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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 I I 73-18,896

GONINO, Vincent John, 1936- THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER RAQUETTE LAKE, NEW YORK, STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK COLLEGE AT CORTLAND.

The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 Education, history

University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan

© 1973

VINCENT JOHN GONINO

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER RAQUETTE LAKE, NEW YORK

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK COLLEGE AT CORTLAND

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University

By Vincent J, Gonino, B.S., M.A

The Ohio State University 1972

Approved by

School of Physical Education DEDICATION

To my mother and father

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to acknowledge the cooperation of all the contributors to this study. To Dr. Charles 1. Mand, Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf and Mr. George Fuge, the writer expresses his gratitude for their suggestions, ideas and information in preparing this dissertation. A special thanks is extended to his wife, Jean, and sons, John and Grant, without whose love, encouragement, and sacrifice this study would not have been possible.

iii VITA

1957-1960 B.S. degree, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1960-1961 United States Army 1961-1964 Teacher, Whitehall Public Schools, Columbus, Ohio

1964-1965 M.A. degree, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 1965-1966 Instructor, Keystone Junior College, LaPlume, Pennsylvania

1966-1971 Assistant Professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, New York 1971-1972 Ph.D. degree, Teaching Associate, The School of Physical Education, Men*s Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

- FIELDS OF STUDY

Major Field Physical Education/Administration Minor Area: Recreation TABLE OP CONTENTS Page DEDICATION...... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...... ill VITA...... iv LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS...... vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION...... 1 Purpose of the Study...... 5 Significance of the Study...... 6 Procedures of the Study...... 6 Definition of the Terms Used in the Study...... 9 II. THE ADIRONDACKS AND RAQUETTE LAKE...... 14 III. THE DURANT PAMILY AND OTHER EARLY SETTLERS AT RAQUETTE LAKE...... 30 IV. THE EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OP OUTDOOR CENTERS...... 82 V. THE LEGAL PACTORS OP THE EXCHANGE OP OWNERSHIP...... Ill VI. OUTDOOR EXPERIENCES PRIOR TO ACQUISITION OP HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER...... 162 VII. INITIAL PROGRAMS AND PERSONNEL AS RELATED TO THE USE OP HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER...... 169 VIII. ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS AND DEVELOPMENT THROUGH 1972...... 191

v CHAPTER Page IX. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS...... 255 X. RECOMMENDATIONS...... 240 APPENDICES...... 245 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 272

vi LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS Page William West Durant...... 59 Swiss Chalet Building, Pine Knot Point, Raquette Lake, 1882...... 47 Trapper's cabin, Pine Knot Point, Raquette Lake, 187 9...... 47 William West Durant's home, Pine Knot Point, Raquette Lake, 1880...... 48 Recreation Hall, Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake, 188 0 49 Nursery, Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake, 1880...... 50 Old Maid's cabin, Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake, 1880 50 Utowana steamboat on the Marion River...... 58 Utowana Bteamboat at Bassett's Carry, circa 1880... 58 Restaurant located on Bassett's Carry...... 59 Killoqah steamboat near Bassett's Carry...... 59 Swiss Chalet Building, Pine Knot Point, Raquette Lake, 1972...... 70 Aerial view of State University of New York, Out­ door Education Center, Raquette lake, New York, 1972...... 158 Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf, Jim Metcalf and John Moore fishing on Raquette Lake...... 184 Entrance sign to Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center, Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake...... 190

vii Page Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf, Director of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center, 1948-1950.... 196 Arthur 1. Howe, Director of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center, 1950-1961...... 201 George Euge, Director of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center, 1962-present...... 209 Aerial view of Antlers Camp, Raquette Lake, New York, 1965...... 213

«

viii CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Huntington Memorial Camp Outdoor Education Center is situated on Raquette Lake, New York. Raquette Lake is lo­ cated in the north central portion of New York State. The lake is noted for its irregular shoreline (the longest of any lake in the Adirondacks) and its beautiful natural surroundings, as the lake is practically surrounded by two and a half million acres of Forest Preserve lands. The Adirondacks are a group of mountains in the northeastern part of New York State. These mountains are related to the Laurentian highlands of Canada. Jacques Cartier, as far as history records, was the first white man to look upon the Adirondack Mountains and may very well be credited with their discovery. This event took place in the early 1500*8. For nearly three hundred years after their discovery, the Adirondacks remained virtually unrealized by the white man. It was not until the eighteenth century that settlers penetrated this highland wilderness. Among the great entrepreneurs of the Adirondacks, loom the figures of Dr. Thomas Clark Durant and his son,

1 William West Durant, builders of railroads, steamboats and luxurious camps. It was largely through the efforts of Dr. Thomas Clark Durant that the central and northern portion of the Adirondacks became attractive to tourists. Dr. Durant completed construction of the Adirondack Railroad from Saratoga to North Creek, New York in 1871. Prior to the Adirondack Railroad, access to the Central Adirondacks was difficult and time-consuming. The horse and buggy or boats were the primary sources of travel. With the comple­ tion of the railroad, Durant began occasional exploration in the Raquette Lake area. This area he proposed to de­ velop as a resort for the wealthy. In order to pursue this interest he felt he needed help and sent for the aid of his son, William West Durant. The arrival of William West Durant precipitated many business ventures in the Raquette Lake area. Durant built a series of transportation systems to aid visitors trav­ eling to the area. His first effort was the organizing of a stage coach line from North Creek to Blue Mountain Lake. His second venture was a steamboat line from Blue Mountain to Raquette Lake. This was an effort to develop the cen­ tral Adirondack region. As William West Durant began to expand his business interests, he began making plans for a summer home, to be called Camp Pine Knot. This camp was built in 1879 and was located on Pine Knot Point on Raquette Lake. The style of this camp was "basically simple. Durant combined the "best features of the early Adirondack crude log cabin with the graceful and decorative features of the long and low mountain chalets which had keenly interested him during his tour through Switzerland. The fame of Camp Pine Knot spread. The camp became a show place of the woods and many people went out of their way to visit it. With Camp Pine Knot constructed, William W. Durant began acquiring large tracts of land. Using these lands, Durant began to construct luxurious summer lodges. In 1890, he built the massively beautiful Camp Uncas on Mo- hegan Lake. He named the camp Uncas after the Mohican in James Penimore Cooper*s book, "The Last of the Mohicans." In 1895, Durant sold Camp Pine Knot to Collis P. Hunting­ ton and Camp Uncas to J. Pierpont Morgan. In 1893 he built picturesque hunting lodges, which he later enlarged into elaborate camps and renamed Camp Kill Kare and Camp Sagamore. The camps were built for adults. Collis Potter Huntington, president of the Southern Pacific Railroad, in search of a summer Adirondack home, saw Camp Pine Knot, fell in love with its charm and pur­ chased it from Durant. Prom 1895, Huntington continued the development of the camp until his death in 1900. His death was a crushing blow to his family. The shock to the family was so great that they closed the camp and it remained vacant and unused for nearly half a century. The heirs of Huntington employed a caretaker to look after the property. The Huntington family informed the caretaker to keep trespassers off the property. This was their only concern. Therefore, no money was allocated for mainten­ ance or repairs of the camp from 1900 to 1948. In 1948, Dr. Harlan Gold Metcalf, chairman of the Recreation Education Department at State Teachers College, Cortland, New York, in search of an out-door education center, came across Camp Pine Knot, After several in­ quiries, he discovered that Archer M, Huntington and his wife, Anna Hyatt Huntington inherited the property. Dr. Metcalf contacted the Huntingtons to see if they would he willing to present the camp as a gift to State Teachers College at Cortland as a laboratory facility to be used in Outdoor Education. On January 11, 1949» Archer M. Huntington and Anna Hyatt Huntington granted and released to the State Teachers College at Cortland 201.52 acres on Long Point. Included in this acreage was Camp Pine Knot. This gift was officially accepted in the same year by a special act of the state legislature naming the facility Huntington Memorial Camp in honor of Collis P. Huntington. Since the acquisition, Huntington Memorial Camp has grown into an Outdoor Education Center consisting of several camp facilities and three related parcels. Huntington campers of the early years may get a hit nos­ talgic thinking of the "old days," hut changes are not as drastic as they may appear. Buildings have heen repaired and new docks have heen constructed hut the spirit of William West Durant remains. The only real change that has taken place is in the programs. During the past twenty-four years, there have heen over fifty different outdoor education programs carried on at the center.

Purpose of the Study It shall he the purpose of this study to trace the history and development of the land referred to as Hunt­ ington Memorial Outdoor Education Center. An effort will he made to determine or describe: 1. The land and its initial use and owners. 2. Why the land was acquired. 3. How the land was acquired. 4. What potential programs and educational ven­ tures can he developed through the use of this land. 5. What is the relationship of the land to other partB of the surrounding country. 6. What legal aspects were involved in the his­ torical exchange of the land. 7. What initial programs and personnel were in­ volved in the development of this land hy 6 State Teachers College at Cortland. 8. What contributions, developments or programs have evolved at the Center under Cortland's ownership (1948-1972).

Significance of the Study This study will be limited to the growth and devel­ opment of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center from 1870-1972. The study will include: 1. A brief history of the Adirondack Region and the early development of the region. 2. People who were primarily responsible for its development. 3. The programs that have developed at the center.

Procedures of the Study The procedure will follow the basic historical me­ thods described by John Best in his book, "Research in Education." The investigator will attempt to obtain and review all data, letters, and other articles written that pertain to the Center. The investigator will research the files and archives of the State University of New York, College at Cortland, the Blue Mountain Adirondack Museum library, and Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center library. Such material may include: minutes of meetings, annual reports, constitutions, handbooks, newsletters, 7 programs of various events, letters, court decisions, news­ paper clippings, pamphlets, deeds, publications and re­ ceipts . The investigator will visit or send letters to sev­ eral institutions in order to inquire about their outdoor education programs. This material will be used in the body of the study, chapter three. Personal interviews with several people living in the Raquette Lake community and with relatives of the former owners, such as Anna Hyatt Huntington who is in her 97th year, will be conducted. Additional interviews will be held with professors, and retired professors of State Uni­ versity College at Cortland who were involved with the camp programs and acquisition of the camp. The interviews will be taped and the information recorded in the body of the material. An attempt will be made to interview the following people: Mr. George Euge, director of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Center Mr. Roland Eckard, former director of the center Dr. Gold Metcalf, professor at Cortland College, retired Dr. T. P. Holloway, professor in Men'B Physical Education Department, State University College at Cortland Dr, D. V, Smith, former president of Cortland College Mr, W. B, Clemens, professor in Science Depart­ ment, State University College at Cortland Dr, Walt Thurber, professor at Syracuse Univer­ sity, formerly of State Teachers College at Cortland Dr, Franklin Coolidge, former principal at Cort­ land College Campus School, retired Mrs, Anna H, Huntington, daughter-in-law of C, P, Huntington Mr, Ray Colligan, caretaker of Huntington Outdoor Education Center Mrs, Grace Moore, wife of former caretaker Mr, Ruben Mick, resident of Raquette Lake for 75 years Mr. Dennis Dillon, resident of Raquette lake for 75 years Mrs, Marcia Smith, librarian of Blue Mountain Museum Library Mr, George McDermott, professor in Science Depart­ ment, State University College at Cortland Mrs. Harriet Holsten, professor at Cortland College, retired Dr. Ross Allen, former dean of H.P.E.R. at Cortland College Definition of Terms In order to objectify terminology as much as possible, the following definitions and discussion are presented. Adirondack Mountains. The Adirondack Mountains are a group of mountains in the northeastern portion of New York State. These mountains are related to the laurentian high­ lands of Canada. Barque. The Barque is a houseboat built of pine logs. William West Durant used this house boat as a refuge from the Adirondack black flies. Basset's Carry. Basset's Carry is a strip of land about three quarters of a mile long between Utowana and Raquette lake. The carry was renamed the Marion Carry in later years. Beckman Portable Meter. This is a piece of equip­ ment used for pH and oxidation reduction measurements. Camp Pine Knot. This was the first of the artistic and luxurious camps in which William West Durant combined the Adirondack features of the crude log cabin with the long, low lines of the graceful Swiss Chalet. The camp was renamed Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center. Camp Sagamore. This was the third luxurious camp built by William West Durant. The camp was constructed on Shedd lake. The camp was constructed to be the most elaborate and luxurious of all previous camps. 10 Camp Uncas. This was the second luxurious camp which William West Durant "built. The camp was built on the shore of Lake Mohican. The camp was named after an Indian in James Penimore Cooper's novel, The Last of the Mohicans. Eckford Chain. The Eckford Chain is a chain of lakes (Blue Mountain, Eagle and Utowana) in the Central Adiron­ dack Region. Eckman Dredge. The Eckman Dredge is a piece of equip­ ment used for collecting submerged soils; special screening devices physically separate materials while organic frac­ tions are determined by ignition. Entomology. Entomology is that branch of Zoology that studies insects. Pulton Chain. The Pulton Chain is a chain of lakes found between Old Porge and Raquette Lake, New York. Hellige Colorimeter. This is a piece of equipment used for determining water color, orthophosphates, am­ monia, nitrite and nitrate, nitrogen and chlorine. Ichthyology. Ichthyology is that branch of Zoology which study fish. Kalamazoo Case 1871. The Kalamazoo Case established the twelve years of free public education which became more sensitive to the needs and desires of the people. Kemmerer Sampler. This is a piece of equipment used for collecting water samples for DO, pH, total alkalinity and dissolved C02 concentrations. 11 Killoquah. This is an Indian name for Raquette Lake. William West Durant named four of his steamboats in honor of this lake. Mammalogy. Mammalogy is that branch of Zoology which studies mammals. Laurentian Highlands. These highlands refer to a range of mountains along the Canadian border. The Adiron­ dack Mountains are related to this range. Life Camus. Life Camps were established in the 1930*8. L. B. Sharp was the director of the camps. This was the first major effort to encourage school camping. Limnology. The scientific study of the fresh waters, esp., ponds and lakes, including physical, chemical and biological conditions. Long Point. This is a parcel of land about two miles long and a half mile wide. The point lies between East Bay and South Bay of Raquette Lake. New York State School Camp Demonstration Bill. This Bill proposed five million dollars in State aid to be dis­ tributed through the State Education Department in order to get school camps established as part of the total edu­ cation program. New York State Education Law 4501. This law refers specifically to the establishment of camps and the author­ ization of appropriations by school districts. 12 New York State Education Law 4502. This law provides for.the establishment of camps by city school districts and the authorization of appropriate funds for the same. New York State Forest Preserve. The preserve was es­ tablished in 1885 and provided that the lands constituting the Porest Preserve "shall be forever kept as wild forest lands . . . or taken by any person, corporation, public or private." Ornithology. Ornithology is that branch of Zoology which studies birds. Pine Knot Point. This is a parcel of land extending out about a quarter of a mile from the southwest shore of long Point. This point extends into the South Bay of Raquette lake. Raquette. This is a French word that signifies snow- shoe, also cactus or prickly pear. Raquette lake. This is one of the most beautiful large lakes located in the southwestern Bector of the Adirondack Region. Ross Pine line Recorder. This is a piece of equip­ ment used for bathymetric measurement of the aquatic basin. Smith Hughes Act. This act stimulated the develop­ ment of vocational education— an expansion of the schools offerings in general education. 15 Tanager Lodge. This was an outdoor training camp situated on the Upper Chateaugay lake in the northern part of the New York State Adirondacks. The camp was estab­ lished in 1957 to train students in the out-of-doors. Taxonomy. The scientific classification, esp., of animals and plants according to their natural relation­ ships .

Tu b carora. This was a seventy-five foot, twin screw, double decker steamboat that plied on the lakes of the central Adirondacks. Totten and Orossfield Purchase. This purchase refers to a large triangle of land in the Central Adirondack Re­ gion. The estimated acreage was about 1,115,000 acres. The purchase took place about 1771. Utowana. This is a lake in the central portion of the Adirondacks. William West Durant built a steamboat in 1879, and named the boat after the lake. Water Lilly. This was a steamboat built by William A. Martin. The boat carried passengers on the Adirondack waters during the latter part of the 1880's. Yellowstone Instrument Thermister. This is a piece of equipment used for determining temperature profiles. CHAPTER IX

THE ADIRONDACKS AND RAQUETTE LAKE

The Adirondacks are a group of mountains in the north­ eastern portion of New York State. Appendix A makes re­ ference to these mountains. According to Donaldson, "These mountains are related to the laurentian highlands of Can­ ada. The range does not appear to connect, hut has many summits, isolated or in small groups. There are about 100 peaks ranging from 1,200 to 5,000 feet in height."*1' Geographically, the Adirondack region has four dis­ tinct quarters. Appendix B, C, D, and E refers to these quarters. The southeast quarter, with low hills and a few lakes, has lake George at its center, lake George, in the last.decade, has become known largely as a resort area. The northeast quarter encompasses the high peaks, all within a few square miles, located in this quarter are Saranac and lake Placid which are heavily populated throughout the year. During the summer months thousands of campers, mountain climbers, and backpackers use the

1. A. 1. Donaldson, A History of the Adirondacks (Apple- ton-Century Crofts, Inc7, 1921), p. 3.

14 area extensively. Downhill skiing, cross-country skiing, and snowmobiling are very popular during the winter. The northwest quarter is the least known and the least settled. It is known as the quarter of rivers. The two main rivers that flow through this area are the Hudson and the Raquette Rivers. The northernmost source of the Hudson "begins more than four thousand feet up Mount Marcy, which is the highest point in New York State, at 5344 feet. The Hudson River begins as a narrow stream, but by the time it reaches Manhattan, it becomes navigable by large ships. The Raquette River is, next to the Hudson, the longest river in the state. It begins at Blue Mountain Lake, al­ though until it reaches Raquette lake, it is called the Marion River. From Raquette lake the river flows in a northeasterly course through Forked and Dong Dake. It then turns northwesterly into Big Tupper Lake and zigzags its way to the Saint Lawrence River. There are several other rivers that flow through this wilderness area, but for many years these two rivers were responsible for providing the early pioneers with a water­ way by which they could move the forest riches out of the Adirondacks. The remaining quarter is the land in the southwest sector of the Adirondack region. This quarter has only low hills; It is an area of lakes. Many of the lakes are interconnected. From an aerial view of the region, it 16 appears, In places, more water than land. A larger number of tourist centers in this region can be found at Blue Mountain lake, long lake, and Raquette lake. Vessels writes: "The first geological survey in New York State was done by Professor Ebenezer Emmons in 1843. Professor Emmons was appointed by Governor Marcy, of the 2 State of New York, to head a group to make the survey." When Professor Emmons made his Report of the Geological Survey of New York, he stated: "The cluster of mountains in the neighborhood of the Upper Hudson and AuSable Rivers, I propose to call the Adirondack Group, a name by which a well known tribe of Indians who once hunted here may be commemorated."^ Wessels continues to explain the origin of the name. The Mohawk Indians of the Iroquois Confederation, who had asserted their ownership of the region which they re- t ferred to as the "Beaver Hunting Grounds" in the Adiron- dacks, had as their enemies the Montagnais Indian of the Algonquins. These Indians roamed the country south of the Saint lawrence River and were called in derision by the Mohawks, "Ratirondacks" or "Tree Eaters." These Indians subsisted solely upon the fruits of the chase; they grew no com, and when game was scarce they ate the buds and

2. William 1. Wessels, Adirondack Profiles (Hamilton Advertising Agency, Blue Mountain, 196>i)» p. 45. 3. Ibid., p. 46. 17 ■the hark of trees. Hence, the name "Tree Eaters" devel­ oped. This name Emmons gave to the wilderness country.^ Several themes persist throughout Adirondack history. The first pertains to the early pioneers and the con­ tinuous arrival of people who hoped to make their fortunes. According to White's text, the first white man to lay eyes upon the Adirondacks was Jacques Cartier, in 1556, as he disembarked from his long boat upon the shore of an island in the upper Saint Lawrence River. The next arrival of any white man, according to recorded history, was Samuel DeChamplain in 1603.^ For nearly two hundred years after LeChamplain's ap­ pearance there, the Adirondacks remained virtually un­ realized by the white man. The early history of the Adirondacks is vague. The most notable attempt to tell a consecutive and comprehen­ sive story of the region was made by Nathaniel Bartlett Sylvester in his Historical Sketches of Northern New York, published in 1877. Due to its early date of publication, much of its more recent history was not included. Present day researchers indicate that the Adiron­ dacks had never harbored permanent inhabitants until the nineteenth century, but for a long time remained as a

4. Ibid., p. 46. 5. William Chapman White, Adirondack Country (Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1954)» p. 3. 18 portion of the Totten and Crossfield purchase. About 1771 two unknown Manhattan shipwrights, Joseph Totten and Stephen Crossfield, asked the State of Mew York for the right to buy a huge triangle of land that is now the Cen­ tral Adirondack Region. This tract they estimated to en­ compass 800,000 acres. Its northern boundary ran from Keene Valley to the west and south of Cranberry lake and included Blue Mountain Lake, Indian Lake, Lake Pleasant, Raquette Lake and several other lakes. Appendix F refers to this tract of land. These two men knew nothing of the land; they were front men for Edward and Ebenezer Jessup and Alexander Macomb. The new purchasers had plant so subdivide the land into fifty townships and to sell these townships at a profit. This purchase required a survey of the area and Archibald Campbell was assigned this task. The tract of land that was estimated to encompass 800,000 acres was found, in later years, to be actually 1,115,000 acres. On April 10, 1771f Joseph Totten and Stephen Cross­ field humbly petitioned his excellency, the Honorable John Tryon, Earl of Lunmore, Captain-General and Governor-in- Chief of the Province of New York for a certain tract of land. On June 7* 1771 at a council held at Port George in the city of New York, permission to purchase this

6. Ibid., p. 61. 19 tract of land from the Indians was granted. In Johnstown Hall, Johnstown, New York, in front of Governor Tryon, the purchase was made from the Indians. The purchase money- paid to the Indians amounted to 1,135 pounds. These Mo­ hawk Indians sold their land for about a penny per every four acres. Totten and Crossfield submitted an applica­ tion, through Governor Tryon, to the Crown for a patent on this acreage. The request was submitted to the Crown by letter. Owing to the errors of the rough survey in 1772, only twenty-four townships were balloted. When the Revolutionary War began, all land reverted back to the State of New York. When the war ended, the impoverished State of New York was anxious to sell land to raise money. Joseph Totten and Stephen Crossfield repeti­ tioned the state, and on May 9, 1785, asserted claim to patent. The patentees of the Totten and Crossfield pur- 7 chase included fifty townships.' Although most of the land purchased by Totten and Crossfield went to other people, their names are in Adirondack history forever. The largest purchase of land in the Totten and Crossfield grant went to Alexander Macomb. After 1792 the lands were known as the "Macomb Purchase." They were-divided, subdivided and subdivided again.

7. Ted Aber and Stella King, History o^ Hamilton County (Great Wilderness Books, Lake Pleasant, New York, 1965), P. 9. Over the years the descendants of those early pioneers came to the Adirondacks and attempted to make a living by farming. They did not realize that the rocky soil would produce little. Others came to this wilderness region seeking their fortunes in the abundant iron ore. Pew peo­ ple consider New York as a mining state or the Adirondack region as mining country. Yet, there are iron mines, gar­ net mines, talc and lead mines throughout this region. White supports this by stating, "Until 1870 much of the iron used in the Eastern States came from the Adirondack mines."8 Two pioneers in the Iron Works enterprise were Archi­ bald McIntyre and his brother-in-law, Duncan McMartin, Jr. Masten writes: "These two men formed an enterprise which was known as the Elba Iron and Steel Manufacturing Com­ pany. Little did these two men realize that their fur­ naces would encourage other furnaces to open up all along Q the Adirondack rivers."7 Several people came to the Adirondacks with a desire to get rich from the great supply of lumber that once was available. According to Aber and King., "The timber in­ dustry goes back far into history to earlier exploration in the eighteenth century of a French timber cruiser

8. White, p. 7. 9. Arthur H. Masten, The Story of Adirondac (The Adiron­ dack Museum, Syracuse University Press, 1968), p. 13. 21 searching for marine timbers."10 During the 1860*8, the Adirondacks led the nation in the production of lumber, and in 1900 it also led the nation in the production of paper. Although lumbering might seem to belong to the past in New York State, each year thousands of feet of lumber are cut on private holdings and trucked to nearby mills. Also, some paper mills throughout the state still use Adirondack wood. The second theme of the Adirondacks is the discovery and ever widening use of the Adirondack region as a vaca­ tion or tourist area. White states: "The reports of Emmons* survey attracted popular writers. After 1839, a steady trickle of stories about travel and adventure in the Adirondacks appeared and were read by many. Within thirty years, the Adirondacks became a tremendous resort area,"^ The woods and their riches helped attract the first settlers to the AdirondackB. The mountains and lakes mark the region as unusual, but it is the woods, above all, that make the Adirondacks. They bring the summer tourist. The first settlers to come to the Adirondacks saw the heaviness and density of the woods and marked the two great trees that towered over all others: the giant white pine and the huge spruce. The woods that these first

10. Aber and King, p. 7. 11. White, pp. 99-100. 22 settlers saw are largely gone. Many of these gigantic trees were harvested by commercial lumbermen while others were destroyed by wind and fires. But, new growth has re­ placed these trees. For many, the Adirondack woods now provides a means of solitude. The animals in the woods and the fish in the lakes and streams were just as responsible for attracting many visitors who later became settlers. In De Champlain's journal of his travels down lake Champlain, he wrote, "There is a great abundance of fish, of many varieties, and vary in length. The longest being as some people told 12 me, eight to ten feet long." After 1840 stories of the fine fishing spread in an era when people were beginning to pay more attention to life outdoors. As a result, the salmon and trout went fast. The fish were there for the talking. Today, fishing in the Adirondacks depends on stocking by the state. Brook trout, lake trout, and pike are stocked by the mil­ lions, along with native brown trout and rainbows. Ac­ cording to Raney, "New York State has nearly 200 fishes, classified in 28 families, that spend most of their life 1^5 in fresh water." ^ The Adirondack lakes are of various sorts. Most have clear, clean water, spring-fed with

12. Ibid., p. 25. 13. Edward C. Raney, "Minnows of New York," The Conser­ vationist. April-May, 1969, p. 22. 23 rocky shores. Due to the springs, the water in the lakes is cold year-round. In the summer, however, the water may warm up to 70 degrees in a few lakes. Even though laws forhid killing game except during a prescribed season, the early settlers had an abundant sup­ ply of fresh meat. In the northern and least settled parts of the state one can see deer, bears, beavers, mar­ tens, and most other inhabitants of the forest. But, they are not nearly so plentiful as they were during the nine­ teenth century, like the supply of fish, it did not take long for man to wreck this zoological paradise. The third theme of Adirondack history pertains to the problem of preserving the woods for future generations. To some people keeping the woods as wilderness is what gives the Adirondacks their greatest appeal. On the other hand, there are those who feel that it is a shameful waste of salable timber. The whole Adirondack Area was established as a state park in 1894-. The boundary lines surround a rough rec­ tangle with approximately 120 miles on each side. This six million acres of park land covers all of Hamilton County and parts of eleven other Adirondack counties. The park contains private as well as public land and is a contiguous geographical entity. Half of the Adirondack State Park's six million acres is privately owned; the other half is owned by the 24 state as a forest preserve and is managed by the State*s Department of Conservation. These state lands are not in one piece, hut in many parcels. White writes: "Those who live or visit in the Adirondacks have 2,179,556 acres of state land where they may go as they wish, camp where they please; . . . The public ownership of the Adirondack Forest Preserve and the provision that it cannot *be leased, sold, or exchanged, nor shall the timber there on be sold, re­ moved, or destroyed,* were v/ritten into the state consti­ tution in 1894, along with the provision that *the Forest Preserve shall be forever kept as wild forest lands. During the next year, New York State's government will make basic decisions about the future of the Adiron­ dacks— the last great wilderness in the eastern United States. This decision will be more important than any made about the Adirondacks since 1894 when a state Con­ stitutional Convention wrote the language decreeing that the state-owned land in this vast Forest Preserve shall forever be kept as wild forest lands. "The decisions are about the central question that has hung over the region for a hundred years— how to balance the economic needs of the people who live here in the poorest part of the state, with the need to preserve its natural beauty." 15

14. White, p. 8. 15. David Shaffer, "State Decisions Will Decide Future of Adirondacks," The Cortland Standard, September 6. 1972, p. 7. The battle over the future of the Adirondacks is coming at this time partly because real estate developers are becoming interested in the area as a potential loca­ tion for vacation-home projects. This is a fact that has made conservationists fear massive and unplanned develop­ ment and are pressing for some way of controlling it. For someone who lives outside the region, it is easy to feel that the first priority is to protect the Adirondacks in their natural state. But, it is more difficult for a man with a family to support in Hamilton County, where the un­ employment rate during the winter months approaches 30 percent.16 In another article, David Shaffer writes concerning a plan, approved by Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller, aimed at settling a long standing controversy over just how wild the "forever wild" state-owned lands in the Adirondacks are to be. The governor endorsed and made state policy July 25, 1972 a master plan setting out classifications and guidelines for the management of the 2.27 million acres of state-owned land in the Adirondacks. Under new guidelines, some parts of the forest preserve will be kept more wild than others. The state lands are to be divided about evenly between "wilderness" areas, subject to strict restrictions in their use, and "wild forest" 26 areas, where more intensive uses will "be permitted. Such things as snowmohiling and camping will he possible in the wild forest area. The plan is seen as an attempt to solve the "forever wild" question by setting up a firm system of classification and to protect the more delicate lands in wilderness areas. 17 Appendix G refers to the Adirondack Park Forest Preserve Classification. Today, more people than ever before are enjoying the Adirondacks. The Adirondacks with its million acres of forest, its 100 peaks and 1,400 lakes provides a site for many camps, hotels, and private resorts. However, the first of the artistic and luxurious camps (so numerous to­ day in the Adirondacks), was called Camp Pine Knot built on Raquette Lake in 1877 by William West Durant. Raquette Lake is one of several lakes located in the southwestern sector of the Adirondack region. The naming of most of the lakes in the Adirondacks was a haphazard affair. In a few cases, Indian names were given to the lakes and then abandoned by early settlers. In reviewing the literature, the writer found two explanations as to how Raquette Lake acquired its name. The first explana­ tion states: "The peculiar form of this lake undoubtedly suggested its French name, of which the word 'Racket* is

17. David Shaffer, "Adirondacks *Forever Wild* Wins Rocky's Approval," The Cortland Standard, July 26, 1972, p. 8. 27 a corruption. Raquette signifies snowshoe, also cactus or prickly pear. Perhaps some fancied resemblance between this plant and the peculiar arrangement of the bays of the 18 lake account for its designation." The second possible way that Raquette lake acquired its name dates back to May 1776. Sir John Johnson, a large landowner and arch Tory, was threatened with arrest at the hands of General Phillip Schuyler and Colonel Elias Payton and their New York colonial troops for opposing the American Revolutionary effort in upper New York State. Hastily gathering a large body of his disaffected tenants and retainers, Sir John left his baronial manox- during the night. His destination was Montreal, Canada over the Sacadaga Indian trail which led through the Central Adiron­ dacks . Crossing the Adirondacks over the Indian trail in early spring waB an unbelievable feat. The party was poorly supplied with food. Deep snow remained in the moun­ tainous area. Despite the severe suffering, the party moved rapidly through the mountains on snowshoes to Raquette lake. legend tells us that at Raquette lake the snows had melted, making further uBe of snowshoes undesirable.

18. H. Perry Smith, The Modem Babes in the Wood or Summerings in the Wilderness (Columbian Book Com­ pany, 1872)t P* 39$. Sir John's company placed their snowshoes or "raquettes" as the French called them, in piles on the lake shore, abandoning them for travel on foot. Years later, the snowshoes were found, and •’Racket Lake" had received its name.*^ For years the region around the Fulton Chain of lakes above Old Forge in Herkimer County remained a vast though enchanting wilderness. It was a favorite place for fishing as it had been since the century's earliest years. About 1880, settlers began pushing forward from Herkimer County into Hamilton County and Raquette Lake. The census of June, 1880, showed the community of Raquette Lake to have a population of approximately thirty- five people who were trappers, carpenters, guides, laborers and a hotel keeper. Throughout the years, the community has continued to grow. More than any other community in Hamilton County, the principality of Raquette Lake pros­ pered and grew as a result of summer tourists.

Summary With the exception of a few pioneers, the Adiron­ dacks harbored no permanent inhabitants until the nine­ teenth century. In the beginning, the Adirondacks were under the control of land baronu who sought this wilder­ ness for its riches.

19. Aber and King, pp. 5-6. Over the years descendants of the early Adirondack pioneers returned there and attempted to make a living from farming. Others came to this region seeking their fortunes in the abundance of iron ore. Several people came to the Adirondacks with a desire to get rich from the great sup­ ply of lumber available there. Although farming did not prove profitable, the mining and forestry businesses were a success. The abundance of resources bred a spirit of unconcern, and waste. Some of the resources endured for only a short while. Others were exploited far beyond the point at which their exploiters became wealthy. In addition to the farmers, miners and lumbermen, the Adirondacks attracted hunters and fishermen, like the supply of timber and ore, it did not take long for these summer tourists to destroy this zoological paradise. This disregard for the resources found in the Adiron­ dacks continued throughout the nineteenth century. Not until the latter part of the nineteenth century did the people of New York State begin to be concerned about pre­ serving these resources. In order to protect the Adiron­ dacks for future generations, the New York State Forest

* Preserve was established in 1894. CHAPTER III

THE DURANT FAMILY AND OTHER EARLY SETTLERS AT RAQUETTE LAKE

The original settlers at Raquette Lake were two hun­ ters: William Wood and Matthew Beach. These two men chose the west side of Raquette Lake. They cut out a clearing and built a typical trappers cabin. This took place about 1846. A short time later Josiah Wood, brother of William, brought his wife and six small children to this wilderness area. Josiah built a log cabin on the east side of Raquette Lake on a point which still bears the family name. Jerome Wood, born July 21, 1849, was 20 the first white child to be b o m on Raquette Lake. Appendix H refers to this point. Author A. L. Donaldson places their settlement in reverse, starting with Josiah Wood as the first settler on Raquette Lake. He was then followed by William Wood 21 and Matthew Beach. This statement, either as to

20. Aber and King, p. 786. 21. Harold Hochschild, Township 34 (Adirondack Museum Library, New York, 1954), pT 130.

30 31 dates or residency, is not apparently supported by re­ corded fact. The next record of any visitors to the Raquette lake region involves a man named Wilbur. In the year 1857, Wilbur built a very primitive hotel about a mile above the outlet of Raquette lake. The hotel was called the "Raquette lake House." The hotel stayed open for about six years and was under the ownership of several people be- op fore it closed its doors. Prom the time Wilbur first started the hotel business, other businessmen began trying their hand in the business. These early hotels had little success, but it opened the doors for many prosperous busi­ nesses in future years. Other visitors to the Raquette lake area during the middle of the nineteenth century were: Dr. John Todd in 1843 and Albert Bigelow in 1858. Amelia Murray, according to records, was the first white woman to make a pleasure tour through the Adirondacks only to be followed by sev­ eral other pioneers. Among the great entrepreneurs of the Adirondacks, loom the figures of Dr. Thomas Clark Durant and his son, William West Durant, builders of railroads, steamboats, and beautiful camps in the central Adirondacks. The name Durant was of Italian origin; the name of the poet Dante

22. Ibid., p. 91. 32 was an abbreviation of Durante. Records show the family's ancestors had emigrated to England sometime during the middle ages. The American branch of the Durant family were the descendants of Richard Durant, an Englishman of distinction. According to the literature, Richard Durant was once the mayor of Bedmin, in Cornwall, England. Richard had a son whom he named George who married Elizabeth Blake. George Durant emigrated to America. The Durant name first appears in the colonial records as a tenant of the Dexter property at Malden, Massachusetts in 1662. The following year, George received a large grant of land on both sides of the Connecticut River and settled at Middletown. George and Elizabeth had a son whom they named Edward. Edward Durant had a son whom he named Edward II. Edward, Jr. married Anne Hall. They, too, had a son whom they called Edward. Durant waB the son of Edward and Judith. On September 15, 1735* Thomas married Anne Jack­ son. Their son was named after his father. Thomas Durant III was born at Newton, Massachusetts, on March 18, 174-6. Thomas married Elizabeth Clark. Thomas and Elizabeth had a son and named him Thomas Clark Durant. Thomas Clark Durant was born at Middlefield, Massa­ chusetts, a January 30, 1791* and died in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, on September 11, 1866. He had married Sybil Wright and had a son, Thomas. Thomas Clark 33 Durant II was married to Heloise Hannah Timbrel. They had a son whom they named William West Durant.

