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Passive Design Features for Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings in Tropical Climates: the Context of Dhaka, Bangladesh

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Passive Design Features for Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings in Tropical Climates: the Context of Dhaka, Bangladesh KTH Architecture and the Built Environment Passive Design Features for Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings in Tropical Climates: the context of Dhaka, Bangladesh Tahmina Ahsan Stockholm 2009 ___________________________________________________________ KTH, Department of Urban Planning and Environment Division of Environmental Strategies Research - fms Kungliga Tekniska högskolan Degree Project SoM EX 2009-15 www.infra.kth.se/fms MASTER’S THESIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES RESEARCH ABSTRACT This study aimed at identifying passive design features through extensive literature study that can be incorporated in residential buildings to make them energy efficient. The study also aimed at identifying changes in the design process that can affect energy efficiency in residential buildings. It has analyzed the design features of typical residential buildings representative of upper middle income households in Dhaka through a case study conducted in Dhaka. It also analyzed the present electric energy use for cooling and lighting typical residential buildings of upper middle income households in Dhaka and the possible energy savings by adopting certain energy efficient features in the case study building. It also distinguishes the different roles of developers, architects, interior designers, land owners (clients) and residents that can act as a barrier in achieving energy efficiency in residential buildings. The findings from this study indicate that doubling the thickness of external walls on east and west, use of hollow clay tiles instead of weathering course for roofs and use of appropriate horizontal overhang ratios for all four orientations can reduce the cooling load of the case study building by 64% and hence reduce the total energy use of the building by 26%. Finally it can be concluded that the process of designing energy efficient residential buildings is not a ‘one-man’s show’. Architects, developers, interior designers and clients are the other actors who can bring a change in the design practice. Keywords: Energy- efficient; passive design features; residential building; tropical climate KUNGLIGA TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN P A G E | ii MASTER’S THESIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES RESEARCH ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank and express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Örjan Svane, Research Leader and Associate Professor at Environmental Strategies Research Group- fms, KTH- Royal Institute of Technology. Without his help, suggestions and constructive criticism, I would not have been able to come this far. I am indebted to him for his patience and continuous support throughout the period of this study. I would also like to thank him for he moral support and encouragements at the final stage of this study. I am grateful to the Swedish Institute for granting me the MKP scholarship (Master of Key personnel in Developing Countries). Without this scholarship it would have been utterly impossible to live in Sweden for two years. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Ms. Sofia Norlander, Master’s Programme Coordinator and Mr. Peter Brokking, Programme Coordinator for EESI for always being there to help in all sorts of administrative work. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Tigran Haas, UPD Program Director for his inspiration and encouraging words. I would like to thank my friend Sarah Bashneen for helping me during the survey of the case study building in Dhaka. She not only introduced me to the flat owners and tenant in the case study building, but also offered her assistance while I made notes, interviewed the households and took photographs. Without her help, I would have never been able to have access to the case study building. Thanks also go out to my friends Mohammad Moniruzzaman and Sonya Afrin for helping me out in Dhaka and sending me some documents and cost estimates. I would also like to thank Professor Qazi Azizul Mowla in BUET, Dhaka for giving me his thesis and Professor Mohammad Ali Naqi, Head of the Department of Architecture, Stamford University Dhaka for encouraging me to earn a Master’s Degree. My friends Atiq Uz Zaman, Himanshu Sanghani and Kedar Uttam in Stockholm have provided assistance in numerous ways. They have given me constrictive criticism and valuable suggestions to help me improve my thesis. My uncle Svein Erik Maubach has helped me by meticulously by proof reading all the drafts. I am thankful to my students Al Imran, Dipu, Kamal Hosain, Maumita Saha, Mudassir Hossain, Nazmuch Sakib, Shahabuddin Mahmud and Sharmin Aktar in the Department of Architecture at Stamford University Dhaka. They have painstakingly gone through the trouble of taking photographs and sending them to me amidst their studies. I am grateful to my husband for his support, criticism and endurance all the way. Last, but not the least, I would especially like to thank my parents, sister and brother who have always prayed for me and without their support I would not have accomplished anything. KUNGLIGA TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN P A G E | iii MASTER’S THESIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES RESEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... x ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................. xi 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Problem formulation ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 General problem ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.2 Specific problem ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.3 Research problem .............................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Aims ............................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Significance and limitations ...................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Expected contribution from this study ........................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Scope and Limitations of the research ............................................................................ 5 2 CONTEXT- SITUATIONAL SETTING OF PROBLEMS IN DHAKA ............................. 6 2.1 Dhaka’s energy situation ........................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Climate of Dhaka ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Residential buildings and energy efficiency ............................................................................ 9 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................... 11 3.1 Energy efficient residential buildings .................................................................................... 11 3.2 Basic principles in energy efficient building design ............................................................. 11 3.3 Planning aspects ....................................................................................................................... 11 3.3.1 Site analysis ....................................................................................................................... 11 3.3.2 Building form .................................................................................................................... 12 3.3.3 Building orientation ......................................................................................................... 12 3.3.4 Room orientation and arrangement .............................................................................. 13 3.3.5 Landscaping ...................................................................................................................... 15 3.4 Building Envelope .................................................................................................................... 16 3.4.1 External wall ..................................................................................................................... 16 3.4.2 Thermal insulation ........................................................................................................... 17 3.4.3 Building material .............................................................................................................. 18 KUNGLIGA TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN P A G E | iv MASTER’S THESIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES RESEARCH
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