DOCSLIB.ORG

Canada and the Icelandic Reserve, 1875-1897

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canada and the Icelandic Reserve, 1875-1897 An Experiment in Immigrant Colonization: Canada and the Icelandic Reserve, 1875-1897 by Ryan Christopher Eyford A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2010 by Ryan Christopher Eyford Abstract In October 1875 the Canadian government reserved a tract of land along the southwest shore of Lake Winnipeg for the exclusive use of Icelandic immigrants. This was part of a larger policy of reserving land for colonization projects involving European immigrants with a common ethno-religious background. The purpose of this policy was to promote the rapid resettlement and agricultural development of Aboriginal territory in the Canadian Northwest. The case of the Icelandic reserve, or Nja Ísland (New Iceland), provides a revealing window into this policy, and the ways in which it intersected with the larger processes of colonization in the region during the late nineteenth century. The central problem that this study addresses is the uneasy fit between "colonization reserves" such as New Iceland and the political, economic and cultural logic of nineteenth-century liberalism. Earlier studies have interpreted group settlements as either aberrations from the "normal" pattern of pioneer individualism or communitarian alternatives to it. This study, by contrast, argues that colonization reserves were part of a spatial regime that reflected liberal categories of difference that were integral to the extension of a new liberal colonial order in the region. Using official documents, immigrant letters and contemporary newspapers, this study examines the Icelandic colonists’ relationship to the Aboriginal people they displaced, to other settler groups, and to the Canadian state. It draws out the tensions between the designs and perceptions of government officials in Ottawa and Winnipeg, the administrative machinery of the state, and the lives and strategies of people attempting to navigate shifting positions within colonial hierarchies of race and culture. ii Acknowledgements I wish to acknowledge the generous financial assistance that I have received from many sources, including doctoral scholarships from the University of Manitoba, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and RANNÍS, the Icelandic Centre for Research. My supervisor, Adele Perry, also provided financial and material support in her capacity as the Canada Research Chair in Western Canadian Social History. My thanks go to Adele for her sage advice and direction, and for providing me with the freedom to chart my own path. Gerry Friesen and Royden Loewen, the other members of my thesis committee, also offered important encouragement and guidance. Gumundur Hálfdánarson of the University of Iceland offered helpful feedback in his capacity as my Icelandic supervisor under the RANNÍS scholarship. An earlier version of chapter 4 was published in the Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, and benefitted from the comments of Esyllt Jones, Wendy Mitchinson and four anonymous reviewers. I have received considerable assistance from the faculty and staff of the Department of History at the University of Manitoba. I would especially like to acknowledge the singular contribution of graduate secretary Carol Adam in shepherding me through the doctoral program. The fellows and staff of St. John's College provided a collegial work environment during my four years as a Research Fellow. Being at a university with a Department of Icelandic and a large collection of sources in the Icelandic language was an enormous asset for this project. My thanks go to Department Chair Birna Bjarnadóttir for her interest and encouragement, to Helga Hilmisdóttir for her iii skills as a language teacher, and to Sigrid Johnson for her help in accessing the collection's resources, and for providing a workspace in the collection. Librarians and archivists at the Archives of Manitoba, Library and Archives Canada, Landsbókasafn Íslands, and the National Archives [United Kingdom], have provided vital assistance with research. Thanks also to Nelson Gerrard, Bob Christopherson, and the late Donna Skardal for sharing manuscript material from their private collections. The roots of this project extend back to Vogar, Manitoba, a Métis village with an Icelandic name bordering a Euro-Canadian ranching community on one side and the Lake Manitoba First Nation on the other. That is where I began, and the imprint of that beginning has helped shape me as a person and as a historian. I would like to thank my family for their support and understanding during this long process. Yes, I am done. The biggest thanks go to Aleisha Reimer, my wife, partner, and best friend, for her intelligence, strength, and kindness. On many