William West Durant v/aB born February 6, 1850, at lee, Massachusetts. In 1884, William married Janet 1. Scott, from whom he was separated by divorce in 1898. In 1907 William married Anne Cotton, William had three chil­ dren from his first marriage. They were: Lawrence Thomas Durant, Basil N. Durant, and Heloise T. Durant. William died on May 31* 1934, at the age of 83 in Mount Sinai Hos­ pital, Fifth Avenue, New York City, New York.2^ Dr. Thomas Clark Durant, the first of the Durant family to enter the Adirondack mountain region, was bora in Berkshire County, Massachusetts in 1820. Selecting medicine and surgery as the field in which me might employ his natural and acquired talents advantageously, he en­ tered Albany Medical College at the age of eighteen and was graduated in 1940 at the age of twenty with full honors. He received his diploma a year earlier than what was customary for medical schools to grant such license. After practicing surgery for three years, Dr. Durant did not find his profession challenging. His mind yearned for large fields, more extensive interests, and more compre­ hensive considerations in the mercantile life. He aban­ doned the medical profession and accepted the partnership

23. Rev. William Durant, Manuscript 1870-1908 Durant Files (Adirondack Museum library). in a firm Durant-Lathrop and Company, of Albany. The flour and grain business became very extensive having branches in Buffalo, Chicago, and New York. The business was carried on extensively to all the principle European ports until the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1848. Prior to the outbreak, the foreign demand for cereal pro­ ductions had been very great and the shipments of Durant- lathrop and Company were enormous. Soon after this con­ tingency, Dr. Durant turned his attention to railway mat­ ters. His knowledge of the resources of the great West, obtained in the course of his mercantile career, made him an earnest advocate of internal improvements especially in the line of land and water transportation. He appreciated and had foresight into the importance of bringing the East and the West— the Atlantic and the Pacific— into closer communication strengthened by iron bands and greatly im­ proved commercial relations. Dr. Durant assisted very materially in promoting the interests of the Michigan, Southern, the Burean-Valley, the Rock Island, and the Mis­ sissippi and Missouri Railroads. Interesting himself from the first in the scheme of a great medium of transit from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, at a time when the pro­ ject appeared almost impracticable, Dr. Durant cherished and furthered it with all the enthusiasm of his energetic nature. Since 1861 he became very active in organizing the financial machinery of the Pacific Railway, later known as the Union Pacific Railroad Company. Hochschild Btates: "Durant emerged as the leading figure in the con­ struction of the Union Pacific Railroad. The line was chartered hy Congress in 1862 and the first track was laid in 1865 from Council Bluffs, Iowa across the Missouri 24. River from Omaha as the eastern starting point." Under the superintendence of Mr. Durant, the construc­ tion of the railroads rapidly advanced. "The company built two hundred and forty-five miles of track in one hundred and eighty-two working days— a feat, considering all difficulties, unsurpassed in the annals of railroad construction." * Speaking about Mr. Durant, Donaldson writes: "No man was more fitted for such an undertaking, for he was one of the most far-sighted, dynamic, and suc- 26 cessful promoters of his day." With the Union Pacific Railroad interest still in mind, Dr. Durant, in 1865, became actively interested in building a railroad from Saratoga, New York to North Creek, New York. The line was intended to continue from North Creek to a point just north of long lake and then to Canton and Ogdensburg, New York. In an editorial, the following comment was made:

24. Harold Hochschild, Durant and His Iron Horse (Adiron­ dack Museum Library, New York7 1962), p. 1. 25. Samuel Wells, American Phrenological Journal. March 1867, p. 70. 26. Donaldson, p. 64. 36 Within an easy day's ride of our great city, as steam teaches us to measure distance, is a tract of country fitted to make a Central Park for the world— the fact that this work is pro­ secuted under the direct supervision of Thomas C. Durant, one of the principal stockholders of the company and one of the ablest railway men of the country, is a sufficient guarantee for its progress; and with its completion, the Adirondack region will become a suburb of New York.27

The only phase of the Adirondack Company's ambitious plans ever carried into effect was the building of the sixty mile line from North Creek to Saratoga. This line became known as the Adirondack Railroad. Appendix I shows this railroad. Durant began the construction of this railroad about 1865. But, due to the nature of the ter­ rain, it took much longer than anticipated to lay the rails. It was not until 1871 that the line attained its prescribed length of sixty miles. Because funds for con­ struction were nearly exhausted, construction stopped at approximately 2.8 miles beyond North Creek. In 1879 the scheduled trip from New York City to Blue Mountain Lake took twenty-six hours. Passengers left the metropolis at 6:00 P.M. by the Albany night boat to con­ nect with the Delaware and Hudson train leaving Albany at 7:00 A.M. the next morning. The Delaware and Hudson train made connections at Saratoga with the Adirondack Railroad train which arrived at North Creek at 12:05 P.M.

27. Editorial, New York Times, quoted by Harold Hochs­ child in Townshio 34 (Adirondack Museum Library. 1952), p . T : 37 The stagecoach started from North Creek at 12:25 P.M. and p o was due at Blue Mountain Lake at 8:00 P.M. A new era began for the central Adirondacks in the 1870's when Dr. Thomas Clark Durant completed the construc­ tion of the Adirondack Railroad. This railroad opened a gateway into the Central Adirondacks. More and more people began to frequent the area. In addition to the Adirondack Railroad, Dr, Durant began acquiring large tracts of land in the central Adirondack region. Though he had other railroad interests, Durant's primary interest was in the Adirondacks around Blue Mountain and Raquette Lake. This area he proposed to develop as a playground for the wealthy. Por his dream he felt he needed help and sent for his son. In 1874 William West Durant was recalled from Egypt to aid his father in the development of the land he was acquiring. The young man did not disappoint his father. Although he had grown up in Europe, he was quick to trans­ fer his interest to the new world. William West Durant was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1850, the son of Dr. Thomas Clark Durant. Dr. T. C. Durant decided that his son should be educated in Europe. In 1861, when the famous steamship "Great Eastern" made her first Atlantic

28. Harold Hochschild, An Adirondack Resort in the Nine­ teenth Century— Blue Mountain Lake 1870-1900. Stage­ coaches and Luxury Hotels (Adirondack Museum Library, New York, 1952), p. 10. 38 crossing, eleven year old William West Durant was a pas­ senger. He remained in Europe for thirteen years. He was educated at Twickenham School in England and later at­ tended Bonn University. It has been written that while he lived in Europe, he traveled extensively on the continent. In his early twenties, he became interested in exploring and participated in expeditions to Abyssinia and to the Levant.2^ Alfred L. Donaldson writes of William West Durant: He succeeded his father as president of the Adirondack Railroad and carried on his many de­ velopment schemes with an enthusiasm b o m of genuine delight in the woods. He added whole townships to his inherited land holdings; he built the first artistic camps the woods had ever seen, and opened up the Raquette Lake re­ gion by facilities of transportation unknown before. Indeed, he was conspicuously the de­ veloper of the Central Adirondacks. Erom 1885 to 1900 he enjoyed an unrivaled regency of prominence and popularity. He entertained largely and royally and made a name for himself as a pioneer woodland host. He was the first to make his summer quarters comfortable for winter pleasure and to use them for that pur­ pose. He was the first to ask his friends to travel north by train and then by sleigh over forty miles of snow and ice for the novelty of eating Christmas dinner in the wilderness. He was, in short, the first to inaugurate many things which had never been dreamed of in the Adirondacks before.30 William West Durant's first visit to the Adirondacks was in 1876. In the same year Charles Bennet came from

29. Harold Hochschild, Life and Leisure in the Adiron- dacks Backwoods (Adirondack Museum Library, New York. 1952)7 p. 11 30. Donaldson, p. 90. WILLIAM WEST DURANT 1850 - 193** 40 Blue Mountain lake and camped a tent on long Point, south of the mouth of the Marion River. Appendix J makes re­ ference to this point. Long Point lies between East Bay, into which the Marion River empties, and South Bay. "The point runs east and west and is roughly two miles long by half a mile wide, with its width tapering toward the XT tip."^ In 1874, Charles Bennett and his brother, Edward, built a crude cabin to lodge visitors. Prom this cabin they went on to build the Bennett House, The Antlers, and Under the Hemlocks. About the Same time the Bennets built their crude cabin, Durant decided to make his family's summer home on the point. So, he built two or three al­ most equally simple cabins. The cabins were erected on the north shore of the tip of Long Point. The attention of Durant was soon attracted to an even more favorable loca­ tion on the point. This new location was about a half mile away on a promontory extending from the southwest shore of Long Point into South Bay. Appendix K makes re­ ference to this new location. Here, amid giant white pines, William Vest Durant constructed, for his family, the famous Camp Pine Knot, known now as Huntington Memo­ rial Camp. When W. W. Durant arrived on this new location, called Pine Knot Point, he built a series of residences for seasonal use. According to Donaldson, "Among the

31. Hochschild, Life and Leisure, p. 2. 41 many notable things that William West Durant did for the Adirondacks, nothing has greater historical interest than the building of his famous home on Raquette lake— Camp Pine Knot. This was the first of the artistic and luxu- rious camps that are so numerous today."' Donaldson con­ tinues to write about this fine camp in the following manner: It became the show place of the woods. Men took a circuitous route in order to gain a glimpse of it, and to have been a guest within its timbered walls and amont its woodland fan­ cies was to wear the hall-mark of the envied. While they were building, one of the family ran across a wonderful pine hnot on the shore of the lake. It was shaped like the hilt of a sword, and measured some three feet across. This curious relic of the forest was made an ornament of the camp and suggested its n a m e . 53 Camp Pine Knot underwent two phases. The first buildings put on the point were very simple, one-story af­ fairs, making no bid for beauty and only a modest one for comfort. The second phase of Camp Pine Knot was the tearing down of these plain original buildings and their gradual replacement by eminently beautiful ones. In 1879 William West Durant began construction for these new buildings. In planning and designing these buildings, Durant had the happy inspiration to combine the Adirondack features of the crude log cabin with the long, low lines of the graceful Swiss chalet. As

32. Donaldson, p. 177. 33. Ibid., p. 197. 42 Donaldson writes, "From this pleasing blend, there sprang a distinctive school of Adirondack architecture, and Pine Knot became the prototype of the modem camp beautiful. In addition to Pine Knot, Durant went on to build several other Raquette lake buildings. In 1882 the Epis­ copal Church of the Mission of the Good Shepherd was built on St. Huberts Isle in Raquette Lake largely through Durant's help; he donated the rectory.^ In 1889 Durant build the first post office on Raquette Lake on the north shore of Long Point, officially designated then as Durant, New York. The post office was established under the ad­ ministration of President Grover Cleveland, Dow M. Dicker­ son being the postmaster general. William West Durant petitioned for the office of postmaster and was appointed on February 11, 1889 and received his commission February 25, 1889. He appointed John McLaughlin as the assistant postmaster and built a post office where the hotel formerly known as Under the Hemlocks had stood. William West Durant notified the Railway Mail Service superintendent that he should begin receiving and sending mail June 1, 1889. Henry Bradley was appointed as the first mail carrier. 37

34. Ibid., p. 197. 35. Hochschild, Township 54. p. 290. 36. Ibid., p. 291. 37. W. W. Durant, Record Books on Raquette Lake Post Office-Hamilton County, New York. kanusoript 61-13, 1889, p. 1. 43 In 1890 Durant "built a Catholic Church for his em­ ployees east of the original "buildings on the north shore of long Point. The church was known as St. William's Catholic Church. It was incorporated by Rev. Edgar P. Wadhams, Bishop of the Diocese of Ogdensburg. W. W. Durant donated the land, designed the church, and paid for its 70 construction. The building still remains on the point. In 1891 Durant built a general store; John McLaughlin sold the store property to Collis P. Huntington in later years. Durant organized and became president of the Adiron­ dack, lake George, and Saratoga Telegraph Company. The wires extended from North Creek to Blue Mountain and Raquette lakes. Pine Knot was established as the first telegraph office in the region.J The village of Durant, reached by an old woods road in the winter and by boat in the summer, proved too remote for the march of progress. With the completion of the Raquette lake Railroad from the mainline of the Mohawk and Malone Railroad to Raquette lake in 1898, the village of Raquette lake sprang up near the new railroad terminal on the west shore of the lake.^ During the late 1870's, at about the time the Durants settled on Long Point, a few other families were building

38. Aber and King, History of Hamilton County, p. 793. 39. Hochschild, Township 34. p. 29. 40. Aber and King, History of Hamilton County, p. 794. 44 similar camps on Raquette lake and Long Point. The fol­ lowing is a list of some of these camps: 1870 Josiah Wood's cabin on Wood's Point 1877 Chauncey Hathorn's cabin on Golden Beach 1877 Ike Kenwell's cabin on Tioga Point 1877 Prank Scott's cabin on Bluff Point 1877 James TenEyck's cabin on North Point 1878 Charlie Blanchard's cabin on Sucker Brook Bay 1879 Alvah Dunning's cabin on Osprey Island 1880 J. B. Henderson's cabin on Indian Point 1881 Seth Pierce's cabin on Dog Point^ During the year 1880, Ed Bennett opened a hotel on the north shore of Long Point. Hochschild states: "On May 5, 1882 the hotel burned and was replaced by Ed Bennett with a larger hotel called Under the Hemlocks. In 1889 Ed Bennett sold the hotel to Eugene Pinck and his brother, Frederick, for $15,000. They renamed it the Raquette lake Hotel. In the 1890's John Daly took over the management of the hotel and restored the arboreal title.John J. Daly was in the building trades prior to becoming a hotel man. After he acquired the hotel, he operated It until it burned in 1899. Just as John Daly was beginning to re­ build the hotel, the land was bought by Collis P. Hunting­ ton. John Daly left Raquette lake to buy land near the

41. Ibid., Appendix. 42. Hochschild, Township 54. p. 293. 45 foot of Utowana Lake. Here he built a small hunting and fishing camp called the Utowana Lake Lodge. In 1923 the "business proved to be unprofitable, so he sold the pro­ perty and moved to Albany. At the time Ed Bennett was building the hotel Under the Hemlocks, his brother, Charles, bought Constable Point across the lake from Long Point. In 1887 he opened his own hotel, The Antlers. According to Hochschild, "Con­ stable Point had taken its name from the family who oper­ ated a large sawmill during the year 1867. The writer mentions The Antlers Hotel for in 1965 State University College at Cortland purchased the property in order to provide additional outdoor educational facilities to sup­ plement those at Huntington Memorial Camp on Long Point. Appendix L shows Long Point and surrounding properties on Raquette Lake. Camp Pine Knot kept growing constantly and ultimately became a cluster of buildings, large and small, some con­ nected and some detached. When room for expansion was required, Durant secured it not by building onto the house, but by constructing separate houses. This idea became a regular feature of Adirondack luxury camps, a separate building for each room of "the house." The weather during the winter months was severe. So, Durant

43. Hochschild, Life and Leisure, p. 10. 46 began connecting all of Pine Knot's buildings by runways, another standard feature of his camps.^ One of the unique features of Camp Pine Knot was the houseboat called the Barque. The Barque was a pretty bar)" cabin built on a raft of pine logs and moored near the boathouse. Hochschild writes: The Barque was used as a guest room and was called the "floating annex." The boat was built by Burant as a refuge from the early summer pest of the Adirondack forest: the black flies which breed in running water but do not.fly over lakes. The houseboat measured sixty feet long, twenty feet wide and contained four rooms, a kitchen, bath, and running water. The houseboat lies intact where it was beached in the back bay on the north shore of Camp Pine Knot some seventy years ago.45 All of the foregoing developments mentioned pro­ gressed to bring about the results for which they were planned— to increase tourist travel to the central Adiron­ dack region. After building Camp Pine Knot, Durant began acquiring large tracts of land. He never owned more of Township 40, in which Raquette Lake is contained, than Camp Pine Knot on Long Point. But, he went on to acquire land in the ad­ joining Townships 34, 6 and part of 5. Township 40 was first acquired by Martin Vosburgh in the final allotment of the Totten and Crossfield Purchase in 1786. Vosburgh

44. Ibid.. pp. 4-5.

45. Ibid.. p. 4. 47

Striss Chalet, built by W.W. Durant 1882, . Pine Knot Point, Raquette Lake

An early trapper*s cabin, Pine Knet Point, Raquette Lake, 1879 ■fc- 00 William West Durant's home '•Kennemate", Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake, New York 1880 Recreation Hall and Trapper’s Cabin, Huntington Memorial Camp, Raquette Lake, New York 1972 50

Nursery, built by W*W. Durant, Camp Pine Knot, Paquette lake, 1880

Old maid's cabin, built by W.W. Durant, Camp Pine Knot 51 sold the land to Robert G. Livingston, and before mid­ century, the lumbermen had arrived. Prominent among these lumbermen was Jones Ordv/ay. In later years, Ordway sold the property known as Pine Knot Point to William West Durant. In the purchase of Township 34 of the Totten and Crossfield's Purchase, Hamilton County, New York, Durant acquired Blue Mountain Lake, Eagle Lake, Utowana Lake and its outlet, plus the Marion River carry. During his geo­ logical survey, Ebenezer Emmons (mentioned in chapter one), named these lakes the "Eckford Chain'1 after Henry Eckford's daughters. Henry Eckford was a noted engineer and ship builder, who made a survey of these lakes during the early part of the nineteenth century. Emmons named the lakes beginning with the largest: lake Janet, Lake Catherine, and Lake Marion. Since that time, only the name Marion has survived. Thomas 0. Durant renamed Utowana, Ned Buntline renamed Eagle, and John Holland renamed Blue Mountain Lake. ^ In the purchase of Township 6 William West Durant acquired Shedd Lake (now Sagamore Lake), Mohican Lake (now

Camp Uncas Lake), and Lake Sumer (now Lake Kora). Ap­ pendix M makes reference to these lakes. As mentioned previously, the numbered townships were

46. Assembly Document, Report of the Geological Survey of New York (Report No. 200, 1958), p. 38. 52 sections of the Totten and Crossfield Purchase of 1772, a land grant from King George III of 1,150,000 acres which included most of Hamilton County and parts of Essex, Warren, and Herkimer counties. The grant was apportioned into 50 townshipB, most of which encompassed 39 square miles each, or about 25,000 acres. The history of the ownership of the townships charac­ teristic of the Adirondacks land has been discussed. The original title to Township 34 was acquired by Alexander Macomb under letters patent issued in 1787 by the state in the reallotment of the townships of the Totten and Cross­ field purchase. This single ownership of the whole town­ ship comprised approximately 26,000 acres and was broken up some years later. The records of the land ownerships of the early years are not complete. But, it is clear that after Macomb other absentee owners, principally the Livingstons and Smiths, held the land until the middle of the nineteenth century. There are no records that Macomb or any of the successors visited the townships. The ac­ cessible upstate land was bought and held as a specula­ tion by the urban capitalists in much the same way as the stockholder and his rich counterpart of today buys shares in a newly discovered product. In many instances the speculator of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries bought unseen under false pretenses. They were told that they were buying good farmland. When the 53 mistake was discovered, the owner either abandoned his purchase or sold the land. Sanford and Burnham purchased the land in Township 34 from Gerrit Smith. In later years, the Morgan lumber Company bought the land and removed from it all the timber which could be transported profitably. In 1888, James Ordway, a lumberman, sold Township 34 to William West Durant for $18,000.00 of which $2,000.00 was payable in cash. The sale was for approximately 25,000 acres in extent, excepting 1,050 acres previously sold.^ In addition to the purchase of central Adirondack land, Durant continued to further the improvements in travel and comfort which his father, Dr. T. C. Durant, inaugurated. In 1877, about the time the first buildings were being constructed on Camp Pine Knot, William West Durant built a stagecoach line of four and six horses from the terminus of the Adirondack Railroad to Worth Creek and on to Blue Mountain Bake. In order to get the passengers from Blue Mountain Bake to Raquette Bake, a twelve mile rowboat line was established. Durant, dissatisfied with this crude means of travel, started a steamboat line. He paid meticulous attention to his steamboat venture and its operation from the year 1878.

47. Harold Hochschild, Dumber.jacks and Rivermen in the Centra.1 Adirondacks. 1850-1$50 (Adirondack Museum. Elue_tlountain Lake, 1952J, p. 16. The mention of steamboats usually "brings to mind the leisurely days of the ante helium South with paddle- wheelers gracefully churning "way down upon the Swanee River." But, few people realize that the steamboat lived its greatest heyday high in the Adirondack Mountains of central New York State. The steamboat service of William West Durant was, for more than a half century, the major means of transportation and a key to the development of the central Adirondack region and other sections of the North Country, The steamboat fleet of W. W. Durant came into being as an unincorporated enterprise— The Blue Moun­ tain and Raquette lake Steamboat Line. The sights and sounds of the steamboats were woven into the lives of peo­ ple along the lakeshores and rivers of the Adirondacks for fifty years before the hard surfaced highways penetrated this dense wilderness region. The steamboats carried some very wealthy people to such resort hotels as the Prospect House on Blue Mountain Lake and the Blue Mountain House. Well known and highly respected people such as the Vanderbilts, Huntingtons, Morgans, Whitneys, and Colliers rode these luxury liners and added spice to the history of the land. The New York Daily Tribune of August 8, 1886, carried a dispatch from Blue Mountain Lake which read, in part: The Adirondack Railroad runs from Saratoga northward 60 miles to the verge of the moun­ tains, where the visitor takes a Concord coach, 55

or lighg buckboard wagon, and 1 b carried rapidly 30 miles over the best roads to Blue Mountain Lake, the beginning of the great water highway extending 120 miles to St. Regis Lake. 'We came to the conclusion some time ago,' said Mr. W, W. Durant, president of the Adirondack Railroad, 'that a decided move in improvements should be made— I firmly believe the Adirondacks are the resort of the future, and I am aiding heart and soul in the progress northward. Our project for the next year is to utilize the water highways. Already we have a line of small steamboats that ply from Blue Mountain Lake as far as Forked Lake. Next year we shall have additional steamers, small, light draught sternwheelers, by which passengers can be transported easily and comfortably through the chain of lakes as far as the Upper Saranac, and the tourist of 1887 can sail half around the Adirondacks.' 4-8 In 1879, Durant launched the first steamboat on Blue Mountain Lake. She was christened the Utowana, after Utowana Lake. A conflict in the literature appears con­ cerning the first boat on these waterways. Donaldson writes, "The first steamboat to ply on any inland Adiron­ dack water was the "Water Lily," built by William Allen Martin of Saranac Lake, and Fred W. Rice of Willsboro, New York, July 4* 1878."^. According to Hochschild, "The Utowana was the first of a long series of vessels to travel these inland waters. The Utowana was built at Blue Mountain Lake in 1878 and painted white. The Utowana made her maiden trip early that summer carrying the employees

48. New York Daily Tribune, quoted by Harold Hochschild in Dr. Durant and His Iron Horse (Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, 1962), p. 10. 49. Donaldson, p. 307. 56 50 of the Ordway House. Hochschild further adds, "Donald­ son, to whom the central Adirondacks were less familiar historically, evident did not know of Durant's Utowana, which may have preceded the Water Lily."'’1 In the spring of 1879, William West Durant built a steamboat, the Killoquah, the Indian name for Raquette Lake. The Killoquah was the first of four proud steam­ boats to bear that name on the Raquette Lake run. During the summer of 1879, the Utowana carried pas­ sengers from Blue Mountain Lake. The boat made its way cautiously up the shallow river to Eagle and Utowana Lakes ending its voyage at the Marion River Garry, then known as Bassett's Carry. Here the water progress was interrupted by a strip of land blocking the route to Raquette Lake. At this point the passengers and freight left the boat. The baggage and freight were hauled across the carry while the passengers walked the three quarters of a mile. Evi­ dence of the carry still exist. Many canoeiBts make this very carry each summer as the portage from the Marion River into the Utowana Lake. Once across the carry, the passengers and baggage were loaded into the Killoquah steamer which carried them down the Marion River into the Raquette Lake region.

50. Harold Hochschild, Adirondack Steamboats on Raquette and Blue Mountain Lakes (Adirondack-Museum. Blue HountaIn™LHce*7-T9^,277-P* 51. Ibid.. p. 1. 57 The portage from Utowana to Raquette Lake was known first as Bassett*s Carry. Mr. Fred Bassett was the owner of this strip of land. Early in the 1870's, he built a private camp on the carry. He managed the hauling of the baggage and also provided meals at a small restaurant lo­ cated on the carry. At the time of these early travelers there was no water artery large enough to allow the pas­ sage of the large river steamers. Therefore, the pas­ sengers walked the carry. In the fall of 1889» Fred Bas­ sett left the carry and the next spring W. W. Durant took over the carry. In order to improve the shallow channels between Blue Mountain, Eagle, and Utowana Lakes, W. W. Durant built a dam across the Marion River at the upper end of the carry. About the same time, he repaired a dam at the outlet of Raquette Lake in order to raise the water level and pre­ pare for the Killoquah*s trip up the Marion River. Even after the damming, there were stretches of water along the Marlon River and between the Eckford Lakes so shallow as to make navigation difficult. So, in later years, Durant had some dredging done on some of the shores and bypassed others by cutting new channels. The Utowana, Water Lily, and Killoquahs were the first of many other steamers. Such vessels as the Daniel P., Tuscarora, Irocosia, and Toowarloondah joined the fleet. In later years, Collis P. Huntington's Oneonta TJtcwana Steamboat on the Marion River heading for "Bassett's Carry"

Utowana Steamboat at "Bassett's Carry", circa 1880 59

A resturant located on "Bassett's Carry"

Kllloqah steamboat leaving south end of "Bassett's Carry" 60 could be seen on Raquette lake with her twin sister, the Sagamore. Hochschild writes, "The most impressive of all vessels that plied on the lakes of the central Adironcacks was the seventy-five foot, twin screw, double-decker, the 52 Tuscarora."^ Durant continued to expand and improve upon the ves­ sels and waterways throughout the central Adirondack re­ gion between Blue Mountain Lake north to Saranac and south to Raquette Lake. In the summer of 1899» he started to build a railroad across the Marion River Carry. By early spring, 1900, Durant had completed the shortest standard gauge railroad in the world. This line, about three quarters of a mile long, was six miles from the nearest tracks of any other line. Durant equipped it with three horse-drawn street cars, two for passengers and one for baggage. Durant also bought a small coal burning engine and had it converted to b u m oil. After being towed to the Marion River Carry on a car float, it was found to lack the power to haul loaded freight cars. So, Durant later replaced the locomotive. J With the completion of Durant's steamboat line, the fame of Camp Pine Knot spread and the camp became a real showplace of the woods. Many people went out of their

52. Ibid., p. 40. 53. Hochschild, Life and Leisure, p. 52. 61 way to visit the place. Among those who were guests at Camp Pine Knot were: Anne I. Bota Henry Bradley A. H. leonowent H. H. Smith Helen E. Roth James A. Kelley Ruth H. Roth Comilus L, Kirby C. T. Kirby Frank J. Scott John Barboun Francis J. Redfield J. A. LcBotillier Henry Hooper J. Malcolm Forbes Joel W. Burdick54 Fred Hammerman One of the frequent visitors to Camp Pine Knot was Connecticut's former governor, Phineas C. Lounsbury. In a letter to Durant, Lounsbury writes: Phineas C. Lounsbury, pres. Merchants Exchange National Bank City of New York, New York My Dear Mr. Durant, I expect to spend the month of September at Raquette Lake. I remember your great kindness of last season. I shall esteem it a great favor to have the pleasure of visiting the lake if you can grant me the permission consistently. You may be sure I shall not abuse the privilege. With many thanks for your past favors, I am, Very Sincerely Yours, 55 P. C. lounsbury"^v Other letters of social correspondence concerning W. W. Durant's relationships were found in his personal files. Letters were found written to and from:

54, W. W. Durant, Guestbook (Camp Pine Knot, September 1877), MS 6-10. 55. W. W. Durant, Book of Letters, Manuscript No. 2 of 11, 1899. 62 John W. Vrooman LePrince Fde Hatfeldt Wildenburg Mr. Washbume Sir Henry Holland General and Mrs. Dix Samel P. B. Morse Lieut. William Glenn Mr. Blatchford, Minister Resident of the U.S. Henry Wadsworth Taylor Admiral George Tryon, Commander in Chief, London The Imperial and Royal Highness, Prince Henry of Prussia Mr. Alfred Tennyson Mr. Barnet Davis, President of State of New York Fisheries and Game Forest Commission Baron Sauerma, Germany's Ambassador, 1894 Within the next few years, scores of places similar to the Adirondack Swiss chalet-type buildings were created throughout the Adirondacks by other builders. Along the picturesque banks of Raquette Lake, and some of the most beautiful islands of the lake, elegant camps and cottages were built. According to Aber and King, among these elegant camps were: Wallace named "Echo Camp" on Long Point owned by P. C. Lounsbury; "Camp Fairview" on Osprey Island, built by Charles W. Durant, nephew of T. C. Durant; "Deerhurst Camp" and the "McCarthy Cottage" on Kenwell's Point; the "Henderson Camp" on Indian Point, owned by J. B. Henderson, ex-senator from Missouri; "Camp Stott" on Bluff Point, owned by Frank H. Stott, textile manu­ facturer; the father-in-law of W. W. Durant; "Ten Eyck Camp" near the outlet of Raquette Lake owned by Thomas Carnegie's widow; "Camp Hasbrouck" near the outlet owned by Frederick Hasbrouck, a wine and liquor merchant of New York City; "Camp Otetewi" on Wood's Point, owned by Dr, Arpad B. Gester; and "Camp Pine Knot" on South Bay,56 During the latter part of the nineteenth century, the

56. Aber and King, History of Hamilton County, p. 797. 63 Adirondacks were, in part, becoming the playground for the wealthy. To own an Adirondack camp was as much a part of fashionable America as owning a villa at Newport. Appen­ dix N refers to the location of these camps. After the completion of Camp Pine Knot, W. W. Durant went on to acquire additional tracts of land. Hochschild states: "It has been estimated that W. W. Durant owned nearly one million acres of land in the 1890's."^' An­ other source indicates that, "W. v*. Durant owned Adiron­ dack lands totaling 1,172 square miles or three quarters of a million acres."-*8 In 1890 W. W. Durant began the construction of his second luxury camp, Camp Uncas. He named the camp Uncas after an Indian in James Fenimore Cooper's novel, The Last of the Mohicans. On the shores of Mohican Lake in the deepest depths of the forest, Durant built a most wonder­ ful camp. Owing to its utter isolation, it was seldom Been and little known. Yet, it was more massively beauti­ ful and more luxurious than Camp Pine Knot. The camp was completed in 1892. In 1895 Durant moved his family to Camp Uncas when he sold Camp Pine Knot to Collis P. Huntington, president of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Durant and his family lived at Uncas until 1896 when he

58. Howard L. Applegate, The Story of Sagamore (Univer­ sity College of Syracuse), p. b. 59, Encyclopedia of American Biography, quoted by W. V. Durant, Manuscript 3-11. 64 sold the Uncas property to J. P. Morgan. Durant then moved, with his mother, to Shedd Lake, where he had just completed Sagamore Lodge. The lake was promptly named Sagamore after another of Cooper's Indian characters. Al­ though Sagamore was planned to he similar to lodges at Pine Knot and Uncas, it was to have been his most elabo­ rate and luxurious lodge. The main lodge was completed in 1897.59 In 1885 Thomas Clark Durant died. Since his father's death, William had been living on a lavish scale, spending much more than his income. The proceeds of the sale of the Adirondack Railroad and the timberlands had gradually been consumed in meeting these deficits, in the building of his various camps, and in the operation of his steamboat line. He had been handicapped by having been brought up in wealth without being taught the value of money.An example of this can be found in the number of Yacht Clubs William be­ longed to during the years 1891-1893: Corinthian Yacht Club— 1892, New York Yacht Club— 1891, Metropolitan Yacht Club— 1893, Royal Yacht Squadron, Cowes— 1891, Eastern Yacht Dlub— 1893, Royal Austrian Yacht Club— 1892, Royal London Yacht Club— 1892. His ventures at building these three luxury camps, Pine Knot, Uncas, and Sagamore, were not designed for

59. Hochschild, Life and Leisure, p. 17. 60. Ibid., p. 57. 65 profit. They were conceived and executed because of the sheer joy William took in creating beautiful and comfort­ able dwellings in the wilderness. As it turned out, they were not profitable, at least not Uncas and Sagamore. In 1897, when Durant had barely completed Sagamore's main lodge and adjacent buildings, he was beset by family and financial problems. They resulted from a divorce suit in 1898, and a probate suit instituted by his sister, Mrs. Heloise Durant Rose, who wanted control of their father's estate. Durant went to his friends: Dr. Webb, I. E. Gates, W. C. Whitney, J. P. Morgan, and C. P. Huntington for aid in order to bolster his crumbling edifice. C. P. Huntington died, and the terms that Morgan and the others demanded were not acceptable. In order to meet his fore­ closures, he sold the Raquette lake Palls Company, also known as the Steamboat House Lot, for $150,000. And on July 29i 1901, he sold Sagamore to A. G. Vanderbilt for $162,500. He took a large financial loss when he sold Sagamore. It waB estimated at the time that he had over $250,000 invested in the place. He paid his creditors with the money obtained from the sale of these two pro­ perties. Durant continued his liquidations and creditors instituted foreclosures, all of which resulted in his complete ruin by 1904. The final blow fell on Durant in December 1902, when the referee appointed by the court 66 in Durant1s litigation with his Bister, awarder her a Judgment of $745,000.^ The last and most important link in W. W. Durant's transportation system into the central Adirondack region waB the building of the Raquette lake Railroad. The line went from the New York Central Station at Carter, westward ninety miles to Raquette lake, New York. Appendix 0 in­ dicates the people involved in the incorporation of the railroad. After the court awarded Durant's sister the Judgment, and having lost most of his land holdings, he left the Adirondacks to live in New York City, with his second wife, Anne Cotton, whom he married in 1907. There he lived and worked as a real estate broker in his wife's business, A. C. Durant, Inc. William West Durant died in 1934 at the age of eighty-three. In 1934 an article by the editor of The New York Tri­ bune read, "William Durant Dies; Developer of Adiron- dacks." The editorial continued: William West Durant, real estate and rail­ road developer in the Adirondack Mountains and son of the late Dr. Thomas Clark Durant,, died yesterday morning at Mount Sinai Hospital, Fifth Avenue and 100th Street, after an opera­ tion. He was 85 years old and lived at 182 West Fifty-eighth Street. In recent years, Mr. Durant had discon­ tinued active management of his extensive Adirondack property, which at one time consisted

61. Ibid., p. 61, 67 of 750,000 acres. He had been president of the Adirondack Railroad, now a division of the Dela­ ware and Hudson. Among the better known parcels of land sold by the Durant family were Camp Pine Knot, bought by C. P. Huntington, Camp Uncas owned by J. P. Morgan, and Sagamore Lodge owned by Alfred Vanderbilt.62 About two years after William West Durant died, a lake created by the C. C. C. laborers in 1934 was named Lake Durant as a memorial to him. The following article ap­ peared in The Hew York Tribune covering the dedication. A lake, built under the direction of the Con­ servation Department upon request of the Central Adirondack Association, is about three miles long and borders Route 28 between Indian Lake village and Blue Mountain Lake. It is near the Pulton Chain of Lakes. The lake created by the C. C. C. laborers in 1934 will be named Lake Durant tomorrow as a memorial to the late William West Durant. The ceremony, sponsored by the Central Adirondack Association in con­ junction with the State Historical Department and the State Conservation Department, will take place at a specially located boulder on which is a bronze plaque containing a memorial. Wesley Barnes of Olmsteadville, will act as honorary chairman at the ceremony. Maurice Callahan, Old Forge, is active chairman. Speak­ ers include Mrs. William West Durant and Law­ rence Durant, widow and son of the late Mr. Durant; John T. Gibbs, of Albany, Deputy Com­ missioner of Conservation; Mayor John Boyd Thacher, of Albany; A. Augustus Low of Brook­ lyn, president of the Central Adirondack Asso­ ciation, and A. T. Claffee, of Blue Mountain Lake, general chairman of the arrangements com­ mittee. 63

62. Editorial, "William Durant Dies; Developer of Adirondacks," New York Tribune. 1934. 63. Editorial, "Lake Created by C. C. C. to be Named for Durant, New York Tribune. August 11, 1936. 68 Other newspapers which covered the ceremony were: Albany Times Union, Adirondack Arrow (Old Forge), and the Utica Observer. So, on August 12, 1936, the three mile long lake in the central Adirondacks was dedicated to Wil­ liam West Durant. The bronze plaque, to Durant's memory, inscribed by the State Education Department, was placed on a large boulder at the lake shore. The inscription reads: lake Durant Named in Honor of William West Durant 1850-1934 Who Devoted Much of His Life to Developing The Adirondacks And Making Known Their Beauty Appendix P shows the location of Durant Lake, The harmonious lines and the excellent state of pre­ servation of Durant's buildings that are still standing at Pine Knot, Uncas, and Sagamore, plus his houseboat, testify to his instinct for architectural fitness and his insis­ tence on perfection in construction. When one considers that the buildings on Pine Knot Point were left for almost a half century without any maintenance, it is understand­ able that Durant built with perfection. As mentioned previously, in February 1895* William West Durant sold Camp Pine Knot to Collis Potter Hunting­ ton. Although W. W. Durant built and developed Camp Pine Knot, the writer feels that a brief history of the person 69 for whom the camp is named is in order. According to Miles, "If a man is known by his works, then the world knows Collis P. Huntington pretty well. He has made his­ tory rapidly during the last 30 years, and at age 76 he is still the very front rank of busy workers in a century 64. that has no parallel for mental and physical activity." * Evans writes: The life of Collis P. Huntington, the great railroad builder and financier extraordinary, is inseparably interwoven to a remarkable degree with the history of this country from the middle of the 19th century. It was said at the time of his death in 1900 that he had done greater things and more of them in the strenuous work of de­ veloping the resources of America than any other man; 'no ten men, in truth, have done so much' to bring the United States to a position among na­ tions intellectually, financially, and commer­ cially second to none.65 The Huntington family is of ancient English lineage and was founded in America by Simon Huntington. From early childhood, Collis led a busy life. At the age of 14, his schooling ended. For the next few years of his life he worked at various jobs: grocer, farm hand, and traveling salesman. In 1842 he entered into a partner­ ship with his brother, Solon, in Oneonta, New York. The store was one of general merchandising. In September 1844, at age twenty-three, he married Elizabeth Stoddard

