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The Life History and Immature Stages of the Weevil Anthonomus Monostigma Champion (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Miconia Calvescens Dc (Melastomataceae)

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The Life History and Immature Stages of the Weevil Anthonomus Monostigma Champion (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Miconia Calvescens Dc (Melastomataceae) PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 114(2), 2012, pp. 173–185 THE LIFE HISTORY AND IMMATURE STAGES OF THE WEEVIL ANTHONOMUS MONOSTIGMA CHAMPION (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ON MICONIA CALVESCENS DC (MELASTOMATACEAE) EDUARDO CHACO´ N-MADRIGAL,M.TRACY JOHNSON, AND PAUL HANSON (ECM, PH) Escuela de Biologı´a, Universidad de Costa Rica, A.P. 2060, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose´, Costa Rica (e-mail: ECM [email protected], PH [email protected]); (MTJ) USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Volcano, Hawaii 96785, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract.—We describe and illustrate the life history and immature stages of Anthonomus monostigma Champion (Curculionidae: Curculioninae: Anthonomini). This weevil is a fruit borer in Miconia calvescens DC (Melastomataceae), a Neotrop- ical tree that is invasive in Pacific islands. The larva has three instars, and development from egg to adult requires approximately two months. In Costa Rica, A. monostigma larvae were found in three Miconia species, and adults fed only on Miconia species. Host relationships of the A. monostigma group suggest that this group could be related to the A. partiarius and A. albocivitensis groups (sensu Clark 1992, 1993b). The potential of A. monostigma as a biological control agent is discussed. Key Words: biological control, fruit-borer, invasive species, host plants, Costa Rica, Hawaii DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.114.2.173 The velvet tree, Miconia calvescens For this reason researchers at the Univer- DC (Melastomataceae), is native to the sity of Costa Rica have been studying po- Neotropics and is invasive in Hawaii, tential biocontrol agents of M. calvescens Tahiti and other Pacific islands where it in its native habitat; examples of species poses a serious threat to natural ecosys- that have been studied include a psyllid tems because of its ability to displace na- (Hemiptera) (Burckhardt et al. 2005) and tive plants (Meyer 1996, 1998; Medeiros riodinid (Lepidoptera) (Allen 2010, Nishida et al. 1997). Classical biological control 2010). Several weevil (Curculionidae) via the introduction of natural enemies from specieshavealsobeenfoundfeedingon the native (Neotropical) habitat is probably this plant, including Cryptorhynchus mel- the best long-term means of managing this astomae Champion (Reichert et al. 2010) invasive plant (Badenes-Perez et al. 2008). and Copturus tricolor Champion in stems, and Pedetinus halticoides (Champion) and Anthonomus monostigma Champion in * Edited by Jens Prena; accepted by Robert R. fruits. The latter species is the focus of the Kula current investigation. 174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON The curculionid genus Anthonomus MATERIALS AND METHODS Germar, with over 500 species worldwide, This study was conducted in Costa includes about 400 Neotropical species Rica from June 2005 to December 2006 (Clark 2008). It is the largest genus in the at three locations: Vereh (Cartago Prov- tribe Anthonomini and contains many ince, Turrialba; 09°479000 N, 83°319400 species that are still undescribed. Several W; 1200 m elevation), located on the species are of economic importance as crop Caribbean slope of the Cordillera de pests (Burke and Cross 1966, Dieckmann Talamanca with annual rainfall of 3000 1968, Burke 1976), while others have been mm (unpubl. data, Centro Agrono´mico proposed as biological control agents Tropical de Investigacio´n y Ensen˜anza, (Pedrosa-Macedo et al. 2000, Medal Turrialba); La Selva Biological Station et al. 2002, Caxambu 2003). (Heredia Province, Sarapiquı´;10°259270 Because of their host specificity and N, 84°009050 W; 50 m elevation), lo- ability to damage flowers and fruits, An- cated in the Caribbean lowlands, with an thonomus weevils have been studied as annual rainfall of ca. 4000 mm, peaking potential biological control agents for three from May to December, and a mean weeds of South American origin. These annual temperature of 25.8 °C (Sanford include Anthonomus tenebrosus Bozeman et al. 1994); and the campus of the Uni- for control of Solanum viarum Dunal versity of Costa Rica (San Jose´ Province, (Solanaceae) in the southeastern United ° 9 0 ° 9 0 States (Medal et al. 2002), Anthonomus Montes de Oca; 09 56 16 N, 84 03 00 santacruzi Hustache for control of Sola- W; 1200 m elevation), located in the Valle num mauritianum Scopoli (Solanaceae) in Central, with mean annual rainfall of ca. South Africa (Pedrosa-Macedo et al. 2000) 1800 mm, concentrated between May and and Anthonomus partiarius Boheman for November (unpubl. data 2004–2005, Uni- control of Tibouchina herbacea Cogniaux versity of Costa Rica Meteorological Sta- (Melastomataceae) in Hawaii (Pedrosa- tion) and a mean annual temperature of ca. ° Macedo et al. 2000, Caxambu 2003). 