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Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940 Studies in Global Social History

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Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940 Studies in Global Social History Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940 Studies in Global Social History Series Editor Marcel van der Linden International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Editorial Board Sven Beckert Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Philip Bonner University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Dirk Hoerder University of Arizona, Phoenix, AR, USA Chitra Joshi Indraprastha College, Delhi University, India Amarjit Kaur University of New England, Armidale, Australia Barbara Weinstein New York University, New York, NY, USA VOLUME 6 Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940 The Praxis of National Liberation, Internationalism, and Social Revolution Edited by Steven Hirsch Lucien van der Walt LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 On the cover: Map of the world with anarchist symbol. “The World: Colonial Possessions and commercial highways, 1910.” Map 140 of The Cambridge Modern History Atlas edited by Sir Adolphus William Ward, G.W. Prothero, Sir Stanley Modaunt Leather, E.A. Benians, London: Cambridge University Press, 1912. Courtesy of Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, University of Texas-Austin. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anarchism and syndicalism in the colonial and postcolonial world, 1870-1940 : the praxis of national liberation, internationalism, and social revolution / edited by Steven Hirsch, Lucien van der Walt. p. cm. — (Studies in global social history ; v. 6) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-18849-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Revolutions and socialism— Developing countries. 2. National liberation movements—Developing countries. 3. Anarchism—Developing countries. 4. Syndicalism—Developing countries. 5 Anti-imperialist movements—Developing countries. 6. Internationalism. I. Hirsch, Steven (Steven J.) II. Van der Walt, Lucien. HX550.R48A53 2010 303.6’409172409041—dc22 2010036408 ISSN 1874-6705 ISBN 978 90 04 18849 5 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. CONTENTS List of Illustrations ............................................................................ vii Acknowledgments .............................................................................. ix List of Contributors ........................................................................... xi Preface ................................................................................................. xiii Benedict Anderson Rethinking Anarchism and Syndicalism: the colonial and postcolonial experience, 1870–1940 ........................................... xxxi Lucien van der Walt and Steven J. Hirsch PART ONE ANARCHISM AND SYNDICALISM IN THE COLONIAL WORLD “Diverse in race, religion and nationality . but united in aspirations of civil progress”: the anarchist movement in Egypt 1860–1940 ........................................................................... 3 Anthony Gorman Revolutionary Syndicalism, Communism and the National Question in South African socialism, 1886–1928 .................... 33 Lucien van der Walt Korean Anarchism before 1945: a regional and transnational approach ......................................................................................... 95 Dongyoun Hwang Anarchism and the Question of Place: thoughts from the Chinese experience ........................................................................ 131 Arif Dirlik The Makhnovist Movement and the National Question in the Ukraine, 1917–1921 ...................................................................... 147 Аleksandr Shubin vi contents Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism, and Nationalism in Ireland ............................................................................................. 193 Emmet O’Connor PART TWO ANARCHISM AND SYNDICALISM IN THE POSTCOLONIAL WORLD Peruvian Anarcho-Syndicalism: adapting transnational influences and forging counterhegemonic practices, 1905–1930 ....................................................................................... 227 Steven J. Hirsch Tropical Libertarians: anarchist movements and networks in the Caribbean, Southern United States, and Mexico, 1890s–1920s .................................................................................... 273 Kirk Shaffer Straddling the Nation and the Working World: anarchism and syndicalism on the docks and rivers of Argentina, 1900–1930 ....................................................................................... 321 Geoffroy de Laforcade Constructing Syndicalism and Anarchism Globally: the transnational making of the syndicalist movement in São Paulo, Brazil, 1895–1935 .............................................................. 363 Edilene Toledo and Luigi Biondi Final Reflections: the vicissitudes of anarchist and syndicalist trajectories, 1940 to the present .................................................. 395 Steven J. Hirsch and Lucien van der Walt Index .................................................................................................... 413 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Illustrations 1. African workers attend a rally in Johannesburg, addressed by members of the Industrial Workers of Africa, the International Socialist League and the South African Native National Congress, June 1918. Source: Museum Africa ......... 34 2. Members of the Korean Anarchist Federation pose with Chinese comrades involved in a peasant self-management initiative, Pukeun province, China ca. 1927–1928. Source: Centre for International Research on Anarchism, Geneva ..... 112 3. The Ukrainian anarchist territory, showing core area of “Makhnovia”, and maximum sphere of influence 1918–1921. Source: Alexandre Skirda, Nestor Makhro: anarchy’s Cossack: the struggle for free soviets in the Ukraine, 1917–1921 (2004 English edition). ............................................................................ 166 4. Makhnovist troops pore over the draft second alliance with the Bolsheviks, Starobelsk, September 1920. Source: courtesy of AK Press ..................................................................................... 185 5. Jim Larkin speaking in Queen’s Square, Belfast, 1907. Source: Frank Boyd Collection, Linenhall Library, Belfast ..... 200 6. Nicolás Gutarra, Peruvian anarcho-syndicalist leader, is hoisted on the shoulders of the crowd on May Day 1919, Lima. Source: Variedades, Lima, 3 May 1919 .......................... 236 7. Peruvian anarcho-syndicalism: breaking the bonds of oppression, exploitation, and ignorance. Source: El Constructor, Organo de la Unión de Trabajadores en Construcción Civil, volume 2, number 1, May 1925, kindly provided by the International Institute of Social History ....... 239 8. Ricardo Flores Magón and Enrique Flores Magón, Mexican anarchists, at the Los Angeles County Jail, 1916. Source: David Poole, ed. 1977, Land and Liberty: anarchist influences in the Mexican Revolution: Ricardo Flores Magón. Orkney: Cienfuegos Press .............................................. 305 viii list of illustrations 9. Maritime workers and dockers affiliated to the Regional Workers Federation of Argentina (FORA) meet in January 1919 on the eve of a general strike. Source: Eduardo COLOMBO et al., De l’histoire du mouvement ouvrier révolutionnaire, Paris, CNT-RP, 2001 .................................... 345 10. A crowd scene from the 1917 general strike in São Paulo city, Brazil. Source: Arquivo Edgard Leuenroth, University of Campinas ............................................................. 389 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book began as a panel on “Anarchism and Anarcho-syndicalism in the Global South: Latin America in Comparative Perspective” for the European Social Science History Conference held in Amsterdam in 2006. Subsequent to the conference, we solicited papers from Geoffroy de Laforcade, Edilene Toledo and Luigi Biondi, Aleksandr Shubin, Anthony Gorman, and Emmet O’Connor. We wish to thank all the contributors to this volume for their patience and dedication to this project. The editors are grateful to Marcel van der Linden for making possible the publication of Arif Dirlik’s article. We also extend our gratitude to other colleagues who provided invaluable ideas, critical comments, and encouragement: Bert Altena, Kim Clark, Carl Levy, Thad Metz, James Pendlebury, Michael Schmidt, Nicole Ulrich, and Marcel van der Linden. In preparing this book, we received generous assistance from Nienke Brienen-Moolenaar, Hylke Faber, and Boris van Gool at Brill Publishers. We would also like to thank Sally Liard and the International Institute of Social History for the translation of Aleksandr Shubin’s chapter, and the International Institute of Social History and the University of the Witwatersrand for helping finance this translation. Finally, we want to thank the University of Pittsburgh- Greensburg for defraying the costs of indexing this volume.
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