64. G. E. Miles, Collis P. Huntington. 1897, p. 5. 65. Cerinda W. Evans, Collis Potter Huntington (The Mariners Museum, Newport News, Virginia, Vol. I), p. 1. -J W. W. Durant's Swiss Chalet, Huntington Memorial Camp, Raquette Lake, New York 1972 o 71 of Litchfield County, Connecticut. Collis and his wife resided in Oneonta, New York for several years. Collis's memories of Oneonta in later life must have been very pleasant judging from what Evans writes of him. "Collis named an early locomotive Oneonta, his two private rail­ road cars were named Oneonta I, II, his yacht on Raquette Lake was named Oneonta, plus a couple of towns, park, etc."66 Collis and his brother, Solon, were both attracted by the discovery of gold in California in 1849. While in California, Collis became interested in the railroad busi­ ness. On April 30, 1861 the Central Pacific Railroad Com­ pany of California was organized. Collis P. Huntington was elected vice-president. From the beginning of this operation, the Central Pacific Railroad had been a paying concern. In December 1862, Collis P. Huntington took up resi­ dence in New York aB a financial and purchasing agent for the Central Pacific Railroad Company. While in New York he became involved in one of the greatest transportation systems the world has ever seen: the Atlantic Pacific Railroad. He was both brain and backbone of this great railroad. Ihe completion of the Atlantic and Pacific Rail­ road and the Pacific Railroad Company of California plus a

66. Ibid., p. 19. 72 few other lines extended Huntington’s railroads over 10,000 miles. At an early age, Collis P. Huntington recognized and realized the power of money. All through his life he used money he earned to make more money. As his fortune accu­ mulated, his interests expanded into the development of large enterprises that would not only produce money, hut provide employment. At the time of his death it was said that C. P. Huntington was reported to have been both a di­ rector and the president of the following companies: Es- quimalt and Nanaimo Railroad C., Galveston Harrisburg and San Antonio R. R, Co., Guatemale Central R. R. Co., Louisiana and Western R. R. Co., Louisiana and Western Executive, Oregon and California R. R. Co., Pacific Mail Steamship Co., Raquette Lake R. R. Co., Southern Bridge R. R. Co., and the Southern Pacific Company. He was di­ rector of seventeen corporations. Other corporations in which Huntington was interested and controlled by large 67 investments totaled thirteen. 1 "In 1890, when Collis P. Huntington was searching for an Adirondack home, he saw Camp Pine Knot, fell in love with its charm and purchased it from William West fTQ Durant for about $250,000.00." In researching the

67. Ibid. (Vol. II), p. 657. 68. "A Millionaire's Adirondack Camp," Illustrated Saturday Magazine. August 25, 1900, p. 3. 73 literature, the writer found a great deal of discrepancy in the actual amount Collis P. Huntington paid William West Durant for Camp Pine Knot. In an article in the New York Journal, it was stated that, "Mr. Huntington's death oc­ curred at Camp Pine Knot, which he "bought from William West Durant for $100,000.00.1,69 According to the digest of deeds and contracts of William West Durant as recorded in the clerk's office of Hamilton County, Lake Pleasant, New York, the deed reads as follows: This indenture, made the 18 day of February in the year 1895, between Janet 1. Durant and William West Durant of Raquette lake, Hamilton County, State of New York, parties of the first part, and Collis P. Huntington of the City, County, and State of New York, party of the second part. Witnesseth, that the said parties of the first part, in consideration of forty-five hun­ dred dollars, lawful money of the United States, paid by the party of the second part, do hereby give and release unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever, all of that lot piece or parcel of land on Long Point, Raquette Lake, in Township number forty (40) of Totten & Crossfield's Purchase, Hamilton County, State of New York, on which is situated Pine Knot, more particularly described as fol­ lows, to wit: Beginning at a copper bolt, stamped with the figures thirty seven (37) and set in a rock at low water mark on the shore of said Raquette Lake, in said Township number forty (40) afore­ said, said bolt bearing south thirty-three de­ grees east, and distant forty six links from the southeast corner of the Steamboat House

69. "Collis P. Huntington," New York Journal, The 20th Century Newspaper, New York, August 14, 1900, p. 1. near Pine Knot; thence running from said holt north eighteen degrees east two chains and forty three and one-half links to a square iron holt driven level with the ground in the centre of the road; the said iron holt hears north thirty nine degrees east and is distant one chain and twenty three links from the northeast corner of the Steamboat House; thence along the centre of said road north forty seven degrees west sixty one links to an­ other iron holt driven level with the ground-in the centre of said road, twenty links from a Birch tree standing on the north side of the road, and ten links from a Beach tree standing on the south side of the road; thence north, seventy degrees west, three chains and ninety links to a Hemlock tree standing in the corner of the Pine Knot farm clearing; thence north forty degrees west, eight chains; thence north forty eight degrees and fifteen minutes, west, fourteen chains and sixty seven links to a clear stake and stones and heing the southeast corner of the "Edward Bennett" Hotel lot, and the southwesterly corner of the John McLaughlin fourteen acre plot; thence south eighty one and one-half degrees east along the southerly line of the said McLaughlin plot eighteen chains and twenty three links to a clear stake and stones and heing the northeasterly corner of the ?ine Knot farm clearing; thence south forty eignt degrees east five chains to a large Birch tree stump with an iron holt driven into the top; thence north seventy six and one half degrees, east two chains to a clear stake; thence north thirteen and one half degrees, west two chains; thence south eighty one and one half degrees east sixteen chains and seventy five links to the westerly line of the other plot of John McLaughlin; thence south twenty six and one half degrees east twenty nine chains to a copper holt stamped with the figures thirty eight and set in a rock at near to low water mark on the shore of Raquette Lake; thence westerly northerly and northeasterly along the said shore as it winds and turns to the place of beginning, containing seventy five acres, he the same more or less.70

70. W, V. Durant and Janet Durant, Deeds and Contracts. Manuscript 63-258, Polder 10-11, p. 56. 75 Appendix Q shows this plot of land.

In preparation for selling Camp Pine Knot, Durant had the following inventory made:

Inventory Listing of Buildings Camp Pine Knot 1895 1 Swiss Cottage containing 7 rooms with open fire­ place 1 Log Cottage and annex containing bedroom, dressing room, stove room and bathroom with open fire­ place 1 Double Frame Cottage containing 3 bedrooms, with open fireplace 1 Log Cottage containing three rooms 1 Log Cottage consisting of one room with open fireplace 1 Double Frame Cottage containing 3 rooms and bathroom with two open fireplaces 1 Frame Cottage containing 5 rooms (guide*s house) 1 Frame Building containing kitchen, pantry, srore room and servant's dining room 1 Woodshed 1 Glass dining room 1 Ice House with meat cooler 1 Large Frame Building containing 3 rooms and one dark closet; used to store boats, carpenter's shop, store room and photographic room 1 Water Tank Building 1 Wood Shop 1 Pump House 1 Boat House 1 Laundry and Laundry store room 2 Open Camps 1 Stone Ash House 1 Covered Shed 1 Small outdoor dressing room for bathers 2 Potato Cellars 1 Horse B a m (five stall), wagon shed, cow-shed 1 Hot Frame 1 Dog Yard— dog kennel 4 Water Closets Large Pasture and large garden about nine acres 2 Wells 71 1 Apple Orchard*

71. W. W. Durant, "Inventory List of Buildings on Camp Pine Knot," Documents. February 7, 1895, pp. 26-27. 76 Collis P. Huntington and his family occupied Camp Pine Knot from 1895-1900. Due to Huntington's busy sched­ ule he never really had as much time to spend there as he would have liked. Evans writes: "It was said that Camp Pine Knot was Mr. Huntington's favorite dwelling place. A stay at Pine Knot Camp was the nearest to a vacation that Mr. Huntington ever indulged."'72 An article which appeared in a magazine after Huntington died read: The death of C. P. Huntington revives the stories of his younger days, when simple living was a necessity and luxuries were undreamed of. Something of this atmosphere of his boyhood must have surrounded Mr. Huntington in his Pine Knot Camp. There was comfort, but hardly more than the guides of these forests possess. Perhaps that's why Mr. Huntington always considered his happiest hour to be among those at the camp in the mountains.73 During the summer of 1900, Huntington had an addi­ tional building of several rooms built on the point near the main lodge. It was designed like those built by Durant. The building and much of the furnishings were built entirely of pine trees sawed, seasoned and prepared for him within the sound of the camp. The bedroom in the main cottage gives one a good idea of this symphony in pine which Durant started and was then carried on by other builders. In a letter to MrB. T. M. Carnegie, Durant writes: "I take the liberty of suggesting the name of a

72. Evans, Collis P. Huntington, Vol. II, p. 642. 75. Illustrated Saturday Magazine, August 25, 1900, p. 2. 77 firm who are doing work for Mr. Vanderbilt at Sagamore and Mr. Morgan at Uncas, Their architect is designing Mr. Vanderbilt's new cottages. The firm's name is: The Adi­ rondack Hardware Company, Saranac Lake, care of Mr. G. L. Stark. Collis P. Huntington was never able to see this new building completed. His death came on the night of August 1 3 , 1900 at the age of seventy-nine. He and his wife had spent the evening with some guests and friends from neighboring camps. He had retired to his room about eleven o'clock at night when he was suddenly stricken with a cerebral hemorrhage, and died just before midnight. The death of Collis Potter Huntington was a crushing blow to his family and shocked thousands of his friends throughout the world. In honor of Mr. Huntington, Evans writes: "Every wheel of the great Southern Pacific Rail­ road system was stopped for seven minutes at eleven o'clock August 15, 1900,the day of Collis P. Huntington's funeral. This event was said to be the first time in the history of American railroads that there had been a total 76 suspension of business by any man." After the death of Collis P. Huntington, his estate

74. W. W. Durant, Book of Letters, Manuscript No. 2-11, 1899. 75. Evans, Collis P. Huntington, Vol. II, p. 642. 76. Ibid., p. 644. 78 was turned over to his wife, of his second marriage, Ara­ bella Duval Huntington and their children. Evans writes:

The true value of C, P. Huntington's real es­ tate holdings at the time of his death excited much interest and conjecture, especially among some of the newspapers which named the sum of $80,000,000.00 as the amount of his fortune. When the facts finally came out, they were com­ pelled to make corrections. It was found that Huntington had stock in: Cincinnati and Southwestern R. R. Co. $ 969,000.00 Pinancial Improvement Co. 150,000.00 Newport News and Missis­ sippi Valley Co. 1,363,575.00 Southern Development Co. 1,000,000.00*7 After Collis P. Huntington bought Camp Pine Knot in 1895 he bought additional acreage on Long Point, The fol­ lowing is a list of references to land parcels included in the Collis Potter Huntington Estate located on Long Point of Raquette Lake, Township 40, Hamilton County, New York: February 18, 1895» Janet L. Durant and William West Durant to Collis P. Huntington, 75 acres.78 March 4, 1895, John and Rebecca McLaughlin to C. P. Huntington, 1 acre.79

February 1, 1898, W, W. Durant and Janet to C. P. Huntington (Quit C l a i m ) . 80 March 10, 1898, Frank H. Davis and Mary to C. P. Huntington, two parcels of land, 15 1/2 acres and 12 1/4 acres.81

77. Ibid., pp. 637-658. 78. C. P. Huntington, Book of Deeds, Office of the County Clerk, Lake Pleasant, New York, Book 27, p. 21. 79. Ibid., Book 27, p. 40. 80. Ibid., Book 31» p. 474. 81. Ibid., Book 34, p. 562. 79 June 23, 1899, Walter A. Weber to C. P. Hunting­ ton, two parcels of land 47.12 acres and 23.42 acres.82

July 17, 1899, Walter A. Weber to C. P. Hunting­ ton, 5 acres.83 October 6, 1899, John J. Daly and Kate to C. P. Huntington Coterill Camp plus 100 feet of land surrounding the house.84 October 6, 1899, John Daly and Kate to C. P. Huntington, 5 acres.85 November 29, 1899, William S. Webb and Elizabeth to C. P. Huntington (Quit C l a i m ) . 86 At the time of Collis P. Huntington's death, the above mentioned properties were left to his son, Henry Edward Huntington. On February 8, 1901, Edward turned the properties over to his step-mother, Arabella D. Hunting­ ton,®^ On December 23, 1924, these properties plus 9 1/2 acres of land formerly known as the Forest Park and Land Company which she purchased from W. W. Durant on January 18, 1897, were willed to Arabella D. Huntington's son, Archer M. Huntington.88

82. Ibid., Book 34, p. 177. 83. Ibid., Book 34, p. 183. 84. Ibid., Book 34, p. 369. 85. Ibid., Book 34, p. 371. 86. Ibid., Book 34, p. 558. 87. Ibid., Book 37, p. 6. 88. Arabella D. Huntington, Book 1265 of Willis, Office of Surrogate, Hamilton County Office, November 22, 1928, Book 64, p. 201. Archer M. Huntington inherited 201.32 acreB on Long Point. Appendix R shows the parcels of land on Long Point and the dates Collis P. Huntington purchased them, plus their previous owners. The Huntington1s owned all of the land on Long Point which lies on Township 40, except Echo Point and St. Williams Church. Echo Point was owned by the former governor of Connecticut, Phineas C. louns- bury. Mr. Lounsbury, in later years, became president of Merchants Exchange National Bank of New York City. The property belonging to St. Williams Roman Catholic Church on the north shore of Long Point totals approximately 1.22 acres of land. The land was donated in two separate deeds September 14, 1890, Janet Durant and William West Durant to St. Williams Roman Catholic Church, 43/100 of an acre.89 March 1, 1928, Archer M. Huntington and Anna to St. Williams Roman Catholic Church, 79/100 of an acre.90 On January 11, 1949, Archer M. Huntington and Anna Hyatt Huntington granted and released to the State Teachers College at Cortland all previously described par­ cels of land. The land was to be used to promote the in­ terests and purposes of the State Teachers College in a laboratory facility in the out-of-doors.

89. W. W. Durant, Book of Deeds, Office of the County Clerk, Lake Pleasant, New York, Book 23» p. 54. 90. A. M. Huntington, Book of Deeds. Office of the County Clerk, lake Pleasant, New York, Book 63, p. 215. 81 Summary The early settlers who visited the RaqLuette lake area were trappers and hunters. The reports of these trappers and hunters concerning the woods and their riches began attracting others to the area. Within a period of about thirty years, the Adirondacks became a tremendous resort area. The person most associated with developing the cen­ tral Adirondack region was William West Durant. He fore­ saw the Adirondacks as the resort of the future. Prom 1876 until 1907, the majority of his efforts went toward this goal. In order to achieve it, he built stagecoach lines, railroads, steamboats, and beautiful summer homes. All of Durant's efforts progressed to bring about the results for which they were planned— to increase tourist travel to the central Adirondack region and specifically the Raquette Lake area. CHAPTER IV

THE EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OP OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTERS

Learning from nature has always been a part of the developmental process of man. For years leaders in educa­ tional thought have implemented change in curriculum re­ vision in order to meet the demands of a rapidly changing society. During the colonial period there seemed to be little concern as to whether teachers were prepared to meet these new challenges and responsibilities. The aca­ demic program consisted primarily of: reading, writing, arithmetic, and Latin. A concept of learning from nature can be found early in educational literature, but not until 1871 did the educational system begin to keep pace with the needs and desires of the people. The Kalamazoo Case of 1871, the Smlth-Hughes Act es­ tablished in the early part of the twentieth century, and the emphasis on "progressive education" helped to stimu­ late marked changes in teaching methods. According to Smith and his colleagues, "The two major forces on American education that had significant implications for

82 83 outdoor education were industrialization and the newer views on the nature of learning."^ The objectives and goals of education are frequently adjusted to the changes which occur in society. In 1918, the National Education Association Commission on the Re­ organization of Secondary Schools developed the "Seven Cardinal Objectives of Education." These included: (l) health, (2) command of fundamental processes, (3) citi­ zenship, (4) character, (5) worthy use of leisure, (6) worthy home membership, (7) vocational preparation. Of these seven cardinal objectives, health and the wise use of leisure were important influences on the early begin­ nings of outdoor education. The term "outdoor education" has come to mean far more than the kind of education one gains from an occasional excursion or field trip. The late L. B. Sharp described the principle thesis underlying outdoor education in the following manner: "That which can best be learned inside the classroom should be learned there. That which can best be learned in the out-of-doors through direct experi­ ences, dealing with native materials and life situations, should there be learned."^92 According to Gabrielsen and

91. Julian Smith, R. E. Carlson, H. B. Masters, and G.W. Donaldson, Outdoor Education (Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1972), p. 19. 92. L. B. Sharp, Outdoor Education for American Youth (Y/ashington, D."C., American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 1957), p. 22. 84 Holtzer, "The Outdoor Education method encourages the use of the environment outside the classroom and includes such experiences as field trips, excursions, vocational agri- culture, and a school camp." Metcalf writes of outdoor education as follows: In outdoor education, the outdoors becomes an educational laboratory for the teaching of the parts of school curricular subjects or activi­ ties that are best taught— most effectively and meaningfully taught— through direct experience and first hand observation in context— in the natural environment. Much of the learning which takes place in the school room is not in con­ text, and the meanings, relationships, and con­ cepts are distorted. Outdoor education, with its direct first hand experiences, is not a substitute for the real thing; it is the real thing.94 Donaldson states: "Through outdoor education, learning be­ comes a mutual process and experience for both pupil and qc teacher."^ One of the best ways to ascertain the nature and validity of outdoor education in the curriculum of schoolB and colleges is to examine the underlying principles formulated by Donaldson and Goering. 1, Outdoor education is a method or process utilizing the outdoors.

93. M. A. Gabrielsen and Charles Holtzer, Outdoor Educa­ tion (New York: Center for pplied Research in Educa- tion, Inc., 1965), p. 20. 94. Harlan G. Metcalf, "Outdoor Educational Relation­ ships— 'In Context,'" Reprint, Nature Study, 1970, p.l. p. 1. 95. George W. Donaldson, "Diving and Learning Outdoors," The School Executive, February, 1945, p. 65. 85 2. Outdoor education is not a separate disci­ pline; it has no subject matter of its own. 3. Direct experiences in the outdoors are es­ sential to the understanding of one's en­ vironment and, thus, to general education. 4. Useful outdoor experiences may be as brief as a few minutes or as long as several days or weeks. 5. A comprehensive outdoor education program provides direct experiences in the outdoors for all children at all grade levels. 6. Outdoor education involves the learner, em­ phasizes the exploratory approach, and uti­ lizes multi-sensory experiences. 7. Outdoor experiences should be an integral part of modern education, 8. Outdoor education can be utilized to de­ velop the understandings and skills neces­ sary for the wise use of leisure time.98 Most of the specific objectives of various subject areas lie within the goals of general education. The best known and most widely accepted listing of the aims of edu­ cation are those set forth by the Educational Policies Commission. In 1938, the National Education Association's Educational Policies Commission listed the goals of educa­ tion in terms of four categories of aims. These included: (l) self-realization, (2) human relationships, (3) eco­ nomic efficiency and (4) civic responsibility. Smith describes how outdoor educational activities enhance these commonly accepted educational goals or aims:

Self-Realization Outdoor education offers many opportunities for the individual to engage in experiences which help him to

96. Smith, Carlson, Masters, and Donaldson, Outdoor Edu­ cation. pp. 27-28. 86 self-realization. Nature-oriented activities and projects in an outdoor environment can be used to stimulate indi­ vidual maturity, achievement, recognition, and creativity.

Human Relationships Outdoor education field trips and resident experiences in outdoor education centers provide common grounds of understanding and experience for children with diverse backgrounds. Personal dignity and the concept of the rights of individuals is enhanced through the informality of the outdoor educational setting. Living at an outdoor education center fosters qualities of worth, achievement, and behavior rather than values of materialism more typi­ cally encountered in traditional social settings.

Economic Efficiency Outdoor education can provide the opportunity to ac­ quire skills which can lead to avocational as well as vo­ cational and professional employment. Specific projects, assignments, and chores may lead to vocational and pro­ fessional employment i.e., recreational facilities, ser­ vice skills, and professional instructional positions.

Civic Responsibility Outdoor education provides many opportunities for education in civic responsibility. Leadership in the conduct of projects and outdoor education activities 87 provides experiences in the assumption of responsibilities and the processes of group dynamics. On-the-land experi­ ences can aid the individual in his attempts to understand human dependence on natural resources and the need for re- sponsible citizenship practices. 97 There are many worthwhile educational experiences that cannot be touched by indoor education but can be approached only in the out-of-doors where the child has the oppor­ tunity to use all his senses: hearing, sight, taste, touch, and smell. Cooper writes: "This excursion into the out-of-doors gives students an opportunity to "learn by doing" and to gain an insight into the realistic values of outdoor education in making indoor instruction more meaningful."^8 It has been said that teachers, generally speaking, tend to cling to outmoded educational procedures and shun those things to which they are unaccustomed. Recognizing this, the teacher preparation institutions of New York State welcomed an invitation to cooperate with life Camps, Inc. in the establishment of a Camping Education Insti­ tute for students and faculty members.

97. Julian Smith, Outdoor Education (Washington: The American Associationor Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 1956), pp. 13-15. 98. Hermann Cooper, "Teacher Education for the Out-of- Doors," Camping and Education (The Bulletin of the National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1947), p. 54. In June, 1944, the first ten day institute for stu­ dents and faculty members of the New York State teacher's colleges was held at National Camp, Life Camps, Inc., Sussex, New Jersey. Here in the out-of-doors, faculty and student representatives established their communities, built their own shelters, planned their meals, prepared their food, and experienced the fun of realizing the values that come from learning by doing in the out-of-doors. In 1945, the institute included faculty and student represen­ tatives from the state teacher's colleges of New York and New Jersey. The goal of the institute was to provide faculty and students instruction in the use of the out-of- doors in the preparation of a teacher. The growth and development of outdoor education pro­ grams, including resident school camping programs, has been marked by a lack of both continuity and unified in­ terest in New York State. This does not preclude a lack of interest. The movement in New York State has been marked by many pilot projects, conferences, advisory com­ mittees, and demonstrations that have, until the present, not been realized in the form of generally accepted on­ going programs. At a 1967 meeting of the New York State Education Department Advisory Committee on Outdoor and Conservation Education, one administrator remarked that the primary reason for the lack of interest in programs related to the 89 out-of-doors, in New York State, was due to "lack of status," In New York State, at least, educators have not "been able to see the soundness of, nor have they accepted all of the educational values which have been attributed to outdoor education and school camping, Caswell Miles, former chief, Bureau of Physical Education and Recreation, State Education Department, attributes the status quo in New York State to, "a series of untimely events in the state executive branch, budget problems, and at times, lack of vision, Although New York State has not geared its resources to provide facilities and programs in the out-of-doors on a large scale, it has, nevertheless, been taking several significant steps over the years. In 1944, following the first ten-day institute for students and faculty members held at National Camp, Life Camps, Inc., faculty and stu­ dent representatives returned to the state teacher's col­ leges eager to apply the knowledge and experience gained at the camp. As a result of the camp experience, New York State enacted an education law in the area of outdoor edu­ cation, According to research, New York was the first

99. Charles A. Lewis, "Outdoor Education: A Summary of Basic Concepts and Factors Influencing Its Growth and Development in New York State," excerpts from un­ published dissertation (Print Shop, Port Washington, New York, 1969), citing Caswell Miles, New York State Advisory Committee on Outdoor and Conservation Edu­ cation Meeting, November 14, 1967, p. 101. 90 state in the union to enact such a law. By establishing the legal authority for boards of education to purchase camp sites and outdoor education centers, New York State created the legal baBis for other school districts to es­ tablish camps and authorize appropriations for this spe­ cific part of the school program.100 The important education laws which refer directly to school camping and outdoor education are included in the State of New York Education Laws No. 4501 and 4502. Law 4501 refers specifically to the establishment of camps and the authorization of appropriations by school districts. Education Law No. 4502 provides for the establishment of camps by city school districts and the authorization of appropriate funds for the same. 101 These laws provided the legal basis for all types of school districts within the State of New York to estab­ lish and operate school camps and outdoor education pro­ grams, It was hoped that the enactment of the legislation would promote local investment in the growth and develop­ ment of facilities and programs. It was hoped that the enactment of the legislation would promote local invest­ ment in the growth and development of facilities and

100. Lewis, "Outdoor Education: A Summary," p. 101. 101. Ibid., citing McKinney, Consolidated Laws of New York State. annotated Book l'6f Part 2, Education Law No. 4501 and 4502, Article 91, School Camps, 1944, p. 103. programs. Unfortunately, this was not the case. Those districts in the state which engaged in camping used existing state facilities, college camps, Y.M.C.A. camps, and organizational and private camps on a lease or rental basis. In order to promote interest in the growth and de­ velopment of school camping programs, a bill was intro­ duced in both houses of the 1945 legislature. According to Lewis, the bill proposed five million dollars in state aid to be distributed through the State Education Depart­ ment. Another bill requested two hundred thousand dol­ lars for the operation of school camp demonstration cen­ ters with one-half the cost of operating such centers to be borne by the school districts which were selected to participate. It was the consensus of school officials and civic leaders at the time that the establishment of school camp demonstration centers would be the best procedure to get school camps established as part of the total education program. When the School Camp Demonstration Bill was presented to the legislature, Lewis writes, "The bill had the formal approval of the New York State Teachers Asso­ ciation, Executive Committee and Legislative Council, the New York State Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, the Nassau County School Camp Committee,

102. Lewis, "Outdoor Education; A Summary," p. 105. 92 105 and Regent's Joint legislative Committee." It was pro­ posed that such demonstration centers would serve in de­ veloping a pattern suitable to New York State schools and at the same time would serve as an example for other school districts to follow. Prior to the enactment of legislation in New York State, a School Camp Workshop was conducted under the State Education Department at manager lodge on Upper Cha- teaugay Lake in the northern Adirondacks from August 25th to September 2, 1944. The purpose of this workshop was to outline a school camp buide for Bchool officials, to work out the details of a plan for school camp programs in New York State, and to formulate standards for the conduct of some school camps demonstrations. Assembled at this conference were outstanding national leaders in camping and major leaders in New York State education; superinten­ dents, directors of health, physical education, recrea­ tion, and camping, elementary and secondary school prin­ cipals, college, elementary, and high school teachers and camp counselors. On October 15th and 16th, 1946, the Recreation, Camping, and Conservation Education Conference was held. The

105. Ibid.. p. 106. 104. lewis, "Outdoor Education: A Summary," citing New York State Education Department Piles, Courtesy of Dr. Irwin Rosenstein, Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, p. 107. 93 conference was held at Joseph Henry Memorial Auditorium Academy Park in Albany, New York, leaders from many state and local departments, agencies, institutions, and asso­ ciations were assembled to discuss: "The Getting and Using of Surplus War Material." In a letter addressed to the participants, Miles writes: "The future of the camping program in the United States depends to quite an extent on whether or not school and other public officials who con­ duct such programs will have the use of surplus war ma­ terials. This is of tremendous importance because public officials usually take a long time to develop such pro- 1QK grams under normal rate of growth." At the conference, a panel on "Professional Prepara­ tion for Recreation, Camping and Conservation Education" was chaired by Dr. Prancis J. Moench. At the time Dr. Moench was president of New York State Association of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation. He also was the Director of Education for the Division of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Education of State Teachers College at Cortland. Dr. Donnal V. Smith, presi­ dent of State Teachers College at Cortland, was appointed to serve aB a member of the panel discussing: "A Program of Recreation, Camping and Conservation Education for New York State."

105. Lewis, "Outdoor Education: A Summary," citing Miles, Letter to Participants, September 26, 1946, p. 108. 94- In analyzing the conference held in Albany, one finds that after much discussion, "The group approved of a plat­ form which would: (1) extend camping opportunities to more individuals; (2) provide for an increase in the pro­ fessional training of personnel for these programs; (3) set up camp demonstration centers; and (4) secure increased funds for such services. I'1®*’ On November 15, 1946, a platform concerned with the above number three and four was prepared by a joint com­ mittee and presented in New York City. On November 21st it was adopted by the Joint Advisory Committee. Entitled "Camping— An Essential Service in New York State," the ten points in the platform were: 1. The conservation of the state*s natural re­ sources should be supported by all its citizens. 2. The development of these resources should include more adequate provisions for camping and recreation. 3. Camping resources should be available to all people of the state irrespective of geo­ graphical location and economic status. 4. The fundamentals of camping and conserva­ tion education should be included in the education of youth. 5. Immediate steps should be taken to improve and extend organized camping for youth. 6. All the resources of the state which can contribute to this program should be en­ listed for cooperative action. 7. The extension of training opportunities through undergraduate, graduate and in-camp courses for camp personnel should be pro­ vided without delay.

106. lewis, "Outdoor Education: A Summary," citing New York State Education Department Piles; Miles, Per­ sonal Interview, November 14, 1967, p. 121, 95 8. Demonstration camps should he established to show the benefits of camping. 9. A plan for sound and adequate finances should be developed. 10. A state council or organization which will be representative of the present camping needs and be capable of developing such a program should be instituted.107 One of the significant aspects of the outdoor educa­ tion movement that took place in New York State has been the development of college camps by faculty and student associations. According to Cooper, the State Teachers Col­ lege at Fredonia was the first to assume leadership in camping education for all of its students. He further states: "The State Teachers College at Plattsburgh was the next state institution to do something about camping as early as 1945.1,108 A third venture into the outdoors took place at State Teachers College at Cortland about the year 1946. Cooper writes: "For the past two years the president at Cortland, and a joint committee of faculty and students have been inspecting properties adjoining Laborador Pond, which is located about twenty miles north of Cortland. The site under consideration comprises approximately 558 acres which include two dwellings and a large tract of wooded land."1^

107. Lewis, "Outdoor Education: A Summary," citing New York State Education Department Files, Courtesy of Dr. In-Jin Rosenstein, Department of Health, Physical Edu­ cation and Recreation, p. 122. 108. Cooper, p. 57. 109. Ibid.. p. 58. 96 According to Dr. Donnel V. Smith., the above statement concerning Laborador Pond was true. Dr. Walt Thurber, Mr. William Clemens, Dr. Ross Allen, and Dr. Franklin Cool- idge attempted to raise funds for the purchase of the Laborador Pond property, but due to the social and eco­ nomic effects of World War II, funds were not available. In researching the literature, the writer found in­ formation on students from Syracuse University, Ithaca College, and State Teachers College at Cortland attending an outdoor training camp at Tanager Lodge in the Adiron- dacks. The camp at Tanager Lodge began in 1937. Appar­ ently, Cooper was not aware of the camp at Tanager Lodge. The outdoor education experiences anticipated for the Laborador Pond site followed the camp at Tanager Lodge and preceded those outdoor experiences to be offered at Hunt­ ington Memorial Camp. Additional information concerning this first outdoor education experience for students of State Teachers College at Cortland will be included in chapter five. Following the approval of the New York State Bill on Outdoor Education and Camping in 1945t need for trained administrators and supervisors in the fields of recreation and outdoor education was great. Dr. Francis Moench, then

110. Interview with Dr. Donnel V. Smith, former presi­ dent of State Teachers College at Cortland, May 16, 1972. 97 recently promoted to the position of Director of the Divi­ sion of Health, Physical Education and Recreation at State Teachers College at Cortland, realizing the need for trained leadership in recreation and outdoor education wrote Dr. Harlan Gold Metcalf of the National Recreation Association asking him to suggest the names of three men he could recommend to teach courses in recreation and out- 111 door education at Cortland. At this time Dr. Metcalf was employed as a special representative of the National Recreation Association giving recreation service to state government agencies in twenty-two states from North and South Dakota eastward through Maine. In response to Dr. Moench*s request, Dr. Metcalf recommended the three men and also noted that he himself would he interested in coming to Cortland, if they were looking for a chairman and full professor. Upon re­ ceiving this information, Dr. Moench became interested in this and promoted the idea with President Smith. Dr. Met­ calf was then appointed as professor and chairman of the newly created Department of Recreation Education beginning in the fall of 1947. Dr. Metcalf realized the necessity of an outdoor edu­ cation facility in order to train leaders for the camping aspect of recreation and to provide an outdoor education

111. Ibid. 98 center for the entire college. After discussing this with Dr. Smith, Dr. Metcalf received permission to search for a suitable site. During a canoe trip on Raquette lake in the central Adirondack Mountains, Dr. Walt Thurber and Dr. Gold Met­ calf took the opportunity to look for several camp proper­ ties on the Bhores of Raquette Lake. The property and camp buildings known as Camp Pine Knot on Long Point were particularly interesting and admired by both men. On their return to Cortland, New York, Dr. Thurber and Dr. Metcalf stopped at Raquette Lake Tillage and visited with the forest ranger, Mose Leonard. The ranger revealed that the property called Camp Pine Knot belonged to a man named Huntington. He also informed them that the caretaker of the property was John Moore. Mr. Moore, his wife, and children lived on the point. After his return to Cortland, Dr. Metcalf wrote to Mr. John Moore in order to obtain some information about the camp and the owner’s name. In reply to Dr. Metcalf, Mr. Moore indicated that he had been the caretaker since 1927. He informed Dr. Metcalf that the owner's name was Archer M. Huntington who resided in Redding, Connec­ ticut.^^ Dr. Metcalf's letter, of October 23, 1947,

112. Interview with Dr. Harlan Gold Metcalf, former pro­ fessor of State Teachers College at Cortland, Tully Lake, New York, September 13, 1972. to Mr. Archer M. Huntington reads as follows!

Mr. A. M, Huntington 1 East 89^ Street New York 28, N. Y. Dear Mr. Huntington: The State Teachers College at Cortland, N.Y. is anxious to acquire for the training of its students a relatively large woodland-lake camp­ site property for use as a laboratory facility in outdoor education. This campsite facility is needed for the following reasons: 1. To help our Btudents gain a genuine appre­ ciation of, and love for the outdoors in its unspoiled beauty. 2. To initiate students into the joy of knowing different areas of nature through first-hand experience with it as a fundamental recrea­ tion that will enrich their living with each succeeding year of life. 3. To give training to Cortland State Teachers College students: (aY In the wise use of natural resources. (b) In efficient outdoor living, which will enable them to live comfortably in wilderness or other camping areas, and yet leave these areas in as good or better condition than when they found them. (c) In a wide range and variety of basic camping skills and administrative procedures which will enable them as future teachers, to give instruction and leadership to the children of New York State in conservation educa­ tion (wise use of natural resources), outdoor education generally, and the direction of different kinds of school and community camps which are becoming basic laboratory facilities in out­ door education. A limited number of students from Cortland State Teachers College had the opportunity of a short period of camp training at a private camp in the Adirondacks. The opportunity for training at this camp terminated three years ago. The seriousness of Cortland State Teachers College in training teachers for outdoor education and re­ creation is evidenced by the fact that the col­ lege has employed a professor of outdoor educa­ tion and recreation to develop a department and a major curriculum in this area. A campsite as a laboratory facility in this field is essential. It was recently my pleasure in company with Dr. Walter Thurber of our science department to take a weekend canoe trip on Raquette Lake at which time we heard of your owning atract of land bordered by two bays of this lake. Quite frankly, we were wondering if you would be interested in making this tract of land— or a part of it with lake frontage— available to the State Teachers College at Cortland for its permanent Outdoor Education Training Center. Your assistance in the establishment of this needed facility would be a contribution to the youth of New York State the value of which is immeasur­ able. It iB our hope and belief that someone will want the opportunity of serving the youth of the state in this way. You are the first person to have been given this opportunity. Perhaps you would rather not make Raquette Lake land avail­ able but have some other Adirondack lake wilder­ ness area you would prefer to give for this pur­ pose? If you are interested in our objectives and would care to invest some land or money in serving the youth of our state in the way suggested, I should be happy to visit you and discuss the pro­ ject further. Sincerely yours,

Harlan G. Metcalf Professor of Outdoor Education and Recreationll3 On January 11, 1949 Archer M. Huntington and Anna Hyatt Huntington granted and released to the State Teachers College at Cortland 201.32 acres on Long Point Included in this acreage was Camp Pine Knot. This gift

113. Letter from Harlan G. Metcalf, professor at Cort­ land State Teachers College, October 23, 1947. 101 was officially accepted in the same year by a special act of the state legislature naming the facility Huntington Memorial Camp in honor of Collis P. Huntington. For almost a quarter of a century, Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center has been serving required and elective undergraduate courses, graduate courses, work­ shops, and campus school training programs. It also serves the needs of conference groups, provides a base for Adiron­ dack geology and biology study trips, and contributes to the total educational effort of State University College at Cortland. These programs will be explained in greater detail in chapter six. According to Cooper, the action programs in outdoor education now sponsored by faculty-student groups in the state teachers colleges are indicative of teacher educa­ tion trends in New York State.Many developments in teacher preparation for outdoor education have taken place during the past twenty-five years. The following is a description of several teacher preparation programs that are now in effect throughout the United States. These programs have been selected because they are representa­ tive geographically and include various sizes and types of colleges and universities. The New Jersey State School of Conservation, which has been in operation since the summer of 1949, is

114. Cooper, p. 10. 102 dedicated to: (1) providing educational experiences for students and teachers which will increase their apprecia­ tion for the importance of conservation in America today; (2) the training of future teachers in service and in the use of the out-of-doors for educational purposes; and (3) conducting a demonstration children*s camp utilizing con­ servation education as the main program feature. n sJ The University of California, los Angeles, uses an inter-disciplinary approach for preparing teachers and leaders in outdoor education. Smith states: "The inter­ disciplinary approach is an attempt to utilize those re­ sources of the total university which can contribute to the preparation desired. The term implies the coordina­ tion of the offerings of many disciplines and departments through a single department vested with administrative re­ sponsibilities and assuming the role of 'coordinating 1 1 jT departments.'" Some of the departments that contribute to the pro­ gram are: science, education, art, biology, physical education, art, biology, physical education, recreation, and health. There are several advantages which this ap­ proach affords. They are:

115. Julian Smith, Outdoor Education for American Youth (Washington: The American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 1957), p. 112. 116. Ibid.. p. 117. 103 1. Duplication of courses, staff, and. facili­ ties is avoided, 2. Students in the program are exposed to the professional ideas, perspectives, and knowl­ edge of specialists in these disciplines. 3. Students can enter the program from many fields of study, 4. Concern for the program is shared hy many par­ ticipating departments, 5. Students have an opportunity to explore a wide range of offerings. 6. Preparation can he creative by matching the program to the individual's needs, interests, and goals. At Michigan State University a three week summer work­ shop is conducted for pre-service and in-service prepara­ tion of teachers and leaders. The course work and activi­ ties related to outdoor education are interwoven into the student's field of emphasis. In 1957 the Antioch College Outdoor Education Center, not far from the urban centers of Fairborn, Xenia, Spring­ field, sind Dayton, Ohio, began a much needed program. The objectives of the program were concerned with: 1. Demonstrating land-use management in the de­ velopment of a natural area for outdoor education.