20 C (Stiles 1990). Anthonomus monostigma, described by Larvae of A. monostigma were col- Champion in 1903, has been collected lected at Vereh from dissected fruits of from Mexico to Panama (Champion 1903, M. calvescens and were preserved in O’Brien and Wibmer 1982). In Costa 70% ethanol. Additional fruits were held 3 3 Rica, adults were collected on Miconia in plastic containers (7 21 28 cm) to nervosa Triana (Melastomataceae) at the rear larvae to the adult stage. Adults La Selva Biological Station, Heredia were identified by Robert S. Anderson (Clark 1993a), but the specific nature of its (Canadian Museum of Nature). Ten third host plant associations was otherwise instar larvae were selected for descrip- previously unknown. Clark (1993a) clas- tion; these were macerated and boiled sified A. monostigma in the A. monostigma in a 10% KOH solution and washed in species group; however, the phylogenetic distilled water and 95% ethanol (May relationships between this and other spe- 1979). These larvae, their mouthparts cies groups of Anthonomus are unresolved and four pupae were mounted in euparal (Clark 1993a). Here we describe the life on glass slides for microscopic observa- history and illustrate the immature stages tion and illustration. The terminology for of A. monostigma and discuss its host re- larval and pupal descriptions follows lationships and potential as a biocontrol Burke (1968) and Ahmad and Burke agent for Miconia calvescens DC. (1972). VOLUME 114, NUMBER 2 175 To determine the number of instars, RESULTS 176 preserved larvae were digitally Larval development.—The frequency photographed at a fixed magnification distribution of head capsule widths under a microscope, and widths of head showed three separate peaks, indicating capsules were measured using Imagetool three larval instars (Fig. 1). Larvae 3.0 software (UTHSCSA 2002). The hatched from eggs within 5–9 days of duration of immature stages was de- oviposition. The first, second and third termined by rearing A. monostigma in stadia lasted approximately five, 10 and bagged infructescences of M. calves- 20 days, respectively (Table 1). After 45 cens trees cultivated on the campus of days from oviposition, when specimens the University of Costa Rica. Groups of were in the prepupal stage, we ran out of six adult A. monostigma were enclosed fruits for dissection, so it was not possible in seven mesh bags (10 3 15 cm), each bag covering a portion of a developing to determine the duration of the pupal infructescence, for a period of 5–6 days stage. Adults lived up to nine weeks in the to allow oviposition. After removal of laboratory. Ten specimens of one parasit- adults from the bags, samples of 20–30 oid species, Bracon sp. (Braconidae), fruits per infructescence were dissected emerged from approximately 600 M. every five days. Ages of dissected lar- calvescens fruits which contained Antho- vae were determined by days elapsed nomus larvae. No weevil species other than after the removal of adults. The larval A. monostigma were reared from M. cal- instar was determined based on head vescens fruits. capsule width. The longevity of adults Immature stages of A. monostigma was determined by maintaining 5–20 were monitored at Vereh during the M. adults in each of five petri dishes with calvescens fruiting period in 2005–2006. mature and immature M. calvescens First instars were observed in late November fruits given as food. Fresh food was 2005 and early January 2006 in small- and supplied weekly. medium-sized immature fruits. Second in- The host range of A. monostigma was stars were present between December 2005 evaluated by searching selected mela- and March 2006 in immature fruits. Third stome species at the La Selva Biological instars were observed between December Station and Vereh, Turrialba. A voucher and April in immature and nearly mature of each melastome species was deposited fruits. A few pupae were observed in March in the Herbarium of the University of and April in mature fruits. Costa Rica. At each locality 1–15 plants Host range.—AttheLaSelvaBi- of each potential host species were ological Station, 13 melastome species searched at 1–2 month intervals for one (Fig. 2) were surveyed for the presence year. Plant phenology was recorded of A. monostigma. Adults were found during each visit. Particular attention was feeding on fruits of Miconia affinis DC., given to flowers and fruits because the Miconia impetiolaris (Sw.) D. Don ex weevils use these structures for their DC., Miconia longifolia (Aubl.) DC. development. When fruits were present, and Miconia nervosa (Sm.) Triana, but samples of approximately 20–400 fruits larval development was detected only in per melastome species were collected fruits of M. longifolia. This host plant and taken back to the laboratory where produced fruits during almost the entire they were dissected or kept in plastic year, and adult weevils were observed containers for rearing. on M. longifolia during every visit (Fig. 2). 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Frequency distribution of head capsule widths of A. monostigma larvae. Vertical dotted lines indicate probable limit of each instar (n = 176). At Vereh, 12 melastome species were and reaching antennal base.
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