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A Study on Potential Integration of Greenway on Urban Street Canyon at Planned Residential Area of Dhaka City

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A Study on Potential Integration of Greenway on Urban Street Canyon at Planned Residential Area of Dhaka City A STUDY ON POTENTIAL INTEGRATION OF GREENWAY ON URBAN STREET CANYON AT PLANNED RESIDENTIAL AREA OF DHAKA CITY By Zarrin Tasnim A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE September 2018 Department of Architecture BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Dhaka, Bangladesh. i Dedication To my grandparents and parents, Late AL hajj Md. Ramzan Ali Late Royal Engineer S. A. Karim AL hajj Rashida Begum Mrs. Rouson Ara Begum Advocate Md. Babar Ali ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the people who helped making this investigation possible. It is my pleasure to acknowledge my gratitude and thankfulness to my supervisor, Dr. Md. Ashikur Rahman Joarder, Professor, Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). I find myself privileged acquiring the opportunity to work under his skilful supervision. Without his dedication and constructive guidance, this research could never be possible. I would as well like to thank Dr. Khandaker Shabbir Ahmed, Professor, Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) for his scholarly advice at the initial stage of this research. I would as well love to acknowledge my gratefulness and gratitude to my parents Mrs. Rouson Ara Begum and Mr. Md. Babar Ali, Advocate, Bangladesh Supreme Court, for their consistent support and blessings in conducting this research. Finally yet importantly, I would like to acknowledge my thankfulness to the Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), for technical and all other supports. iii Abstract Orchards and meadows featured ancient Dhaka city. Gradually over population has turned it into a concrete jungle. Rapid urbanization replaces foliage with edifices and produces microclimate of higher air temperature or Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) than rural surroundings. Outdoor temperature of Dhaka is 1-1.5 K higher than that of immediate regions. Thirty percent denizens of Dhaka commute 0-2.5 km on foot daily. Ample striders die in road accident in this pedestrian inimical city. Integrating greenways on the street canyons of Dhaka is an implicit remedy alleviating these delinquents. Tropical studies found that planted urban streets reduce DBT to the extent of 1-3 K. Greenways are linear open spaces built along lush green, stream or similar features for non-motorized users that ameliorate environment. This study concerns about the microclimatic impact of integrated greenways on street canyons at planned residential Dhaka. To unravel this quest, field study was steered at eight potential planted and bare street canyons at planned residential Dhaka. The microclimatic parameters were recorded from 10.00-18.00 hours at summer days using Thermo-Anemometer and Hygro-Thermometer. An existing bare street canyon was simulated from 08.00-20.00 hours using Envi-met. Greenway was integrated on idem bare model and simulated from 08.00-20.00 hours. Simulated maps were extracted through Leonardo. Field and simulation study were analysed to scrutinize the microclimatic impact of integrated greenways on the street canyons of Dhaka. This study reveals that greenways hold an immense cooling effect on street canyon microclimate of planned residential Dhaka enhancing pedestrian thermal comfort. The integrated greenway reduced DBT to the extent of 7.03-10.30 K, Mean Radiant temperature (Tmrt) 5.76-31.36 K and increased Relative Humidity (RH) 7.90-18.47%. This study unveils the role of integrated greenways on street canyons to lessen the outdoor DBT of Dhaka. This study escorts the urbanites towards a hustle and bustle free thermally comfortable relaxed outdoor walking trail through integrated greenway. Keywords Integrated greenway, Microclimate, Urban street canyon, Aspect ratio, Pedestrian thermal comfort. iv Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... III ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................... IV KEYWORDS ......................................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ X LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... XVI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................... XVII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 PREAMBLE ................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 PURPOSE STATEMENT .................................................................................................................. 7 1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 10 1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS ........................................................................................................ 10 1.7 LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 13 1.8 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 14 2.1 PREAMBLE ................................................................................................................................. 15 2.2 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY AND LIVABILITY ........................................................................................ 15 2.3 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................................................... 18 2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE .............................................................. 19 2.5 SCREENING TREE SPECIES .......................................................................................................... 27 2.6 GREENWAY BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 28 Greenway definition ......................................................................................................... 29 Greenway typology .......................................................................................................... 30 Evolution of greenways ................................................................................................... 32 Worldwide greenway development ................................................................................. 36 Integration of greenways into urban planning ................................................................. 37 Functions and benefits of urban greenways ................................................................... 40 Challenges to greenway development ............................................................................ 45 Greenway planning and research ................................................................................... 46 2.7 THERMAL COMFORT INDICES ....................................................................................................... 58 Air temperature ................................................................................................................ 59 Air movement .................................................................................................................. 59 v Mean Radiant Temperature ............................................................................................ 59 Humidity ........................................................................................................................... 60 Thermal comfort level ...................................................................................................... 60 Pedestrian thermal comfort ............................................................................................. 61 Outdoor thermal comfort ................................................................................................. 61 Human energy balance ................................................................................................... 62 Balancing human thermal comfort................................................................................... 63 2.8 MICROCLIMATE ........................................................................................................................... 63 2.9 THERMAL COMFORT AND URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD MICROCLIMATE ................................................ 64 2.10 URBAN STREET CANYON ............................................................................................................
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