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Erosion and Sedimentation by Water in Texas

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Erosion and Sedimentation by Water in Texas TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES REPORT 2 68 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION BY WATER IN TEXAS Average Annual Rates Estimated in 1979 8y J ohn H, Greiner, Jr" Geologist U.S. Soi l Conservation Service Prepared cooperatively by the Soil Conservation Service, Forest Service. and Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture for the Texas Department of Water Resources and Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board February 1982 TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES Harvey Divis. Executive Director TeXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD Louis A. Beecherl Jr., Chairman John H. Garrett, Vice Chairman George W. McCloskey W. O. Bankston Glen E. Roney Lonnie A. "So" Pilgrim TEXAS WATER COMMISSION Felix McDonald, Chairmim Dorsey B. Hardeman, Commissioner Lee 8. M. Biggart. Commissioner Authorization for use or reproduction of any original malerial contained in this publication, i,e., not obtained from other sources, is freely granted. The Deparrment would appreciate acknowledgement. Published and distributed by the Texas Department of Wa ter Ae$ources Post Office Box 13087 Austin, Texas 787 11 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ..... .. .... ... .. .. .•• . .. .. _, .. ......................... Background ......... '" ........... , . ............................. • •• • .... • •.. Importance of Current Erosion and Sedimentation Knowledge.. ..... ........ 2 Authority for the Study ........... ,......... ....................... ........ 2 Purpose and Scope ..........••.....•......• . ...••.. , ..•. ,.. ......... ... .. 3 Acknowledgements ...... • ..... • . " . ... .. .. .. .. .•. .... .• . ... • .. ... .•.. ..•.. 3 Metric Conversions ..........••..... • .....• . ....•...... •.... • • ....••.....•.. 3 SUMMARY OF RESUlTS........ ............ ........ ... .. .. .. ....... 4 LIMITATIONS. USE. AND APPLICATION OF DATA.. ..... .. ......... ......... 7 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA.................... ...... .............. 7 Location . .. .• • . • • . • • . 7 Physical, Economic, and Institutional Characteristics................. .. .. 7 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION............... 15 Erosion . , , , , , , . , ................. , ...... , . • •. • . 15 Sedimentation . ................. , ...... ... ... , . .• • .... •. .. .• ...... ....... 16 METHODS OF STUDY AND QUALIFiCATIONS.. ... ........... ................. 16 Gross Sheet and Rill Erosion ............... ..... .. ............ ..... .. .. .. 16 Rainfal (R) Factor............... .. ...................... ........ ... 17 Soil Erodibility (K) Factor...... .. ........... ....... ......... .......... 17 Topographic (LS) Factor........ .... ..... ... .. .. .. ...... .. ... 27 Slope Percent Analysis ........... • . .... •. .... ,.... ..•..... ••.. • .• . .. 27 Slope Length Analysis. ...... ............ ....... .................. 27 Cropping Management (C) Factor ............. ................ ..... ... .. 28 • TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Page Erosion-Control Practice (P) Factor ........ • • ....••.....•.. , ..• • .. ..• • .. .. 28 Gross Gully and Streambank Erosion ........ ..• • . ...• • • .. .. • • ... ' ..... ••..... 29 Forest Erosion.. .. .. ... ... .. .. ... ••. .. •.. .. .. .. ..• . ... .• .......... 29 Sediment Yield . ..... ... .. ..... .•. ..... •....•• •. ... • . ...•... ..•.... ••.... 30 Noncontributing Area.. ... .. ••. .••• ... •• . • • • . ...• . ... .•• . ... .•... .. 30 Controlled Drainage Area ....• • •.....•....•.•.... • .... • •.. .. • . .• •..... 30 Delivery Ratios ................• ,. ... .... .. • . ... .•.. • . ..•. .. .• .... 30 Sediment Routing . .. ,., .....•........... ,........ ........ ................... 31 Other Data .......................... ..• . • . ...••....• •.. .. • • .. • . .... 32 Acreage, La nd Use , and So ils. • . • • • . • . • . • . 32 Weighted Average T Factor.. .... .. .. .. .. .... ....••.. ...•. .. .•. .. ..••... 32 Weighted Average In· Place Dry Unit Weight .. .. ... .. .. .... ... • . .. 32 Submerged Dry Unit Weight. .... .. .. ... ... .. .. .. ..• ... • ..•. .••• • .. 33 Average Annual Rainfa ll ........ .... ... .... ..•.. ..••....•.. ...•.....••... 33 Yield·Point Delineations and Designations . .. .• .. • ..... ... .. • . ..••... 34 Sedimentation Surveys . .................... ... ... .. ..... .. 34 Data Base.. • . 34 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION RATES .... ..... 34 Land-Resource Areas ................... ........... .. ................... ... 34 Southern Desertic Basins, Plains. and Mountains..... ................... .. 37 Southern High Plains.. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. ...... • .. .• • . .. • . ... .•. .. 37 Central Rolling Red Plains. .... .. ....... .......... .... ..... ..