evenings and weekends we are also study companions, sometimes managing to find common ground between history and microbiology, but far more often succeeding in creating a supportive environment that has helped sustain and advance our quite different research endeavours. This dissertation is dedicated to her. iv Table of Contents List of Figures vi Introduction – “A Special Experiment of Immigrant 1 Colonization” Chapter 1 – Northern Dreamlands: The Convergence of 37 Icelandic Mass Migration and Canadian Expansionism Chapter 2 – Broken Townships: New Iceland, Colonization 75 Reserves and the Dominion Lands System Chapter 3 – The First New Icelanders: Family Migration and 122 the Formation of a Reserve Community Chapter 4 – Quarantined Within a New Order: Smallpox and 154 the Spatial Practices of Colonization Chapter 5 – “Principal Projector of the Colony”: The 187 Turbulent Career of John Taylor, Icelandic Agent Chapter 6 – Becoming British Subjects: Municipal 221 Government, Citizenship, and the Vatnsing Chapter 7 – “Freemen Serving No Overlord”: Debt, Self- 257 Reliance, Liberty, and the Limits of Exclusivity Conclusion – New Iceland and Liberal Colonization 291 Bibliography 300 v List of Figures 0.1 – Reserved Lands in Manitoba, 1870-1886 4 2.1 – Reserves and Surveyed Land in Manitoba, 1875 76 2.2 – Dominion Land Survey Township Grid 87 2.3 – John Taylor’s “Plan Proposed for Icelandic Village,” October 1875 109 2.4 – Benedikt Arason’s map of Víirnesbygg, January 1879 117 3.1 – Sslur divisions in Iceland during the emigration period 130 4.1 – “Quarantine Map of Manitoba and Keewatin,” 1877 176 6.1 - New Iceland showing the four byggir (settlements) 240 vi Introduction: “A Special Experiment of Immigrant Colonization” On 18 September 1877 the Canadian Ministers of Agriculture and Interior and their top deputies visited New Iceland, a reserve for Icelandic immigrants on the southwest shore of Lake Winnipeg. Two weeks later the Toronto Globe published an account of this “ministerial inspection” that also included an overview of the troubled history of this “special experiment of immigrant colonization”; since the arrival of the first group in the fall of 1875, the Icelandic colonists had endured hunger, crop failures, and disease, including an outbreak of smallpox that resulted in the colony being placed under rigid quarantine for almost ten months. The anonymous Globe correspondent noted that even though the Department of Agriculture’s Immigration Branch had “spent and loaned…large sums of public money…to establish this settlement” its future was still in doubt. He explained that the Ministers were there to assess the situation for themselves, and to determine whether government support for Icelandic immigration and colonization should continue into the future.1 This was a matter of politics as well as policy; opponents of Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie’s Liberals had cited the Icelandic colony as an example of the government’s failed colonization policy. These critics accused government officials of making a grave error in the choice of colony site, and accused the Icelanders of being an “effete and unprogressive race…not equal to the struggle of life on this continent and must inevitabl[y] succumb to the fate of the “least fit.”2 1 Globe, 2 October 1877. 2 Manitoba Daily Free Press, 25 September 1877. See also Manitoba Herald, 11 and 18 January 1877. 2 The Globe correspondent defended the government against the accusations of incompetence and negligence and painted an alternate picture of the Icelanders as worthy colonists. “If the site and the people were altogether unsuited to each other, and that if the consequence of such error had been, not only considerable waste of public money, but the infliction of suffering and death on large numbers of innocent and unsophisticated people…then the Immigration Department and all concerned would be justly subject to severe reproach. But what are the facts?”3 He asserted that the Icelanders were an orderly, literate, and hardworking people intent on achieving social and material progress. Therefore, “the experiment of this colony may be pronounced a success.”4 Unknown to Globe readers was the fact that the author was none other than John Lowe, Secretary of the Department of Agriculture, and thus one of the people principally responsible for orchestrating the colonization scheme.5 However, Lowe’s article was not only an attempt to whitewash the failures of this one particular colony. It was also a defense of a whole mode of colonization in which the state took an active role in encouraging group immigration and settlement on reserved tracts of land. He asserted “aided colonization in communities is nothing new on this continent. It has succeeded where it has been properly looked after.”6 * * * 3 Globe, 2 October 1877. 4 Ibid. 5 A few days after its publication, Lowe sent a copy of the Globe article to Canada’s Emigration Agent in London William Annand. “I may tell you (this, however, quite privately) that I wrote the article in question.” Library and Archives Canada [hereafter referred to as LAC], Department of Agriculture fonds, RG 17 [hereafter RG 17], “English and Continental Letterboooks” series [hereafter A I 8], reel T-158, volume 1666, page 126, John Lowe to William Annand, 19 October 1877.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Victoria County Centennial History F 5498 ,V5 K5
