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This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King's Research Portal At This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Peace in whose time? Ripeness and local negotiated agreements The Sangin Accord, Helmand Province, Afghanistan, 2006–2011 Beautement, Mark Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 Please ignore the copyright statement on the preceeding coversheet. This is automatically generated on Pure when an e-thesis is downloaded. In fact this thesis is © Crown Copyright (MOD) 2016. Quotations or information derived from this work must be published with proper acknowledgement of the author and the copyright holder. FRONT MATTER Title page Peace in whose time? Ripeness and local negotiated agreements: the Sangin Accord, Helmand Province, Afghanistan, 2006–2011. Mark Beautement King’s College London War Studies Department. KCL student number 1164573. Supervisors Professor Theo Farrell (King’s College London). Professor Mats Berdal (King’s College London). Examiners Dr. Warren Chin (King’s College London). Dr. Alex Marshall (University of Glasgow). Page 1 of 334 May this work serve in some small way as a constant candle, honouring people in all walks of life who sit together and talk when other paths persist. A haiku, for my Grandparents Generations past, did more, for longer, with less. To you, gracious thanks. Lanterns in the dusk For those who wait. The scarred, of soul and frame. All whose homecoming never came. I remember you. Page 2 of 334 Acknowledgements, Declarations, and Copyright Acknowledgements Deep appreciation is due to all who supported me throughout this labyrinth. Friends, enduring, and unexpected. Family, and loved ones held close to my heart. Only your generosity, with time, expertise, and care, has made this possible. For Mike Williams, Stuart Gordon, Theo Farrell, Tim Clack, and Rob Johnson. You made this real from the rough: honing this project, and this person. To those who saved my life. And others who saved my future. Thank you. Declarations I recognise the constructive support given by the UK Ministry of Defence. I record here that the Ministry requested no alteration to the title, scope, and text of this work at any point: neither before or after the King’s College London examination, nor prior to publication in the university library. Copyright This thesis is © Crown Copyright (MOD) 2016. Quotations or information derived from this work must be published with proper acknowledgement of the author and the copyright holder. Page 3 of 334 Index FRONT MATTER ............................................................................................................. 1 Title page ....................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements, Declarations, and Copyright ........................................................ 3 Index .............................................................................................................................. 4 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 6 Abbreviations and acronyms ........................................................................................ 8 Glossary of Afghan language and cultural terms ........................................................ 10 Note on transliteration, naming, and referencing style ............................................. 12 List of Figures .............................................................................................................. 13 Timeline ....................................................................................................................... 16 Reference maps .......................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 21 Why study the Sangin Accord? ................................................................................... 21 Why seek a local negotiated agreement?................................................................... 33 Explaining negotiated agreements in theory and doctrine ........................................ 45 Identifying and collecting data on indicators of Ripeness .......................................... 56 Defining the research task and scholarly context ....................................................... 72 Thesis overview ........................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 2: AN EARLY HISTORY OF SANGIN DISTRICT ............................................... 83 Introducing Sangin: Sarwan Qala, the place of the caravans ..................................... 84 The Afghans and the struggle between Persia and India ........................................... 90 Afghans and outsiders: patronage, autonomy and land rights .................................. 94 From separatists to an independent Afghanistan ...................................................... 96 CHAPTER 3: FROM INDEPENDENCE TO INTERVENTION ........................................... 104 1920-1933: Consolidating independence ................................................................. 106 1933-1979: Water rights, reforms, and refugees ..................................................... 109 The legacy of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan ......................................................... 114 CHAPTER 4: MODERN PRECURSORS TO THE SANGIN ACCORD ................................ 125 1994-2001: The rise of the Taliban ........................................................................... 125 2001-2005: The roots of the NATO intervention ...................................................... 129 2006: Britain heads to Sangin ................................................................................... 135 CHAPTER 5: ON NEGOTIATION IN HELMAND PROVINCE ......................................... 146 Negotiating opportunities arise in north Helmand ................................................... 146 The anatomy of an uprising ...................................................................................... 157 Red lines and deal breakers ...................................................................................... 164 The reconciliation challenge ..................................................................................... 170 Page 4 of 334 CHAPTER 6: THE SANGIN ACCORD ............................................................................ 179 Negotiating a local political agreement .................................................................... 179 The Sangin Accord in a wider social and political context ........................................ 191 Making the Sangin Accord ........................................................................................ 194 The Sangin Accord: motivations and perceptions .................................................... 205 CHAPTER 7: EXPLAINING THE SANGIN ACCORD ....................................................... 214 The relationship between history and Ripeness theory ........................................... 215 Implications for the Mutually Hurting Stalemate ..................................................... 224 Implications for the Way Out .................................................................................... 235 Identifying the Ripe Moment .................................................................................... 242 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 250 The Sangin Accord: impact and legacy ...................................................................... 250 Implications for scholarship ...................................................................................... 258 Implications for policy and practice .......................................................................... 268 Final thoughts ............................................................................................................ 277 REFERENCE ANNEXES ................................................................................................ 285 ANNEX A: Details of the new primary sources.........................................................
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