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Butterflies and Moths Free FREE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS PDF DK | 224 pages | 01 Feb 2010 | Dorling Kindersley Ltd | 9781405349956 | English | London, United Kingdom Comparison of butterflies and moths - Wikipedia A common classification of the Lepidoptera involves their differentiation into butterflies and moths. Butterflies are a natural monophyletic group, often given the suborder Rhopalocerawhich includes Papilionoidea true butterfliesHesperiidae skippersand Hedylidae butterfly moths. In this taxonomic scheme, moths belong to the suborder Heterocera. Other taxonomic schemes have been proposed, the most common Butterflies and Moths the butterflies into the suborder Ditrysia and then the "superfamily" Papilionoidea and ignoring a classification for moths. While the butterflies form a monophyletic group, the moths, which comprise the rest of the Lepidoptera, do not. Many attempts have been made to group the superfamilies of the Lepidoptera into natural groups, most of which fail because one of the two groups is Butterflies and Moths monophyletic: Microlepidoptera and Macrolepidoptera, Heterocera and Rhopalocera, Jugatae and Frenatae, Monotrysia and Ditrysia. Although the rules for distinguishing these groups are Butterflies and Moths absolute, one very good guiding principle is that butterflies have thin antennae and with one exception have small balls or clubs at the end of their antennae. Moth antennae Butterflies and Moths be quite varied in appearance, but in particular lack the club end. The divisions are named by this principle: "club-antennae" Rhopalocera or "varied-antennae" Heterocera. The family Hesperiidaeor the skippers, often considered as butterflies, have Butterflies and Moths morphological differences from butterflies and moths. The most obvious difference is in the feelers, or antennae. Most butterflies have thin slender filamentous antennae which are club shaped at the end. Moths, on the other hand, often have comb-like Butterflies and Moths feathery antennae, or filamentous and unclubbed. There are, however, exceptions to this rule and a few moths the families CastniidaeUraniidaeApoprogonidaeand Sematuridae [4] have clubbed antennae. Some butterflies, like Pseudopontia paradoxa from the forests of central Africalack the club ends. The hesperiids often have an angle to the tip of the antenna. Many moths have a frenulum which is a filament arising from the hindwing and coupling matching up with barbs on the forewing. The frenulum can be observed only when a specimen is in hand. Some moths have a lobe on the forewing called a jugum that helps in coupling with the hindwing. Butterflies, however, lack these structures. Most moth caterpillars spin a cocoon made of silk within which they metamorphose into the pupal stage. Most butterfly caterpillars, on the other hand, form an exposed pupa made from a hardened protein, also termed a chrysalis. There are many exceptions to this rule, however. For example, the hawk moths form an exposed pupa which Butterflies and Moths underground. Gypsy moths sometimes form butterfly-style pupae, hanging on twigs or tree bark, although usually they create flimsy cocoons out of silk strands and a few leaves, partially exposing the pupa. The plume winged moths of the family Pterophoridae also Butterflies and Moths without a cocoon and the pupa resembles Butterflies and Moths chrysalis of the pierid butterfly. A few skipper butterfly larvae also make crude cocoons in which they pupate, exposing the pupa a bit. The Parnassius butterfly larvae make a flimsy cocoon for pupation and they pupate near the ground surface between debris. Most butterflies have bright colours on Butterflies and Moths wings. Nocturnal moths on the other hand are usually plain brown, grey, white or black and often with obscuring patterns of zigzags or swirls which help camouflage them from predators as they rest during the day. However, many day-flying moths are brightly coloured, Butterflies and Moths if they are toxic. These diurnal species evolved to locate their mates visually and not primarily by pheromone as their Butterflies and Moths nocturnal cousins. A few butterflies Butterflies and Moths also plain-coloured, like the cabbage white Butterflies and Moths or the baron butterfly. Moths tend to have stout and hairy or furry-looking bodies, while butterflies have slender and smoother abdomens. Moths have larger scales on their wings which makes them look more dense and fluffy. Butterflies on the other hand possess fine scales. This difference is possibly due to the need for moths to conserve heat during the cooler nights, or to confound echolocation by bats, whereas butterflies are able to absorb sunlight. Despite appearances, butterflies and moths have different types of compound eyes. Though not