    Victoria County Centennial History F 5498 ,V5 K5 31o4 0464501 »» By WATSON KIRKCONNELL, M. A. PRICE $2.00 0U-G^5O/ Date Due SE Victoria County Centennial History i^'-'^r^.J^^, By WATSON KIRKCONNELL, M. A, WATCHMAN-WARDER PRESS LINDSAY, 1921 5 Copyrighted in Canada, 1921, By WATSON KIRKCONNELL. 0f mg brnttf^r Halter mtfa fell in artton in ttje Sattte nf Amiena Angnfit 3, ISiB, tlfia bnok ia aflfertinnatelg in^^iratei. AUTHOR'S PREFACE This history has been appearing serially through the Lindsaj "Watchman-Warder" for the past eleven months and is now issued in book form for the first time. The occasion for its preparation is, of course, the one hundredth anniversary of the opening up of Victoria county. Its chief purposes are four in number: — (1) to place on record the local details of pioneer life that are fast passing into oblivion; (2) to instruct the present generation of school-children in the ori- gins and development of the social system in which they live; (3) to show that the form which our county's development has taken has been largely determined by physiographical, racial, social, and economic forces; and (4) to demonstrate how we may, after a scien- tific study of these forces, plan for the evolution of a higher eco- nomic and social order. The difficulties of the work have been prodigious. A Victoria County Historical Society, formed twenty years ago for a similar purpose, found the field so sterile that it disbanded, leaving no re- cords behind. Under such circumstances, I have had to dig deep.
    [Show full text]
  • THE WHIG INTERPRETATION of the HISTORY of RED RIVER By
    THE WHIG INTERPRETATION OF THE HISTORY OF RED RIVER By BRIAN MARTIN GALLAGHER B.A., The University of British Columbia, 1980 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of History) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September, 1986 ® Brian Martin Gallagher, 1986 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date /0 Ot^^Ly E-6 (3/81) ii ABSTRACT The whig interpretation, which can be most simply defined as the idea that past events led in direct and progressive stages to the present, has long been recognized as a basic historiographic fallacy. The fullest expression of the whig interpretation of western Canadian history is to be found in the works of George F.G. Stanley and W.L. Morton. In presenting a narrative reconstruction of the events surrounding Canada's annexation of Red River, these authors primarily attempt to justify Canadian policy as the extension of British civilization.
    [Show full text]
  • Vestur – Íslendingar: the Icelanders of Manitoba
    THE THIRTEENTH HERMANN PÁLSSON LECTURE (2017) Vestur – Íslendingar: the Icelanders of Manitoba Margaret A. Mackay IT IS A great honour to have been invited by the Scottish Society for Northern Studies to deliver this year’s Hermann Pálsson Memorial Lecture. Hermann was a very good friend and colleague throughout my years at the University of Edinburgh and I rank Stella, his wife, Steinvör, his daughter, and Helena, his grand-daughter, among my close friends now. Let me rehearse a few details about Hermann’s life for those here who did not have the privilege of knowing him in person as well as those of us who did. He was born in 1921 at a farm in the north of Iceland, Sauthanes á Ásum, near Blönduós and the Húnafjörður. He was the sixth in a family of twelve children and lost his father at a young age. The family was not rich in material ways but valued education highly. Hermann gained a degree in Icelandic Studies at the University of Reykjavik in 1947 and went on from there to study for another degree, in Irish Studies, at the National University of Ireland, in University College Dublin. He soon learned Welsh as well, some of it by total immersion in a Welsh-speaking community in Gwynedd. Angus McIntosh (1914-2005) had been appointed to the new Forbes Chair of English Language and General Linguistics at the University of Edinburgh in 1948 and he appointed Hermann to a Lectureship in 1950. The School of Scottish Studies, in whose creation McIntosh was centrally involved, was coming into being at just that time and Hermann took a keen interest in it, retaining a strong affection for the School and its activities and a love of the Gaelic language and Celtic tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • 3146 Snowmobile Association
