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Inventory and Use of Sedimentation Data in Texas

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TEXAS BOARD OF WATER ENG INEERS Durwood Menford, Chairman R. M. Dixon, Member O. F. Dent J Member BULIETIN 5912 INVENTORY AND USE OF SEDIMENTATION DATA IN TEXAS Prepared by Soil Conservation Service U. S. D. A. for Texas Board of Water Engineers January 1959 Price $1.25 (To Those Not Entitled to Free Distribution) Those entitled to free distribution are governnental agencies and officials. • TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------- 1 AGENCIES COLLECTING SEDIMENTATION DATA----------------------------------- 1 TYPES OF SEDIME~~ LOAD DATA---------------------------------------------- 2 EVALUATION OF DATA------------------------------------------------------- 2 NEED FOR ADDITIONAL SEDIMENT LOAD DATA----------------------------------- 4 PROCEDURES AND METHODS USED IN DEVELOPING RATES OF SEDIMENT PRODUCTION--- 5 USE AND APPLICATION OF DATA---------------------------------------------- 28 SEDIMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF LAND RESOURCE AREAS IN TEXAS------------ 29 East Texas Timberlands---------------------------------------------- 29 Coast Marsh--------------------------------------------------------- 30 Coast Prairie------------------------------------------------------- 30 Blackland Prairies-------------------------------------------------- 30 East Cross Timbers-------------------------------------------------- 31 Grand Prairie------------------------------------------------------- 31 West Cross Timbers-------------------------------------------------- 32 North Central Prairies---------------------------------------------- 33 Central Basin------------------------------------------------------- 34 Rio Grande Plain---------------------------------------------------- 34 Edwards P1ateau--------------------·---------------------------.---- 35 Rolling Plains------------------------------------------------------ 36 High Plains--------------------------------------------------------- 37 Trans-Pecos--------------------------------------------------------- 38 EFFECT OF LAND TREATMENT MEASURES ON SEDIMENT PRODUCTION RATES----------- 38 SPECIFIC SEDIMENTATION PROBLEMS WITHIN MAJOR BASINS---------------------- 40 Watershed No. 1 Canadian River-----------------------------------­ 40 Watershed No. 2 Red River----------------------------------------­ 41 Watershed No. 3 Sulphur River------------------------------------­ 43 Watershed No. L. Cypress Creek------------------------------------- 45 Watershed No. 5 Sabine River-------------------------------------- 45 Watershed No. 6 Neches River-------------------------------------- 47 Watershed No.7 Trinity River------------------------------------­ 48 Watershed No. 8 San Jacinto River--------------------------------- 50 Watershed No.9 Brazos River-------------------------------------- 52 Watershed No. 10 Colorado River----------------------------------- 55 Watershed No. 11 Lavaca River------------------------------------- 58 Watershed No. 12 Guadalupe River---------------------------------­ 59 Watershed No. 13 San Antonio River-------------------------------- 60 Watershed No. 14 Nueces River------------------------------------­ 61 Watershed No. 15 Rio Grande--------------------------------------- 63 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page Watershed No. 16 Coastal Streams---------------------------------- 65 Watershed No. 17 Rio Grande Drainage------------------------------ 66 TABLES 1. Sediment Load Data-------------------------------------------------- 7 2. Reservoir Sedimentation Survey Data--------------------------------- 12 3. Estimated Percentage Reductions in Rates of Sediment Production Due to Land Treatment Messures-------------------------------------- 39 FIGURES 1. Relation of Average Annual Rate of Sediment Production to Drainage Area Size (Sediment production rate curves, acre-feet per square mile annually for): (1) East and West Cross Timbers (2) Blackland Prairies (3) North Central Prairies (4) East Texas Timberlands----------------------------------------- 17 2. Relation of Average Annual Rate of Sediment Production to Drainage Area Size (Sediment production rate curves, acre-feet per square mile annually for): (1) Rolling Plains Sub-basin 9A, 9B and 9E only. (2) Rolling Plains Red River Watershed only. (3) Rolling Plains Canadian River Watershed. Brazos River Watershed (excluding sub-basin 9A, 9B and 9E) Colorado River Watershed---------------------- 19 3. Relation of Average Annual Rate of Sediment Production to Drainage Area Size (Sediment production rate curves, acre-feet per square mile annually for): (1) Rio Grande Plain (Excluding Rio Grande River drainage and coastal drainage consisting of sub-basins l6G, l6H, 16r and 16J)------------------------------------------------------- 21 • , TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued 4. Relation of Average Annual Rate of Sediment Production to Drainage Area Size (Sediment production rate curves J acre-feet per square mile annually for): (1) Trans-Pecos Ed\lards Plateau (Rio Grande River drainage only) Rio Grande Plain (Rio Grande River drainage only) (2) Central Basin Edwards Plateau (Exc!uding Rio Grande River drainage)---------- 23 5· Relation of Average Annua! Rate of Sediment Production to Drainage Area Size (Sediment production rate curves, acre-feet per square mile annually f'or): (1) Grand Prairie (2) Coast Prairie Rio Grande Plain (sub-basins 16G, 16H, 161 and !6J only)------- 25 PIATES Follows I SEDIMENT PROWCTION RATES (FOR WATERSHED SUB-B\SINS OF TEXAS}-----Pg. 6 II lAND RESOURCE AREAS AND WATERSHED SUB-B\SINS OF TEXAS--------------Plate I REFERENCES--------------------------------------------------------------- 67 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SEDIMENTATION STUDIES IN TEXAS--------------------------- 71 , • INVENTORY AND USE OF SEDIMENTATION DATA IN TEXAS INTROlXlCTION This report brings together all available, pertinent data on sedimenta­ tion records in order to fUrnish the best possible estimates of average annual sediment production rates for watersheds larger than 100 square miles through­ out the State. These rates have been established by using a wide variety of data, including suspended sed1cent measurements and reservoir 5~dimentation surveys made by various State and Federal agencies. Procedures used in compiling, analyzing, and summarizing these data are discussed, and a map showing annual rates of sediment production in acre-feet per square mile for all major sub-basins In the State 1s included. Curves indicating average annual rates of sediment production by land resource areas for .... atersheds raIl8ing from 100 to 10,000 square miles in size are shwn. The general sedimentation characteristics of the 14 major land resource areas of the State and the influence these characteristics have on the plan­ ning, design, and construction or vorks or improvement affecting the conserva­ tion and use or vater are discussed. Estimated reductions in rates or annual sediment production due to land treatment measures are listed for these land resource areas. Sediment problems in the 17 major river basins of the State are discussed as are the various types of sediment damages, including sedimen­ tation of reservoirs. A bibliography is attached shOW'ing the more important published information on sedimentation in Texas. AGENCIES COLLECTING SEDIMENTATION DATA Various State and Federal agencies have been engaged in making sediment load measurements in Texas for approximately 70 years. The first known sus­ pended sediment station in the State vas established by the International Boundary and Water Commission of the United States and Mexico on the Rio Grande at El Paso in 1889 (see ref. 1). From 1900 to 1914 several additional stations vere established on the Rio Grande by the IEWC. From 1914 to 1923 all sediment load measurements were discontinued. In 1923 the IBWC program vas reactivated and there are now several stations on the Rio Grande betveen El Paso and Browns­ ville. Since 1924 the Texas Board of Water Engineers has established a total of 52 sediment load measuring stations; 25 of vhich are presently active (see ref. 2). These 25 stations are distributed over 12 of the major river basins of the State. The Corps of Engineers is presently carryir>.g on suspended sediment meas­ urements vith three stations located in tva of the major river basins of the State. The U. S. Geological Survey, in ~oopera~ion with the Texas Board of Water Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, tte Corps of Enginee~s, and the Soil • Conservation Service, bas a limited number of inves~~gation6 underway including suspended load and bed load measuring stat~ons. • TYPES OF SED~ LOA.D DATA Most of the sediment load cate ac~umula'ted in Texas to date have been in the form of suspended load measurements or that ..h:.clt is in suspension in streamflow. Particles making up at least a portion of the sedioent load of many streams \lhich bounce or roll along the bo~tom or bed of the stream and are carried or moved downstream by streamf'!0\1 are knO\m as the "bed load". Sediment accumulation in reservoirs may be dete~ined by making actual reser­ voir surveys. Suspended load measurements ~ave ~een made by various Federal and State agencies in the major basins of the State, largely from 1924 to the present (see ref. 3 and 4). In addition to suspended sediment load measure­ ments, numerous reservoir sedimentation s~-veys ~~ve been made in the State. The 5011 Conservation Service has made most of ~~ese measurements since 1935· Prior to 1930 T. U. Taylor (see ref. 5) made a considerable study of the sedi­ mentation of reservoirs. In the 1920's
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