117. Ibid., p. 119. 104 2. Providing school camping experiences for ele­ mentary school children within a sixty mile radius of the camp. 3. Providing (using the outdoor education center as the headquarters), leadership training and experience in outdoor education for: (a) the college students majoring in elementary edu­ cation and natural science; (b) in-service school personnel; and (c) pre- and in-service personnel of private and public programs con- cemed with camping and the out-of-doors. 118 Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts, has pioneered in the development of philosophy, art and skill in the recreative use of leisure for over seventy-five years of its existence. The college offers both under­ graduate and graduate programs in recreation. The Springfield College undergraduate major in Com­ munity and Outdoor Recreation serves as a guide to deter­ mine prerequisites for graduate degrees. In the under­ graduate program, the emphasis is on providing each stu­ dent with numerous choices from among seven clustered areas of sub-specialization. The purpose of these areas of study is to develop professional competence in the broad field of Community and Outdoor Recreation Services,

118. Ibid.. p. 122. 105 with primary emphasis on the leisure time recreation pro­ grams provided by community institutions, The graduate program in Community and Outdoor Recrea­ tion provides preparation for recreation leaders in ad­ ministrative and program positions under community, school, state, and federal auspices as well as in voluntary, pri­ vate, and commercial organizations with philanthropic or liq membership support. According to Ford, the University of Oregon outdoor education program consists of a joint major with the Col­ lege of Education and the Department of Recreation and Park Management. The students may earn an education de­ gree with an option in outdoor education. Also, the stu­ dents may earn a Bachelor of Science degree in recreation and park management with a concentration in outdoor edu­ cation and a teaching certificate or no teaching certi­ ficate. The outdoor education field experience at the Uni­ versity of Oregon takes place at several agency, church, private, and federally owned facilities. The experiences at these camps center around counseling, leadership, organization, and programing. 120

119. Springfield College, Community and Outdoor Recrea- tion (Undergraduate and Graduate Catalogs, 1972-73). ppT50, 31, 78, 79. 120. Phyllis M. Ford, Recreation and Park Management Option in Outdoor Education with Teacher Certifica- liion (University of Oregon, pamphlet, 19Vl)t p. 1. 106 The University of Oregon also offers an outdoor pro­ gram which is not part of the outdoor education program. This program functions only as faculty, students, staff, and the general community "become involved in v/ildemess activities such as: alpine skiing, hiking, canoeing, etc. A unique program in teacher education is in effect at Northern Illinois State College at DeKalb. All students majoring in elementary education are involved in three successive outdoor education experiences at the Dorado Taft Field Campus in Oregon, Illinois. The first of theBe experiences takes place during the sophomore year when students spend a two and one-half day period at the field campus exploring the concept of the out-of-doors as a laboratory for learning. This initial exposure of outdoor education is an attempt to develop an awareness of the out-of-doors as an extension of the classroom. During the junior year students are involved at the field campus for three days. This time the emphasis is upon investigating various subject matter areas of the elementary curriculum and searching for ways of enriching and supplementing these content areas by means of first hand observations and direct experiences. The culminating experience in outdoor education occurs when seniors return to spend a full week of school camping, living with and teaching a class of elementary 107 pupils. By the time a student graduates, he or she has heen exposed to three successive and related experiences 121 in outdoor education at the field campus. Since 1950 Southern Illinois University has included an outdoor environment as an integral part of its outdoor education program. The university has an outdoor labora­ tory of 6,000 acres at little Grassy Lake and has entered into a cooperative program with the Crah Orchard Wildlife Refuge of the United States Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife for conservation education. The outdoor educa­ tion programs at the Little Grassy Outdoor Laboratory vary widely and include: an Outward Bound type of program, conservation workshops for high school students, and day use and resident camp programs for area school children. The camp also sponsors a number of experimental programs for mentally and physically handicapped children. 122 According to the chairman of the Bepartment of Con­ servation and Outdoor Education, there is no undergraduate major in the Bepartment of Conservation and Outdoor Educa­ tion. Courses in botany, zoology, and orienteering are offered to undergraduates from other university depart­ ments. A Master of Education degree in Conservation and

Outdoor Education iB currently shared with the Bepartment

121. Smith, Outdoor Education for American Youth, p. 128. 122. Smith, Carlson, Masters, and Bonaldson, Outdoor Education, p. 116. 108 of Recreation and is titled Master of Science in Educa­ tion with a specialization in Recreation and Outdoor Edu­ cation. One of the particular needs of teachers with responsi­ bilities for outdoor education is experience in the out­ door environment that will provide a background of outdoor knowledge and some skill in techniques of working with children in such a setting. Several colleges and universi­ ties have developed workshops and courses with this need in mind. Such campus courses are given by the Department of Recreation at Indiana University at the Bradford Woods Outdoor Education Area in a fifteen day course in school- camp program activities between the end of the spring session and the beginning of the summer session. The pur­ poses at Bradford Woods are two-fold: 1. To provide a center where leaders may be edu­ cated in an outdoor situation in direct rela­ tion to the setting, with opportunities for both actual leadership and observation of school and youth agency programs. 2. To provide areas and facilities for outdoor

123. Chairman, Bepartment of Conservation and Outdoor Education, Explanation of the Programs in Conser­ vation and Outdoor Education ait ""Southern Illinois University (Carbondale, Illinois, 1^72), p. 1. 109 programs for school groups, handicapped children, and youth agencies. The University of Maryland does not have its own out­ door education center. But, for the past three years they have offered am outdoor education workshop utilizing various outdoor facilities around the campus. The em­ phasis of this summer school workshop is to prepare teach- ers to make greater use of the outdoors in education. 12*5

Summary Learning from nature has always heen a part of the developmental process of man, hut it was not until 1944 that students and faculty members of the New York State Teacher's College began to learn the true values derived from learning by doing in the out-of-doors. Since the first ten-day institute program held at National Camp, Life Camps, Inc., Sussex, New Jersey, many developments in teacher preparation for outdoor education have taken place.

Prior to 1944 there waB little interest, if any, in incorporating outdoor education into the educational cur­ riculum. But during the past twenty-five years, the

124. Smith, Carlson, Masters, and Donaldson, Outdoor Education. p. 117. 125. Ellen E. Harvey, Outdoor Education (University of Maryland, College of Education and Department of Recreation, Summer Pamphlet, 1972), p. 1. 110 values and attitudes of these people have changed. 3?he concept of learning from nature, which was once only talked about, became part of the total education program. Since 1944 the surge to the out-of-doors has been tremendous. It is the opinion of Dr. H. G. Metcalf that L. B, Sharp and Julian Smith were responsible for a great deal of the interest shown in the outdoor program present in our schools and colleges today. Dr. Metcalf called these two men the "co-fathers" of outdoor education. Indications are that the need for outdoor education will increase as the interest of people in the outdoors continues to grow.

126. Interview with Dr. Harlan Gold Metcalf, September 13, 1972. CHAPTER V

THE LEGAL FACTORS OF THE EXCHANGE OF OWNERSHIP

In the previous chapter, Dr. Harlan Gold Metcalf realizing the necessity of an outdoor education facility for State Teachers College at Cortland, wrote Archer M. Huntington on October 23, 1947, concerning a parcel of land known as Camp Pine Knot. After about fourteen months of legal procedures, the property was officially turned over to the State Teachers College at Cortland. These legal procedures began November 6, 1947, about two weeks after Dr. Metcalf sent Archer M. Huntington the letter dated October 23, 1947, in chapter three. On November 6, 1947, Dr. Metcalf received the fol­ lowing letter: November 6, 1947 My dear Professor Metcalf: I have your letter of October 23rd, and I think it would be well if you could come down sometime in the near future and talk this mat­ ter over with me. I should be glad to know more of the State Teachers College and its work at the same time. Please let me know what time it would be convenient for you to come, as I am not living in New York but in Redding, Conn.— which place you can reach by taking the train to Bethel, Conn., where I can have a can meet you. It would be best for you to arrange, if possible, to come sometime before luncheon 111 112 and take luncheon with us, in order to have time to talk the matter over and give me the informa­ tion I am looking for. I do not think Saturday or Sunday would he good days to come as there are always too many people about. Thanking you in advance, Yours very truly, A. M. Huntington1 On November 11, 1947, Dr. Metcalf acknowledged the receipt of A, M. Huntington*s letter: November 11th, 1947 Mr. A. M. Huntington 1 East 89to Street New York 28, New York Dear Mr. Huntington: Thank you very much for your good letter of November 6th. I shall be very glad to visit you at your convenience at your home to discuss Cortland State Teachers College and its work. Yfould Friday November 21st be a convenient day for you? I am suggesting next week since by this time your schedule for this week is probably full. Friday is also suggested since it will be a little easier for me to get away at this time than during the middle of the week. However, I will arrange to come earlier or dur­ ing the middle of the week if this is the best time for you. In the event that Friday the 21st is not a convenient date for you please suggest a time that is convenient and I shall come then. looking forward to the pleasure of meeting you, I am, Sincerely yours, Harlan G. Metcalf Professor of Outdoor Education and Recreationl28

127. letter from Archer M. Huntington to Dr. Harlan G, Metcalf, November 6, 1947. 128. letter from Harlan Metcalf to Archer M. Huntington, November 11, 1947. 115

Due to Archer M. Huntington'b busy schedule, Dr. Met­ calf was unable to meet with him until after Thanksgiving. So, in mid-December, 1947, Dr. Metcalf boarded a train to Redding, Connecticut. Upon his arrival, Dr. Metcalf began his visit with Archer M, Huntington and his wife, Anna Hyatt Huntington. Dr. Metcalf waB very much impressed with the sculptures and figures of the wild animals displayed in the Huntington home. He also learned that Anna Hyatt Huntington had sculptured, "The Cid on Horseback," which is standing in a prominent place in Mexico City. In addi­ tion to learning about Mrs. Huntington's talents, Dr. Metcalf learned of Archer Huntington's interests and hob­ bies. Mr, Huntington's greatest interest seemed to be in writing poetry in Spanish about Spanish heroes. He was also a very knowledgeable ornithologist and showed great interest in the kinds of birds living around Camp Pine Knot. After luncheon Archer M. Huntington told Dr, Metcalf, "I think we can grant the request you made in your letter. I would like for you to go ahead and draw up the deed the way you want it and then send it to me. If it suits me, I'll sign it. If it does not, I'll tell you how I'd like it, and we can agree eventually." 129 ^ Archer Hunting­ ton had only one stipulation. He informed Dr. Metcalf

129. Interview with Harlan Gold Metcalf (Tully Lake, New York), September 15, 1972. 114 that he must retain the services of his caretaker, Mr. John Moore for as long as he wants to live at Camp Pine Knot. Before catching his train back to Cortland, New York, Dr. Metcalf asked Mr. Huntington to notify John Moore at Camp Pine Knot that Dr, Metcalf would be coming there to seek some information. The next week Metcalf and Thurber journeyed to the county seat of Hamilton County, located at Lake Pleasant, New York. While at the county seat, they studied the Huntington titles to their land on Raquette Lake. Due to the vast amount of material to read, Metcalf and Thurber had to stop their search and return to Cortland with a job juat begun. About two weeks later, Prof. William Clemens of Cortland State Teachers College and Dr. Metcalf drove back to Lake Pleasant to complete the job of searching out the deeds, titles, etc. and mapped out the Huntington pro­ perty. Appendix S is the rough map which they drew up. Metcalf and Clemens completed their work on a Saturday afternoon. Prom Lake Pleasant, they drove to Raquette Lake to put up for the night. About ten o'clock that Saturday evening, Metcalf and Clemens put on their snow- shoes and started out for John Moore's house on Pine Knot. In 20-degree weather, Metcalf and Clemens followed a snow- shoe trail for a mile and a half across the froaen Raquette Lake. The trail led to the front door of John 115 Moore. Mr. Moore and his wife, Grace, v/ere very surprised to see these two gentlemen, hut did not hesitate to offer them the hospitality of their home. Dr. Metcalf informed Mr. Moore that they were to inspect the buildings. So, John Moore escorted Dr. Metcalf and Mr. Clemens around the point and opened all doors to all buildings for them. After seeing all the buildings, Metcalf and Clemens snow- l^O shoed back across Raquette Lake. ' The following is a reference of deeds pertaining to the Huntington estate on Long Point. References of Deeds Item 1— Book 27— pages 21 and 40 Item 2— Book 29— page 209 Item 3— Book 31— page 474 Item 4— Book 32— page 35 Item 5— Book 34— pages 174, 183, 369, 371, 558 and 562 Item 6— Book 37— page 6 Digest of Deed Data Pound in Above References Item 1— Book 27— page 21— February 18, 1895, Janet L, Durant and William West Durant to C. P. Huntington, 75 acres Book 27— page 40— March 4, 1895, John and Rebecca McLaughlin to C. P. Hunting­ ton, 1 acre Item 2— Book 29— page 209— January 18, 1897, The Forest Park and Land Company to Ara­ bella D. Huntington, 9 1/2 acres Item 3— Book 31— page 474— Quit claims from Janet L. and William West Durant to C. P. Huntington Item 4— Book 32— page 33— Quit claims from Janet L. and William West Durant to C. P. Huntington Item 5— Book 34— page 174— Quit claim from Walter A. Weber to C. P. Huntington page 177— Walter A. Weber to C. P. Huntington, June 23, 1899, two 130. Ibid. 116 tracts, 47 and 12/100 acres and 25 and 42/100 acres page 185— July 17, 1899— 'Walter A. Weber to 0. P. Huntington, 5 acres page 569— John J. and Kate Daly to C. P. Huntington, formerly known as the Coterill Camp and 100 feet of land surrounding the house page 571— October 6, 1899, John and Kate Daly to C. P. Huntington, 5 acres page 558— November 29, 1899— William Seward Webb and Eliza Osgood Webb to C. P, Huntington— which appears to be a quit claim page 562— Prank H. and Mary V. Davis to C. P. Huntington, March 10, 1898, first parcel 15 1/4 acres, second parcel, 12 1/4 acres Item 6— Book 57— page 6— February 8, 1901— Henry Edward Huntington to Arabella D. Huntington, 201.52 acres Summary The land covered in the foregoing digest of deeds comprises that tract of land on Long Point, Raquette Lake, which may be described in toto as follows: Starting at a point on the north-south center line of Township 40 on the south shore of Long Point, Raquette Lake, at low water mark as marked by bolt numbered 56, located in a rock at said point, ex­ tending along the north-south center line of Township 40 in a direction north 26 1/2 degrees west to where said center line meets the north shore of Long Point at a spot marked by bolt number 55. From this point the line follows the twistings and turnings of Raquette Lake in a westerly direction along the shore of Long Point to a point marked by bolt B which is located on the north shore of Long Point, Raquette Lake in the northwest comer of that parcel of land formerly known as "Under the Hemlocks," and conveyed to Edward Bennett by the Durants in October 2, 1885 as described in Book 15, page 581; this point, bolt B, also marks the north-eastern comer of the land cur­ rently owned by Max Griffiths. From said bolt B the line extends in a direction south 15 1/2 degrees east for a distance of six chains thence north 76 1/2 de­ grees east for a distance of nine chains and nine links from thence in a direction south 15 1/2 degrees east to where said line meets the shore (bolt 22), 117 And from this point it follows the shore line to Long Point with its twistings and turnings south and westerly back to the point of origin. For a better description refer to Item 6. The above description of land marks the boundaries of holdings currently held by Archer Milton Huntington with the exception of a small tract of land approximately 1 and 22/100 acres which was deeded to St. Williams Roman Catholic Church as follows: William West Durant and Janet L. Durant to St. Williams Church, September 14, 1890, Book 23, page 54, 43/100 of an acre and Arthur Milton and Anna Hyatt Huntington to St. Williams Roman Catholic Church, March 1st, 1925, Book 63, page 215, 79/100 of an acre. This property lies on the north shore of Long Point, Raquette Lake, within the first parcel of land previously owned by John McLaughlin. Excepting the property of St. Williams Roman Catholic Church the Huntington holdings on Long Point comprise 201.32 acres more or less.131 Appendix T makes reference to the above mentioned:. Arriving back at the State Teachers College at Cort­ land, Dr. Metcalf informed Dr. D. V. Smith, president of the college, of their (Metcalf, Clenens, and Thurber) findings. The letter to Dr. Smith read as follows: Dear Dr. Smith: It is the wish of Mr. Archer M. Huntington of Redding, Connecticut and Hew York City to give to the Cortland State Teachers College all the land he now owns on Long Point peninsula on Raquette Lake. Mr. Huntington is of the opinion that this tract has approximately 300 acres. The exact acreage will be determined upon location of the deeds in survey. In addition to the acreage there are seven­ teen buildings still standing and in addition the caretaker's residence which, at present, is' occu­ pied by Mr, and Mrs. John Moore who have served

131 • H. G, Metcalf, William Clemens, and Walter Thurber, References of Deeds, Office of the County Clerk, Lake Pleasant, New York, Dec, 1947. 118 the Huntington Estate for twenty years. Mr. Moore is approximately 60 years of age and is a well- known Adirondack guide. He is thoroughly conver­ sant with woodcraft and the waterways of the north country. Mr. Huntington requests that we continue him in our employ. He, at present, receives $120 a month. He would be of great use to us and we would, therefore, like to continue him as a care­ taker. Of the seventeen buildings that are avail­ able, most of them could be used immediately with­ out any alteration and all of them are furnished. The buildings which we could use for housing pur­ poses include the following: the servants' house, approximately twelve bedrooms and eight other rooms. This could immediately accommodate thirty students and is equipped with cots, mattresses, etc. The guide house has one large room which could be used as a classroom and has four rooms which could be used as quarters housing perhaps ten people. It is equipped with rustic furniture, some of which has been painted and an excellent collection of north country photographs of guides. The Durant Camp has approximately eight rooms, two of which could be sleeping quarters for eight or even ten students. This camp also has beds and cooking facilities as have the others. It is furnished with beautiful rustic furniture and has also a number of antiques. The new house has eight or ten rooms, three of which would make excellent classrooms, the remain­ der providing occupancy for six or even eight peo­ ple. The woodwork is unfinished pine, hand rubbed, with four large fireplaces and a large kitchen which would provide cooking facilities for an un­ specified number of campers. It also has several bedrooms. The nursery is the house in which Collis P. Huntington lived and contains the room in which he died. He lived here as did his wife after his death. There are four or five bedrooms, two rooms which would make excellent classrooms be­ sides attendant service facilities. The furniture is rustic and antique, some of it of undeter­ mined present sale value, for example, the large four-poster bed in which Collis P. Huntington died is still there. The game house or recreation hall is one large room containing a piano, recrea­ tion materials such as pool tables and other game materials. There iB a large storeroom and at 119 present two large guideboats including yokes, sails, etc. are stored there. The remainder of the rooms are smaller and at present are used for storage and that sort of thing. Any of them with slight expense could be altered to suit our need. The Kirby Gamp is located three-quarters of a mile away from the Huntington lodge. This camp is in good condition, has a large living room, three or four bedrooms, bath and other service rooms. It could be used un-altered also. The tool house is situated on the shore of Pine Knot peninsula. It contains tools and other equipment, now old-fashioned. It is also the lamp room where scores of brass lanterns and various types of old lamps are housed. Some of these are still usable but some of the tin ones have rusted and undoubtedly would prove worthless. In addition to these houses there are a number of Adirondack lean-to's along the shore. Of all the buildings standing only the boat house would be regarded as unusable without extensive repairs. On the in­ terior of the point there is a large barn which, at present, houses agricultural materials and gar­ dening equipment and other material of that kind. Projected Use This acreage which adjoins several thousand acres of state owned land would help us to provide camp leadership training and deep woods experi­ ence for our physical education students, \fe could use it to take care of the eight hours each ten weeks for our junior students. Activities such as field archery, fishing, canoeing, boating, woodcraft, elementary games, nature recreation, recreation leadership, games, organization and administration of physical education, general methods and others could be conducted. It could be used In the summer as New York University and other colleges do for science workshops, camp leadership training and similar projects. It would be staffed by regular instructors now on the college staff. At present we do not see the need for additional personnel except the aforementioned caretaker. Nor do we, at this time, propose any expenditure other than modest repairs which could be borne out of the regular repair budgets. This camp setup provides the state at no initial outlay an excellent site and it is an opportunity that should not be missed. This facility is sorely needed by the Cort­ land State Teachers College. For a number of years Cortland has had the largest physical edu­ cation training program in any physical educa­ tion school in the country. Included in this type of training is training in out-of-doors education and camping. Formerly a camp was rented on Chateaugay lake. This site, however, is no longer available and it is imperative, if our teachers are to be certified by the State of New York, that we provide camping facilities. Raquette lake would provide an out-of-doors camping facility in the following ways: 1. It would give our students an opportunity to gain an appreciation of and love for the the out-of-doors in a natural setting of unspoiled beauty. 2. It would initiate our students in the joy and satisfaction of knowing the out-of-doors through first hand experience as a fundamen­ tal recreation that will enrich living with each succeeding year of their lives. 3. It would give to our Cortland students an appreciation of the great value of our natural resources and their management. 4. It would give students an opportunity to learn how to live comfortably in wilderness and other camping areas and, more particu­ larly, to learn how to teach boys and girls camp craft. 5. It would give our youth not only basic camping skills and camp administrative pro­ cedures but, through the out-of-doors, would give them an understanding of the coordina­ tion of government in the areas of conserva­ tion, recreation, health, physical education and, through cooperating with the Department of Commerce in its recreation program, gain by way of another aspect an appreciation of the ramifications of business in our society today. The State of New York recently enacted en­ abling legislation whereby Boards of Education could acquire camp sites. The time is at hand when our teachers should be trained to meet the needs for skillful leadership in this area. It is, therefore, urged that legislation enabling the Commissioner of Education to accept this 121 property for the use of the State Teachers Col­ lege at Cortland he enacted.132 Dr. D. V, Smith, learning from Dr. Metcalf of Archer Huntington's interest in giving the land he owned on Long Point to the State Teachers College at Cortland, wrote the following letter: Dear Mr. Huntington, It is with deep personal gratification that I learned from Dr. Metcalf of your interest in our effort to widen the opportunity of individual ex­ perience hy establishing a program that affords another and definite opportunity for each to edu­ cate himself. Dr. Metcalf told me of your desire to have a letter of intent drafted which could he directed to the Commissioner of Education in order that the Raquette Lake site could he legally ac­ cepted hy the state for our exclusive use here at Cortland State Teachers College. We will secure a certified copy or copies of the deed to the property to he conveyed. I am enclosing here­ with a letter of intent for your consideration. If this letter meets with your approval, I should be very happy to meet you at your home or some other convenient place on January fifteenth or any other suitable date that you might suggest thereafter. At that time any suggestions you might have could he incorporated in the letter. Heedless to say, your generosity is much appreciated. I do, however, wish in this formal way to let you know that it is more than just a gift to an educational institution so far as we are concerned at Cortland, for it makes pos­ sible another step in the development of greater educational opportunity for the young people of Central New York State. We feel, too, that it is an acceptance on your part of the impor­ tance of our endeavor and to some degree an indication of your approval of it.

132. Letter from H. Gold Metcalf to Dr. D. V. Smith, December 1947. 122 If it is possible to arrange a time when it is convenient for you to give the opportunity of meeting you, I will take great pleasure in making a personal expression of our appreciation. Very sincerely yours, Donnal V. Smith Presidentl33 December 18, 1947 The letter of intent referred to in Dr. Smith1s letter reads: MEMORANDUM ON THE LAND TO BE GIVEN TO THE COMMIS­ SIONER OP EDUCATION TO BE EMPLOYED AS A CAMP SITE POR THE STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE AT CORTLAND, NEW YORK: Mr. Archer M. Huntington is willing to give the State Teachers College at Cortland all the land he now owns on the Long Point Peninsula on Raquette Lake. There are approximately 300 acres in this tract as well as seventeen useable buildings and equipment. It is Mr. Huntington's wish that it be established as a memorial to his father to promote out-of-doors education by training teachers of our public schools in the wise use of our natural resources. The State Teachers College at Cortland trains physical and health education teachers, general elementary teachers, and recreation instructors. Por many of these students, out-of-doors education is a requirement for certification in our state. In­ asmuch as the State Teachers College at Cortland does not have a camp, this property acquired at no expense to the state will improve its facili­ ties. This gift Mr. Huntington wishes to make without restriction.134 After informing Dr. Smith about the gift of the land, Metcalf wrote A. M. Huntington the following letter:

133. Letter from D. V. Smith, president of State Teachers College at Cortland, to Archer Huntington, December 18, 1947. 134. D. V, Smith, Letter of Intent, December 18, 1947. December 18, 1947 Mr. Archer M. Huntington Redding, Connecticut Dear Mr. Huntington: I know that our President, Dr. Donnal V. Smith, has written you recently concerning your contem­ plated gift of Raquette Lake property. There are, as you know, matters concerned with drawing up details of the deed which involve considerable time. I discovered this in the one trip I have made to the County Seat at Lake Pleasant over winter roads. My teaching and community responsibilities have prevented my being able to spend the needed amount of time to date. However, I plan to go back to Lake Pleasant within the next two weeks if roads are passable. At this time, also, if it does not meet with your disapproval, I should like to visit your property at Raquette Lake and become more familiar with its boundaries, and equipment. If you approve of such a visit on my part you may feel it desirable to drop a line to your caretaker, Mr. Moore, advising him of the possi­ bility of my visit. It is possible that Dr. Walter Thurber of our Science Department will accompany me. Quite aside from the above business, I have wanted long before this time to write to Mrs. Huntington and you to thank you for your wonder­ ful hospitality in entertaining me so royally at luncheon. The food was most delicious but the enjoyment of your conversation was an intel­ lectual and recreational treat never to be for­ gotten. Your gifts of books and booklets are among our valued treasures and at present reside in our living room where we are proud to have them seen by our guests. Frankly, I was surprised to see how many different books you gave me and have been wondering if I came away with any that I was not supposed to take. If this is the case do not hesitate to let me know. I plan to make all of this material available to our art de­ partment too if they do not have it already in their library. 124 I have enjoyed some real recreation reading some of your poems, Mr. Huntington (believe it or not), and also looking at the beautiful works of art created by your wife. I recognized several of my favorites. She certainly is "tops" in ex­ pressing action in the sculpturing of wildlife as it really is. People as generous as you two are will cer­ tainly have a happy Christmas, but I want the honor and fun of also wishing you a very Merry Christmas and many happy New Years to come. Sincerely, Harlan G. Metcalf Professor of Recreation and Outdoor Educationl35 Due to the Christmas holidays, Mr. Huntington did not answer P. V. Smith*s letter until January 1, 1948. The letter read as follows: January 1, 1948 Pear Pr. Smith: I was very glad to get your letter, which I think is quite satisfactory, and I should like an opportunity to talk this over with you. As you suggest the 15tt of January, I would be only too pleased to meet you in New York on that date at my house, No. 1 East 89th Street, either at 11:30 in the morning, or 3:30 in the afternoon, or some other hour if you prefer. I do not be­ lieve any serious problem can arise. In a gift of this kind I presume there would be no transfer tax involved. With best wishes for the New Year and the years to come. Sincerely yours, l^g Archer M. Huntington y

135. Letter from H. Gold Metcalf to A. M. Huntington, Pecember 18, 1947.- 136. Letter from A. M. Huntington to P. V. Smith, January 1, 1948. 125 Mr, Huntington also corresponded to Dr. Metcalf on January 1, 1948. He writes: Dear Dr, Metcalf: Dr. Smiths letter reached me in due course, and I hope to have the pleasure of seeing him in New York on the 15th. As to a letter to Mr. Moore, I am enclosing one, although perhaps you may not wish to state to him your purpose in making the visit at that time. later perhaps I shall have the pleasure of seeing you again and knowing more of your plans. With all best wishes for the New Year to Mrs. Metcalf and yourself. Sincerely yours, Archer M. Huntington In reply to Mr. Huntingtons letter, D. V, Smith writes: January 10, 1948 Mr. Archer M. Huntington 1 East 89th Street New York City Dear Mr. Huntington: I shall be very happy indeed to call at your residence at 1 East 89th Street, at 11:30 in the morning of January 15. This, I trust, will not inconvenience you. Sincerely yours, D. V. Smith Presidentl38

137. Letter from A. M. Huntington to H. Gold Metcalf, January 1, 1948. 138. Letter from D. V. Smith to A. M. Huntington, January 10, 1948. 126 So, on January 15, 1948, Dr. D. V. Smith met with the Huntingtons in their home at 1 East 89th Street, Few York City. After their meeting, the following letter was addressed to Dr. Smith. January 15, 1948 My dear Dr. Smith: As a manifest of my interest in your program of outdoor education and the principle of pro­ viding an ever wider opportunity for individuals to learn, I wish to convey to State Teachers Col­ lege at Cortland, New York, that parcel of land situated on Long Point Peninsula of Raquette Lake and described on Liber 27 pageB 21 and 40, Liber 29-page 209, Liber 51— page 474, Liber 32— page 33, Liber 34— pages 174,177,183,369,371,558 and 562, Liber 37— page 6, Role of Deeds filed in the county seat of Hamilton at Lake Pleasant, New York. It is my wish that this entire area be es­ tablished as a memorial to my father, Collis Potter Huntington, who though a financier and industria­ list was vitally interested in the promotion of education in his time and for the people. This conveyance shall complete for property including all lands, buildings, contents, except for per­ sonal papers which will be assembled, packed for Bhipment and sent to me at this address. To symbolize the Huntington Memorial I am willing to contribute a suitable plaque or perma­ nent bust of my father which I understand you wish to make the center of the project. It is my desire that The Board of Regents of The State of New York accept this property for the sole use of the educational program as established and ad­ vanced by the State Teachers College at Cortland, New York, and that such action be taken at the earliest possible moment. I make the above suggestion following our conversation today, which seemed to cover the question we had under discussion. I presume that the transfer of this property is now in order,and that you can proceed with the necessary details. Yours very truly, A, M. Huntington1^

139. Letter from A. M. Huntington to D. V. Smith, January 15, 1948. 127 Upon his return to Cortland, Dr, Smith wrote the fol­ lowing letter to Mr, Huntington: January 20, 1948 Dear Mr. Huntington: I have, at last, returned to Cortland and wish to take this opportunity to express to you my appreciation for the fine hospitality and cordial manner in which I was entertained in your New York home, Further, I wish to thank you both for the autographed copies of your books. I have read all of the verses now and my wife is reading them with great enjoyment. When our plans for the camp are completed I expect to have these books in its library. I have expressed my appreciation of your generous gift of the camp, Mr. Huntington, but even at the sake of becoming boresome by repeti­ tion I cannot refrain from doing so again. This, X am sure, will mean a great deal in the lives of generations of college students here at Cortland. I am going to Albany this afternoon and while there expect to learn exactly what steps are necessary in order to complete this transaction. If, sometime in the near future, you locate the deeds I shall be very happy to come over to Connecticut to pick them up or send Dr. Metcalf to do so. Best wishes to both of you. Sincerely yours, D. V. Smith14*0 About the time that everything was arranged for Mr. Archer Huntington and his wife, Anna, to officially turn over the property they owned on Dong Point to State Teachers College at Cortland, Dr. Smith was informed by State University in Albany that the gift required

140. Better from D. Y. Smith to A. M. Huntington, January 20, 1948. 128 enabling legislation by the law. Dr. Smith writes con­ cerning this information: Mr. Archer M. Huntington Redding, Connecticut Dear Mr. Huntington: I have returned from Albany where steps are being taken to make your gift a part of the col­ lege property. Due to legal technicalities with which I am not familiar, this will require en­ abling legislation which will be passed within the next few days. In order to complete the transferral of property, I will need an exact description. If you are unable to find the deeds, we can secure such a description by an authorized search at the county clerk's office in lake Pleasant. That, however, due to the fact that legal tech­ nicalities are involved, will take a little longer time. Hence, I will wait a few days longer to learn whether or not it will be pos­ sible for you to send us the deeds. I hope personally within the very near fu­ ture to get a chance to go up to Raquette Lake to visit Pine Knot Point. As the final steps are completed, I will keep you informed and when the time comes, will write to arrange an appointment at a time and place of your convenience for completing the conveyance. Please give my best regards to Mrs. Hunt­ ington. Very sincerely yours, Donnal V. Smith Presidentl41 The law which Dr. Smith refers to appears in Appendix U. In order to gain acceptance of the property, Dr. Smith began the necessary steps to develop a special act authorizing the acceptance of Camp Pine Knot and adjoining

141. Letter from Dr. D. 7. Smith, to A. M. Huntington, January 27, 1948. 129 lands in Hamilton County, State of Few Yorlc, for the State Teachers College at Cortland. To do this, Dr. Smith began corresponding with several people requesting their sup­ port in this matter. Mr. lewis A. Wilson, Deputy Commissioner of Education, New York State Education Department, was contacted for his support in getting the property accepted. In a letter to Mr. John E. Burton, Mr. Wilson requested his support and recommended that the State of New York accept this pro­ perty. January 22, 1948 Mr. John E. Burton Director of the Budget State Capitol Albany, New York Attention: Mr. Everett Furman My dear Mr. Burton: I am enclosing for your information a copy of a letter from Mr. Huntington of 1 East 89to Street, New York City, addressed to Doctor Donnal V. Smith, President, State Teachers Col­ lege at Cortland, offering to deed to the State of New York for the use of the State Teachers College a parcel of land in excess of two hun­ dred acres on Long Point Peninsula at Raquette lake, New York. I am also inclosing a descrip­ tion of the property including detailed informa­ tion in regard to the seventeen buildings and equipment which is a part of this estate. The State Teachers College at Cortland is the one publicly supported State College training teachers of physical education. The curriculum for this.department requires training in the field of camping and recreation and the students are required as a part of their training program to spend sometime acquiring suitable camping ex­ perience. For many years the College has sent students to various camps in New York and New Jersey. 130 The property offered to the State hy Mr. Huntington would provide very excellent facili­ ties for the camping experience required of the students. The property apparently is in excel­ lent condition. It is probably true that a small sum of money would be needed to repair the roofs on certain buildings and perhaps to install a pressure tank for the water system. The Department wishes to recommend that the State of New York accept this property for the use of the State Teachers College at Cort­ land. It is an extremely desirable property and one that would prove very advantageous to the State in the training of the personnel needed for the camping and recreational programs which are developing so rapidly in the State. I sincerely trust that this proposal will meet with the approval of the Director of the Budget. Very sincerely yours, Ii. A. Wilson142 In reply to Dr. D. V. Smith's letter of January 27, 1948, Mr. A. M. Huntington informed Mr. Smith that he could not find the deeds to his father's property on Long Point. In order to complete the transferral of the Camp Pine Knot property, Dr. Smith requested a search for the deeds at the county clerk's office in Lake Pleasant, New York. The task of searching out the deeds was given to the Attorney General's office which in turn gave the final responsibility to the Great Northern Abstract and Title Company of New York. Meanwhile, while the deeds were being searched for, Dr. D. V. Smith continued to do what he was able to in obtaining assistance from as many local people, as well

142. letter from Lewis A. Wilson to John E. Burton, January 22, 1948. 131 as people in the State Office building, to get an act passed authorizing the acceptance of the Huntington pro­ perty on long Point. One means of informing the public concerning the necessity of the land was to use the local newspapers. On February 18, 1948, the following article appeared in the Syracuse Post-Standard: 14.3 See Appendix V. At this time, the actual acreage involved in the Huntington estate was not actually known. Archer M. Hunt­ ington estimated it to be some 300 acres but when the final search of the deeds was completed, the true acreage was 201.32 acres. With the support of many of the college faculty, friends of the college, and the local newspapers, an act authorizing the acceptance of the property was finally ap­ proved. On April 2, 1948, Dr. D. V. Smith wrote Mr, Hunt­ ington to inform him about the Act. April 2, 1948 Mr. Archer M. Huntington Redding, Connecticut Pear Mr. Huntington: I hope you have not thought that I had for­ gotten you and your generous gift to our col­ lege, but I think I have explained that Cortland is one of several state teachers colleges and before land gifts can be accepted, there must be an enabling lav; enacted by the legislature. This law has been passed and Governor Dewey has signed it. How that this has taken place, the

143. "Huntington Gives College Property at Raquette lake," Syracuse Post-Standard. February 18, 1948. 132 legal department will send a man up to Lake Pleasant Village to make copies of the deeds and we are ready to proceed with the development of the Collis Potter Huntington Memorial, I plan myself on going to Raquette Lake Wednesday, After I have made this trip I should like to write to you further about the estab­ lishment of a memorial center where we may locate the bust or the placque about which you spoke when I was in New York City, I am wondering also if it would be possible for you to send me a copy of the inscription as written by you. I should like to have it in discussing the entire project with our faculty. Members of our staff who have been to Raquette Lake are most enthusiastic about the arrangements and are looking forward to making this a most unusual experiment in outdoors edu­ cation. Everyone speaks highly of the camp and the possibilities it has for our work. I shall see Mr. Moore and endeavor to explain to him that he will become an employee of the state. I think that all the legal technicalities will be cleared away very shortly. In order to make a convenient date for the transfer for both of us, may we not now agree on May first we will begin paying Mr. Moore his salary. If you have any desire at any time to dis­ cuss the projects and the plans for making the Collis Potter Huntington Memorial a reality, please feel free to call me to New York or to Redding. It would give me great pleasure to discuss the whole program with you at any time. Very sincerely yours, Donnal V. Smith Presidentl44 A copy of the Act mentioned in Smith's letter ap­ pears in Appendix W. As aforementioned, the local newspapers effectively transmitted the information to the public concerning

144. Letter to Archer M. Huntington from D. V. Smith, April 2, 1948. 133 Huntington*s gift. After the act had been passed, other newspapers included this news in their publications. In a special article in the Portland Standard, the following appeared: "Governor Dewey has approved the Creal Bill as Chapter 469 of the laws of 1948, to authorize the Educa­ tion Commissioner to take title to certain lands on Long Point Peninsula, Raquette Lake in Hamilton County in mem­ ory of Collis Potter Huntington for use of State Teachers 14. B College at Cortland. ^ Although Governor Dewey had signed the above men­ tioned bill, the matter concerning the deeds to the pro­ perty was still a problem. In order to complete the final transaction of the property, Dr. Smith wrote to Mr. Killough of the State Education Department. April 2, 1948 Mr. Robert Killough Deputy Counsel for Law The State Education Department Albany, Hew York Dear Mr. Killough: I am enclosing herewith the original let­ ter signed by Archer M. Huntington giving to the State Teachers College at Cortland the land owned by the Huntington family on Long Point Peninsula. The letter I think speaks for itself. I believe that the volume refer­ ences are correct but they may not be complete. The use to which the college wishes to place the land is described in the tentative

145. Editorial, "Albany Okays Gift to Estate to the College," Cortland Standard, April 28, 1948. 154 program of which I am enclosing a copy. I am enclosing also a portion of a geo­ detic al survey map which shows the Point and the approximate location of the Huntington land on the peninsula. I am sending a letter from Mr. Huntington referring to the deeds. Subsequently Mr. Hunt­ ington said that he could not locate the deeds. I think therefore we should proceed by looking them up in the county clerk*s office. land descriptions were located in the county clerk’s office and we found references to Huntington property in a number of places. I do not know whether or not that list will be of any use to you. I am enclosing a list of references to land parcels included in the Collis Potter Huntington Estate. If you do not need them, you may destroy them. One other fact I think you should have is that Mr. Huntington spends most of his time at his country home in Redding, Connecticut. The address on the letterhead at One East 89th Street is his city residence, but actually he is seldom in Hew York City and when he is, remains only a short time. Very truly yours, Donnal V. Smith Presidentl46

Upon receipt of Dr. Smith’s letter in which he in­ formed Mr. Huntington about the "Creal Bill," Mr. Hunting­ ton replied: April 8, 1948 My dear Mr. Smith: I am glad to hear that the details of the transfer of "Pine Knot" are nearing completion, and I trust that your approaching visit to Raquette Lake may not disappoint you as to fu­ ture advantageous use of the property.