    THE CORPORATION OF THE COUNTY OF HALIBURTON BY-LAW NUMBER 3146 A BY-LAW TO AUTHORIZE AN AGREEMENT WITH THE ONTARIO FEDERATION OF SNOWMOBILE CLUBS AND ITS MEMBERS UNDER THE DIRECT SUPERVISION OF THE HALIBURTON COUNTY SNOWMOBILE ASSOCIATION WHEREAS Section 7(4) of the Motorized Snow Vehicles Act, R.S.O. 1990, Chapter M.44 as amended provides that the council of an upper-tier municipality may pass bylaws regulating and governing the operation of a motorized snow vehicles along or across any highway or part ofa highway under its jurisdiction; and WHEREAS the County of Haliburton owns the former railway right-of­ way that lies within the boundaries of the County of Haliburton between the Village of Haliburton and the south boundary of the County at the Village of Kinmount known as the Haliburton County Rail Trail as described in Schedule A attached to and forming part ofthis Bylaw; and WHEREAS the County ofHaliburton is desirous ofgranting permission to the Ontario Federation of Snowmobile Clubs and its members under the direction supervision of the Haliburton County Snowmobile Association to legally enter and use the Haliburton County Rail Trail as described in Schedule "A" attached to and forming part of this Bylaw subject to certain conditions as outlined in Schedule "B" attached to and forming part ofthis Bylaw. NOW THEREFORE THE COUNCIL OF THE CORPORATION OF THE COUNTY OF HALIBURTON ENACTS AS FOLLOWS: 1. Definitions (a) Motorized Snow Vehicle means a selfpropelled vehicle designed to be driven primarily on snow. 2. The Warden and the Clerk are hereby authorized to grant permission to the Ontario Federation ofSnowmobile Clubs and its members under the direction supervision ofthe Haliburton County Snowmobile Association to legally enter and use the Haliburton County Rail Trail as described in Schedule A attached to and forming part ofthis Bylaw.
    [Show full text]
  • '-Sp-Sl'-' University Dottawa Ecole Des Gradues
    001175 ! / / -/ '-SP-SL'-' UNIVERSITY DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES JOSEPH DUBUC ROLE AND VIEWS OF A FRENCH CANADIAN IN MANITOBA l870-191l+ by Sister Maureen of the Sacred Heart, S.N.J.M. (M.M. McAlduff) Thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ottawa through the Department of History as partial ful­ fillment of the requirewents for the degree of Master of Arts ,<^S3F>a^ . LIBRARIES » Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1966 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UMI Number: EC55664 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform EC55664 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was prepared under the guidance of Dr. Alfred Vanasse of the Department of History. The writer wishes to thank him for his helpful direction, doubly appreciated since it had to be given entirely by mail. The writer also expresses gratitude to Archivist Hartwell Bowsfield and Assistant Archivist Regis Bennett of the Provincial Archives of Manitoba; to the Chancery staff of the Archiepiscopal Archives of St.
    [Show full text]
  • Surveyors of the Past
    ed the proposal to his colleague. Sir Adolphe Caron, Minister of Militia. A committee waited on the latter, urging Surveyors of The Past official acceptance of the offer of such a -------------------------- BY CHARLES FAIRHALL---------------------------------------------- corps, armed and mounted, and to act as intelligence men, scouts or as mounted rifles. The scheme was approved after the Minister had consulted by telegraph SURVEYORS AND THE with the Commanding Officer of the North West expedition, Major-General NORTHWEST REBELLION Frederick Middleton. The surveyors were then advised to appoint a captain to One of the most fascinating charac­ in April, 1882, took place in Ottawa. command the proposed unit. Arthur ters to emerge from the pages of Canada’s Word of the hostilities at Duck Lake Oliver Wheeler, who had qualified as a colourful past is Louis Riel. A recent reached the capital while the association Provincial Land Surveyor in Manitoba C.B.C. television programme has offered was in session and the news caused a in 1881 and as a Dominion Land Survey­ us a much more sympathetic portrait of considerable stir among those in attend­ or in the following year, was first offered this ill-starred man than that afforded by ance. Many of these men had surveyed the post. Although Wheeler had surveyed our history books. It is interesting to in the North West and realized at once Canadian Pacific Railway townsites in note the role surveyors played in the that the outbreak of violence would result the West in 1882 and township outlines unfolding drama. in a serious suspension of western survey in the following season, he felt he was not work for the 1885 season.
