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Nocturnal Neoliberalism in Beyoglu: the Construction of Attractive and Safe Nightlife

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Nocturnal Neoliberalism in Beyoglu: the Construction of Attractive and Safe Nightlife NOCTURNAL NEOLIBERALISM IN BEYOGLU: THE CONSTRUCTION OF ATTRACTIVE AND SAFE NIGHTLIFE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY HAKTAN URAL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY OCTOBER 2016 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fatma Umut Beşpınar Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Aksu Bora (Hacettepe Uni., İLEF) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fatma Umut Beşpınar (METU, SOC) Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın (METU, ARCH) Prof. Dr. Nilay Çabuk Kaya (Ankara Uni., SOC) Asst. Prof. Dr. Katharina Bodirsky (METU, SOC) PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Haktan Ural Signature : iii ABSTRACT NOCTURNAL NEOLIBERALISM IN BEYOGLU: THE CONSTRUCTION OF ATTRACTIVE AND SAFE NIGHTLIFE Ural, Haktan PhD, Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fatma Umut Beşpınar Akgüner October 2016, 263 pages This study examines the ways that neoliberal political rationality is manifested in Beyoglu’s night scene. It explores how the urban government regimes in Beyoglu –which has transformed into entrepreneurialism favouring culture-oriented tourism as an indispensable development strategy- has given rise to the discourses of attractiveness and safety along with greater significance of the flow of people and capital into Beyoglu. Based on a qualitative study conducted with diverse actors in Beyoglu (including managers/owners/workers of entertainment venues and municipal representatives), this study aims at understanding how the normative meanings of nightlife are developed, through which technologies the process of neoliberal transformation is actualized, and how these discourses and practices cultivate particular subjectivities. By taking neoliberalism as a political rationality that creates a discursive universe, I suggest that the ‘affective economies’ (Ahmed, 2004a) of Beyoglu’s night scene play a central role of identifying the boundaries between affiliation and marginalization, borrowing Miller and Rose’s (2008) analytical tools. Accordingly, ‘affiliation’ refers to the construction of attractive, desirable and safe entertainment clusters, which are compatible with the norms and values of market iv rationalities, while marginalization is imbued with incapacities to be inflected with these meanings. I present that these divisions are grounded on the socio-cultural and socio-economic hierarchies of the night scene in Beyoglu. Besides, the study also sheds light on the regime of practices that ultimately actualize neoliberal transformation. I illustrate the technologies of neoliberal government that translates the market rationalities into the economic and cultural life of Beyoglu’s night scene. For understanding these dynamics, I have also sought to understand whether and in what ways certain forms of counter movements come to emerge and act against neoliberal discourses and practices. Keywords: Neoliberalism, emotions, affective economy, nightlife, Beyoglu v ÖZ BEYOĞLU’NDA NEOLİBERALİZM VE GECE: ÇEKİCİ VE GÜVENLİ GECE YAŞAMININ İNŞASI Ural, Haktan Doktora, Sosyoloji Bölümü Danışman: Doç. Dr. Fatma Umut Beşpınar Akgüner Ekim 2016, 263 sayfa Bu çalışma, neoliberal siyasal aklın Beyoğlu’ndaki gece yaşamına nasıl sirayet ettiğini incelemektedir. Beyoğlu’nda kültür odaklı turizmi başat bir kalkınma stratejisi olarak benimseyerek girişimci bir anlayışa bürünen kentsel yönetim rejiminin -tüketici grupları ve sermaye yatırımcılarının bölgeye yönelen ilgisine koşut olarak- Beyoğlu’nda çekicilik ve güvenlik söylemlerini nasıl şekillendirdiği mercek altına alınmaktadır. Beyoğlu’nun gece yaşamında rol oynayan farklı aktörlerle (eğlence mekanı sahipleri, yöneticileri ve çalışanlarının yanı sıra il ve ilçe belediyelerinden farklı temsilciler gibi) yapılan görüşmelere dayanan bu çalışma neoliberalleşen Beyoğlu’nun gece yaşamında hangi normatif anlamları ürettiği, hangi