146. Letter from D. V. Smith to Robert Killough, Deputy Counsel for Law, State Education Department, April 2, 1948. 135 I send yon herewith the inscription which you thought fitting, at the time of our meeting, to he placed on the pedestal of the bronze por­ trait bust of my wife. I am glad to hear that those who have been to Raquette lake have found the possibilities satisfactory. As to Mr. Moore, I am glad that you will explain the situation to him and have no doubt he will be happy to become an employee of the State. I have notified the bank here to dis­ continue his salary after this month. I need scarcely add that I shall be glad to talk over your plans at your convenience, and trust that nothing may prevent their development and the future utility of the property. I shall be at your disposition throughout the summer as I am remaining here in all probability. With cordial regard, Yours very sincerely, Archer M. Huntington Dr. Donnal V. Smith, President State Teachers College Cortland, N. Y.147 The inscription to which Mr. Huntington referred in his letter reads as follows: He hath departed us and hath gone back Into the elemental, boundless dark. Alas! the ones whose eyes beheld it not, They looked upon a torrent in its course, And from far distance of their littleness Deemed some brook flowed. Those listened in the storm And with their deafness heard a zephyr pass. Insight— oh, gossamer from soul to soul— Shall bear alone the voidfs eternal speech. Charles A. Brind, Jr. wrote to Archer M, Huntington on April 24, 1948, to express his gratitude for the gift of land on Long Point. 147. Letter from Archer M. Huntington to D, V. Smith, April 8, 1948. 148, Huntington, A. M. Inscription, April 8, 1948. 156 April 24, 1948 Mr. Archer M. Huntington Redding, Connecticut Dear Mr. Huntington: The Board of Regents, at its meeting on April 16, 1948, formally voted to approve the acceptance hy the Commissioner of Education of the lands owned hy the Huntington family on Long Point peninsula of Raquette Lake for the use of the Teachers College at Cortland, as a memorial to your father, Collis Porter Hunting­ ton, as provided hy Chapter 469 of the Laws of 1948. On hehalf of the Regents and the Commis­ sioner of Education, permit me to express the gratitude of this Department for your genero­ sity and foresight in conveying this property to the State for the development of the pro­ gram at Cortland for training in camping and camp leadership. This use of the land should, I helieve, prove a most fitting memorial and a suitable manifestation of your interest in the program of outdoor education conducted at that institution. I feel sure that every ef­ fort will he made hy President Smith and his staff at Cortland and hy others concerned to carry out the purposes for which the gift has been made. Sincerely yours, Charles A. Brind, Jr.1^ On May 21, 1948, Dr. Smith wrote to Mr. Brind in­ quiring ahout the Enabling Act that was passed, and about permission to use Camp Pine Knot. May 21, 1948 Mr. Charles Brind State Education Department Albany 1, New York Dear Charlie, You will recall the recent session of the Legislature passed an act enabling the

149« Letter from Charles A. Brind, Jr., Counsel for State Education Department, Albany, N. Y., to Archer M. Huntington, April 24, 1948. 137 Commissioner of Education to accept a camp site on Raquette Lake donated by Mr. Archer M. Hunt­ ington. To date we have heard nothing further about this matter. I am assuming of course that it is perfectly allright to go ahead and use this camp but would appreciate any infor­ mation you could give me on what has been done since the enactment of the law. Sincerely yours, Donnal V. Smith Presidentl50

In April, Dr. Smith notified Mr. Killough that an ef' fort should be made to locate the deeds to the Huntington estate. In order to speed up the process, Dr. Smith wrote Mr. Killough a second letter in which he made re­ ference to a map and list of deed references. Smith writes: June 8, 1948 Mr. Robert Killough The State Education Department Albany 1, New York Dear Bob: I am enclosing herewith the map and list of references to deeds that we have been able to locate at Lake Pleasant. You will notice on the map the designation of copper bolts placed in locks around the property. These bolts, I understand, were established some­ time in the latter half of the last century and were used by Collis P. Huntington when he bought the peninsula. The thing I am not certain about is whether or not we have in­ cluded all of the deeds references. These undoubtedly would be checked by the legal firm that you might engage.

150. Letter from Donnal V. Smith, to Charles Brind, Jr., May 21, 1948. 138 Please let me know if there is anything further I can do to expedite the transferral of this property to the state. Very truly yours, Donnal V. Smith Presidentl51 About three months had elapsed since the time Dr. Smith had written Mr. Huntington concerning the survey that was being conducted by the Attorney General*s office to secure the deeds on the Huntington property on Long Point. In the meantime, State Teachers College began using Camp Pine Knot. The first program in camping and training for camp leadership began June 29, 1948. The program will be discussed in Chapter Pive. With all the preparations and planning, Dr. D. V. Smith neglected to write Mr. Huntington. On July 20, 1948, Mr. Huntington wrote Dr. Smith concerning Camp Pine Knot. Dr. Donnal V. Smith, President State Teachers' College Cortland, New York My dear Dr. Smith: Would it not be possible to hasten the transfer of "Pine Knot" in the near future? I know your difficulties in the matter and am not insistent, but simply call it to your attention as I know you are very busy. Yours sincerely, Archer M. Huntington 1*52'

151• Letter from D, V. Smith to Archer M. Huntington, June 8, 1948. 152. Letter from Archer M. Huntington to Donnal V. Smith, July 20, 1948. 139 Upon receiving Mr. Huntington's letter, Dr. Smith went to Albany, the office of State University of New York, to see what he could do to expedite the completion of the transfer of Camp Pine Knot. After his return to Cortland, Dr. Smith replied to Mr. Huntington: Mr. Archer M. Huntington 1 East 89th Street New York, N. Y. Dear Mr. Huntington: Monday, I went to Albany to see what I could do to expedite the completion of the transfer of Pine Knot. I there learned that someone in the Attorney General's office had already written you about the problems con­ cerned and that there was real hope that this transfer could be made in the near future. You may rest assured, Mr. Huntington, that I am very anxious to have this done as expedi­ tiously as possible. I am extremely sorry that we delayed this long. As I told you when I visited you last in New York, we have been using the camp all sum­ mer and our students have the greatest enthu­ siasm for it. Each time I talked to one of them, I expressed the wish that it will be possible for you to have opportunity to see for yourself just how much benefit your gift has brought to our college. I expect to be in New York within a fort­ night and hope that by that time, I may have more definite information to give you about the completion of the transfer of the Huntington Memorial Project. Sincerely yours, Donnal V. Smith Presidentl53 In a letter dated July 30^, Mr. Huntington acknowl­ edged Dr. Smith's letter:

153. Letter from D. V. Smith to Archer M. Huntington, July 28, 1948. 140

Dr. Donnal V. Smith, President State Teachers' College Cortland, New York Dear Dr. Smith: I am very glad that you have been able to hasten the completion of our transaction, which I think is wise at this time. Please let me know when you expect to be in New York as the possibilities are that in August I may not be there. But if I am not in town perhaps you could find it convenient to take lunch with us in the country when you come down if you are passing our way. Yours sincerely,

Archer M. Huntington***^

In his letter of July 28th, Dr. Smith informed Mr.

Huntington that the college had been using the camp all summer. In order to ready the camp for use, a great deal of planning and work had to be done. In Chapter Pive the writer reveals some of the problems and preparations that took place during the first summer of operation.

On August 23, 1948, seven months after Archer M.

Huntington first wrote his formal letter expressing his interest in donating Camp Pine Knot to the State Teachers

College at Cortland, he was notified by Dr. Smith that the final stages of drawing up the title to Camp Pine

Knot were in progress.

154. Letter from Archer M. Huntington to Donnal V. Smith, July 30, 1948. 141 Mr. Archer M. Huntington 1 East 89th Street Hew York, N. Y. Dear Mr. Huntington, Under separate cover, I am sending you a copy of my annual report. I do this not only be­ cause it reports your gift of the camp to the college, hut also because you have been generally interested in the college and this will give you a better picture of what we are doing. I stopped in the Attorney General*s office when I was in Albany this week and learned that the Great Northern Abstract and Title Company is completing the title search and recording of deeds and I will undoubtedly have some definite and final information and papers to be signed in a very short time. When they are all prepared, I will get in touch with you and meet you either in Redding or at One East 89th Street, whichever is more convenient. Sincerely yours, Donnal V. Smith Presidentl55 Since his last correspondence with Mr. Huntington on August 23rd, Dr. Smith had not received any information concerning the final transaction of the Huntington pro­ perty. So, he wrote to Mr. Robert C. Killough concerning this matter. Mr, Killough replied as follows: Dr. Donnal V. Smith, President State Teachers College Cortland, New York Dear Doctor Smith: ■ Recently I took up with Mr. Barry, in the Attorney General's office, the matter of moving the Northern Abstract Company into a spirit of haste on the search of the Huntington property.

155. letter from D. V. Smith to Archer M, Huntington, August 23, 1948. 142 The probable consequences of any further delay on this were fully explained and Mr. Barry assured me that he would do what he could to progress this to a point of closing very soon. You may feel free to call Mr. Barry any time that you desire to discuss the matter di­ rectly with him. He is in the land and Title Bureau of the Attorney General's office and his Albany telephone number is 45151. I will be glad to keep the matter on my calendar for weekly check-ups until we have the same consummated. Very truly yours, Robert C . Killough^*^ On October 22, 1948, Dr. Smith wrote to Mr. Wilson, Deputy Commissioner of Education, concerning the embarras­ sing situation in which he found himself with Mr. Hunting­ ton. He also suggested three resolutions and asked for the approval of one of them. Dr. 1, A. Wilson State Education Department Albany 1, Hew York Dear Dr. Wilson: I am enclosing herewith three resolutions from which you may choose one as a basic draft to be approved by the Board of Regents. Of course, we are offering these as suggestions and any alterations that you or the Board may see fit to make will be all right with us. Mr, Huntington called again asking why the State had not taken up the Raquette Lake property. Of course, I tried to explain as best I could the reason for the delay but it is exceedingly embarrassing and increasingly difficult. Would it be possible for you to

156. Letter from Robert C . Killough to Donnal V. Smith, September 28, 1948. let me know about the time this resolution is to be delivered to Mr. Huntington? Yours very truly, Donnal V. Smith President Resolution Ho. 1 Since, in the interest of the broader edu­ cation of prospective teachers, the Honorable Archer M. Huntington has generously provided the Cortland State Teachers College with a camp on Raquette lake to be used in the teacher training program. Be it resolved by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York that this generous gesture be acknowledged with ex­ pressions of deepest appreciation and gratitude. Be it further resolved that the Board of Regents is of the belief that in establishing the Collis P. Huntington Memorial outdoor edu­ cation project, Mr. Huntington has contributed to the inauguration of an experiment that will be a significant pioneer adventure in modem education. And further be it resolved that this reso­ lution of the Board be suitably inscribed and presented to Archer M. Huntington as a testi­ monial of its studied consideration and respect for an act so selfless, yet so fraught with significance to the youth of the college. Resolution No. 2 Since, in the interest of a broader educa­ tion for prospective teachers of New York State, the Honorable Archer M, Huntington has gener­ ously donated to Cortland State Teachers College a tract of 300 acres of land at long Point Peninsula on Raquette lake, New York, with the inclusion of buildings and other equipment. Therefore, be it resolved, by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York that it acknowledge this valuable and significant gift with deep appreciation and gratitude. It is the belief of the Board of Regents that increasingly throughout the years the students of Cortland State Teachers College will be aided greatly in their preparation for the teaching profession by the experiences that 144 camping, nature study and the democratic, co­ operative life in the out-of-doors afford. The Board of Regents presents this in­ scribed resolution to Mr. Archer M. Huntington as a testimonial of its gratitude for this contribution. Resolution No. 3 Out of his interest in the broader educa­ tion of prospective teachers, the Honorable Archer M. Huntington has generously provided a camp at long Point Peninsula on Raquette lake for the use of Cortland State Teachers College. Therefore, be it resolved that the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York acknowledge this most generous gift with expressions of appreciation and gratitude. Be it further resolved that the Board of Regents is of the conviction that increasingly through the years, the students of the Cortland State Teachers College will be materially aided through the opportunities provided by the Huntington Memorial outdoor education project and that through it will come inspiration and experience that will make their contribution to the profession of teaching all the more significant. Be it further resolved that as an earnest of the appreciation of the Board of Regents, this resolution be suitably inscribed and pre­ sented to Mr. Huntington.157 On November 30, 1948, Mr. L. A. Wilson replied to Dr. Smith concerning Resolution No. 3 adopted by the Board of Regents. The tragedy of which Mr. Wilson refers per­ tains to a sorority house fire in which two coeds

157. letter from Dr. D. V. Smith to L. A. Wilson, October 22, 1948. 158. Interview with Dr. D. V. Smith, Bov/ling Green, Ohio, May 16, 1972. 145 Doctor Donnal V. Smith President, State Teachers College Cortland, New York My dear Doctor Smith: I am enclosing for your information a copy of the resolution adopted hy the Board of Re­ gents at its laBt meeting relative to the gift of Me, Huntington to the State Teachers College at Cortland. I am having this resolution en­ grossed. It will he ready for delivery to Mr. Huntington sometime early next month, I cannot tell you how sorry I am ahout the tragedy at your school. It certainly must have been a terrible ordeal for you. I am very hope­ ful that it will be possible to secure dormi­ tories for our students and insist upon more rigid fire protection for those living in fra­ ternity and sorority houses. YJith kind personal regards, I am as ever Most cordially yours, L. A. Wilson159 Attorney Nathaniel L. Goldstein wrote to Mr. Hunt­ ington on November 24, 1948 concerning the final draft of the deed for Camp Pine Knot. In search of the literature, the writer was not able to secure the original letter. But, it appears that Mr. Goldstein was in error con­ cerning a few points in his letter to Huntington. In correspondence Archer M. Huntington refers to these errors: Nathaniel B. Goldstein, Esquire Attorney General, State of New York Department of Daw Albany 1, New York My dear Sir: I have your letter of November 24th, which is partly satisfactory, but there is a slight 159. Letter from L. A. Wilson. Deputy Commissioner of Education, State University of New York, to D. V. Smith, November 30, 1948. 146 error when you state that my residence is 1 East 89th Street, New York. My residence is in the Town of Redding, Fairfield County, Con­ necticut, and has been for a number of years. Will you therefore send me another copy of this indenture with that matter corrected? As this is a memorial to my father, I should be glad to have inserted in the deed a condition as to the future name of the property. Yours very truly, Archer M. Huntington P.S. The matter of the receipts will be taken up later.160

Within'four days Attorney Goldstein acknowledged Huntington*s letter and indicated he would make the neces­ sary corrections. The letter reads as follows: Re. Department of Education Proposed Acquisition for State Teachers College at Cortland by gift from Archer M. Hunting­ ton, Hamilton County Mr. Archer M. Huntington 1 East 89tu Street New York 28, New York Dear Sir: This is in reply to your letter of Decem­ ber 2, 1948, referring to the above mentioned matter in which you state that the deed which I prepared and Bent to you for execution is in error in stating your residence as No. 1 East 89th Street, N. Y. instead of "Town of Redding, Fairfield County, Connecticut." You also state that as this is intended as a memorial to your father you would like to have inserted in the deed a condition as to the future of the property. I am sorry that we were misinformed as to your place of residence and I also regret that

160, Letter from Archer M. Huntington to Nathaniel Gold stein, Attorney General, State of New York, Depart ment of Law, Albany, New York, December 2, 1948. 147 I was not informed earlier of your desire to make this gift as a memorial to your father. Please return to this office the deed which was sent to you in order that we may make the necessary corrections without redrawing the entire deed. In returning the deed, please also advise the name of the road, avenue, or street in the (Down of Redding, including the street number, if any, of your residence since the Law of the State of New York requires that every deed must state the place of residence including street and street number, if any, of the grantor in the deed. Please also advise aB to your particular desire respecting the name which you would like to be given to this property and we will endeavor to meet your wishes so far as it is possible under the law, but we cannot make it as an absolute condition of the conveyance be­ cause if the conveyance is not unconditional we would not be able to accept it without a spe­ cific act of the Legislature of the State of New York authorizing it to be done. I think however, if you will state your own preference in the matter we will be able to work out some­ thing which will be mutually satisfactory. Very truly yours, Nathaniel L. Goldstein, Attorney GenerallSl After receiving Attorney Goldstein's reply, Mr. Huntington returned the deed in order that the errors could be corrected. On January 11, 1949 (four days less than a year since Archer M. Huntington wrote his formal letter to Dr. Donnal V. Smith indicating his interest in giving Camp Pine Knot to the State Teachers College at Cortland), the final papers were signed transferring

161. Letter from Nathaniel L. Goldstein, Attorney General, State of New York, Department of Law, Albany, New York, to Archer M. Huntington, December 6, 1948. 148 Camp Pine Knot and surrounding land on long Point to the State Teachers College at Cortland. The deed reads as follows; This indenture, made the 11th day of January nineteen hundred and forty-nine, Between Archer M. Huntington and Anna Hyatt Huntington, his wife, hoth residing at Bethel (no street or street number) in the Town of Redding, in the County of Fairfield and State of Connecticut, parties of the first part, and The People of the State of New York, parties of the second part, Witnesseth that the said parties of the first part in consideration of their desire to promote the interests and purposes of the State Teachers College at Cortland, a State institution under the jurisdiction of the New York State Department of Education, and in consideration of the sum of One Dollar (Si.00) lawful money of the United States paid by the parties of the second part, do hereby grant and release unto the said parties of the second part, their successors and assigns forever pur­ suant to the provisions of Section 5517 of the Education Law of the State of New York, for the uses and purposes of the State Teachers College at Cortland, in the State of New York, and as a memorial to Collis P. Huntington (now de­ ceased) who was the father of Archer M. Huntington: All that certain tract or parcel of land situate, lying and being in the Town of Long Lake, in the County of Hamilton and State of New York, and on Long Point on Raquette Lake, in Township No. 40, Totten and Crossfield's Pur­ chase, and more particularly bounded and de­ scribed as follows: Beginning at a point on the center line of Township 40 on the south shore of Long Point, Raquette Lake, at low water mark as marked by a bolt numbered 36 located at a rock in said point, and running from said point of beginning thence along the north-south center line of Township 30, North 26 degrees 30' west to a point on the north shore of said Long Point marked by a bolt numbered 35; thence westerly along the northerly shore of said Long Point as it winds and turns, to a point marked by a bolt 149 designated B which said point is the north­ westerly corner of a parcel of land formerly known as "Under the Hemlocks" which was con­ veyed by Heloise H. Durant to Edward Bennett by deed dated October 2, 1883 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office October 12, 1883, in Book 15 of deeds at page 381 and being the first parcel described in said deed; thence south 13 degrees 30* East along the westerly line of said parcel so conveyed to said Edward Bennett as aforesaid a distance of 6 chains to the southwesterly corner thereof; thence north 75 degrees 30' east along the southerly line of said parcel so conveyed to said Edward Bennett as aforesaid a distance of 9 chains and 9 links to the southeasterly comer thereof which is also the northwesterly corner of a parcel of land con­ veyed by Forest Park and Land Company to Arabella D. Huntington by deed dated January 18, 1897 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office Janu­ ary 22, 1897, in Book 29 of deeds at page 209; thence south 13 degrees 30* east along the wes­ terly line of said parcel so conveyed to said Arabella D. Huntington as aforesaid to a point on the southerly shore of said Long Point at low water mark 22; thence in a generally southeasterly direction along said southerly shore line of Long Point at low water mark, as it winds and turns, to the point and place of beginning. Excepting however, from the above described premises the property of St. William's Roman Catholic Church, Raquette Lake, New York, which was conveyed to said Church by three separate deeds as follows, to wit: deed of Janet L. Durant and V/illiam W. Durant, her husband dated Sep­ tember 14, 1890 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office October 6, 1890 in Book 23 of deeds at page 54; deed of John McLaughlin and Rebecca McLaughlin, his wife dated April 8, 1891 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office April 15, 1891 in Book 23 of deeds at page 430; and deed from Archer M. Huntington and Anna Hyatt Huntington, his wife, dated March 1, 1928, and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office March 23, 1928 in Book 63 of deeds at page 215. The premises above described and hereby conveyed, except that portion thereof which was conveyed as aforesaid to said Arabella D. Hunt­ ington by said deed recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office in Book 29 of deeds at page 209 were acquired by Collis P. Huntington under the following deeds to wit: Peed of Janet 1. Purant and William West Purant to Collis P. Huntington dated February 18, 1895 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk*s Office February 23, 1895 in Book 27 of deeds at page 21; deed of John McLaughlin and Rebecca McLaughlin, his wife, to Collis P. Huntington dated March 4, 1895 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office March 11, 1895 in Book 27 of deeds at page 40; deed of Frank H. Pavis and Mary V* Pavis, his wife, to Collis P. Huntington dated March 10, 1898 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office Pecember 12, 1899 in Book 34 of deeds at page 562; deed of Walter A, Weber to Collis P. Huntington dated June 23, 1899 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office July 20, 1899 in Book 34 of deeds at page 177; deed of Walter A. Weber to Collis P. Huntington dated July 17, 1899 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office July 20, 1899 in Book 34 of deeds at page 183; deed of John J. Paly and Kate Paly, his wife, to Collis P. Hunt­ ington dated October 6, 1899 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office October 9, 1899 in Book 34 of deeds at page 369; deed of John J. Paly and Kate Paly, his wife, to Collis P. Hunt­ ington dated October 6, 1899 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office October 9, 1899 in Book 34 of deeds at page 371J deed of William Seward Webb and Eliza Osgood Webb, his wife, to Collis P. Huntington dated November 29, 1899 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office in Book 34 of deeds at page 558 and deed of William West Purant and Janet L. Purant, his wife, to Collis P. Huntington dated February 1, 1898 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office February 24, 1898 in Book 31 of deeds at page 474, of which said premises the said Collis P, Huntington died seized and possessed on August 13, 1900, leaving a Will dated March 13, 1897, which was duly admitted to probate in the Surro­ gate* s Court of the County of New York on October 12, 1900 and recorded in said Surrogate's Office in Book 644 of Wills at page 227, a certified copy of which said Will was recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office November 22, 1928 in Book 64 of deeds at page 191 by which said Will Collis P. Huntington devised said premises to Arabella P. Huntington and Henry Edward Hunting­ ton, the said Henry Edward Huntington having 151 thereafter conveyed his interest in said pre­ mises to Arabella D. Huntington by deed dated February 8, 1901 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerks Office February 18, 1901 in Book 37 of deeds at page 6. The said premises so acquired by said Ara­ bella D. Huntington under the Will of said Collis P. Huntington and under said deed from Henry Ed­ ward Huntington aforesaid, together with the premises acquired by Arabella D. Huntington under a deed from Forest Park & Land Company dated January 18, 1897 and recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office January 22, 1897 in Book 29 of deeds at page 209 were owned by said Arabella D. Huntington at the time of her death on September 16, 1924, said Arabella D. Huntington having left a Will dated August 30, 1923 and a Codicil there­ to dated September 5, 1923; which Will and Codicil were admitted to probate as a Will of real and personal property in the Surrogate's Court in the County of Hew York on December 23, 1924 and recorded in the Office of the Surrogate of the County of Hew York in Book 1265 of Wills at page 232, a certified copy of which said Will was recorded in Hamilton County Clerk's Office Novem­ ber 22, 1928 in Book 64 of Deeds at page 201, under which Will the said premises hereinabove described and hereby conveyed were devised to the said Archer M. Huntington, one of the parties of the first part hereto. {Together with the appurtenances and all the estate, right and interest of the parties of the first part in and to said premises. To have and to hold the above granted pre­ mises unto the said parties of the second part, their successors and assigns forever. And the said parties of the first part covenant that they have not done or suffered anything whereby the said premises have been en­ cumbered in any way whatever. In witness whereof, the parties of the first part have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above w r i t t e n . 162 In a letter written in February 28, 1949, Mr. Killough

162. Archer M. and Anna Hyatt Huntington, Book of Deeds. Hamilton County Clerk's Office, Lake Pleasant, Hew York, recorded February 16, 1949, p. 269. 152 expressed his appreciation to Archer M. Huntington for his generous gift. Mr. Archer M. Huntington 1 East 89th Street New York 28, New York Dear Sir: On behalf of the New York State Education Department, I herewith express our thanks and appreciation for your very generous gift of land and buildings on Long Point Peninsula of Raquette Lake in the County of Hamilton. The use of this property by the New York State Teachers College at Cortland, New York, in connection with its physical education pro­ gram will enable many teachers to become better equipped to instruct the boys and girls in the public schools in this state and will certainly earn enduring gratitude through the years. Sincerely yours, Robert 0. Killough165 This letter ended the formal correspondence with the Huntington family by most of the people and organizations cited previously. In later years, Dr. Gold Metcalf made a social visit to see the Huntingtons to enlighten them about the programs being carried on at the camp. In 1967 Mr. George Fuge and Dr. Gold Metcalf visited Anna Hyatt Huntington to acquire the 55" high bronze bust statue of Archer M. Huntington which she had sculptured. While talking with Mrs. Huntington, it was found that the Huntingtons had donated numerous lands and properties. To Syracuse University, Archer and Anna Hyatt Huntington

165. Letter from Robert C. Killough to Archer M. Hunting­ ton, February 28, 1949. 153 donated 13,000 acres, which is now known as the Huntington Wildlife Forest Station. To the State of South Carolina they gave their home on Huntington Beach, South Carolina, and adjoining acres of land. To the State of New York, 500 acres and their home at Palisades Park were donated. Seven hundred acres in Redding were given to the State of Connecticut. The above mentioned are game preserves. In addition, the Huntingtons donated a building for the National Academy of Design and the Free Spanish and Portu­ guese Library in New York. Mrs, Huntington could not re­ call several other gifts, but she estimated their value in excess of fifty million dollars. At the time of his death, December 11, 1955, the New York Tribune wrote of Archer M. Huntington: Archer M. Huntington, eighty-five year old poet, art patron and philanthropist, died today at his home, Stanerigg Farm. Archer Huntington held honorary degrees from Yale University, Har­ vard College, Columbia University, Kenyon Col­ lege, and The University of Madrid. He was a former president of the American Geographical Society and the founder and president of the Hispanic Society of America. In 1926, Mr. Huntington, among other gifts, gave the Metropolitan Museum of Art two por­ traits by Rembrandt and one by Frans Hals. In 1934, Mr. Huntington gave 500 acres of land in Bear Mountain, adjoining High Tor, to the state for use as a bird sanctuary. He also es­ tablished the Marine Museum at Newport News, Virginia, and Brookgreen Gardens at Georgetown, South Carolina. Mr. Huntington was a trustee of

164. Interview with Mr. George Fuge, Raquette Lake, New York, June 22, 1972. 154 the American Museum of Natural History, the New York Historical Society, the Museum of The American Indian, and the Heye Foundation. Surviving is his wife, Mrs. Anna Hyatt Huntington, sculptress.165 From January 19, 1949 until May 26, 1965, the State Teachers College at Cortland (which became State Univer­ sity of New York, College at Cortland in 1951), owned only the 201.32 acres deeded to them by the Huntingtons, In the year 1962 Mr. Wallace Yeaple died leaving a parcel of land referred to as Camp Marion, also known as the Yeaple Tract, to his widow. Mrs. Yeaple realized that without the aid of her late husband she would be unable to maintain the property. So, she made it known that she wanted to sell it, Mr. George Fuge, director of the Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center, heard about her intentions. After talking to Mrs. Yeaple on several occasions, she indicated to Mr. Fuge that she would con­ sider selling the property to the State University of New York, College at Cortland. Mr. Fuge wrote to Dr, Donovan Moffett, president of the State University of New York, College at Cortland, recommending the college pur­ chase the Camp Marion property. On December 18, 1962, Dr. Moffett corresponded with Mr. Fuge directing him to negotiate with Mrs. Yeaple concerning the property.

165. "Archer Huntington Dies; Poet and Philanthropist— Son of Western Railroad Pioneer Was Art Patron and World Traveler," New York Herald Tribune, December 11, 1955. During the period of time that Mr. Fuge and Mrs. Yeaple were negotiating over the property, Dr. Moffett died. Dr. Benjamin Sueltz became acting president and Mr. Fuge completed his negotiations under Dr, Sueltz. The final acquisition of the property came with the approval of the Board of Directors of the Faculty Student Associa­ tion at Cortland College. Mr. Fuge completed the final transaction on the property on May 26, 1963. The land and buildings were acquired for $15,000.00. In the deed, State University of New York, College at Cortland, obtained 240 acres of land plus the main lodge, a cabin, and three additional structures. With the purchase of this property, the Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center totaled 166 441.52 acres. Appendix X refers to this additional tract of land. Camp Marion is situated on Long Point at Raquette Lake near the famous winding Marion River, which connects it with Utowana, Eagle, and Blue Mountain Lakes to the east. Camp Marion was built during the latter part of the nineteenth century. Mr. Joseph P. Grenon, who spent many years of his life on Raquette Lake, was the proprietor of Camp Marion Lodge. Camp Marion became the paradise of the fisherman, hunter, and canoeist. Boating was a favorite diversion and Mr. Grenon was known to rent canoes and

166. Interview with Mr. George Fuge, Raquette Lake, New York, June 22, 1972. "boats. He also provided his guests with comfort and made their stay enjoyable with outdoor recreation and sports. The camp was equipped with bath, hot and cold water, and many other modem conveniences such as excellent tennis courts. Mr. Grenon charged eighteen dollars per week for his guests.1^ This parcel of land offered great potential for fu­ ture use and provided protection for existing holdings. This 441.32 acres of land included all of Long Point from Silver Beach on the south shore to the Marion River on the north shore. The only two parcels of land on Long Point not belonging to the college are twelve acres owned by Echo Camp and one acre of land belonging to St. Williams Catholic Church. In addition to Camp Marion, State University of New York, College at Cortland, was in need of shore line pro­ perty with a road accessible to the main road. Mr. George Puge requested permission from Dr. Ben Sueltz to investi­ gate the possibilities of acquiring shore line property along Raquette Lake, During his investigation, Mr. Puge heard that Mr. Donald Langham was interests 1 in selling property at Antlers, a parcel of land on the north shore of Raquette Lake. Mr. Puge informed Dr. Sueltz about the Antlers property. On November 25, 1964, Dr. Sueltz gave

167. Joseph P. Grenon, Camp Marion (pamphlet, no date indicated), pp. 1-5. 157 Mr* Puge a personal check for $2,000,00 in order to make a deposit on the property. The Faculty-Student Associa­ tion at Cortland had to make the final decision on the pro­ perty. On January 15, 1965* the final closing was made on the property with Mr. Puge acting as the agent for the ■t go Paculty-Student Association. According to Mr. Richard Margison, the total amount of land purchased was five acres, which included several very fine buildings. The purchase price was $45*000.00. Dr. Kenneth Young was appointed president of the col­ lege in 1964. Shortly after his appointment he initiated two actions that have been vital to the continued utili­ zation of the outdoor facilities. First, recognizing the limitations of existing facilities, he established a Camp Planning Committee. The committee was charged with pre­ paring a proposed master plan for the long range develop­ ment of Huntington Memorial Camp and related lands. This proposed master plan appears in Chapter Six. Dr. Young*s second action concerned the difficulty of access to the outdoor education center. Since the camp began in 1948, it had been necessary to use the services of Bird's Boat Livery to transport personnel and supplies

168. Interview with Mr. George Puge, Raquette Lake, New York, June 22, 1972. 169. Interview with Mr. Richard Margison, Director of Business Affairs, State University College at Cortland, New York, August 15* 1972. Aerial view showing properties of State University of New York, College at Cortland Outdoor Education Center, Raquette Lake, New York 1972 159 across the lake to long Point. Due to the increase in business at the livery, congestion at the dock and parking presented problems. The final transaction of purchasing additional property at Antlers was taken up by Dr. Young. In August of 1965, under the direction of Dr. Young, the State University of Hew York, College at Cortland Paculty- Student Association (the governing financial body at Cort­ land College) purchased the main building at Antlers, The request to purchase this building came from Mr. George Puge. This parcel of land with buildings adjoining the holdings purchased in January, 1965, gave the college an access to Raquette Lake, plus additional sleeping and dining facilities. According to Margison, "The property and buildings were acquired on March 9, 1966. The fee for this parcel of land with buildings cost $16,000.00. Mr. 170 Puge made the arrangements for purchasing the property."