    [Show full text]
  • Crown Lands: a History of Survey Systems
    CROWN LANDS A History of Survey Systems W. A. Taylor, B.C.L.S. 1975 Registries and Titles Department Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management Victoria British Columbia 5th Reprint, 2004 4th Reprint, 1997 3rd Reprint, 1992 2nd Reprint and Edit, 1990 1st Reprint, 1981 ii To those in the Provincial Archives who have willingly supplied information, To those others who, knowingly and unknowingly, have contributed useful data, and help, and To the curious and interested who wonder why things were done as they were. W. A. Taylor, B.C.L.S. 1975 iii - CONTENTS - Page 1 Evolution of Survey Systems in British Columbia 4 First System 1851 - Hudson's Bay Company Sections. 4 Second System 1858 - Sections and Ranges Vancouver Island. 9 Third System 1858 - Sections, Ranges, Blocks. 13 Fourth System - Variable Sized District Lots. 15 Fifth System 1873 - Townships in New Westminster District. 20 Sixth System - Provincial Townships. 24 Seventh System - Island Townships. 25 Eighth System - District Lot System. 28 Ninth System - Dominion Lands. 31 General Remarks 33 Footnotes - APPENDICES - 35 Appendix A - Diary of an early surveyor, 1859. 38 Appendix B - Scale of fees, 1860. 39 Appendix C - General Survey Instructions. 40 Appendix D - E. & N. Railway Company Survey Rules, 1923. 43 Appendix E - Posting - Crown Land Surveys. 44 Appendix F - Posting - Dominion Land Surveys. 45 Appendix G - Posting - Land Registry Act Surveys. 46 Appendix H - Posting - Mineral Act Surveys. 47 Appendix I - Official Map Acts. 49 Appendix J - Lineal and Square Measure. iv - LIST OF PLATES - Page 2 Events Affecting Early Survey Systems 5 Plate 1. Victoria District Official Map.
    [Show full text]
  • Aboriginal Organizations and with Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth
    ABORIGINAL ORGANIZATIONS IN MANITOBA A Directory of Groups and Programs Organized by or for First Nations, Inuit and Metis People 2011/2013 ABORIGINAL ORGANIZATIONS IN MANITOBA A Directory of Groups and Programs Organized by or for First Nations, Inuit and Métis People 2011 / 2013 ________________________________________________________________ Compiled and edited by Aboriginal Education Directorate and Aboriginal Friendship Committee Fort Garry United Church Winnipeg, Manitoba Printed by Aboriginal Education Directorate Manitoba Education, Manitoba Advanced Education and Literacy and Aboriginal Affairs Secretariat Manitoba Aboriginal and Northern Affairs INTRODUCTION The directory of Aboriginal organizations is designed as a useful reference and resource book to assist people to locate the appropriate organizations and services. The directory also serves as a means of improving communications among people. The idea for the directory arose from the desire to make information about Aboriginal organizations more available to the public. This directory was first published in 1975 and has grown considerably since its initial edition, which had 16 pages compared to the 100 pages of the present edition. The directory reflects the vitality and diversity of Aboriginal cultural traditions, organizations, and enterprises. The editorial committee has made every effort to present in this directory an accurate and up-to-date listing. Fax numbers, Email addresses and Websites have been included whenever available. Inevitably, errors and omissions will have occurred in the revising and updating of this Directory, and the committee would greatly appreciate receiving information about such oversights, as well as changes and new information to be included in a future revision. Please call, fax or write to the Aboriginal Friendship Committee, Fort Garry United Church, using the information on the next page.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 Community Bulletin #1 Mental Wellness Supports During the COVID-19 Pandemic
    COVID-19 Community Bulletin #1 Mental wellness supports during the COVID-19 pandemic Manitoba Keewatinowi Okimakanak (MKO) and Keewatinohk Inniniw Minoayawin Inc. (KIM) are collaborating with Mental Wellness Services in Manitoba to support Northern First Nations’ leadership and Health Directors during the COVID-19 global pandemic. Feelings of distress, anxiety, fear, and grief can heighten as Manitoba communities practice social and physical distancing during this unprecedented health crisis. In response to the need for people to access mental wellness support and service during COVID-19, mental wellness teams and programs have adapted their methods of communication and will respond through virtual means to continue serving those coping with suicide attempts, completed suicides, homicide, multiple deaths, trauma due to violent assault, or other serious events that impact many people. Each Wellness Team is committed to: • Providing confidential mental wellness support with a culturally safe and trauma-informed care approach to all Manitoba First Nations on and off reserve. • Ensuring all services and on-call crisis responses are accessible via telephone or text with various services, including virtual support with FaceTime and/or Zoom video conferencing, where applicable. • Ensuring their mental wellness team members and health care providers are trained to help manage an individual's mental health during COVID-19. • Sharing the most current and accurate information-based facts from provincial and federal public health authorities. • Staying informed of safety measures during COVID-19, as guided by the Province of Manitoba Chief Public Health Officer and public health authorities. COVID-19 Community Bulletin #1 for Leadership & Health Directors – April 7, 2020 Mental Wellness Supports in Manitoba Dakota Ojibway Health Services • Available since 2017, the Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council (DOTC) based in Headingley, provides an on-call crisis response for youth and adults who are in crisis due to mental health concerns, suicide and/or addiction issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Weird Visitations
