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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 I I 73-18,896 GONINO, Vincent John, 1936- THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER RAQUETTE LAKE, NEW YORK, STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK COLLEGE AT CORTLAND. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 Education, history University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1973 VINCENT JOHN GONINO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER RAQUETTE LAKE, NEW YORK STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK COLLEGE AT CORTLAND DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Vincent J, Gonino, B.S., M.A The Ohio State University 1972 Approved by School of Physical Education DEDICATION To my mother and father ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the cooperation of all the contributors to this study. To Dr. Charles 1. Mand, Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf and Mr. George Fuge, the writer expresses his gratitude for their suggestions, ideas and information in preparing this dissertation. A special thanks is extended to his wife, Jean, and sons, John and Grant, without whose love, encouragement, and sacrifice this study would not have been possible. iii VITA 1957-1960 B.S. degree, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1960-1961 United States Army 1961-1964 Teacher, Whitehall Public Schools, Columbus, Ohio 1964-1965 M.A. degree, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 1965-1966 Instructor, Keystone Junior College, LaPlume, Pennsylvania 1966-1971 Assistant Professor, State University of New York, College at Cortland, New York 1971-1972 Ph.D. degree, Teaching Associate, The School of Physical Education, Men*s Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio - FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field Physical Education/Administration Minor Area: Recreation TABLE OP CONTENTS Page DEDICATION.......................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................. ill VITA............................................. iv LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS............................ vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.............................. 1 Purpose of the Study................... 5 Significance of the Study.............. 6 Procedures of the Study................ 6 Definition of the Terms Used in the Study............................ 9 II. THE ADIRONDACKS AND RAQUETTE LAKE......... 14 III. THE DURANT PAMILY AND OTHER EARLY SETTLERS AT RAQUETTE LAKE................. 30 IV. THE EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OP OUTDOOR CENTERS.................................. 82 V. THE LEGAL PACTORS OP THE EXCHANGE OP OWNERSHIP................................ Ill VI. OUTDOOR EXPERIENCES PRIOR TO ACQUISITION OP HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER................................... 162 VII. INITIAL PROGRAMS AND PERSONNEL AS RELATED TO THE USE OP HUNTINGTON MEMORIAL OUTDOOR EDUCATION CENTER......................... 169 VIII. ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS AND DEVELOPMENT THROUGH 1972............................. 191 v CHAPTER Page IX. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS...................... 255 X. RECOMMENDATIONS............................ 240 APPENDICES........................................ 245 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................... 272 vi LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS Page William West Durant.......................... 59 Swiss Chalet Building, Pine Knot Point, Raquette Lake, 1882.................................... 47 Trapper's cabin, Pine Knot Point, Raquette Lake, 187 9.......................................... 47 William West Durant's home, Pine Knot Point, Raquette Lake, 1880............................ 48 Recreation Hall, Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake, 188 0 49 Nursery, Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake, 1880...... 50 Old Maid's cabin, Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake, 1880 50 Utowana steamboat on the Marion River............. 58 Utowana Bteamboat at Bassett's Carry, circa 1880... 58 Restaurant located on Bassett's Carry............. 59 Killoqah steamboat near Bassett's Carry.......... 59 Swiss Chalet Building, Pine Knot Point, Raquette Lake, 1972............................ 70 Aerial view of State University of New York, Out­ door Education Center, Raquette lake, New York, 1972.......................................... 158 Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf, Jim Metcalf and John Moore fishing on Raquette Lake.................. 184 Entrance sign to Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center, Camp Pine Knot, Raquette Lake.......................................... 190 vii Page Dr. Harlan G. Metcalf, Director of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center, 1948-1950.... 196 Arthur 1. Howe, Director of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center, 1950-1961........... 201 George Euge, Director of Huntington Memorial Outdoor Education Center, 1962-present........ 209 Aerial view of Antlers Camp, Raquette Lake, New York, 1965................................ 213 « viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Huntington Memorial Camp Outdoor Education Center is situated on Raquette Lake, New York. Raquette Lake is lo­ cated in the north central portion of New York State. The lake is noted for its irregular shoreline (the longest of any lake in the Adirondacks) and its beautiful natural surroundings, as the lake is practically surrounded by two and a half million acres of Forest Preserve lands. The Adirondacks are a group of mountains in the northeastern part of New York State. These mountains are related to the Laurentian highlands of Canada. Jacques Cartier, as far as history records, was the first white man to look upon the Adirondack Mountains and may very well be credited with their discovery. This event took place in the early 1500*8. For nearly three hundred years after their discovery, the Adirondacks remained virtually unrealized by the white man. It was not until the eighteenth century that settlers penetrated this highland wilderness. Among the great entrepreneurs of the Adirondacks, loom the figures of Dr. Thomas Clark Durant and his son, 1 William West Durant, builders of railroads, steamboats and luxurious camps. It was largely through the efforts of Dr. Thomas Clark Durant that the central and northern portion of the Adirondacks became attractive to tourists. Dr. Durant completed construction of the Adirondack Railroad from Saratoga to North Creek, New York in 1871. Prior to the Adirondack Railroad, access to the Central Adirondacks was difficult and time-consuming. The horse and buggy or boats were the primary sources of travel. With the comple­ tion of the railroad, Durant began occasional exploration in the Raquette Lake area. This area he proposed to de­ velop as a resort for the wealthy. In order to pursue this interest he felt he needed help and sent for the aid of his son, William West Durant. The arrival of William West Durant precipitated many business ventures in the Raquette Lake area. Durant built a series of transportation systems to aid visitors trav­ eling to the area. His first effort was the organizing of a stage coach line from North Creek to Blue Mountain Lake. His second venture was a steamboat line from Blue Mountain to Raquette Lake. This was an effort to develop the cen­ tral Adirondack region. As William West Durant began to expand his business interests, he began making plans for a summer home, to be called Camp Pine Knot. This camp was built in 1879 and was located on Pine Knot Point on Raquette Lake. The style of this camp was "basically simple. Durant combined the "best features of the early Adirondack crude log cabin with the graceful and decorative features of the long and low mountain chalets which had keenly interested him during his