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The Flaming Ramparts of the World”: the Function of Rome in Walter Pater’S Marius the Epicurean

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The Flaming Ramparts of the World”: the Function of Rome in Walter Pater’S Marius the Epicurean KU LEUVEN FACULTY OF ARTS BLIJDE INKOMSTSTRAAT 21 BOX 3301 3000 LEUVEN, BELGIË “The Flaming Ramparts of the World”: The Function of Rome in Walter Pater’s Marius the Epicurean Melanie Hacke Presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Western Literature Supervisor: Dr. Frederik Van Dam Co-supervisor: Prof. dr. Reine Meylaerts Leuven 2015 147. 317 characters Abstract Terwijl de achttiende-eeuwse Britse cultuur gefascineerd was door het Romeinse Rijk, vertoonde de negentiende eeuw een hevige interesse voor het oude Griekenland. Toch bleef de Romeinse invloed voortduren, onder meer in de traditie van (overwegend populaire) romans die zich afspeelden in de Oudheid. Vanwege zijn manifeste belangstelling voor de Griekse wereld wordt Walter Pater (1839- 1894), professor in de klassieke talen aan de universiteit van Oxford, doorgaans als een Hellenistisch auteur beschouwd. Toch speelt zijn eerste roman, Marius the Epicurean (1885), zich af in het Rome van de tweede eeuw na Christus. Eerst en vooral is het doel van deze masterproef dan ook te bepalen waarom Pater voor een Romeinse setting koos eerder dan voor een Griekse. Daarbij wordt onderzocht hoe Marius the Epicurean omgaat met het stereotype beeld van Rome zoals het in de traditie van populaire romans wordt aangetroffen: door ze te verwerken in zijn estheticisme daagt Pater de traditionele topoi uit. Deze onderzoeksvragen worden gelinkt aan Marius’ Bildung, die opgedeeld is in twee fasen: de eerste helft van de roman behandelt de ontwikkeling van Marius’ esthetische levensbeschouwing, terwijl de tweede helft beschrijft hoe de jonge man zijn individualisme probeert te verzoenen met het gemeenschapsleven. Pater slaagt er moeilijk in om Marius’ esthetisch individualisme te verenigen met zijn natuurlijke drang naar menselijk contact. Het eerste deel van deze masterproef bestaat uit een korte synopsis van Paters leven en werk, gevolgd door een historisch overzicht van de receptie van de Griekse en Romeinse Oudheid in het Groot-Brittannië van de negentiende eeuw. Het tweede deel bevat een analyse van Marius the Epicurean, enerzijds gebaseerd op een gedetailleerde lezing van de roman, en anderzijds op eerdere literaire kritiek, zowel over Paters werk als over de intellectuele cultuur waarbinnen hij wordt geplaatst. Een groot deel van deze analyse is gewijd aan Paters gebruik van De Rerum Natura (Over de Natuur der Dingen), een epicuristisch leerdicht geschreven door de Romeinse auteur Lucretius (ca. 99-55 v.C.), een veelbesproken figuur in de Victoriaanse cultuur. De romans verwijzingen naar Lucretius verschaffen inzicht in Paters houding tegenover materialisme en epicurisme: hoewel hij De Rerum Natura’s theorie over de zintuigen en de ziel waardeerde, geloofde Pater niet dat de mens kan leven zonder enige vorm van religieus bewustzijn. Het laatste hoofdstuk van deze masterproef plaatst Marius in het licht van Erich Auerbach’s Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (1946). Dit hoofdstuk toont aan hoe Pater, door zijn modernistische stijl en zijn voorstelling van de realiteit, de historische beperkingen van de context waarin hij werkte tegelijkertijd confronteert en ontwijkt. 1 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4 Life and Work of Walter Pater ................................................................................................... 5 Early Life and Aestheticism ................................................................................................................. 5 Marius the Epicurean and Later Work ................................................................................................ 8 The Reception of Antiquity in Victorian Britain ...................................................................... 10 Hellenism: the Reception of Greek culture ........................................................................................ 10 A Quest for Authenticity ............................................................................................................... 10 Arnold’s Hellenism : Greece as It Really Was? ............................................................................ 12 Evolutionary Humanistic Hellenism .............................................................................................. 14 “The Scarce Remediable Cleavage” .............................................................................................. 16 Romanism: the Reception of Roman Culture .................................................................................... 17 Rome as an Arena for Contemporary Concerns ............................................................................ 19 Marius the Epicurean ............................................................................................................... 23 The Odd Novel Out ............................................................................................................................ 23 Part the first: A Golden Childhood .................................................................................................... 24 The Boy Priest ............................................................................................................................... 24 The Lure of Decadence .................................................................................................................. 26 Part the Second: The Epicurean Rose Garden ................................................................................... 28 Marius the Materialist .................................................................................................................... 28 Pater’s Aesthetic Interpretation of Epicureanism .......................................................................... 30 Lucretius’s De Rerum Natura in Marius the Epicurean ............................................................... 32 Part the Third: Corruption and Kindness ........................................................................................... 42 Marcus Aurelius’s Stoic Indifference ............................................................................................ 42 The Question of Sympathy ............................................................................................................ 45 Part the Fourth: “The Saint, and the Cyrenaic” .................................................................................. 48 An Orthodox Portrayal of Early Christianity ................................................................................. 48 A Christian End? ............................................................................................................................ 49 Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Marius The Epicurean .................................................. 52 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 55 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 58 2 Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank my supervisor Doctor Frederik Van Dam, without whose help I could never have finished this thesis successfully. I am grateful to him for suggesting Marius the Epicurean, since I instantly fell for Pater’s poetic language, and shared Marius’s sentimental fondness for “the clear song of the blackbird on that gray March evening” (Pater ME 40). Moreover, the topic has allowed me to combine my passion for Latin with that for Victorian literature. My thanks also go to Professor Reine Meylaerts, for her kindly offer to act as a co-supervisor and lector for this thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends: my parents, for their unwavering support, and for passing down their love of literature; my brother, for perfecting the lay-out of this thesis, but, more importantly, for being my brother; and my friends, particularly Leontien and Morien, for proofreading my abstract, and for offering me welcome breaks from Marius. 3 Introduction Eighteenth-century British culture was characterised by a fascination with the Roman Empire: Rome became a popular travel destination, functioned as a setting for literature and art, and was the dominant metaphor for politics. The nineteenth century, in contrast, was captivated by Ancient Greece. Nevertheless, the influence of Rome continued; in literature this is most apparent in the tradition of novels set in Antiquity, most of which were written for a popular audience. Walter Pater (1839-1894), who was a classics don at Oxford, can easily be classified among the Victorian Hellenist authors, since his work manifests a strong interest in the Ancient Greek world. However, his first novel Marius the Epicurean (1885) is set in second- century Rome. The aim of this thesis is therefore to investigate why Pater decided to set Marius in Rome rather than in Greece. Furthermore, it aims to examine how Marius deals with the stereotypical image of Rome that can be found in the popular Rome novels. All this is considered in relation to Marius’s Bildung, which is divisible into two major phases. The first volume of the novel discusses the development of his individual aesthetic philosophy, while
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