    Weird Visitations Gudrun Björk Gudsteinsdottir Dept. of English, University of Iceland Weird Visitations: Attendant Spirits & Ghosts • Adaptation theory: Stories survive by appropriation and adaptation. • Background: Einar Ólafur Sveinsson, The Folk-Stories of Iceland (1940); revised by Einar G. Pétursson, translated by Benedikt Benedikz (2003). • Sveinsson argues that folkstory motifs migrate more easily than the stories and that the stories are invariably adapted to their new environment; stories based on the same motif will be quite different stories. • Confirmed by my study of the legacy of Icelandic folkstories in Icelandic Canadian literature. The Gift of Second Sight: Ófreski - Skyggni • Sveinsson notes that ideas about second sight were largely unchanged from ancient times: – the tone is partly, of course, set by the spirit of the age. But all the basic elements of belief in dreams appear to be constant, and stories about dreams, based on true experiences, run completely parallel in ancient and more recent times. Thus there appear in them people with symbolic names, people who utter verses, prophecies, second sight and so on…. People with prophetic powers get their knowledge from … a presentiment, sometimes from dreams, sometimes from some kind of vision… understanding the language of birds. (188-89) Attendant Spirit: Fylgja • Guardian spirits go back to ancient times: “did no harm, unless their ‘owner’ was an evil person or in an evil mood, and then only to other people” (Sveinsson 188). Variants on the ancient fylgja in all Nordic countries: body in trance but “external soul” travels (Sveinsson 190). • Evil attendant spirits did not appear widely until late 17th or even the 18th century, and never as attached to families until late 18th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Directory – Indigenous Organizations in Manitoba
    Indigenous Organizations in Manitoba A directory of groups and programs organized by or for First Nations, Inuit and Metis people Community Development Corporation Manual I 1 INDIGENOUS ORGANIZATIONS IN MANITOBA A Directory of Groups and Programs Organized by or for First Nations, Inuit and Metis People Compiled, edited and printed by Indigenous Inclusion Directorate Manitoba Education and Training and Indigenous Relations Manitoba Indigenous and Municipal Relations ________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION The directory of Indigenous organizations is designed as a useful reference and resource book to help people locate appropriate organizations and services. The directory also serves as a means of improving communications among people. The idea for the directory arose from the desire to make information about Indigenous organizations more available to the public. This directory was first published in 1975 and has grown from 16 pages in the first edition to more than 100 pages in the current edition. The directory reflects the vitality and diversity of Indigenous cultural traditions, organizations, and enterprises. The editorial committee has made every effort to present accurate and up-to-date listings, with fax numbers, email addresses and websites included whenever possible. If you see any errors or omissions, or if you have updated information on any of the programs and services included in this directory, please call, fax or write to the Indigenous Relations, using the contact information on the
    [Show full text]
  • Uot History Freidland.Pdf
    Notes for The University of Toronto A History Martin L. Friedland UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London © University of Toronto Press Incorporated 2002 Toronto Buffalo London Printed in Canada ISBN 0-8020-8526-1 National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Friedland, M.L. (Martin Lawrence), 1932– Notes for The University of Toronto : a history ISBN 0-8020-8526-1 1. University of Toronto – History – Bibliography. I. Title. LE3.T52F75 2002 Suppl. 378.7139’541 C2002-900419-5 University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council. This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Humanities and Social Sciences Federation of Canada, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the finacial support for its publishing activities of the Government of Canada, through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP). Contents CHAPTER 1 – 1826 – A CHARTER FOR KING’S COLLEGE ..... ............................................. 7 CHAPTER 2 – 1842 – LAYING THE CORNERSTONE ..... ..................................................... 13 CHAPTER 3 – 1849 – THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND TRINITY COLLEGE ............................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 4 – 1850 – STARTING OVER ..... ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]