Summary The land now referred to as Huntington Memorial Out­ door Education Center was once a part of the Totten and Crossfield Purchase of 1772, a land grant from King George III. The history of land ownership in the Adiron- dacks of early years is not complete. But it is clear that after Totten and Crossfield the lands of Hamilton County became the property of Alex Macomb. After Macomb,

170. Ibid. 160 several other absentee owners held the land until about the middle of the nineteenth century. I received the literature, no reference to deeds was made concerning the sale of property. The first reference to a deed that pertained to the above mentioned property was in 1895. At this time William West Durant and his wife, Janet, sold the property to Collis P. Huntington, the property waB inherited by his son Archer. In 1948, Archer M. Huntington generously gave this parcel of land to State Teachers College at Cortland as a memorial to his father. According to the Daws of Hew York State, the title to such property may be transferred to the state by deed or deeds. In order for State Teachers College to accept this property, there had to be an en­ abling law enacted by the state legislature authorizing the acceptance of this property. The enabling act had to have the support of the people living in Hew York State, especially those living in Hamilton County. The main issue behind the enabling act was the matter of taxes. To take land out of a private domain and transfer it to public domain meant fewer tax dollars and less state sup­ port for those people living in the State of Hew York. On February 4, 1948, an act was passed to accept all the premises of Archer M. Huntington located on long Point peninsula of Raquette lake in the County of Hamilton. 161 The Commissioner of Education was authorized to ac­ cept title to this land in memory of Collis P. Huntington for use by the State Teachers College at Cortland, These were Archer Huntington's only two stipulations. What seemed in the beginning to be a simple transfer of pro­ perty resulted in a lengthy process. Completion of the transfer of title took approximately one year due to prob­ lems in enacting an enabling law and searching the deeds. In 1963 and 1965» State Teachers College at Cortland purchased additional properties adjacent to the above men­ tioned property. The legal matters pertaining to the transfer of titles to these two parcels of land were quite simple compared to the gift by Huntington. These two additional land purchases added to the 201.32 acre gift of Huntington, gave the Center an estimated 450 acres. CHAPTER VI

OUTDOOR EXPERIENCES PRIOR TO ACQUISITION OP HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER

Since 1937, students at State TeacherB College at Cortland have had the opportunity to take an outdoor lead­ ership training course at the college or at camp. The camp at which the training took place was called Tanager Lodge. It was located on Upper Chateaugay Lake about thirty miles north of Lake Placid in the Adirondack Mountains. Appen­ dix X refers to Tanager Lodge. The leadership training course was originally organ­ ized by Miss Katherine Sibley and Mr. Pay Welch of the Department of Physical Education at Syracuse University. Mr. Pay Welch was the owner of the lodge. The course was originally established for the physical education majors at Syracuse University. They were required to take the course, but it was not limited to this group. Some stu­ dents from the Colleges of Pine Arts, Liberal Arts, Busi­ ness Administration, Home Economics, and Education elected the course. 171 '

171. Pay Welch, Eleven Years of Outdoor Leadership Training (Syracuse University-Pamphlet,^194^7, p. 2.

162 163 The students who enrolled in the outdoor leadership course took a regular three hour course during the second semester of their junior year: two lectures of discus­ sions each week and one-half day of field work at neigh­ boring camps or nearby state parks. Camps at Tully and DeRuyter, New York were used for this purpose. Following this experience, the students went to camp at Tanager lodge for a two week period in June. During this two week period, there were several levels of training to be accomp­ lished. Among them were: (l) training in the fundamental skills and techniques of the out-of-doors, (2) training in program planning and personnel work, and (3) training in 172 camp administration and maintenance. In 1937 State Teachers College at Cortland began re­ quiring all its young women majoring in physical education to attend the June training camp with the Syracuse Univer­ sity students. The first women's camp took place on June 9, 1937. Twenty-four Cortland physical education majors accompanied by Miss Bessie Park, chairman of the women's physical education department, Hiss Harriet Rodgers, instructor at Cortland, and twelve Syracusans ar- 173 rived at Tanager Lodge. Once the students arrived at the camp, two weeks of

172. Ibid., p. 5. 173* 3?ay Welch, "Tanager Lodge— Our Adirondack Wilderness Camp," Cortland Alumni Magazine, Winter, 1945, p. 1. 164 fun, excitement, and training took place. Miss Stell Meadoff described these experiences as follows: The cold blue waters of Upper Chateaugay surrounded on all visible sides by the towering splendor of mountains— does this recall Tanager lodge with its many precious camping memories? Remember the trips up Averill and Lyon? Nothing like sitting on top of the world to view mice and men. As for the evening campfire with its songs and strumming guitars— it holds quite a big niche in our memory book, I know. Nor can we forget the joy of that first pan of bread or the fondness with which we cradled that hand made bow. The day the sailboat tipped over and our two colleagues had to grin and bear it gave us quite a stir. I can still hear the clatter of those chattering teeth. 'Treasure Island* may have its thrills, but Tanager Lodge with its surrounding ice mines and hidden bat caves cre­ ates plenty of excitement. Thus passed fourteen days— all new, all different; the only adequate phrase to sura up the experience is, 'A Perfect Grand T i m e . ,174 In June, 1938, a September training camp was added for men students majoring in physical education at Cortland. Mr. Fred T. Holloway was the first staff member at State Teachers College at Cortland to direct the men's physical education outdoor training camp. Until 1937 the camps were held at DeRuyter Lake and Tully Lake. These first training camps were held for a two week duration. Due to the many details and financial problems that came about in using these camp sites, the faculty decided to abandon the training camps there. The Adirondack camp experience at Tanager Lodge became the new training site.

174. Stell Meadoff, "A Perfect Grand Time," Didasaleion (State Teachers College at Cortland, 1938), p. 150, 165 In moving to Tanager Lodge, Mr. Holloway lost his title as director and became a faculty representative from Cortland. Mr. Pay Welch directed the camps. The men stu­ dents continued to use Tanager Lodge until the summer of 1941. Due to the outbreak of Wcrld War II, the men's camps were suspended. The training camps for women continued until 1948.175 Once at Tanager Lodge, the students lived in tents, did their own share of the work involved in camp life, were trained in camping techniques, and had the opportunity to explore the forest, streams, caves, cliffs, and mountains. The students who took the course were concerned with solving, by cooperative effort, the problems involved in simple camp living. They helped set up camp, put up tents, sun mattresses, make beds, anchor docks, paint boats and varnish canoes, dig latrines, and cut wood. Everyone did their share to keep the camp moving. After a day and a half of orientation work, the stu­ dents could choose to major in one of three subjects: waterfront, campcraft, or nature lore. Thereafter, during regular activity periods, they could work at either their

* major or minor subject. Work in those activities was de­ signed to equip the students with the essential skills for living and adventuring safely and happily in the open,

175. Interview with Dr. Ered T. Holloway, Cortland, New York, September 22, 1972. 166 under primitive conditions (e.g., use of knife and axe, fire building, camp cooking, sanitation, shelters, map and compass work, boat and canoe safety, edible and poisonous plants, etc.), and to prepare them to give this training to others,^^ The camp philosophy was to teach those things that could not be taught back at the college campus. The feeling was that camp activities should be unique, charac­ teristic of the environment, and related to the camping experience. For example, "typical shop and handicraft projects at camp are building fireplaces, docks, bridges and tent platforms; making packsacks and mending moc­ casins; pounding out and weaving black ash splits into pack baskets; making tipis, paddles, bows and arrows; plus birchbark, pine-needle and porcupine quill crafts." Evaluation of students in camp was based on a daily process by all the staff members. The students were evaluated on their work, attitude, and relationships with other people in camp. In addition to the evaluation pro­ cess, an active placement program was carried on. The emphasis was on locating students in camps where they could render valuable service and acquire additional experience.

176. Fay Welch, Eleven Years of Outdoor leadership Training, p. 3. 177. Ibid., p. 4. 167 The follow-up work by the director of the college camp training program consisted of visiting the camps where the students were working and sending autumnal letters to the camp directors asking for reports on the students placed in their camp. This procedure was similar to the way the present student teaching programs operate. The reactions of the camp directors and the students were considered whenever the training program was modified. Recognizing that the first season's work at camp was perforce somewhat elementary, a plan was worked out in 1943 whereby young women who wished to return for a second season could do so. To these students the camp offered scholarships ranging from #4.00 to #25.00 per week de­ pending on their previous camp grade and experience.^8 As aforementioned, the leadership training course was offered during the second semester of the junior year. Eventually the course was put into the sophomore year at both Cortland and Syracuse. By doing this, the students were able to make better use of this training by acting as counselors between their junior and senior years. Although World War II necessitated a halt to the men physical education majors attending the Tanager lodge camp, the women physical education majors from Syracuse University and State Teachers College at Cortland

178. Ibid.. p. 4. 168 continued to attend the camp. In 1945 women students from Ithaca College, New York, "began attending the June camps at Manager Lodge.

Summary The first Outdoor Education experience made available to students at State Teachers College at Cortland was in 1937. This experience was made available through a co­ operative program with students from Syracuse University and Ithaca College at Tanager Lodge. This first experi­ ence was required of all women majoring in physical educa­ tion at Cortland. In 1938, a September training camp was added for men students majoring in physical education at Cortland. The men students continued to use Tanager Lodge until the summer of 1941. Due to the outbreak of World Wax II, the men's camps were suspended. The training camps for women continued until 1948 at which time the college acquired its own camp. CHAPTER VII

THE INITIAL PROGRAMS AND PERSONNEL AS RELATED TO THE USE OP HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER

In Chapter Pour it was mentioned that State Teachers College at Cortland had established a Recreation Educa­ tion and Outdoor Education Department in the fall of 1947* Through the efforts of President D. V. Smith, Dr* Harlan Metcalf, and other interested faculty members, State Teachers College at Cortland received a parcel of land, known as Camp Pine Knot, to be used as an outdoor educa­ tion center. The camp was later renamed Huntington Memo­ rial Outdoor Education Center. The first program in outdoor education at Camp Huntington was directed by Dr. Franklin Coolidge. Dr. Coolidge came to State Teachers College in 1946 and be­ came principal of the College Campus School the following year. In the spring of 1948, he directed the first Out­ door Education Camp to be held for the children of the Campus School. He continued to direct the Campus School Camps until 1958. Some of the staff members who assisted Dr. Coolidge during these ten years were: Stan Kullman,

169 170 Audrea Hellmar, William Davenport, Doug Bull, Helen Bull, Jim Timmons, Gerald Kelley, Tom Curri, Joel Holiper, and Joe Helper, The first outdoor education program to take place at Huntington Memorial Camp was a camp for seventh and eighth grade students. This first camping experience took place during early spring. Although it was labeled "outdoor education," the program was centered around children living together with their peers in social pat­ terns different from those found in their home or school. Dr. Coolidge indicated that the majority of the children who attended the campus school came from well-to-do fami­ lies whose parents taught at the college or owned busi­ nesses in the community. The remainder of the students were from families of lower socio-economic status. Mand writes: "The 1930*8 ushered in the social orientation phase of camping in order to promote a laboratory for social value formation. Camps have, since the beginning, been considered a splendid medium for teaching and getting to know the boys and girls, In this period of the thir­ ties attempts were made to explore systematically the value of small group living in an outdoor environment for an extended period of time." 1 7 9 Dr, D. V. Smith and Dr. Coolidge felt that by getting these children into a camp situation they would learn to

179. Charles Mand, Outdoor Education (J. Dowell Pratt & Company, New York, 1947J, p. 2£->. 171 associate with children other than those they called their friends, The week experience proved to accomplish their goal. For after the children returned to the campus, they wrote a pamphlet, entitled "The Outdoor Yforld," in which they expressed their impressions of their new experiences and the new friends they had made. The pamphlet was to be distributed to other schools, but due to a fire the pamph- \QO lets were destroyed. The first outdoor education program to be offered to students attending State Teachers College at Cortland, at Huntington Memorial Camp, began June 16, 1948. Dr. Harlan Gold Metcalf, the newly appointed chairman of the Recrea­ tion Education and Outdoor Education Department was ap­ pointed to direct the Huntington Camp. With the appointment of Harlan G. Metcalf, things began to develop. Prior to the summer of 1948, Dr, Met­ calf began making plans and developing programs to be used at the center. In Chapter Two, Donaldson described Thomas C. Durant as "one of the most farsighted, dynamic, and successful promoters of his day." The writer feels that the same could be said of Dr. Metcalf. No one, ex­ cept perhaps himself and his wife, Peg, will ever realize the amount of time, energy, planning, and preparation that Dr. Metcalf put into Huntington Memorial Camp in order to give it new life. 180. Interview with Dr. Eranklin Coolidge, Cortland, New York, September 26, 1972. 172 One of the programs that Dr. Metcalf devised for the newly acquired property at Raquette Lake was described in an article in the Cortland Standard. The article read, in part: One of the objectives in the camping educa­ tion program is the ability to live comfortably in a wilderness environment. Typical of the in­ struction for this will be finding and preparing native wild edible foods and constructing wind- and rain-proof shelters. learning conservation education by an in­ telligent use of natural resources is the second objective of the program set up by Dr. Metcalf. As instruction on this subject he proposes learning basic principles of soil conservation, game and fish laws of New York State, basic principles of forestry and the sequence of growth of plant life in the forest. The third point is learning to appreciate the beauty of nature through a study of flowers, trees, birds, wild life and the elements.181 Previous to his assignment at State Teachers College at Cortland, Dr. Metcalf was Chairman, Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation at George Pea­ body College for Teachers in Nashville, Tennessee, for six years, and Associate Professor of Physical Education at Ohio State University from 1928 to 1936. Besides several teaching and supervisory assignments, Dr. Metcalf was Executive Director of the Committee on Physical Fit­ ness of the Federal Security Agency, Yfashington, D.'.,. and Special Representative of the National Recreation

181. "Tentative Program for Teachers College Camp An­ nounced by Dr. Metcalf," Cortland Standard. Cort land, New York, February 21, 1^48, lpT~2. 175 Association in service to State governmental agencies in the 22 Northeastern states from 1945 to 1947. Founder of the Ohio Archery, Golf and Hunting Association, "Gold" Metcalf shot the first Prussian Wild Boar with bow and arrow in the United States in the Cherokee National Forest of Tennessee in 1958. He was awarded the Doctor of Archery Degree at the National Archery Training Camp, Roxbury, Ver­ mont, in June 1952. Dr. Metcalf is consultant in nature recreation, fishing techniques and archery for the National Outdoor Education Project of the American Association of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. 182 Since 1925, Dr, Metcalf has been writing, teaching, and talking to groups about nature, the out*-of-doors, and nature recreation. His list of publications include over sixty articles. He has been very much interested in com­ bining sports and crafts with nature lore. A review of one of his speeches, given after taking the position of chairman at Cortland, appeared in the New York Times. The article read, in part, as follows: Camp directors have become ” too concerned with the scientific approach rather than the fun approach to camping," Dr. Harlan Metcalf of New York State Teachers College declared yester­ day at the convention of the Association of Pri­ vate Camps in the Hotel New Yorker. In a panel discussion on "New Techniques in Outpost Camping," which he termed the * cream

182. Recreation Education Students, Harlan Gold Metcalf (Testimonial Dinner Program, May 15, l9£>5}, p. 5. 174 of the camping program,1 he urged counselors to adopt a new approach to their craft activi­ ties for campers. Declaring that 'every camp can do a better job in crafts and conserva­ tion,' he said that the two could be inter­ related by the interest of the campers.185 In reviewing the literature the writer came across a great deal of material that pertains to Dr. Harlan G, Met­ calf and the development of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center. It is very apparent that Dr. Metcalf was very influential in many of the early programs and de­ velopments which took place at the Center. Although Camp Pine Knot was not officially turned over to State Teachers College at Cortland until January 11, 1949, Dr. D. V, Smith began making plans for its use during the summer of 1948. One of the first responsibili­ ties he delegated to Dr. Metcalf was to go to Raquette lake and make an inventory of the buildings, facilities, and other structures on Pine Knot Point. He felt that the inventory would help them in planning for the use of the site during the summer. Dr. Metcalf, his wife, Peg, and their son, Jim, went to Raquette lake early in April, 1948. They spent the weekend at Camp Pine Knot.^®^ With the aid of John Moore, the caretaker, the following inven­ tory was compiled:

183, "Pun Guide Urged for Camp leaders," The Hew York Times. February 14, 1946. 184. Interview with Dr. Harlan Metcalf, Tully lake, New York, August 16, 1972. 175 Structures at Huntington Outdoor Education Center 1. Durant's cabin 2. Trapper's cabin 3. Old maid's cabin 4. Unfinished cabin 5. Boathouse 6. Old Swiss cottage 7. lantern house 8. Kitchen and dining area 9. Ice house 10. Nursery 11. Servants' cabin 12. Kirby camp 13. Recreation building 14-. Houseboat 15• Lumber shed 16 • Baml85 With the inventory of the structures, Dr. Metcalf in­ cluded a list of the furnishings and condition of the facilities. Eor a map showing the layout of these struc­ tures, see Appendix Z, This is a copy of the original map prepared by William Clemens in July, 1948. When Dr. Metcalf arrived back at the college, he pre­ sented Dr. Smith with the inventory list of the structures on the camp site. He informed Dr. Smith that the camp waB basically in good condition, but a great deal of work had to be done in terms of maintenance and renovation. After reading Metcalf's report, Dr. Smith began making inquiries concerning the renovation of the camp. Mr. Art Howe, a close friend of Dr. Smith, was very knowledgeable in camp construction and outdoor education. He wrote Mr. Howe

185. Harlan Metcalf, Structures at the Huntington Out door Education Center. April. 1948, pp. 1-5. ” concerning the camp and asked for his help. In reply, Howe writes: Dr. Donald V. Smith, President State Teachers College Cortland, Hew York Dear Don: I've done a great deal of thinking since I saw you last and it might he well to put some of those thoughts on paper before they get cold. The camp affords greater possibilities than I read from the newspaper clipping. I can see the development of summer school classes as well as a pioneer camp working in conjunction with each other. In order to make the best use of existing and future developments, it would seem to be advisable to have more electric power than can be developed by several lighting plants. The day after you left I checked the power of that area and found that it came from the Old Porge Electric Co. They had some trouble with the Public Service Commission and it is expected that the Electric Co. will lay a submarine cable to serve the west shore of the lake. Would it not be advisable to contact them to see where the cable will run and whether or not it could be extended to serve the camp? I do not know the condition of the roofs. Maybe they can get through this season and some of them for several seasons. To preserve the buildings, however, it would be well to check leaks and re-roof accordingly. As an expedient I believe pit type toilets could be built in numbers to take care of current needs. Eventually it would be well to think in terms of flush toilets and the installation of a pump and pump to a large cesspool back in the pasture. This type of sewage disposal is used in many camps and hotels in areaB where shore lines are rocky and not suitable for leach beds. The matter of water presents two problems and yet with adequate storage it may be possible to find a source of supply that would be suffi­ cient. lake water and well water were discussed while we were at camp. If someone goes in be­ fore all the snow is off, samples could be taken 177 out and kept refrigerated until tests can be made. Too, it would be well to have elevations of the point and the land back of it (mainland) to see what pressure could be developed from a well in the pasture area. Boat transportation will undoubtedly be developed in preference to a road. Canoes, sail­ boats and a speed boat are eventualities. To begin with an inboard boat with a large carrying and towing capacity would be more useful. The cost of these is not prohibitive and would serve the greatest need. I wish that I could spend a day or two at camp sometime as I feel that the appraisal made last week was not of too much value. If you can't get estimates of roof areas to be covered, I can get them, I can lay the roofs, too, if necessary as well as any other jobs that have to be done. My experience in this sort of thing is perhaps of more value than any knowledge I may have in other areas of camp training. Advise me where I can be of the most help. Sincerely yours, Arthur L. Howe'1'8^ On April 9, 1948, Dr. D. V. Smith corresponded with Mr. Howe acknowledging his letter of April 7, 1948. Smith writes: Mr, Arthur I. Howe Hamburg Public Schools Hamburg, New York Dear Art: Thanks for the tip concerning the Old Porge Electric Company. We are checking into it imme­ diately. We have already undertaken the planning for re-roofing the most essential places and hope that can be gotten underway immediately. The sanitation problem really has us stopped. I plan to take some of our men up in the very near future and make a complete inventory of what we have and what needs to be done. 186. Letter from Arthur L. Howe to Dr. D. V. Smith, April 7, 1948. 178 It was swell seeing you and I hope that it was the first of many occasions when we meet at the camp, I still think it would have been a good idea had you and your wife stopped off at Cortland, Why not make a special trip of it, who knows— Jack might get interested in coming to Cortland for Physical Education, Sincerely yours, Donnal V, Smith Presidentl87 While Dr. Smith continued to contact people concerning the problem of renovation of the camp, Dr, Metcalf was also working diligently to plan and prepare for the coming summer. Many sources of the present data media were used to publicise the camp and the programs to be offered there. In a radio interview, Dr. Metcalf informed the listeners about the outdoor education program to be offered at Camp Huntington. Metcalf stated: The State Teachers College at Cortland places special emphasis on Outdoor Education, An increasing number of educators recognize: that many basic types of education cannot be taught in the school; that many areas of in­ struction now taught in the school could best be taught outside of the school where the ex­ periences gained are true to life and the ma­ terials used are in their natural setting. Furthermore, camping and camps are recognized as essential educational methods and facilities for teaching the part of the educational cur­ ricula best taught outside of school. Another way of saying the above is that in order to make the education of youth more complete either: the school must embrace and include the camp, its methods and environment in its

187. Letter from Dr. D. V. Smith, President, State Teachers College at Cortland, Cortland, New York, to Arthur 1. Howe, April 9, 1948. curriculum, or the community must recognize that the out of doors, the camp, its environment and camping methods are essential educational sup­ plements to the education gained in the school. The curriculum of outdoor education and camping will not duplicate experiences available to youth at schools and on playgrounds but will be basic social living experiences in the en­ vironment of our natural resources under demo­ cratic leadership. This means that groups of youth through the processes and problems in­ volved in living together under good democratic leadership learn the basic essentials and appre­ ciations of, and love for, democracy by living democracy. It also means that these youth are learning the wise use of natural resources (which is the essence of modern conservation), by becoming acquainted with forests, swamps, meadows, ponds, lakes, streams, mountains and the wild life living therein by having their interrelatedness and their usefulness to man pointed out, and through actual wise utilization of the natural resources under intelligent leadership. Since modern educators and their schools are insisting more and more on the necessity for providing these basic living experiences as a part of the child's heritage of education, the need for facilities and leadership to pro­ vide this education becomes more apparent. School camps although highly desirable are not essential as facilities for outdoor educa­ tion. Successful patterns for school outdoor education program include: day camping, visits to and use of school forests, tom, county, state and federal forests and parks; leased lands; and private lands whose owners have given permission for their use. The common essentials in this program are two: (1) educational administrators big enough, brave enough, and flexible enough to change their schedules for this curriculum enrichment, and (2) teachers with adequate special training to give leadership to the outdoor education program. The State Teachers College at Cortland, New York, has committed itself to the training of teachers who can give leadership in camping and outdoor education in schools and communi­ ties. In order that its training be as broad 180 as 500811)16 and meet the various leadership needs of as many different patterns of school and community camps and outdoor education pro­ grams it has through the gift of Archer Milton Huntington of Redding, Conn. and Hew York City, acquired the C. P. Huntington Outdoor Educa­ tion Center of Cortland College. A program of pre-service training of teachers for camping and outdoor education leadership is being developed.188 Eager to see the facilities at Camp Pine Knot, Presi­ dent D. Y. Smith organized several staff members to travel with him to Raquette Lake during a weekend in April, 1948. According to MacPhee, Dr. Smith asked four other staff members besides himself to make this trip to Raquette Lake. They were: Dr. Ben Sueltz, Dr. Roger Bancroft, Dr. Gold Metcalf, and Dr. MacPhee. Upon arrival at Raquette Lake, these men had to walk from Golden Beach to Pine Knot Point, a distance which took about three hours. As the ice had begun to thaw, it was thin and unsafe to cross; the only way to get to Camp Pine Knot was to walk the shore line. Once the party arrived at Camp Pine Knot, Mr. John Moore showed them around the camp. Besides viewing the site, Dr. Smith talked with Mr. Moore about staying on as caretaker. Mr. Moore agreed to stay on. Dr. Smith and his party then made the journey back to their car and returned to Cortland.18^

188. Interview with Dr. Harlan Metcalf, WKRT Radio, Cortland, Hew York, April 9, 1948. 189. Interview with Dr. Jack MacPhee, professor, State Teachers College at Cortland, Cortland, New York, September 25, 1972. Once back at the campus, Dr. Smith wrote Mr. John Moore the following letter: Mr. John Moore Pine Knot Point Raquette Lake, IT. Y. Dear Mr. Moore: This will confirm our conversation over the weekend. I realize, of course, that all the things that I shall list in this letter can not be accomplished by you alone but they are the things that Dr. Metcalf and the boys that come with him will try to do. The first thing to be done is to prepare the kitchen for meals and you can help out there by sweeping out the kitchen. In the pantries are materials which should be left and used in the kitchen. All of the items in the kitchen should be placed in boxes and stored in a closet or simply set in one of the rooms in the nursery which probably won't be used this summer. The servants' quarters will be used by the boys who are in camp. You will recall it was suggested that you might have it cleaned and ready for the first group. We would also like to have beds set up in the servants' quarters. If you don't get them set up, they could be placed in the rooms and the boys could set them up when they arrive. I suggested, you will re­ member, that rooms large enough to accommodate 2 beds should be so set up. Also it was suggested that you spot timbers that could be used for porch posts and also for the replacement of the sills around the Swiss Chalet. I am very anxious that this building be repaired because it is, by far, the most valu­ able of the buildings erected on the property even though it is the oldest. You will recall that we made provisions for making an outdoor toilet out of the one lo­ cated near the servants' quarters. I doubt whether there is much that you can do alone about cleaning out the wells at Kirby Cottage and near the tank. But it would be wise if you knocked together either a pole or timber ladder to get directly to the wells. Perhaps it would be a good idea to have several ladders so that we can have several jobs going 182 on at once. I think we should take steps this summer to keep hoth of these wells in opera­ tion so that should the kitchen well get low, we would have a water supply. I think we should have a one-half dozen or perhaps more of those lamps in the lamp house fixed up and ready to go. You can get a 5 or 10 gallon can of kerosene from the dealer of Raquette lake Village who sells Standard Oil Products. You can tell the dealer that Dr, Metcalf will take care of the deal when he comes up June 16. Mr. Clemens will want to talk to the Evin- rude and Johnson dealers at the village to see what kind of a buy we can get on an outboard motor. We would like to get an exact price but we do not want a second-hand one. I sug­ gested that for our purpose we should have one that develops 8 to 10 horsepower. Of the 2 which would you advise buying? We enjoyed the weekend at Raquette Lake very much and look forward eagerly to coming again. We have just received notification from the State Employees Retirement System that you are now registered in retirement. Your number is 323974. Each check will be $8.06 less than the one you received the last time. You will have received a copy of the letter which came to us June 2 giving us this information. In the next few weeks we will have this difficulty straightened out and Mr. Comi will give you an exact statement of your salary, cost of living bonus, withholding tax, and retirement. Sincerely yours, Donnal V. Smith President^0 After Dr. Smith had visited the camp, he and Dr. Met' calf agreed that the tentative program previously men­ tioned would have to be disregarded for the coming summer

190. Letter from Dr. D. V. Smith to Mr. John Moore, Care­ taker at Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake, New York, June 3, 1948. 185 due to the condition of the camp. Rather than train stu­ dents in camp leadership, the first camp was designated as a "Work Camp." In a report by Metcalf, he indicated that on June 16, 1948, he, Mrs. Metcalf, Mr. Jack MacPhee, Mrs. Iris Eaton, and fifteen men students from State Teachers College at Cortland journeyed to Pine Knot Point on Raquette lake. The report indicated that Mr. MacPhee assisted Dr. Met­ calf, Mrs. Eaton was the camp cook, and Mrs. Metcalf as­ sumed the responsibility of mail and food procurement from Raquette Lake Village. This first men's camp was referred to as a "Work Camp." The purpose of the camp was to re­ store or renovate the present facilities. Some of the jobs that were completed during the two weeks include: (l) trails were constructed, (2) buildings were cleaned, (3) old docks were dismantled and new ones constructed, (4) roofs were repaired, (5) privies were constructed, (6) canoe rack was built, and (7) fallen trees were cleared away. 191J The following is a copy of the daily schedule fol­ lowed while at camp: 8:00 - 8:30 A.M. Breakfast 8:30 - 9:00 Personal chores 9:00 - 9:15 Meeting to plan work projects 9:15 -12:45 P.M. Work on projects

191. Harlan Metcalf, Report of State Teachers College Boys Work Camp on Long Point, Raquette lake. July. 1948, p. 1. Dr. Gold Metcalf, Jim Metcalf an John Moore fishing on Raquette Lake 184 185 12:45 - 1:00 P.M. Clean up 1:00 - 1:30 Lunch 1:30 - 2:30 Rest 2:30 - 5:00 Instruction period or extended work period 5:00 - 6:00 Free time at waterfront 6:00 - 6:30 Pinner 6:30 - 6:45 Camp singing 6:45 -10:30 Free time, campfire program, exploratory timel92 These students worked at the camp from June 16th through July 1st. Mr. George Fuge, a student at this first camp and presently director of the Huntington Memorial Out­ door Education Center, writes of this experience as fol­ lows : "'Old Timers * well remember the early years at Huntington. Many chores were necessary to keep the place going. Pigging latrines, building docks, cutting fire­ wood, hauling water, and roofing buildings were all part of the daily chores that comprised an integral part of this regular program." 193 Although this first experience at the college camp was not structured as the programs during the past decade, in his report Pr. Metcalf characterized the following fifteen students as having the willingness to share needed ex­ periences with others; the desire to learn new skills and new ways of doing things; and the willingness to volunteer for any hard or dirty job that needed to be done. The

192. Ibid., p. 2. 193. George Fuge, "Cortland’s Outdoor Camps," Cortland Alumni Magazine. Spring 1967» p. 3. 186 members of the Boys Work Camp included: Jack Bowman, William Brandt, William Bub, Bruce Dick, Lloyd Elmer, G-eorge Euge, Harry Herbold, Joel Holiber, William Hurley, Robert Lays, Charles Meisenzal, Albert Molnar, Edward 1Q4- Olivari, Richard Stedman, and Roy Vanderburg. In addition to the work that was accomplished during the two weeks spent at Pine Knot Point, Dr. Metcalf gained a great deal of insight into some things that needed at­ tention before future camps could be conducted. Such things included: (1) the sanitation and water situation, (2) water transportation, (3) electrical power, and (4) building maintenance. Upon returning to the Cortland campus, Dr. Metcalf presented President Smith with a com- 1QC plete statement of the situation at Camp Pine Knot. After reading Dr. Metcalf1s report, Dr. Smith wrote a letter to Mr. Carl W. Clark of the New York State Educa­ tion Department, Bureau of Budget. In reply, Mr, Clark informed Dr, Smith, in a seven page document, of the esti­ mated cost of replacing or repairing the following items: Water supply...... $ 3,850.00 Sanitation...... 5,000.00 Electric power...... 6,000.00 Masonry repairs...... 2,750.00

194. Metcalf, Report of State Teachers College Boys Work Camp, p. 3. 195. Interview with Dr. Harlan Metcalf, Tully Lake, New York, August 16, 1972. 187

Roofing replaced $ 900.00 Tractor...... 6 ,000.00 Miscellaneous... 3 ,000.00 Total $ 27,500.00196

Mr. Clark mentioned that the matter pertaining to

the need for water transportation waB outside his field

of endeavor. He suggested to Dr. Smith that he contact

Hiram Gandelman of the New York State Maritime Academy at

Fort Schuyler, New York. With this suggestion, Dr. Smith contacted Mr. Gandelman.

Through the efforts of Mr. Gandelman, Vice Admiral

Herbert F. Deary of the United States Navy approved the

transfer of a twenty-foot cabin mahogany launch to State ■ Teachers College at Cortland, The following letter in­

forms Dr. Smith of this action.

Dr. Donnal Smith, President Cortland State Teachers College Cortland, New York Dear Don: The Admiral has approved the transfer to you of a 20 ft. 'cabin mahogany launch, gas driven,1 which is surplus to the Academy, The launch is in excellent condition and will not need any overhauling or repairs; however, it does need usage. If it interests you, please prepare a letter addressed to Dr. Wilson, with a provision that it be forwarded to the Academy for the preparation of final papers,

196. Letter from Carl W. Clark to Donnal V. Smith, August, 1948. 188 The removal and transfer of this "boat remains with you. Please let me know what your action is. Sincerely, Hiram Gandelman 197 Ahout the same time Dr, Smith was attempting to get the Bureau of Budget to approve an allocation for the re­ habilitation program at Camp Pine Knot, he received word that the children*s camp on Long Point, Echo Camp, was for sale. The going price for the property was $10,000.00. Dr. Smith wrote the State Education Department in Albany to inform them of the property. In reply, Dr. Smith was in­ formed that his request for the rehabilitation of Camp Pine Knot had been approved, but additional monies for the purchase of Echo Camp had been denied. With the rehabilitation program well on its way, Dr. Smith turned his attention to the formation of a faculty committee to study the educational programs to be offered at the newly acquired outdoor education center. On November 8, 1948, Dr. Smith sent the following memo­ randum to the faculty: MEMORANDUM TO: Mr. Moench Dr. Sueltz Dr. Thurber Miss Brown Mrs. Holsten Dr. Metcalf Mr. Coolidge Miss Corey Mr, Stell 197. Letter from Mr. Hiram Gandelman, New York State Maritime Academy, Port Schuyler, New York, to Donnal V. Smith, November 5, 1948. 198. Interview with Dr. D, Y. Smith, Bowling Green, Ohio, May 16, 1972. 189 PROM: Donnal V. Smith I have requested each of the above to serve on a committee to study the educational program for the Cortland State Teachers College Camp. This committee will also consider the usage of the camp in the furtherance of the proposed edu­ cation program. Members of the faculty and students will he encouraged to bring their suggestions for the camp program and usage to the attention of this committee,199 Under the leadership of President Smith, Dr. Moench, Director of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, and Dr. Metcalf, the above mentioned committee worked dili­ gently in developing programs to be conducted at the col­ lege outdoor education center. These programs will be discussed in Chapter VIII.

199. Donnal V. Smith, Memorandum, State Teachers College at Cortland, to Paculty Members, November 8, 1943. A Memorial to: COLLIS POTTER HUNTINGTON

He hath departed us and hath gone back into the elemental, boundless dark.

Alas! the ones whose eyes beheld it not, They looked upon a torrent in its course, And from far distance of their littleness Deemed some brook flowed. Those listened in the storm And with their deafness heard a zephyr pass. Insight - oh, gossamer from soul to soul - Shall bear alone the void's eternal speech.