•... 37 Central Rolling Red Prairies. .. .. • .. .. .... .... ..... .. .. ............. 44 Texas North Central Pra iries. ..•... ..•... .. •....•• . ...• . .....•. .. ..•... 44 TABLE OF CONTENTS- Continued Page Edwards Plateau ..... ,................ ............ .. ............. .. .. 45 Texas Central Basin ... ..... , .... • . , ..•......•......• ,...... .. .. ...... 45 Northern Rio Grande Plain.. ... .••. .. • . .... .•... .• •....• . •. •• • •. • .. 45 Western Rio Grande Plain . ... ..... • • .... .• • . ... •.. .. •• . ... • •....••..... 46 Central Rio Grande Plain . .... .•.. .. • ....•••. ... • .... .••.. .••.. ••. ... 46 Lower Ri o Grande Valley.. .. .• ... .•• . .•• • • . ... • .... •• .. .. • •.. .. •. ... 47 West Cross Timbers .........••. ..••....• •. .. ••. .. • . ... •• .... •• .. .. 47 East Cross Timbers ...........•..... _........ .......... .. ... .. .. 47 Grand Prair ie .. • . • . • • . • • . • • . • . • • . 48 Texas Blackland Prai rie ..... .• •.. .. •••. • ••. ... ••• •. • . ...•• •. .• • • • .... 48 Texas Claypan Area. .... .. ... ... .. ..•.. ..• •.. .. • ••. ... • .. .. • . .• ••. .... 49 Western Coasta l Plain ........ ......•.....••....••. ...•.....•.....•.... 49 Gulf Coast Prairies ....... .. •... .• • . ..• • . .. •• •. ...••.... •• ....• • ... 50 Gulf Coast Saline Prairies . .. ... ... .. • ..... • • ... • . .. •• . .. • . ... • •• ... 50 Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods.......... ..... ... ............ ..... ... 51 River and Coastal Basins.................. ..... ..... ..... ................ 51 Canadian River Basin. .... .. •.. ..• . .. • • . .. • • • .• .• . • . .• • . .• • • .. 59 Red River Basin ..........•......•.....•.....••.. .. • •..... .....•...• . •. .. 59 Sulphur River Ba sin ... ....••. ...•.. .. ..•.. ...•• .. ..• • ....•... .. ... ..••.. 66 Cypress Creek Basin. .... .• • .. .. ... .. • . ... • . .... .. ...•... .•• . .. 66 Sabine River Ba sin. ......•. .. ..••.... •• • . •• •• . ..••.. .• • . .. •. • . .... 66 Neches River Basin ....... •.....• • .....•......•....•• . ...• . ........ ' . • •. 73 Trinity River Basin. .. ... ... .. .. .•. ... ..•... ..• . ... ...... • .. .. .. • . ...... .. 73 San Jacinto River Basin . .. ... .• •.. .. •. • . ••• . •• .. • ••... • . .. ' ..•. 80 , TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Page Neches-Trinity Coastal Basin 80 Trinity-San Jacinto Coastal Basin ....... .•..... • . .. • . • . .•• • . ..• • .. .. .•.. 90 San Jacinto-Brazos Coasta l Basin ......... • ......•.....• .. ..••....•• .....•.. 90 Brazos River Basin ...................... • .....•..... •• .... ..... • .... .••.. 90 Co lorado River Basin ... .. ..... • ... .• • .••••..•.. • • .. • . ••• •• •• •• . • •• ••.• • • .•. 98 Brazos-Colorado Coasta l Basin . .... .. ............ ... ........ ..... , . .. • . .. 102 Lavaca River Basin ........ .. , .... ' • . .... • ...... • ..... ....•............. , 102 Guada lupe River Basin ...... • .•. •• • • •• • •• • . .••• •.• • • •• • • • •• •. • •• • . • . • •. .. 11 2 San Antonio River Basin .......... • •.... • . .. .• • .....•....•..... •• .... •... 11 2 Colorado~ L avaca Coastal Basin ................. .. .. ... .............. 11 2 Lavaca -Guadalupe Coasta l Basin ... ..... • ... •• • .. • • •.... .•.....• . ........ 119 Sa n Antonio-Nueces Coasta l Basin ..... •• • ... • •... .• 0 •••• • •• • • • • •• • •• ••• • 119 Nueces River Basin .............. ...... • •...... • .....•....•.....•.. , .. .. 119 Nueces-Rio Grande Coastal Basin ... ........... ...................... .. .. 129 Rio Grande Basin .....................•••• . • • 0 •• • 0 •• • • • • •••••• • •••• •••••• 129 SELECTED REFERENCES ................... ......... ........... .. .. ....... .. 141 APPENDIX A - DEFINITION OF TERMS ............ ... ..... ... ....... .. .. ...... 143 TABLES 1. Erosion and Sedimentation Data By Yield-Poi nt Area. ....... .. .••• .. .•. .•... 8 2. County Acreages, R Factors, and Average Annual Rainfa ll ..... •• •. .. .. ...• .. 2 1 3. Sedimentation Survey Comparisons. ... ... .. .... .. ... .. .. .•. ...•.. .. 35 4 . Possible Data Selections ............... • ..... • 0..... 0... .. • •. .. •. .. • ...•.. 36 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Page 5. Land Use by Land-Resource Area ....... .. ..................... _,. .......... 41 6. Gross Annual Sheet and Rill Erosion by Land-Resource Area, ... , ............ ... 42 7. Gross Annual Sheet and Rill Erosion Rates by Land-Resource Area.............. 43 8. Land Use by Basin. .. ..... .. ... .. ... .... .. .... .... ..... .. .... ... ..••... 55 9. Gross Annual Sheet and Rill Erosion by Basin.. ........ ................. ... 56 10. Gross Annual Sheet and Rill Erosion Rates by Basin .................. .... .... 57 11 . Gross Gully and Streambank Erosion and Drainage Area Da ta by Basin. .. 58 12. Land Use by Land-Resource Area, Canadian River Basin . ........... .... .. • . ... 60 13. Gross A nnual Sheet and Rill Erosion by Land+Resource
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