universal, moths very commonly have superposition eyeswhile butterflies equally commonly Butterflies and Moths apposition eyes. This is due to the superposition eye's adaptations for low light environments suiting the nocturnal moths, and the apposition eye's superior resolution and potential for colour vision benefiting the more diurnal butterflies. There are several exceptions to this rule, such as with the diurnal Zygaenidae and Sytomidae families of moths, both of which have apposition eyes, or the Hedyloidea family of butterflies, which are nocturnal and feature superposition eyes. Most moths are nocturnal or crepuscular while most butterflies are diurnal. There are however exceptions, including the spectacular Uraniidae or sunset Butterflies and Moths. Moths usually rest with their wings spread out to their sides. Butterflies frequently fold their wings above their backs when they are perched although they will occasionally "bask" with Butterflies and Moths wings spread for short periods several types of Swallowtail butterflies tend to frequently rest with their wings spread when in sunlight. However, some butterflies, like the skippersmay hold their wings either flat, or folded, or even in-between the so-called "jet plane" position when perched. Most moths also occasionally fold their wings Butterflies and Moths their backs when they are in a certain spot like when there is no room to fully spread their wings. A sometimes confusing family can be the Geometridae such as the winter moth because the adults often rest with their wings Butterflies and Moths vertically. These moths have thin bodies and large wings like many butterflies but may be distinguished easily by structural differences in their antennae e. Chrysiridia rhipheus Uraniidaethe day-flying Madagascan sunset moth, has butterfly-like colours. Tetragonus sp. The day-flying Paysandisia archon has clubbed antennae like other moths of family Castniidae. The male Butterflies and Moths promethea uses Batesian mimicry to mimic the poisonous pipe vine swallowtail. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Lepidoptera: form, function and diversity. Retrieved June 29, Retrieved April 27, Lund University. Archived from the original PDF on 9 February Retrieved 11 May Johnson; Sarah G. Brown; Eric J. Warrant 14 November Lepidoptera: Hedyloidea : a nocturnal butterfly with superposition optics". Extant Butterflies and Moths families. Suborder Zeugloptera. Micropterigidae mandibulate archaic moths. Suborder Aglossata. Agathiphagidae kauri moths. Suborder Heterobathmiina. Suborder Glossata. Acanthopteroctetidae archaic sun moths. Aenigmatineidae Neopseustidae archaic bell moths. Anomosetidae Hepialidae swift moths, ghost moths Neotheoridae Amazonian primitive ghost moths Palaeosetidae miniature ghost Butterflies and Moths Prototheoridae African primitive ghost moths. Mnesarchaeidae New Zealand primitive moths. Adelidae fairy longhorn moths Cecidosidae Heliozelidae Incurvariidae Prodoxidae yucca moths. Andesianidae Andean endemic moths. Nepticulidae pigmy, or midget moths Opostegidae white eyecap moths. Palaephatidae Gondwanaland moths. Tischeriidae trumpet leaf miner moths. Acrolophidae burrowing webworm moths Arrhenophanidae Eriocottidae Old World spiny-winged moths Lypusidae Psychidae bagworm moths Tineidae fungus moths. Bucculatricidae ribbed cocoon makers Douglasiidae Douglas moths Gracillariidae Roeslerstammiidae. Acrolepiidae false diamondback moths Bedelliidae Glyphipterigidae sedge moths Heliodinidae Butterflies and Moths Plutellidae Yponomeutidae ermine moths Ypsolophidae. Autostichidae Batrachedridae Blastobasidae Coleophoridae case-bearers, case moths Cosmopterigidae cosmet moths Elachistidae grass-miner moths Gelechiidae twirler moths Lecithoceridae long-horned moths Metachandidae Momphidae mompha moths Oecophoridae concealer Butterflies and Moths Pterolonchidae Scythrididae flower Butterflies and Moths Xyloryctidae timber moths. Heterogynidae Zygaenidae burnet, forester, or smoky moths Himantopteridae Lacturidae Somabrachyidae Megalopygidae flannel moths Aididae Anomoeotidae Cyclotornidae Epipyropidae planthopper parasite moths Dalceridae slug caterpillars Limacodidae slug, or cup moths. Cossidae carpenter millers, or goat moths Dudgeoneidae dudgeon carpenter moths. Brachodidae little bear moths Castniidae castniid moths: giant butterfly- moths, sun moths Sesiidae clearwing moths. Choreutidae metalmark moths. Tortricidae tortrix moths. Urodidae false burnet moths. Schreckensteiniidae bristle-legged moths. Epermeniidae fringe-tufted moths. Butterflies and Moths many-plumed moths Tineodidae false plume moths. Pterophoridae plume moths. Copromorphidae tropical fruitworm moths Carposinidae fruitworm moths. Thyrididae picture-winged leaf moths. Callidulidae Old World butterfly-moths.
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