A.M. Huntington CHAPTER VIII

ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS AND DEVELOPMENTS PROM 1948-1972

In Chapter Pive it was mentioned that Dr. Pranklin Coolidge directed the first outdoor education program for those hoys and girls in the seventh and eighth grades at the college's Campus School. Since 1948 the camp has continued to grow and many changes have taken place. In spite of the many changes in the program and facilities, much of the original spirit, dedication, and uniqueness have prevailed throughout the years. According to Mengel, "the Campus School's purpose is establishing an Outdoor Education program is to enhance and implement the aca­ demic development of the children in the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. Teaching can he accomplished in many settings, hut perhaps the most motivating is a change from the common classroom to the out-of-doors. The pro­ gram is designed to contribute to the growth of the "whole" child not only in an academic sense, hut in the areas of aestheticism, conservation, physical development and social growth."200

200. Gordon Mengel, "Camping Philosophy of the Campus School Report, State University College at Cortland, October, 1968. 191 192 In a recent report by the Campus School Outdoor Edu­ cation Program Committee, the following set of objectives were set forth: Teacher Objectives 1. To make instruction more meaningful and practical to the pupils. 2. To instill an appreciation of the beauties of nature, and so develop a realization of the need for conserving our remaining natural resources. 3. To teach the skills for the proper use of our outdoor resources. 4. To develop worthy outdoor recreation skills that will carry over into leisure time ac­ tivities. 5. To provide experiences which contributes to the pupil's creativity. 6. To provide experiences for pupils to evalu­ ate and or reconstruct their social pat­ terns. 7. To provide experiences for pupils to gain additional self reliance and individuality away from the distractions of modern day technology. 8. To provide an experience in democrativ living. Student Objectives 1. To learn to live with other children and with adults in a "small" community situation. 2. To practice ruleB of healthful living, 3. To learn to practice rules of individual and group safety as well as survival. 4. To develop ability to observe and question. 5. To recognize the satisfaction obtained when new knowledge is acquired. 6. To grow in spiritual values and conscious­ ness. 7. To acquire the dignity and satisfaction dr- rived from work that benefits others as well as one's self. 8. To widen the circle of classroom friendship thus broadening social relationships. 9. To enjoy living in a camp setting,201

201. Campus School Outdoor Education Program Committee, "General Objectives for the Campus School Outdoor 193 The Campus School program is multi-disciplinary in­ volving several of the study areas which make to the child*s educational curriculum. According to Mr. Harry Bellardini, the on-campus instruction is geared to the practical field work that students undertake at the outdoor center. The program is constructed so that there is a follow-up program of instruction integrating the outdoor experiences with the classroom instruction. The outdoor education experience includes instruction in: art, sketching, biology, ecology, nature, mathematics, orien- 202 teering, social studies, and camp craft skills. During the past decade the Campus School Outdoor Edu­ cation program has seen several new innovations. In 1969 the Campus School underwent a Pilot Program which involved fifth and sixth grade students. This program was designed in order to fill the gap in the spring and fall outdoor education program which was created when the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades were phased out of the Campus School. A program for the fifth and sixth grade studentB waB developed and these students attended Huntington Outdoor Education Center during those weeks previously

Education Program" Camping Philosophy of the Campus School. State University of New York, College at Cortland, New York, October, 1968, p. 4. 202. Interview with Harry Bellardini, Director of Campus School Physical Education, State University of New York, College at Cortland, New York, September 28, 1972. 194 occupied by students in grades seven, eight, and nine. Bellardini states, "This Pilot Program has met with the ap­ proval of the students and staff."20^ Another program which has developed in recent years, due to ecologically-minded groups, is a Winter Environ­ mental Studies Program. Mengel states, "The experimental program was developed to provide the fourth, fifth, and sixth grade youngsters with an opportunity for ecological enrichment experiences during the harsh conditions of winter."204 The Campus School Outdoor Education program has gained wide recognition due to the initial efforts of Dr. Franklin Coolidge. Since 1958 other educators such as Gordon Mengel, Harry Bellardini, Mary Blann, Frank Langsner, and William Henry have continued to provide leadership and innovations in the Cortland Campus School Outdoor Educa­ tion program. In addition to the outdoor education program provided by the Campus School, the college provided an outdoor edu­ cation program for college students majoring in physical education or recreation education. From 1948 to 1950, the Campus School, the men's physical education, women's

203. Ibid. 204. Interview with Gordon Mengel, professor, Campus School, State Teachers College, Cortland, New York, at Raquette lake, June 21, 1972. 195 physical education, and recreation education departments were the only disciplines to offer an outdoor education program at Huntington Memorial Camp. During these years, Dr. Gold Metcalf directed the camps. In the spring of 1949, Dr. Metcalf announced the courses to he offered at Huntington Memorial Outdoor Edu­ cation Center. An article appearing in the Cortland Standard explained Dr. Metcalf*s proposed course offerings. The article read as follows: The State Teachers College at Cortland, N.Y., now has its own outdoor education cen­ ter for training its students, to give leader­ ship in camping and outdoor education to the youth of schools and communities of Hew York State. The courses to be taken at the outdoor center this summer will be open as electives without pre-requisites to all men of Cortland State Teachers College the first two of the three camping periods. The third period will be open to women students. Professional work planned for each three week period will carry a total of four semes­ ter hours of credit and will be divided into four major areas of experience: I Nature and Conservation Experiences II Camp and Survival Crafts III Waterway Experiences 205 IV Conduct and Management of Camps 0 When the summer of 1949 arrived, thirty-seven men students had enrolled for the July 4th through July 23rd session, thirty-five men students enrolled for the July 28th through August 13th session, and eighteen women

205. ’'Outdoor Education and Camping Courses Offered at Huntington Memorial Camp," Cortland Standard. Cortland, New York, May 1949. DIRECTOR Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf

19^8 - 1950 197 Btudents enrolled In the August 17th through September 7th session. This was the first time any women students from State University College at Cortland had the opportunity to use the facilities. Prior to this experience, the women had been attending the camp held at Tanager Lodge. Some of the early staff members who gave their time and energy in providing instruction included: Fred Hollo­ way, Jack MacPhee, Harriet Holsten, Dorothy Amsdorff, Jean Berger, June Holcomb, Walt Thurber, Carl Davis, Roland Eckard, David Miller, and W. T. Pete Corey. According to Miller, the early physical education camps were restricted in their travels about Raquette Lake due to administrative philosophy and limited equipment. The trips that the students took were short trips to Golden Beach, Indian Point, West Mountain, and Forked Lake. Due to limited equipment, half the group would go on a three day trip while the remaining group would stay at Huntington Memorial Camp and work on repairing or renovating the facilities. After the first group returned from their pQt trip, the remaining group would go out. Because of limited budget and the lack of maintenance personnel, the "work camp" theme prevailed for several years. Work projects at Huntington Memorial Camp have

206. Interview with Mr. David Miller, professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, New York, September 28, 1972. 198 always been an Interest to the students. In 1970 some in­ terested students and faculty members from State University of New York, College at Cortland, started a fund-raising drive in order to "Save the Barque." This theme of the fund-raising campaign was started with hopes of developing a museum out of the old houseboat. The goal of this cam­ paign was to raise enough money to finance the relocation and rehabilitation of the houseboat and its development as a museum which would enhance the Outdoor Education Center's educational programs and promote a general awareness of the Adirondack history. The museum fund planning committee consists of: Faculty and Staff Student Members Dr. Gold Metcalf— chairman Barbara Hemink— chairman Mary Blann Mary Austin Marcia Carlson Mark Cowan Roland Eckard George Gifford George Fuge Eileen Horwitz Leonard Gath James Keough Norb Haley Jane Kindlinger Gordon Mengel Marcia Matiss Louise Moseley Richard Reiner Nicholas Pauldine Dave Price Eugene Waldbauer During the summer of 1972, the first stage of the renovation project was begun. The original marine hard­ ware from the Barque was photographed and recorded before it was removed. Additional work is planned during the summer with hopes of relocating the houseboat to a site on high ground. Once the houseboat has been secured on

v 199 its new site, it will "be restored to a near pristine con­ dition with a simulated "barge structure serving as a "base. As camp continued to grow, along with the State Teachers College at Cortland, new faculty members began to appear at the camp. Such educators as: Robert Weber, Charles Wilson, Pat Allen, Joan Tillotson, Gene Waldbauer, and numerous others began contributing to the program. Dr. Weber states that the physical education camp experi­ ence was based on skills that could be done in camp as opposed to trip camping. A good deal of the camp experi­ ence dealt with camp craft skills. In addition to camp craft, some canoeing, nature study, and waterfront safety was also a part of the program. The evening programs were very popular with both staff and students. Dr. Weber es­ timated that approximately fifty percent of the time at camp was spent on work details such as: painting, re- pairing docks, and repairing roofs. 207 ' During the early years at Huntington Memorial Camp, no distinction was made between the Phusical Education and Recreation Departments. The men in these departments were scheduled at camp during the month of June and the women were so scheduled during July. Since this original set up, the scheduling of camps has changed only slightly. The men still attend the camp during August. 207. Interview with Dr. Robert Weber, Chairman of the Men's Physical Education Department, State University of Hew York, College at Cortland, New York, Sep­ tember 28, 1972. The usage of Huntington Memorial Camp by the stu­ dents in the Physical Education and Recreation Depart­ ments, plus the Campus School, continued to flourish. Due to growing class enrollment and programs being pursued by other departments, a need was created for a full time camp adminstrator. Dr. Metcalf was no longer able to direct the camp along with his full time duties as Chairman of the Recreation Department at the Cortland College campus. Dr. D. V. Smith, with the aid of some interested faculty members, began seeking a person to assume the administra­ tive duties at Huntington Memorial Camp. Mr. Arthur Howe of Hamburg, Hew York was contacted for the position. As mentioned in Chapter Five, Dr. D. V. Smith had had previous correspondence with Mr. Howe concerning the use and reno­ vation of the camp. In May, 1950, Mr. Howe was assigned the position of camp director. Mr. Howe was well suited for the job both physically and mentally. Prior to his assignment as Director of Huntington Memorial Camp, Mr. Howe spent thirty years as Director of Health and Physical Education at the Hamburg Public Schools, Hamburg, New York. In addition, he was a licensed guide for the Adirondacks; he had been a park commissioner, and president of the New York State Asso­ ciation for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. He also was affiliated with many other associations too 201

DIRECTOR

ARTHUR L. HOWE

1950 - 1961 202 numerous to list. Mr. Howe directed the camp until his death. He died of cancer on November 8, 1961, An editorial in the Hamburg Sun said in . part, that 'his practical' idealism went beyond mere physical development, but sought to en­ hance the spiritual aspects of life, thereby giving the thousands of boys and girls who have passed through his classes a new vision and new strengths from which to draw in later life.*208

In an article, George Fuge writes of Art Howe: "Art is well remembered for his booming voice and repertoire of Adirondack stories. In 1950 Dr. Walt Thurber started a Science Oamp at Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center. Dr. Thurber directed the camp until 1951 at which time he turned the camp over to his assistant Mr. George McDermott. For the next four years, Mr. McDermott continued to direct the science camp. In 1956 Mr. Chuck Wilson took over the directorship. The science camp folded in 1959 due to changes in the science curriculum at Cortland College. Mr. McDermott describes the early science programs as follows: the camp operated for three weeks during the last week in August and the first two weeks in September. It was held at

208. "In Memoriam," The Cortland Alumni, State Univer­ sity of New York, College at Cortland, Winter 1962, p • 47 • 209. George Fuge, "Cortland's Other Campus," The Cortland Alumni, State University of New York, College at Cortland, Spring 1967, p. 4. 203 Daley*s Clearing on long Point, Raquette Lake, New York. The science course carried four semester hours of credit. The program remained essentially the same for the majority of the years it was operated. Usually the campers would he divided into groups and the campers would rotate within groups every two or three days. The leadership posts of the groups were rotated so that everyone would have a chance to serve as trip master at least once. The group leaders were selected hy each group. The instructional periods were in canoeing, rowing, map and compass, weather, axemanship, and nature crafts. Once the instructional periods were completed, the campers took various trips throughout Raquette Lake and the cen­ tral and upper Adirondack area. Such trips consisted of bushwacking into Silver Beach to study bog plants, canoe trip to Eldon Lake to study marine biology, a three-day trip to Mt. Marcy in order to have an extended period of time to study in the mountainous area. A number of short and extended trips were taken to various places along Raquette Lake.^*1*^ After Mr. Art Howe became director of Huntington Memorial Camp, new additions were made to the camp. Some of the improvements that took place were: the construction

210. George McDermott, "Science Camp— Course 706," Hunt­ ington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives. Raquette Lake, New York, August 12, 1971- 204 of a new kitchen, new docks, the installation of electri­ city (which brought about electric cooking and heating units, water heaters, and refrigerators), and the instal­ lation of septic tanks. For the next decade, the programs at the center were those conducted by the physical education, recreation edu­ cation, Campus School, and science departments. In addi­ tion to these programs, several administrative workshops were held at the center. Other programs were operating on a limited basis. In the fall of 1951, Dr. Metcalf began making plans to offer graduate courses at Huntington Memorial Camp in Recreation and Field Studies in Science. The first graduate class in outdoor education at Huntington Memorial Camp consisted of four men and seven women. The course offered two semester hours of credit and met for two weeks. The course was available to superintendents, prin­ cipals, teachers, recreation employees, camp leaders, and social workers with three or more years of college training. The topics included in the course were: The Philosophy of Outdoor Education and School Camping, Use of Outdoor Education Resources in Every School, Planning Outdoor Education Trips, Methods, Programs, and Organiza­ tion of the School Camp and Evaluation of Outdoor Educa­ tion and School Camping. 205 Other graduate courses offered in Recreation Educa­ tion were: (l) A Seminar in Organization and Administra­ tion of Recreation and Recreation Education, and (2) Ap­ praising Community Recreation Resources. These courses featured lectures hy: Dr. Jay B. Rash, Dana Caulkins, Mark A. McCloskey, George Nesbitt, Willard B. Stone, 211 Helena Hoyt, Henry McEarland, and William Moench. Al­ though only eleven students attended the first graduate course in outdoor education, this program led the way for future graduate courses in physical education, recreation education, and other disciplines. During the summer of 1956, representatives from the Presbyterian faith scheduled a week at Huntington Memo­ rial Camp to hold a retreat. They were the only organiza­ tion who sought the facilities for retreat purposes until 1968. During the years 1968 and 1969 other organizations began holding retreats at Huntington Memorial Camp. Most of the organizations that hold retreats in this isolated center do not do so for a functional purpose in environ­ ment or outdoor education. The people involved are more concerned with humanistic studies and discussions relative to the nature of the group. Locked into the remoteness of the center, they function as a community with all

211. Harlan G. Metcalf, "Recreation Education— Summer School," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Cen­ ter Archives, Raquette Lake.' fcew York, April 1951» 206 details and chores assigned through committees. The fol­ lowing are examples of the ten to twelve retreat programs that are offered during the year. I. Health Department Retreat This is an example of a curriculum and human­ istic studies retreat program. Students and staff members of the department live together while discussing curricula of the major pro­ gram. The retreat operates for three days in early fall. II. Theta Phi Sorority Retreat Students, faculty advisors, and alumni spend three days discussing the function of the sorority, its place in the function of the college and general sorority business. III. College Roundtable Retreat This is a four day program involving Cortland City businessmen, city administrators and Cortland College administrators. Operated annually in mid-winter, participants usually include the Mayor of the City of Cortland and the President of State University College at Cortland.212

212. Collegefs Public Relations Office, Outdoor Educa­ tion Center. State University College at Cortland, New York, February 1972, p. 17. 207 As aforementioned, the early years at Huntington Memorial Camp were spent in repairing and renovating the camp in addition to learning camp skills. Art Howe writes of some of the projects that were accomplished between 1950 and 1955. The men students built a dining hall, a new boat house, installed new electric stoves and refriger­ ators in the kitchen, installed a power cable to enable the generators to function, and built trails. The college Campus School children in grades seven and eight planted 10,000 white spruce trees about the site in order to re­ place the trees that were lost during the heavy storms that occurred during the mid-thirtieB. 213 ^ In the early 1950's, according to Dr. Franklin Coolidge, Mr. Howe built a sawmill on a farmer's field which was located northeast of the main camp. Mr. Howe had two purposes in mind when he built the mill. The first was to cut timber in order to replace logs on the present buildings. The second purpose for the mill was to cut up timber and sell it. With the sale of the lumber, he hoped to purchase additional materials to maintain the camp. His second purpose never materialized. 214- During the fall of 1961, Mr. Arthur Howe died. Im­ mediately following his death, Dr. Ben Sueltz, as acting

213. Art Howe, "Annual Reports," Huntington Memorial Out­ door Education Center Archives, Raquette Lake, New York, June 1950-June“l95^ 214. Interview with Dr. Franklin Coolidge, Cortland, New York, September 26, 1972. 208 president, began seeking a person to replace Mr. Howe. Mr. Roland Eckard, who had spent several summers at Hunt­ ington Memorial Camp as a staff member, was appointed acting director for one year. In the fall of 1962, Mr. George Fuge was appointed as director of the center. Since 1962 Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Cen­ ter has grown both in facilities and programs. This tre­ mendous growth is largely due to the leadership and dedi­ cation of George Fuge. Mr. Fuge brought to Huntington Memorial Camp fourteen years of teaching, coaching, and administrative experience. He received his Bachelor of Science and Master's degrees from Cortland College in physical education and administration. He was at Ramapo Central School for fourteen years as physical education teacher, coach, and director of athletics. He was also the Director of Recreation for the town of Ramapo. The out-of-doors was not new to him. For fourteen summers he and George Link ran canoe expeditions into Northern Canada. After returning from a trip into the Canadian wilder­ ness in the fall of 1962, George Fuge, his wife, Margaret, and their three daughters, came to Huntington Memorial Camp. According to Metcalf, no man was better suited for this wilderness country than Beorge. His prior experi­ ence at the camp as a junior instructor, plus his fourteen DIRECTOR

GEORGE FUGE

HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL CAMP

1962 - Present 210 years in the Ramapo Public Schools, made George a very valuable asset to this unique center. J During Mr. Fuge's first two years at Huntington Memo­ rial Gamp, he had the camp dining hall and kitchen reno­ vated. A new automatic dishwasher, an electric water pump, and electric range were installed. He also convinced the State of New York to allocate funds for the renovation of buildings and the installation of a new sewage disposal system.21^ Upon his arrival, Mr. Fuge began to encourage other departments to use the center. As a result, several pro­ grams developed in the department of biological science in the mid-1960's. Dr. Gene Waldbauer had a great deal to do with most of the programs described. The field studies program was one of the first in operation. This program was designed to be required during the student's sophomore year. The duration of the program was fourteen days. The subjects included were: plant taxonomy (ecology), entomology, limnology, ichthy­ ology* ornithology, and mammalogy. Students were required to classify and prepare a definite number of specimens in appropriate areas. They were permitted to use the center

215. Interview with Harlan G. Metcalf, September 16, 1972. 216. George Fuge, "Annual Reports," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives. Raquette Lake. New York, June 19^2-June 19&3. 211 facilities to add to their collections and undertake individual study projects during the next two years. The course is required for biology education majors but others may take it as an elective, 217 ' The course in taxonomy of vascular plants, offered in the biological science program, is offered for twenty-one days during the summer. The emphasis is on studying natural life support system relationships and developing attitudes of appreciation for natural resources. Students are required to collect, classify, and mount specimens of 120 plants. Collections and studies include aquatic, local and alpine flora. Mr, Art Cook, Associate Professor of Biology at Cort­ land College, describes the limnology course offered at Raquette lake during the summer. According to Mr. Cook, limnology is a research oriented program in which the stu­ dents take physical and chemical tests of Raquette Lake and chart portions of it. The course lasts about 17 days. A floating laboratory, the "Barque,” is used for imme­ diate analysis and the greater percentage of time is spent on the lake testing the physical and chemical at­ tributes of freshwater and their effect on the composi- 21 8 tion of the aquatic ecosystem.

217. Interview with Dr. Gene Waldbauer, professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, New York, October 18, 1972. 218. Interview with Arthur H. Cook, associate professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, Raquette Lake, New York, June 11, 1972. 212 The "Barque" Is not to "be confused with the Barque of Pine Knot Point mentioned in Chapter One. In recent years a flat fiberglass raft was purchased by the college. This raft, with its few innovations of sun roof, desk and benches is used as a floating laboratory or classroom. The raft is propelled by an eighty-five h.p. outboard motor. The name "Barque" was given to the vessel as a bit of nostalgia, as one recalls the past. Buoyed stations are located in key areas of the lake. In order to take the various samples from the lake, students use instru­ ments, including: Ross Pine Bine Recorder, Yellowstone Instrument Thermister, Kemmerer Sampler, Eckman Dredge, Hellige Colorimeter, Beckman portable meter, and a variety of glassware and chemicals. A course in Preshwater Algae is also offered as an advanced study course which is held for sixteen days at the center. The content of the course involves collec­ tion, identification, classification, ecology, and estab­ lishing life histories of major groups of freshwater algae. The years 1964 and 1965 were very important ones for Huntington Memorial Camp. Three very noteworthy things took place. The first was the purchase of Antlers Camp.

219. College's Public Relations Office, "Programs in the Biological Sciences," Outdoor Education Center. State University College at Cortland^ New York, February 1972, p. 9. 213 Aerial view c? Antlers Camp, Raquette Lake, New York 1965 214 The land acquisition of Antlers, a parcel of land on the west shore line of Raquette Lake, provided the college with dock accessibility to Huntington Memorial Camp. Un­ til this time the college used Birds Marina landing re­ ferred to in Chapter Four. The second important accomplishment during this period was the founding of the Work Study Program. This program was designed to employ college students during the summer months. Due to the remote location of Huntington Memorial Camp, help is difficult to obtain. The majority of the people who frequent the area during the summer months are tourists. Once the summer is over, very few people make their residence at Raquette Lake, Recognizing the many maintenance problems too numerous for him and the camp caretaker to handle, Mr. Fuge began inquiring about possible sources of income which could be made available to hire the necessary help. As a result of his inquiries, Mr. Fuge became aware of some federal funds that could be acquired under a Work Study Program. After obtaining the literature on the program, Mr. Fuge began to realize that many of his maintenance problems could be solved through employment of college students under the 220 newly created Work Study Program.

220. Interview with Mr. George Fuge, director of Hunt­ ington Memorial Camp, Raquette Lake, New York, June 22, 1972. 215 In the spring of 1965, Mr. George Fuge began formu­ lating plans for the implementation of the Work Study Pro­ gram. Many departments of State University of New York, College at Cortland, were called upon to assist in plan­ ning the program. Through a cooperative effort of many college staff members, the program became a reality. The college administration and the Faculty-Student Associa­ tion allocated the necessary ten percent for the student salaries in addition to the federal funds allocated. Through the Office of Financial Aids and the College Busi­ ness Office, a system for payroll procedures was set up. On June 28, 1965, the Work Study Program was ini­ tiated at Huntington Memorial Camp. This was the first program of its kind to be initiated in State University of New York, College at Cortland's education system. Eighteen students from Cortland College arrived at Antlers to begin a ten week Work Study Program. Dr. larry Martin, associate professor in the men's physical education de­ partment, was employed to supervise the program. Ac­ cording to Dr. Martin, "The Work Study Camp Program was established along the lines of the Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C.) camps of the depression years." Charles Mand writes:

221. Interview with Dr. Larry Martin, associate professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, New York, September 15, 1972. 216 The C.C.C. camps were aimed at reorienting young men, adrift in the wake of an economic up­ heaval, to a purpose in life. These youth were taught useful skills, motivated to productivity and reintroduced to a value structure for many years had ceased to have a basis in reality. Almost 500,000 young men found a more profit­ able and meaningful use of their time through the camp programs.222 Although these young college students were not faced with economic problems as those young men in the 1930's, they, too, found a more meaningful and profitable use of their time. The work study projects were organized into five basic categories: (l) land improvement, (2) building improvements, (5) development projects, (4) transportation of equipment, and (5) general camp clean-up and mainten­ ance. The projects completed by the students included: the construction of new docks, painted buildings, built a new camp sign, replaced logs on buildings, repaired ramps, repaired roofs, and many other tasks too numerous to 223 mention. ^ The third important accomplishment during this period was the formation of the Huntington Memorial Out­ door Education Center long Range Planning Committee. On September 18, 1964, President Kenneth E. Young appointed the following educators to serve on this planning

222. Charles Mand, Outdoor Education (J. Lowell Pratt & Company, Hew York, 1967J7 p. 126, 223. Interview with Dr. Larry Martin, Cortland, Hew York, September 15, 1972. 217 committee: Dr. Ross Allen, chairman, Dr. Carl Evans, Dr. Harlan Metcalf, Dr. Frank Nania, Mr. Charles Wilson, and Mr. George Fuge. The president charged the committee with preparing a proposed master plan for the long range development of Huntington Memorial Camp and adjunct lands. The plan was to be for ten to twenty years with anticipated revisions every five years. With the appointment of the committee, President Young suggested that the members study the pos­ sible use of the camp in the following ways: 1. Supporting instructional activities of the college by studying all areas of the cur­ riculum. 2. Supporting research activities of the col­ lege. 3. Providing the site for a Conference Center for in-service training, professional im­ provement, etc. 4. Providing recreational and other facili­ ties for college personnel, faculty, stu­ dents, alumni and others. 5. Providing a source of funds through the operation of certain facilities, and the lease or sale of land.224 Under the guidance of Dr. Ross Allen, the Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Long Range Planning Com­ mittee arrived at the following proposal for a master plan for Huntington Memorial Camp. The plan reads as fol­ lows :

224. Kenneth Young, Huntington Camp Planning Committee, Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives, September ITT, ~1964. PpT 1-2. 218 Basic Premise Huntington Memorial Camp and its adjunct properties located at Raquette Lake, New York, is an integral part of State University College, Cortland, New York and its instructional and ancillary programs. Objectives 1. The wise, proper and adequate use of an en­ vironment, such as the Huntington Memorial Camp offers, can enrich the lives of our college students, the pupils of our Campus School, our faculty and staff, and others who experience living in this setting. 2. The camp should furnish opportunities for the education of children, youth and adults that can be found only in a natural, outdoor set­ ting where total group living is predominant, but where privacy is possible. 5. The program and use of the camp can be sig­ nificant adjuncts to the formal educational programs of the college and augment and en­ rich the programs of continuing education of the college. 4. The camp offers an opportunity for many to make better and fuller use of their leisure time, and will help them to develop, maintain and enjoy recreational pursuits which are in­ digenous to the camp setting. 5. The camp should provide for the development of an appreciation of our natural habitat— to study it, to use it intelligently, and to conserve it. 6. The camp should be used as a center for re­ search, particularly in the areas of the sciences, outdoor education, camping,and in­ digenous outdoor sports.225

225. Huntington Camp Planning Committee, "A Master Plan for the Immediate and Long Range Development of the Huntington Memorial Camp of State Univer­ sity College, Cortland, New York and Its Adjunct Properties," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives," June 19^5» p. 3. 219 The Functions of the Camp A. Functions Indigenous to the Camp Environment 1. Camping in all its aspects and ramifications should be taught. 2. Outdoor Education (education in the out-of-doors about and for appreciation and use of the out-of- doors) should have a significant place in the pro­ gramming of the camp. 3. The Camp should provide opportunities for research in outdoor education and in camping. 4. The Camp will make available to its participants opportunity to participate in and learn about sports natural to the camp environment including those associated with the water. 5. The Camp should be concerned in many aspects of conservation education. It should maintain an adequate area of its acreage for study and re­ search of its natural environment. 6. The Camp should direct its efforts to providing a desirable environment for experiences in and study of group living (behavioristic studies, sociometric studies, etc.). B. Functions Related to Formal Education Programs 1. Continued use of the Camp should be made for camping and camp leadership experience as part of the professional preparation of teachers of physical education and of recreation leaders and instructors. 2. An opportunity should he made available to actual and prospective teachers of elementary school children to observe and instruct children in a camp setting. 3. Campus school children, certainly those in the intermediate and upper grades, should be given a supervised camping experience— the possi­ bility of extending such an opportunity to all children in the Campus School should be explored. 4. Some of the content in specific science courses offered by the College could best be taught in the environment provided by Camp Huntington. 5. Opportunities for research, particularly in the sciences and the behavioral sciences, should be provided in the camp setting. Functions Related to Continuing Education including short term conferences, institutes, clinics, etc. The Camp may well be used for many forms of con­ tinuing education. Some of the possible uses in this category include: 1. Certification programs structured for school dental hygiene teachers and Bchool nurse teachers, 2. Programs for Humanistic Studies might be developed using the Camp as a site. 221 3. In-service programs for such groups in the College as the faculty, staff, etc. could make use of the Camp site. 4. The Camp could become a center for conservation education. 5. The Camp could also be used for Peace Corps Training Programs, American Red Cross Certified Waterfront Clinics, Sport Clinics, College Work Study Program, research for the exceptional child, Job Corp Center, and study conferences. D. Functions Related to Recreation A wide variety of uses of the Camp and its adjunct properties can be made to contribute to recreation in general. Fundamentally, our concern should be just with the recreational needs of our own College per­ sonnel— faculty, students, and staff. The recreational activities indigenous to the camp setting should be offered to the fullest.22** In accordance with the functions mentioned above, the committee suggested the following uses of the camp facilities: 1. Avoidance of over-population of Long Point. 2. A section of the camp property must be con­ served in its natural state. 3. The property now occupied by Echo Camp should be purchased if it becomes available.

226. Ibid.. pp. 4-8. 222 4. The Marion River acquisition should he de­ veloped as a conference site under present land holdings. 5. It is imperative that the camp have a road that will make it accessible twelve months of the year. 6. Camping facilities for faculty, staff, and family use should he constructed on the south shore of the camp property. 7. Three distinct camps should he constructed on the north shore of the camp property, each to accommodate 30-35 campers. 8. The Antlers property should he developed into a small conference site for its potentiali­ ties as income property from its cahins. 9. The acquisition of the Uncas property should he considered in long-range planning if a large development with a completely self- contained area is desired. 10. It is strongly recommended that a well quali­ fied consultant he used in all future site planning.227 During the summer of 1966, an outdoor recreation program was hegun on a limited hasis. This program was established for student groups who have had previous camping experience at the center. The students, in co­ operation with Mr. Fuge, are permitted to use the facili­ ties and equipment at Huntington Memorial Camp for the pursuit of outdoor recreational skills. These outdoor sessions were scheduled during a period when there were limited programs in operation at the center. The purpose of this outdoor program was to encourage students to em­ bark on wilderness canoe and mountain trips in order to use those skills acquired at the center. The programs in operation at Huntington Memorial Camp

227. Ibid.. pp. 9-11. 223 during the latter part of the 1960's included: the Men's Physical Education Camp Program, the Women's Physical Edu­ cation Camp Program, the Recreation Education Camp Pro­ gram, the Field Biology Programs, and the college Recrea­ tion Program for previous campers. Two additional pro­ grams were included in 1967. The first was a College Pre­ paration Program directed by Dr. Frank Nania. The program was designed as a specialized program utilizing the isola­ tion of the camp facility and quiet atmosphere of the out­ door environment in order to provide an intensive program of reading, study skills, and comprehension for college bound students. The program was scheduled for a six weeks period.228 A second program in art, sketching, and landscape painting was initiated by the Art Department for under­ graduate and graduate students. It was scheduled for three weeks during the month of July. The program concen­ trated on sketching and painting in the natural setting or observing and interpreting nature. According to Fuge, during 1967 the center operated for thirty-one weeks of instruction. The classes at Huntington Memorial Camp Outdoor Education Center functioned seven days a week for a total of 217 days.22^

228. Interview with Dr. Frank Nania, professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, New York, October 5, 1972. 229. George Fuge, "Cortland College Outdoor Education Center-Course Offerings," Huntington Memorial 224 The 1968-69 outdoor education season was quite simi­ lar to the previous year except for an experimental Winter Camp Program offered by the Men's Physical Educa­ tion Department at Cortland College. Under the direction of Mr. Roland Eckard, the winter camp was offered in lieu of the regular summer camp program. The winter camp pro­ gram was designed to place special emphasis on compara­ tive, seasonal ecology. The students enrolled in this course also enrolled in a seven-day summer program. At the close of the 1960's, the physical education and the recreation education programs underwent a few changes and assumed a new title. The experience in the physical education departments was now referred to as an Outdoor Education Practicum. The following is a descrip­ tion of the practicum: The practicum is conducted in four fourteen day sessions each year, two for men and two for women. The course is required for physi­ cal education majors. It covers nature, conservation, wilderness travel, and empha­ sizes appreciation of the natural resources, practical knowledge of the natural sur­ roundings and wise use of these resources for outdoor recreation and multi-discipline educational programs for elementary and secondary school teaching. Considerable time is spent in teaching basic camping skills, canoeing, mountain climbing and orienteering.

Outdoor Education Center Archives. Raquette lake, New York, May-No vemb er 1967, pp. 2-3. 230. Interview with Mr. Roland Eckard, professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, New York, October 9, 1972. 225 The session includes a five day wilderness canoe trip for women, and a five day canoe or moun­ tain climbing trip for the men. There also are optional classes conducted in conjunction with the program leading to certification as boating safety and hunting safety instructors.251 The Outdoor Education Practicum for the Recreation Education Department is explained as follows: The practicum is a required course for re­ creation education majors. It lasts for four­ teen days and places special emphasis on de­ velopment of attitudes of appreciation for the natural resources, particularly in relation to outdoor education. Supervision and administra­ tion of outdoor recreation facilities and out­ door education programs are emphasized. There is training in camping skills, canoeing, water skiing, and sailing. Special study areas in­ clude boating safety, waterfront administration, campcraft instructor certification and nature studies, while optional activities include nature crafts, casting, and fishing. Also, a four day wilderness canoe trip is r e q u i r e d . 232 In addition to these programs or practicums, several meetings and conferences were sponsored by various college organizations and scheduled periodically at the center during the 1960's. These include: the Faculty Executive Council, the House of Delegates, the Cortland Board of Cooperative Education Services, the State Outdoor Educa­ tion Association, the Pure Waters Authority, and the Alumni Association. Orientation and staff workshops were

231. College's Public Relations Office, "Outdoor Educa­ tion Practicum," Outdoor Education Center. State University College at Cortland, New York, February 1972, p. 10. 232 Ibid., p. 11 226 also conducted for instructional staff who participated in the programs offered at the center. When George Fuge became director of Huntington Memo­ rial Camp in 1962, eleven programs were functioning. During the 1969-70 season, forty-eight programs were in 2'5‘5 operation. " During its twenty-two years of operation, a great deal of maintenance and repair was necessary to restore the camp to its original condition. With the exception of a dining hall and sewage plant, no other buildings were erected. Over the years, new programs and enlarged classes have placed a heavy burden on Huntington Memorial Camp. A new dormitory was needed to house the increasing number of students. This new unit was completed at the center in the fall of 1970. The one-story structure was designed to house an additional twenty-four campers. Since 1970 the college, through the Outdoor Education Center, has established a policy of assisting Cortland graduates in developing resident outdoor programs in their respective schools. These pilot programs are implemented, when possible, at the college's Outdoor Education Center. Examples of these New York State high school programs are as follows: 1. Setauket's Gelinas Junior High Biology pro­ gram which takes place at the Center for one

235. Interview with Mr. George Fuge, Raquette Lake, New York, June 22, 1972. 227 week during the spring and fall. The stu­ dents are instructed in units which include plant taxonomy, limnological research and algae studies, plus additional instruction in recreational skills. 2. Thornwood's Yfestlake Environmental Studies program. This is a voluntary program which consists of senior high school students who participate in the resident program for one week in mid-winter. Science, ecology, social studies and language arts constitute the base of the program. The emphasis is on appreciation of the beauty of the natural world and concern for others. 3. Cortland High School Special Class Resident program centers on a one-week resident pro­ gram in spring and fall. The program is de­ signed for students having difficulties in reading and writing. The objectives of the one week experience is to develop an attitude of appreciation for the natural environment, encourage a feeling of concern for others, and motivate students into areas that will stimulate their interest in reading and writing. 4. Aurora's Cayuga Central School Camping pro­ gram emphasizes training in campking skills and conservation for senior high girls. The program consists of weekend training sessions at the Center and overnight canoe trips in the Raquette lake area. 5. New Hartford High School Advanced Ecology program is an advanced study program for junior and seniors who have completed at least one year of biological studies. In­ cluded in the program are thermal and chemi­ cal research, algae studies and aquatic plant classification.234 Programming at the Outdoor Education Center undergoes continual review. Some of the ideas which have been newly implemented, or are under consideration during the past

234. College's Public Relations Office, "Outdoor Educa­ tion Programs," Outdoor Education Center, State University College at Cortland, New York, February 1972, pp. 13-15. 228 year include the following: (1) Save the Barque project which was mentioned in Chapter Two, (2) Limnological Pilot Research programs, (3) Pishing and Conservation Workshops to investigate aquatic life systems related to environmental conditions necessary for fish reproduction and growth, and (4) Outdoor Education Practicum for ele­ mentary and secondary education majors to gain practical environmental knowledge. The year 1971-72 was the twenty-fourth consecutive year of operation of State University of New York, College at Cortland, Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center. The operation which started on a two week basis, under the direction of Dr. Harlan Metcalf and Pranklin Coolidge, now operates seven days a week throughout most of the year. The camp is not used during March and April as the thawing ice is impossible to cross. In 1952, under the direction of Mr. Art Howe, the center's facilities were utilized for a total of 109 days by 232 students. According to Puge, during the year 1971-72 the facili­ ties at Huntington Memorial Camp were utilized for a total of 303 days by 1,923 students. He indicated that the center achieved a peak of utilization within the limita­ tions of its present facilities and resources. During the 1971-72 year, the following programs were in opera­ tion: (1) forty-six resident programs included eighteen college courses, (2) four conferences, (3) thirteen 229 support programs, (4) four college retreat programs, (5) eleven recreational programs, and (6) sixteen non-resident day programs* Fuge also states that there have been over fifty different programs of instruction carried on at the 235 center within the past twenty-four years. The center is in full-time operation 10 months out of the year, and in part-time operation the remaining months. The operating budget for the past three years are as fol­ lows: 1970-1971 Salaries and Wages (regular) 032,848.00 Salaries and Wages (temporary) 3,600.00 Supplies and Expenses 4,311.00 Equipment 4.000.00 $44,759.00 1971-1972 Salaries and Wages (regular) $36,300.00 Salaries and Wages (temporary) 3,600.00 Supplies and Expenses 4,311.00 Equipment 4.000.00 $48,211.00 1972-1973 Salaries and Wages (regular) 035,949.00 Salaries and LWges (temporary) 2,200,00 Supplies and Expenses 4,513.00 Equipment 600.00 043,262.00 The above monies are allocated through the State Uni­ versity of New York, Bureau of Budget. Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center under Organized Activities. The director of the center submits his proposed budget to the

235. Interview with Mr. George Fuge, Raquette Lake, New York, June 22, 1972. 230 Vice President of Graduate and Continuing Education. The final review of the budget is taken up by the Dean of Edu­ cation, the Vice President for Academic Affairs and the College’s Business Manager. The three regular salaries covered employees which include George Fuge the director, Jay Cummings the assis­ tant director and Mr. Spencer McCoy a Park Ranger. The maintenance expenses for the Center do not come out of the above, but rather from the Plant Superinten­ dent’s budget at the College. All the heating, lighting maintenance supplies are charged against Plant Superinten­ dent’s budget. In reviewing the literature, there was no breakdown of monies spent on these items, therefore it was hard to determine actual costs. The Plant Superintendent sends some of his workers to the Center periodically to help with the maintenance problems. There is no income generated by the college classes conducted at the Huntington Center. The students do pay room and board. The room portion is deposited with the State University of New York, and the F.S.A. (Faculty- Student Association) in order for them to operate the food services. The instructional cost for classes taught at Hunting­ ton Memorial Outdoor Education are allocated by depart­ ments. Such departments as the Men's Physical Education, Women’s Physical Education, Recreation Education, etc. 231 The expenses for some of the non-credit conferences, meetings, etc. held at Huntington Center are financed out of income allocated to the Department of Continuing Edu­ cation.2*^

