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Environmental Setting of the Southern California OCS Planning Area

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Environmental Setting of the Southern California OCS Planning Area OCS Report BOEM 2019-038 Environmental Setting of the Southern California OCS Planning Area US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Pacific OCS Region This page intentionally blank. OCS Report BOEM 2019-038 Environmental Setting of the Southern California OCS Planning Area September 2019 Author: Argonne National Laboratory Prepared under Interagency Agreement M14PG00034 By Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division 9700 South Cass Avenue, Bldg. 240 Lemont, IL 60439 US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Pacific OCS Region DISCLAIMER This project was funded by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Pacific OCS Region, Camarillo, CA, through Interagency Agreement Number M14PG00034 with Argonne National Laboratory. This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM, and it has been approved for publication. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the US Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this report, go to the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Pacific OCS Region webpage (https://www.boem.gov/Environmental-Setting-of- Southern-California/) and click on the link for the “Environmental Setting of the Southern California OCS Planning Area.” CITATION Argonne National Laboratory. 2019. Environmental Setting of the Southern California OCS Planning Area. US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. OCS Report BOEM 2019-038. 215 p. Environmental Setting of the Southern California OCS Planning Area i TABLE OF CONTENTS NOTATION ...................................................................................................................... vii 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 2 GEOLOGY AND SEISMICITY ...................................................................................5 2.1 Regional Description and Physiography ...............................................................5 2.2 Geology of the Santa Maria Basin ........................................................................5 2.3 Geology of the Santa Barbara–Ventura Basin ......................................................8 2.4 Geology of the Beta Field of the San Pedro Basin .............................................12 2.5 Seismicity ............................................................................................................14 2.6 References ...........................................................................................................15 3 METEOROLOGY .......................................................................................................19 3.1 Climate ................................................................................................................19 3.2 Wind ....................................................................................................................19 3.3 Temperature ........................................................................................................20 3.4 Precipitation ........................................................................................................21 3.5 Atmospheric Stability .........................................................................................21 3.6 Mixing Height .....................................................................................................21 3.7 Severe Weather ...................................................................................................21 3.8 References ...........................................................................................................22 4 AIR QUALITY ............................................................................................................23 4.1 Ambient Air Quality Standards ..........................................................................23 4.2 Area Designations ...............................................................................................23 4.3 Prevention of Significant Deterioration ..............................................................25 4.4 Air Emissions ......................................................................................................26 4.5 Regulatory Controls on OCS Activities Affecting Air Quality ..........................30 4.6 References ...........................................................................................................32 5 ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................................35 5.1 Sound Fundamentals ...........................................................................................35 5.1.1 Underwater Sound .................................................................................35 5.1.2 Airborne Sound ......................................................................................36 5.2 Sound Propagation ..............................................................................................37 5.2.1 Underwater Sound Propagation .............................................................37 5.2.2 Airborne Sound Propagation..................................................................38 5.3 Ambient Noise ....................................................................................................39 5.4 Anthropogenic Noise ..........................................................................................40 5.5 Climate Change Effects on Noise .......................................................................41 5.6 Noise Regulations ...............................................................................................42 5.6.1 Underwater Sound .................................................................................42 5.6.2 Airborne Sound ......................................................................................43 5.7 References ...........................................................................................................44 6 Oceanography ..............................................................................................................47 Environmental Setting of the Southern California OCS Planning Area ii 6.1 Ocean Circulation in the Southern California OCS ............................................47 6.2 Santa Maria Basin Oceanography .......................................................................48 6.3 Santa Barbara Channel Oceanography ...............................................................48 6.4 San Pedro Basin Oceanography ..........................................................................49 6.5 References ...........................................................................................................49 7 WATER QUALITY.....................................................................................................51 7.1 Santa Maria Basin ...............................................................................................52 7.2 Santa Barbara Channel ........................................................................................55 7.3 San Pedro Basin ..................................................................................................57 7.4 Discharge Sources from Offshore Oil and Gas Activities ..................................59 7.5 Other Discharge Sources.....................................................................................64 7.6 Regulatory Framework .......................................................................................67 7.7 References ...........................................................................................................68 8 LOWER TROPHIC RESOURCES AND HABITATS ...............................................73 8.1 Habitat Types ......................................................................................................73 8.1.1 Intertidal Habitats....................................................................................73 8.1.2 Subtidal Habitats .....................................................................................74 8.2 Santa Maria Basin ...............................................................................................75 8.3 Santa Barbara Channel ........................................................................................76 8.4 Santa Monica Bay to Dana Point (San Pedro Basin) ..........................................78 8.5 Threatened and Endangered Invertebrate Species ..............................................79 8.6 References ...........................................................................................................81 9 MARINE AND COASTAL FISH AND ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT ...................87 9.1 Marine and Coastal Fishes ..................................................................................87 9.2 Essential Fish Habitat and Managed Species......................................................89 9.3 Threatened and Endangered Fish Species...........................................................95 9.4 References ...........................................................................................................97 10 SEA TURTLES .........................................................................................................101
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