans’sMy People in 1915, witnesses the development of a distinctive Welsh writing in English. Through reading works by four London-Welsh writers active during the period 1890-1915, this thesis will argue that the London context of these works makes possible the construction of various new models of Welsh identity. Theoretical positions concerning the development of nationalism and national identity will combine with Raymond Williams’s thinking about the interplay of residual, dominant, and emergent ideologies to establish a framework for this argument. The thesis complements this methodological approach with primary research into the work of four writers seldom read together: Ernest Rhys (1859-1946), Arthur Machen (1863-1947), W. H. Davies (1871-1940), and Caradoc Evans (1878-1945). While these writers are representative of a London-Welsh literary-cultural milieu, the differences of form and content among their works suggest that London-Welsh writing at the turn of the twentieth century cannot be reduced to these four authors. Religious and political writing burgeons during the period, as do other Welsh discourses in the city, by means of public lectures and the establishment of literary' and learned societies.
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