Summary State University of New York, College at Cortland is a state supported school with an on-campus enrollment of approximately six thousand students. In 1948 State Teachers College at Cortland established its outdoor edu­ cation center at Raquette lake, New York. Students from the college, college campus school and off-campus groups have been attending the camp for the past twenty-four years. The first program to be offered at the camp for students attending the college was a two-week work camp. Since this haphazard beginning the camp has grown tre­ mendously in programs and course offerings. Several individuals can be cited as Important figures in establishing the camp and initiating its first pro­ grams. Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf was the tower of strength in the beginning. Dr. Franklin Coolidge initiated the campus school program. And Arthur Howe carried on as camp di­ rector after Metcalf. The person most responsible for the development of the camp during the past decade is

236. Interview with Mr. Richard Margison, Director of Business Affairs, State University College at Cort­ land, New York, August 15, 1972. 232 Mr. George Fuge. When Fuge took over the directorship in 1962 eleven programs were in operation. The facilities were utilized for approximately 109 days by some 232 stu­ dents. During the 1971-72 year, the facilities at Hunt­ ington Memorial Camp were utilized for a total of 303 days by 1,923 students. The program has grown from a two- week work camp to one providing some fifty different out­ door experiences. The diversity and application of the programs which have been instituted at the Center are a reflection of the capabilities of these educators. The Center which started out as a two-week operation has become a full-time operation ten months out of the year. About sixty percent of the funds to operate the Center come from college appropriations, the remaining funds come out of fees and charges to participating groups. CHAPTER IX

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

If we view the Adirondacks in 1972 as a point in time, as an instant in the flow of history, we can look back­ ward down the path from whence we came and hopefully gain some perspective of the changes that have influenced the development of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Cen­ ter. The history of the Adirondacks evolves around three themes. The first pertains to the coming of the early land barons who sought this wilderness region only for the natural resources that were so abundant. This very abun­ dance, this magnitude of natural resources, bred a spirit of unconcern. Exploitation and consolidation of private ownership marked this first period of resource development. Some of the resources endured for only a short while. Others were exploited far beyond the point at which their exploiters became wealthy. Of the many resources, the misuse of the forest typifies the lack of concern and poor foresight of these early land barons. Luring the 1860's the Adirondacks led the nation in the production of lumber. Prom 1860-1900 the philosophy was to "cut out" and "get out." The rapid depletion of

233 234 the Adirondack forest, and other forests across the country, provided the impetus for Congress to enact laws in order to create forest reserves. The first federal initiative in resource preservation occurred in 1872 with the establishment of Yellowstone National Park. By the end of the nineteenth century an estimated half of the original forest cover of nearly one billion acres had been lost. In 1891 Congress finally enacted a far reaching law authorizing the President to withdraw land from the public domain to create forest reserve under the jurisdiction of the Department of Interior. land in the Adirondacks was set aside in 1886 under jurisdiction of a forest commission which proved weak in administration. Timber interests maintained a free hand and widespread lumber stealing was carried on in utter contempt for the law. In 1894 public confidence in the forest commission reached an all time low arousing strong sentiments for constitutional provisions to safeguard the forests. In that same year the State legislature enacted Section Seven, Article II of the Constitution— the "for­ ever wild" clause forbidding the sale or lease of any forest preserve land and the sale, removal or destruction of timber. The backgrounds of men promoting this new philosophy were varied. The movement for forest preservation in New York was well established when Theodore Roosevelt 235 ■became Governor in 1898. Although he served for only two years before being elected Vice President of the United States in 1900, he devoted considerable attention to con­ servation problems. Roosevelt writes: "All that I strove for in the nation in connection with conservation was foreshadowed by what I strove to obtain for New York State 237 when I was Governor." Thus, the twentieth century began to emphasize a new era of conservation rather than ex­ ploitation. The second theme which appears in the history of the Adirondacks is the discovery of the region as a tourist area. Among the great entrepreneurs of the Adirondacks, loomed the figures of Dr. Thomas Clark Durant and his son, William West Durant, builders of stagecoach lines, rail­ roads, steamboats, and beautiful camps. The story of the Adirondacks, and Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center, is a story of William West Durant. He first visited the Adirondacks in 1876. Donaldson writes of Durant thus: He succeeded his father as president of the Adirondack Railroad and carried on his many de­ velopment schemes with an enthusiasm born of genuine delight in the woods. He built the first artistic camps the woods had ever seen, and opened up the Raquette lake region by facilities of transportation unknown before,

237. Sandy Marvinney, "Theodore Roosevelt Conserva­ tionist," The Conservationist, June-July, 1972, p. 20. 236 Indeed, he was conspicuously the developer of the Central Adirondacks.238 Durant's transportation system of railroads, stage­ coaches, and steamboats all progressed to bring about the results for which they were planned— to increase tourist travel to the Central Adirondack region. In 1886 W. W. Durant was quoted as saying, "I firmly believe the Adiron­ dacks are the resort of the future, and I am aiding heart and soul in the progress northward.»,2^9 With the development of Durant's transportation sys­ tem, tourist travel did come to the Adirondacks. Such wealthy and highly respected people as the Vanderbilts, Huntingtons, Morgans, Whitneys and the Colliers came'to this wilderness region and added spice to the history of the land. With the completion of Durant's steamboat line, the fame of Camp Pine Knot (the first of his artistic camps), began to spread and the camp became a showplace of the woods. Within the next few years, scores of places simi­ lar to Durant's Swiss chalet-type buildings were being erected throughout the Adirondacks by other builders. Prom this first camp sprang a distinctive school of Adiron­ dack architecture. After Camp Pine Knot was completed,

238. A. Ii. Donaldson, A History of the Adirondacks. p. 30. 239. New York Daily Tribune, quoted by Harold Hochschild in Dr. Durant and the Iron Horse (Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake,1962),—p7~!L0. 237 Durant acquired more property and constructed two addi­ tional camps: Uncas and Sagamore. In 1890 in search of an Adirondack home, Collis P. Huntington (a famous railroad builder and frequent guest of W. W. Durant), purchased Gamp Pine Knot from Durant. Huntington and his family occupied Camp Pine Knot from 1895 until his death in August 1900. During the latter part of the nineteenth century, elegant camps and cottages were being built along the banks of Raquette Lake and along many of the other lakes. The Adirondacks were, in part, becoming the playground for the wealthy. The third theme of the Adirondacks pertains to camping and outdoor education. This new interest was in response to change; an attempt to preserve some of the values of the past. A new concept began to prevail— learning from nature as a developmental process of man. One of the most significant aspects of the outdoor education movement in New York State was the development of college camps. In 1948 State Teachers College at Cortland acquired Camp Pine Knot, as a gift from the Huntingtons, to be used as an outdoor education labora­ tory to train students. The first program to be offered to students attending State Teachers College at Cortland, was a two-week work camp. Since this haphazard beginning, the programs have grown in quality and quantity. Huntington Memorial 258 Outdoor Education Center is truly becoming, if not al­ ready, one of the leading outdoor education centers in the country. This camp, which was once a showplace of the woods, a resort for the wealthy, is still very much a part of the Adirondack heritage. As the Center moves into its twenty-fifth year of operation, an increasing awareness of the need for en­ vironmental education will place new demands on the pro­ grams to be offered. The ecological changes within the Adirondacks themselves will be matched by continuing cul­ tural changes within society in general, by forces that are for the most part beyond our control. The upward pro­ gression in the standard of living will probably continue; people, ever more affluent, will be financially able to do more of the things they have dreamed of. And the four-day work week, gradually becoming a reality for many, will give them the time to do it. With more leisure time and opportunities for vacation any month of the year, we will see recreation become a year-round activity. Witness, for example, what has hap­ pened already in winter sports within our own generation: the increase in skiing and snowmobiling. We no longer abandon the woods in the off-season. These kinds of changes in the societal environment will in great measure determine what is to be taught in our schools, colleges, sind outdoor education centers. 239 As one studies the changes that have taken place in the Adirondacks over the past seventy-five years, since the first federal initiative in resource preservation, one will realize that the forces now molding public use and enjoyment of the Adirondacks are in fact sufficiently pre­ dictable to give us some insight into the future character and utilization of our wilderness heritage. By examining the trends and anticipating the future, we can gain the option of exercising some control over the direction we take. If nothing else, such a projection should help to remind us that whatever we do today, in the 1970*s, will definitely affect much of the history soon to be written. CHAPTER X

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the growth and development of programs that have taken place at Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center over the past quarter of a century and the antici­ pated demands that will he placed onthe center during the next decade, the following recommendations for a future ideal outdoor education center can be made:

Personnel for the Center. The director of the center should possess at least a master*s degree, preferably in outdoor education or a related field. He should hold faculty rank as opposed to staff rank at the supporting institution. The assistant director should be a full­ time person with a similar background. The remaining staff consisting of: instructors, maintenance people, cooks, office workers, and specialists may be hired on a full- or part-time basis.

Program of the Center. The primary function of the center is to provide a training site in environmental education for those who will be working with youth and adults in

240 241 outdoor settings. In order to meet the demands that will he placed on the natural environment as a laboratory for learning, and on teaching skills and appreciation for the out-of-doors, the State University of New York, College at Cortland, should adhere to the center*s Master Plan es­ tablished in 1965. Serious consideration should be given to the revision and updating of this plain. In this revi­ sion emphasis should be placed on the four functions of the center as outlined by the Camp Advisory Committee in Chapter Eight. In order to cope with the recreational movement now underway, and the flood of people coming into the woods, colleges and universities will need to prepare people in recreation resource management and people management. Also, the development of a research program should be con­ sidered at the center to aid program development. The center should be made available for use at all times during the year as needed for outdoor educational purposes. In order to provide for these outdoor experi­ ences, priorities should be established for both college and non-college use of the center under the following four categories: (1) purpose of the program, (2) function of the program (outdoor-vs-classroom) instruction, (5) use of the intrinsic resources of the center, and (4) outdoor recreational activities. Within each of the four 242 categories, an order of priorities is established which relates to that particular type of program, First Priority programs are those that are part of the regular College curriculum, are credit courses and are concerned with study in, for and about the natural environment. These programs must need to utilize the intrinsic natural resources of the center as the educa­ tional laboratory. Within this category, the following order of priorities is established: A, Required courses (graduate and under­ graduate) . B. Elective courses (graduate and under­ graduate) . C. Field trips as part of functioning on-campus courses. D, Teacher training workshops carrying in-service credit. Second Priority programs are those that function to complement the environmental educa­ tion program development needs of the College community. These may be non-credit, educa­ tional programs that involve studies in, for and about the natural environment. They must need to utilize the intrinsic natural re­ sources of the Center as the educational media. Within this category the following order of priorities is established: A. Outdoor education-environmental educa­ tion workshops (non-credit), B. Outdoor education-environmental educa­ tion support programs. Third Priority programs are those uti- lizing primarily the intrinsic isolation of the facility for group conferences and concerned with humanistic studies. Within this category the following order of priorities is estab­ lished. A. Continuing education programs re­ lated to environmental problems or studies. B. College-centered retreat programs. C. Other seminars or meetings. Fourth Priority programs are those uti- lizing the natural'resources of the Center for outdoor recreational activities. These 245 programs are restricted to students and staff desiring to continue the outdoor recreational skills developed as a result of prior course work taken at the center.240

Administration of the Center. At the present time, at the State level the center is categorized under the heading of Organized Activities in terms of budget allocation. At the local college level, the center comes under the Divi­ sion of Graduate and Continuing Education. The ideal center should he administered by some structure other than a department or division within the college. If the center were a separate entity within the institution, administered by someone such as a Vice Presi­ dent for Academic Affairs, its scope would be broadened to the various factions of the college. An interdisci­ plinary advisory committee from within the college should be established to assist in the administration of the center.

Financial Support of the Center. The Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center should be supported by the State University of New York Purpose Funds (State budget allo­ cation) and from State University Income Funds (S.U.N.Y. allocations) with budget division approval, as far as both operating expenses and capital improvement funds are

240. College^ Public Relations Office, "Priorities," Outdoor Education Center. State University College ai Cortland, New York, February 1972, pp. 708. 244 concerned. If the college considers the center as an integral part of the campus facility, then it should he financed in the same manner as any indoor education pro­ gram. Some percentage of capital improvement funds could he provided for from gifts to the center and from groups outside the college. The present limited funds prevents the center from accomplishing its objectives. In view of the social and economic influences present in our society today, and the recreational movement under­ way, one can anticipate some of the changes that will take place. As recreational demands increase and more and more people use the woods for recreation, pressures will in­ crease to develop the remaining lands. In order to pre­ vent the over-use and misuse that our forefathers experi­ enced, the future lies in the attitude of reverence we in­ still in youth. By involving these youngsters in environ­ mental issues, hy getting them into the field and forest to see and experience living things, we can he instru­ mental in assuring that in their adult lives they will have a concern for the remaining wildlands. In order to meet the challenges of the future, Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center should continue to do its part in providing a training site for those who will he working with youth and adults in various outdoor settings. 'APPEND! CBS 246

APPENDIX A

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF THE ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS IN NEW YORK STATE 247 a p p en d ix B APPENDIX c « W s h o w in g n o r th w e s t s e c t io n o p Adir o n d a c k MOUNTAINS

vi

assss 249

APPENDIX D

MAP SHOWING SOUTHEAST SECTION OF ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS 250

APPENDIX E

MAP SHOWING SOUTHWEST SECTION OF ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS

Al>.FOININ(i*TEHKITOUYaanuo m JIA l’H Ahti PIKLD NOTKH

STATt DEPARTMENTS if ALBANY. N.T.

TUPOGttAPHlCALSHEETBo*r** U.B. GEOLOGICAL SURYKY taW*A&LMQ«*&MACI. 251

APPENDIX F

MAP SHOWING THE TOTTEN AND CROSSFIELD PURCHASE

A d ir o n d a c k M o u n t a i n s 252

APPENDIX G

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF ADIRONDACK FOREST PRESERVE

ADI Oft

tali vrotiHC o r u c o

c*rr«R4ucus 253

APPENDIX H

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF WOODS POINT ON EAST SHORE OF RAQUETTE LAKE APPENDIX I

MAP SHOWING ADIRONDACK RAILROAD FROM SARATOGA TO NORTH CREEK, N.I. 255

APPENDIX J

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF DURANT VILLAGE ON LONG POINT, NEW YORK 256

APPENDIX X

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF PINE KNOT POINT ON LONG POINT, NEW YORK

L o t * 6 NORTH V BAY ffpOINT aCO P BEECHER & ISLAND § o£

MAN BAY BLUFF POINT BOULDER BROOK *n s GREEN PT OULDEK BA' o I 3, &

rt^^^EEDLE ISl/AND _ 2 > t7>; / t-3 Cortland's OGA P T ^ r s > BROOK I *TJ Huntington oG y.-3 *TJ /! NY?*' O 30 FT Mem orial *0 ats H y t! •25M 1^ WOODS POINT S 3 VER BAY ^ - O MARION RIVER HUNTERS y ANTLERS LONG POINT I POINT r *5 SILVER BEACH CO l PINE G CARLIN* j KNOT PT RAQUETTE LAKE SOUTH BAYsj GOLDEN BEACH j VILLAGE T [I9FTMAJ<] \ / I '——. _ , i fO BROWN'S TRACT DEATH QI VJ1 INLET BROOK -'J -TO INLET HIRD’S o /-vaT 1 t\(COV APPENDIX M

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF SAGAMORE AND UNCAS LAKES INUrrm a y n u k , bay ( r p o m „ & BEECHER *X3 & ^-' ISLAND scCO

oa STILLMAN BAY BLUFF POINT s BOULDER BROOK >■o GREEN PT \ "-CgOULDER BA' •-3 s \ ^ a rt®4!^EDL/E ISLAND S I SUCKER f « Cortland’s BROOK BAY '1 Huntington n CO 30 FT Memorial

/ WOODS POINT oI VER BAY p CO i\ a MARION RIVER B HUNTER'S IV I I ro REST \l V i ANTLERS LONG POINT POINT /s'| I SILVER BEACH 0 I Bl a ELAN I PINE CARLIN’.S 1 KNOT PT 1 RAQUETTE LAKE GOLDEN BEACH a VILLAGE , SOUTH BAYn 19 FT MAX I \ y. BROWN'S TRACT DEATH Eg INLET BROOK <^s*r-— ■—7 -TO INLET BIRD'S ' BCAT LIVERY ro ui SOUTH INLET R28 —TO BLUE MT LAKE VD 260

APPENDIX 0

RAQUETTE LAKE RAILROAD, FEBRPARY 2ND. 1899

DIRECTORS

1. Collis P. Huntington, President and Executive Committee

2. Dr. W, Seward Webb

3. J. Pierpont Morgan

4. W. C. Whitney

5. Harry Payne Whitney, Executive Committee

6. S. R. Callaway, President New York Central Railroad

?. William West Durant, Executive Committee

R. Senator Chauneey M. Depew

9. Ma.jor E. M. Burns, Vice President and General Manager

10. C. E. Snyder, Legal Advisor and Executive Committee

11. I. E. Gates, Vice President, Southern Pacific Railroad, Treasurer

12. Robert Bacon, (of J. P. Morgan).

13. John A. Dix

INCORPORATORS ONLY

14. Dr. A. G. Garster

15. Joseph H, Ladew 261

APPENDIX P

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF DURANT LAKE IN HAMILTON COUNTY

HIGHVW DCMR1MCN? MAAOf HAMILTON COUNTY NEW YORK

o i h i i. m i l l M i **

& & 262

APPENDIX Q

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF PROPERTY PURCHASED BY C.P. HUNTINGTON

§ § * * *

S Co

t ^ / APPENDIX R

MAP SHOWING PARCELS OF LAND ON LONG POINT AND DATES COLLIS P. HUNTINGTON PURCHASED THESE PROPERTIES 264

APPENDIX S

MAP OF PINE KNOT POINT 265

APPENDIX T

MAP SHOWING REFERENCES TO DEEDS OF C. P. HUNTINGTON

Jo <£•

v» —G 266

APPENDIX U

LAW AUTHORIZING THE ACCEPTANCE OF A SITE BY THE STATE OF NEW YORK

...... * vi

LAWS OF NEW YORK.— By Authority t CHAPTER 485 AX ACT autlioriziijpr the acceptance of a site by the state in the city of Buffalo for the htate college for teachers Became a law March 31, 1044, with the approval of the Governor. Passed, threc-fifthB being present The People of the Htate of New York, represented in Hcnatc and Assembly, do enact ae follows: Section 1. The commissioner of education, with the consent of the superintendent of public works, is hereby authorized to take title, free of encumbrances and existing easements and without cost to the state, to a site to bcjocated in the city of Buffalo for the erection thereupon of a building or buildings for “ New York State College for Teachers at Buffalo” . Title to such property may be transferred to the state by deed or deeds of conveyance and other necessary instruments of transfer delivered to the commissioner of education, accompanied by a certificate of the attorney general approving the title and form and sufficiency of execution of such conveyance and instruments. Such conveyance and instruments may contain the condition that such property shall revert to the grantors, their heirs, successors or assigns, in the event that con­ struction of such buildings is not commenced within ten years from the passage of this act. * § 2. This act shall take effect immediately.

State of N e w Y o h k, 1 . ' Department of State, j SB! I have compared the preceding with the original law on file in this office, and do hereby certify that the same ia a correct transcript therefrom and of tho wholo of said original law. THOMAS J. CURRAN, Secretary of State I J 267

APPENDIX V

ARTICLE ON A.M. HUNTINGTON'S DONATION OF 300 ACRES

Huntington Gives College Properly

CORTLAND.—Archer M. Hunt­ ington of Reading, Conn., and New York city has donated 300 acres of land to Cortland state teachers col­ lege for a camp. ’ The property, which includes 17 buildings, is situated on Raquette Lake and has been given by Hunt­ ington as a memorial to his father, the late Collis Potter Huntington. The state legislature must approve the gift. Most of the buildings on Long Point peninsula, con be used with­ out alteration and include a serv­ ant's house of approximately 20 rooms: a guide house large enough to accommodate about 10 students: the Durant camp of eight rooms; a new house of 10 rooms: nursery of seven rooms: recreation hall; Kirby camp with a large living room, four bedrooms, a bath and service rooms. Besides Ihcsc buildings there arc a number of Adirondack ICanto's along the shore. Most o fthe build­ ings arc lurnis'ned. The camp is badly nccded'by the college which has been using a camp at Chatcaugay Lake that no longer can be rented. Cortland teachers college has in operation the largest physical training pro­ gram in any such school in the country and included is traaining in outdoor education and camping. College authorities point out the camp would be staffed by regular instructors now on the college fac­ ulty. Only a caretaker would be necdd at present. ; .. . ' *.r 1______^ _ r r # > r ^ U

241. The Post Standard, "Huntington Gives College Property At Eaquette Lake", February 18, 1948 268

APPENDIX W

AN ACT AUTHORIZING THE ACCEPTANCE OF CERATIN LANDS IN HAMILTON COUNTY BY THE STATE FOR THE STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE AT CORTLAND STATE OF NEW YORK

No. 1569 Int. 1524

February 4, 1948 /f//

Introduced by Mr, CREAL— read onee and referred to the Committee on Ways and Means

Authorizing the acceptance of certain lands in Hamilton county by the state for the New York state teachers' college of Cortland'

The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows:

^ Section 1. The commissioner of education is hereby authorized

2 to take title, free of encumbrances and easements and without cost

3 to the state, to certain lands, being all the premises of-Archer M.

£ Huntington, located on Long Point peninsula of Raquette lake

) in the county of Hamilton, Such title shall be taken in memory of

0 Collis Potter Huntington on behalf of the state for the use of the

7 New York state teachers’ college at Cortland.

8 Title to such property may be transferred to the state by deed

9 or deeds of convcyunee and other necessary instruments of transfer 269

APPENDIX X

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF CAMP MARION ON LONG POINT, RAQUETTE LAKE

0NG PoiNf 270

APPENDIX Y

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF TANAGER LODGE ON UPPER CHATEAUGAY LAKE

A d ir o n d a c k M o u n t a i n s 271

APPENDIX Z

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF FACILITIES ON PINE KNOT POINT BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. BOOKS

Aber, Ted and Stella King. History of Hamilton County. Great Wilderness Books, Lake Pleasant, New York, 1965. Applegate, Howard Lewis. The Story of Sagamore. Univer­ sity College of Syracuse University, May 1961. Conservation Committee. The Forest Preserve of New York State. Adirondack Mountain Club, Inc., 1965. Dana, Samuel T. Education and Outdoor Recreation. United States Government Printing Office, 1968. Donaldson, A. L. A History of the Adirondacks. Appleton- Century Crofts, Inc., 1921. Evans, Cerinda W. Collis Potter Huntington. The Mariners Museum, Newport News, Virginia, Vol. I. Freeherg, William H. and L. E. Taylor. Programs in Out­ door Education. Minneapolis, Burgess Publishing Company, 1953. Gabrielson, M. A., and Charles Holtzer. Outdoor Education. New York, Center for Applied Research in Education, Inc., 1965. Hochschild, Harold. Adirondack Steamboats on Raquette and Blue Mountain Lakes. Adirondack Museum, Blue Moun- tain Lake, 196>2. Hochschild, Harold. An Adirondack Resort in the Nineteenth Century— Blue Mountain Lake 1870-1900. Stagecoaches and luxury Hotels. Adirondack Museum Library. New York, 1952.------Hochschild, Harold. Durant and His Iron Horse. Adiron­ dack Museum Library, New York, 1962.

273 274 Hochschild, Harold K. life and leisure in the Adirondack Backwoods> Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain lake, Itfew York, 1962. Hochschild, Harold, lumberjacks and Rivermen in the Cen­ tral Adirondacks, 1850-1950. Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountainlake,19 52. Hochschild, Harold. The MacIntyre Mine, from Failure to Fortune. Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain lake, 5few' York, 1962. Hochschild, Harold. Township 34. Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain lake, New York, 1954. Jamieson, Paul F. The Adirondack Reader. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1964. lieberman, Joshua, Creative Camping; a coeducational ex­ periment in personality development and social living. New York Association Press, 1931. longstreth, Thomas M. The Adirondacks. The Century Com­ pany, New York, 19l7. Mand, Charles 1. Outdoor Education. J. lowell Pratt and Company, New York, 1947. Masten, Arthur H. The Story of Adirondac. The Adirondack Museum, Syracuse University Press,1968. Miles, G. E. Collis P. Huntington. 1897. Miller, William J. The Adirondack Mountains. The Univer­ sity of The State of New York, Albany, 1917. Porter, Eliot. Forever Wild: The Adirondacks. Adiron­ dack Museum, Blue Mountain lake, New York, 1966. Reid, Robert W. The Development of a School Education Camping Program! Recordak Corp., New York, 19^0. Sharp, 1. B. Outdoor Education for American Youth. Washington,1),0,, American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 1957. Smith, H. Perry. The Modem Babes in the Woods or: Sum­ mering in the Wilderness. Columbian Book Company, Syracuse , llew York,lS72. 275 Smith, Julian W. Outdoor Education. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1963. Smith, Julian W. Outdoor Education for American Youth. American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Washington, D.C., 1957. Smith, Julian, R. E. Carlson, H. B. Masters, and G. W. Donaldson, Outdoor Education. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1972. Sylvester, Nathaniel B. Historical Sketches of Northern New York. Published, “1877~. Thomas, Howard. Tales of the Adirondack Foothills. Pros pect Book Co., Prospect, New fork, 195*>. Warner, Charles D. In the Wilderness. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1906. Wessels, William. Adirondack Profiles. Hamilton Adver­ tising Agency, Blue Mountain, New York, 1961. White, William Chapman. Adirondack Countrv. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1954.

B. ARTICLES and PERIODICALS . nA Millionaire's Adirondack Camp," Illustrated Saturday Magazine. August 25, 1900. p. 5. Campus School Outdoor Education Program Committee. "General Objectives for the Campus School Outdoor Education Program," Camping Philosophy of the Campus School, State University or Uew York, College at Cortland, New York, October 1968, p. 4. College's Public Relations Office, "Outdoor Education Practicum," Outdoor Education Center, State Univer­ sity College at Cortland, New^ork, February 1972, p. 10. College's Public Relations Office, "Programs in the Bio­ logical Sciences," Outdoor Education Center, State University College at Cortland, New tork, February 1972, p. 9. Cooper, Hermann, "Teacher Education for the Out-of-Doors," Camping and Education, The Bulletin of the National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1947. 276 Portland Standard. "Albany Okays Gift of Estate to the College," April 28, 1948. Cortland Standard.. "Outdoor Education and Camping Courses Offered at Huntington Memorial Camp," May 1949. Cortland Standard. "Tentative Program for Teachers Col- lege Camp Announced by Dr. Metcalf," February 21, 1948, p. 2. Department of Conservation and Outdoor Education, Explana­ tion of the Programs in Conservation and Outdoor Education at Southern Illinois University. Carbon- dale, Illinois, 1972. Donaldson, George W, "Living and Learning— Outdoors," The School Executive. February 1945, p. 65. Ford, Phillis M. Recreation and Mark Management Option in Outdoor Education with Teacher Certification.Univer­ sity of Oregon, 1971, p. 1. Fuge, George. "Portland's Other Campus," Cortland Alumni Magazine, Vol. XXIV (Spring 1967), pp. 1-5. Grenon, Joseph P. Camp Marion, pp. 1-5. Harvey, Ellen E. Outdoor Education, University of Maryland, 1972. Harvey, Ellen E. "In Memoriam," The Cortland Alumni Maga­ zine (Y/inter 1962), p. 47. Marvinney, Sandy. "Theodore Roosevelt Conservationist," The Conservationist, June/July, 1972, p. 20. Meaddoff, Stell. "A Perfect Grand Time," Didasaleion. State Teachers College at Cortland, 1958, p. 150. Metcalf, Harland G. "Outdoor Education Relations . . . In Context," Mature Study. 1970, p. 1. Hew York Herald Tribune. "Archer Huntington Dies; Poet and Philanthropist— Son of Western Railroad Pioneer was Art Patron and World Traveler," December 11, 1955. New York Journal, "Collis P. Huntington," August 14, 1900, p. 1. Mew York Tribune. "Lake Created by C.C.C, to be Named for Durant," August 11, 1936. 277 New York Tribune. "William West Durant Dies; Developer of Adirondacks," 1934. Raney, Edward, "Minnows of New York," The Conservationist, April/May, p. 22, Shaffer, David. "Adirondacks 1Forever Wild' Wins Rocky's Approval," The Portland Standard, July 26, 1972, p. 8, Shaffer, David. "State Decision Will Decide Future of Adirondacks," The Cortland Standard, September 6, 1972, p. 7. Sharp, I, B, and E, DeAlton Partridge, "Camping and Out­ door Education," The Bulletin of the National Associa- tion of Secondary’"SchooT^ Principals^-Vol. 3l CMav 1947;, pp. 53-59. Smith, Julian. Outdoor Education for American Youth. Washington: American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 1957. Smith, Julian. "Springfield College," Community and Out­ door Recreation. 1970-1973, pp. 30,” 31^ 78, 79. Syracuse Post Standard. "Huntington Gives College Pro- periy at Raquette lake," February 18, 1948. The New York Times. "Fun Guide Urged for Camp leaderB," i’ebruary 147 1946 • Welch, Fay, "Eleven Years of Outdoor Leadership Training," Syracuse University, Pamphlet. 1946, p. 2, Welch, Fay. "Tanager Lodge . . . Our Adirondack Wilder­ ness Camp," Cortland Alumni Magazine (Winter 1945), p. 1. Wells, Samuel. "Thomas Clark Durant," American Phreno­ logical Journal. March 1867, p. 70.

C . REPORTS Assembly Document. Report of the Geological Survey of New York. Report No. 200, 1938. Fuge, George. "Annual Reports," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives. Raquette Lake, ifew York, June 1962-June 1963. 278 Fuge, George. "Cortland College Outdoor Education Center— Course Offerings," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Educa­ tion Center Archives^ kaquette lake, Hew York, November 1967, pp. 2, 3. Gerhard, Victor J. A Report of the Scope (Suffolk County Organization for the Promotion of Education). Educa­ tion Facilities Laboratories. Scope, 1970. Howe, Art. "Annual Reports," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives." Raquette Lake. New York. June l9i?0-June 195^. Huntington Camp Planning Committee. "A Master Plan for the Immediate and Long Range Development of the Hunting­ ton Memorial Camp of State University College, Cort­ land, New York and Its Adjunct Properties," Hunting­ ton Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives. June 1965, p* 3. Metcalf, Harlan G. "Recreation Education— Summer School," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Ar- chivesT Raquette Lake, New York, April 1951. Metcalf, Harlan G, "Report of The State Teachers College Boys Work Camp on Long Point, Raquette Lake," Hunting­ ton Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives" July 1948, p7 1. Metcalf, Harlan G. "Structures at the Huntington Out­ door Education Center," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives^ April 1948, pp. 1-5. Mengel, Gordon. "Camping Philosophy of the Campus School," Campus School Report. State University College at Cortland, October 1968.

McDermott, George. "Science Camp— Course 706," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives. 5aquette~Lake, New York, August 12, 1971. Vandermeer, John H. and Lawrence Slobodkin. "Ecological Resources in New York State's Colleges and Univer­ sities," Rensselaer Research Corporation. Troy, New York," i97l. Young, Kenneth. "Huntington Camp Planning Committee," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Ar­ chives. September 18, 1964, pp. 1-2. 279 D. DOCUMENTS Durant, Rev. William. "Durant Piles." Manuscript 1870- 1908. Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, New York. Durant, William West. Book of Deeds. Office of the County Clerk, Lake Pleasant, New York, Book 23, P. 54. Durant, William West. "Inventory List of Buildings on Camp Pine Knot," Documents. Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, February 7, 1895. Durant, William West. Manuscript 2-11. Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake,_ N ew Yorlc. Durant, William West. Manuscript 3-11. Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, New York. Durant, William West. Manuscript 6-10. Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, New York. Durant, William West. Manuscript 61-13. Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, New York. Durant, William West and Janet Durant. Manuscript 63-238. (Folder 10-11), Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, New York. Huntington, Arabella D. Book of Wills 1265. Office of Surrogate, Hamilton County, November 22, 1928, p. 201. Huntington, Archer Milton. Book of Deeds. Office of the County Clerk, Lake Pleasant, New York, p. 215. Huntington, Archer M. and Anna Hyatt Huntington. Book of Deeds. Hamilton County Clerks Office, Lake Pleasant, New York, February 16, 1949, p. 269. Huntington, Collis Porter. Book of Deeds. Office of the County Clerk, Lake Pleasant, New York, 1895, p. 21. Metcalf, Harlan G., William Clemens and Walter Thurber. References of Deeds. Office of the County Clerk, Lake Pleasant, New York, December 1947. Smith, Donnal V. "Letter of Intent," Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center Archives” December 18. i w r . ------280 E. LETTERS Brind, Charles A., Counsel for the State Education Depart­ ment, Albany, New York, to Archer M. Huntington, April 24, 1948. Gandelman, Hiram, New York State Maritime Academy, Fort Schuyler, New York, to Donnal V. Smith, President of State Teachers College at Cortland, November 5* 1948. Goldstein, Nathaniel, Attorney General, State of New York, Department of Law, Albany, New York, to Archer M. Huntington, December 2, 1948. Huntington, Archer M., to Donnal V. Smith, January 1, 1948. Huntington, Archer M., to Donnal V. Smith, January 15, 1948. Huntington, Archer M., to Donnal V. Smith, April 2, 1948. Huntington, Archer M., to Donnal V. Smith, July 20, 1948. Huntington, Archer M,,to Donnal V. Smith, July 30, 1948. Huntington, Archer M., to Harlan G. Metcalf, November 11, 1947. Huntington, Archer M., to Harlan G. Metcalf, January 1, 1948. Huntington, Archer M., to Nathaniel Goldstein, December 2, 1948. Howe, Arthur !., Director of Physical Education and Athletics, Hamburg High School, Hamburg, New York, to Donnal Smith, April 7> 1948. Killough, Robert C., Deputy Counsel for law, State Educa­ tion Department, to Archer M. Huntington, February 28, 1949. Killough, Robert C., to Donnal V. Smith, September 28, 1948. Metcalf, Harlan, to Archer M. Huntington, October 23, 1947. Metcalf, Harlan G., to Archer M. Huntington, November 11, 1947. 281 Metcalf, Harlan G., to Donnal V. Smith, December 7, 1947. Metcalf, Harlan G., to Archer M. Huntington, December 18, 1947. Smith, Donnal v., to Archer M. Huntington, December 18, 1947. Smith, Donnal v., to Archer M. Huntington, January 10, 1948. Smith, Donnal v., to Archer M. Huntington, January 27, 1948. Smith, Donnal v., to Archer M. Huntington, January 20, 1948. Smith, Donnal v., to Archer M. Huntington, April 8, 1948 Smith, Donnal V., to Archer M. Huntington, June 8, 1948. Smith, Donnal V., to Archer M. Huntington, July 28, 1948 Smith, Donnal V., to Archer M. Huntington, July 28, 1948 Smith, Donnal V., to Archer M. Huntington, August 23, 1948. Smith, Donnal V., to Arthur L. Howe, April 9, 1948. Smith, Donnal V., to Charles Brind, Jr., May 21, 1948. Smith, Donnal V., to Faculty Members, State Teachers Col­ lege, Cortland, New York, November 8, 1948. Smith, Donnal V.,to John Moore, caretaker at Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake, New York, June 3, 1948. Smith, Donnal V., to Lewis A. Wilson, Commissioner of Edu­ cation, New York State Education Department, October 22, 1948. Smith, Donnal V., to Robert Killough, April 2, 1948. Wilson, Lewis A., to John E. Burton, Director of Budget, January 22, 1948.

P. UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL Lewis, Charles A., "Outdoor Education: A Summary of Basic Concepts and Factors Influencing Its Growth and De­ velopment in New York State," Unpublished Ph.D. dis­ sertation, Print Shop, Port Washington, New York,1969. 282 G . OTHER SOURCES Bowling Green, Ohio. Personal interview with Donnal V. Smith, former president, State Teachers College at Cortland, Cortland, New York, May 16, 1972. Cortland, New York. Personal interview with David Miller professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, September 28, 1972. Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Prank Nania, professor, State University of New York, Col­ lege at Cortland, October 5# 1972. Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Pranklin Coolidge, former Principal of State Teachers College at Cortland Campus > chool, September 26, 1972, Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Pred T. Holloway, professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, September 22, 1972. Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Gene Waldbaurer, professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, October 18, 1972. Cortland, New York. W.K.R.T. radio interview with Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf, April 9, 1948. Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Jack MacPhee, professor, State Teachers College at Cort­ land, September 25# 1972. Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Larry Martin, associate professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, September 15# 1972. Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Robert Weber, Chairman of the Men's Physical Education Department, State University of New York, College at Cortland, September 28, 1972. Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Harry Bel- lardini, Director of Physical Education, State Uni­ versity of New York, Campus School, College at Cortland, September 28, 1972, Cortland, New York. Personal interview with Richard Margison, Director of Business Affairs, State Uni­ versity of New York, College at Cortland, August 15# 1972. 283 Cortland, New York. Personal Interview with Roland Eckard, professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, October 9, 1972. Raquette lake, New York. Personal interview with Arthur Cook, associate professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, June 11, 1972. Raquette lake, New York. Personal interview with George Fuge, Director of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Edu­ cation Center, June 22, 1972. Raquette lake, New York. Personal interview with Gordon Mendel, professor, Campus School, State University of New York, College at Cortland, June 21, 1972. ITully lake, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf, former director of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center, September 3, 1972. lully lake, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf, September 15, 1972. Q?ully lake, New York. Personal interview with Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf, August 16, 1972.