yönetim teknolojileriyle neoliberal dönüşümün gerçekleştiği ve bu söylem ve pratiklerin hangi öznellikleri ürettiğini anlamayı hedeflemektedir. Burada neoliberalizmi söylemsel bir uzamın üretildiği bir siyasal akıl olarak ele alarak, bu uzamda -Miller ve Rose’un (2008) analitik araçlarıyla ifade edilecek olursa- mensubiyet ve marjinalleşme arasında sınırların tanımlandığını ortaya koyuyorum. Ayrıca; bu sınırların tanımlanmasında ‘tesir ekonomileri’nin (Ahmed, 2004a) başat bir rol oynadığını öneriyorum. Buna göre, ‘mensubiyet’ piyasa aklının değer ve normlarıyla uyum içerisinde olan, çekici, arzulanabilir ve güvenli özne pozisyonlarını ifade ediyor. ‘Marjinalleşme’ ise bu normative anlamları vi taşıyamama halini anlatıyor. Bu araştırmada, ‘marjinal’ olan ile ‘mensup’ olan arasındaki bu söylemsel ayrımın tanımlanmasında sosyo-kültürel ve sosyo- ekonomik hiyerarşilerin rolünü inceliyorum. Ayrıca, neoliberal dönüşümün gerçekleşmesinde rol oynayan mekanizmaları analiz ediyorum. Piyasa aklını Beyoğlu’nun gece yaşamındaki ekonomik ve kültürel yaşama uyarlayan neoliberal yönetim teknolojilerini irdeliyorum. Bu dinamikleri incelerken, burada mercek altına alınan neoliberal söylem ve pratiklere karşı ve/ya alternatif hareketlerin hangi biçimlerde ortaya çıkabildiğini değerlendiriyorum. Anahtar Sözcükler: Neoliberalizm, duygular, tesir ekonomisi, gece yaşamı, Beyoğlu vii DEDICATION To my mother… viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fatma Umut Beşpınar. I am sincerely grateful for her friendly support and guidance. She has been a wonderful advisor and has provided me with insightful comments which have been very helpful to find my way throughout the research. I am also deeply grateful to the examining committee members. I have benefitted much from Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın and Asst. Prof. Dr. Katharina Bodirsky’s wonderful comments on the earlier drafts of this dissertation. Their suggestions have assisted my thinking and writing. Prof. Dr. Nilay Çabuk Kaya and Prof. Dr. Aksu Bora have also made wonderful comments and suggestions in my thesis defense. I could not have completed this dissertation without the insights and helps of some friends and colleagues. I warmly thank Asst. Prof. Dr. Volkan Aytar for his kind support and practical suggestions at the very beginning of my fieldwork. A heartfelt thank you to my dear friends Esra Can and Esra Dabağcı for their willingness to read and discuss. I feel lucky to have Esra Can in my life not only because of her lovely friendship and care but also for her nurturing intellectual contributions. I am also most deeply thankful to Esra Dabağcı; she has been unconditionally caring and supportive in addition to providing me with very insightful comments. I will never be able to thank my aunt Feride Kutlu and my cousin Desen Halıçınarlı enough for their invaluable support. They did not only open their place but also helped me much to know some key people to conduct the fieldwork. Without their help, I could not have completed the fieldwork. I am also indebted much to Adem Erkoçak, Gizem Akduygu, Kürşad Şahin, Mehmet Said Aydın, ix Nuray Özler Yolcu, Sinem Aydınlı, Temel Topçu and Utku Serkan Zengin. They made conducting the fieldwork possible and easy for me. I am more than grateful to Gökhan Albayrak for his unfailing support, patience and understanding. He has brought laughter into my life and brightened up my world. I cannot imagine how I could complete such a laborious journey without him. Last but not the least, I thank my family for being there with their determined trust and encouragement. I know that there are not enough words to express my gratitude to my mother, Saliha, but I wholeheartedly appreciate everything she has done for me. x TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM .......................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ xv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. xvi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Research Problem ............................................................................................
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