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LA MADONNA “DEL SOCCORSO” NELLA BASILICA VATICANA OUR LADY of HELP in SAINT PETER’S BASILICA Curatore Editor Pietro Zander Pietro Zander

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LA MADONNA “DEL SOCCORSO” NELLA BASILICA VATICANA OUR LADY of HELP in SAINT PETER’S BASILICA Curatore Editor Pietro Zander Pietro Zander Al nostro Santo Padre Francesco il cui nome è scritto sul cuore della Vergine Maria To our Holy Father Francis whose name is written on the heart of the Virgin Mary LA MADONNA “DEL SOCCORSO” NELLA BASILICA VATICANA OUR LADY OF HELP IN SAINT PETER’S BASILICA Curatore Editor Pietro Zander Pietro Zander Testi Texts Giorgio Capriotti, Lorenza D’Alessandro, Mallio Giorgio Capriotti, Lorenza D’Alessandro, Mallio Falcioni, Vittorio Lanzani, Simona Turriziani, Falcioni, Vittorio Lanzani, Simona Turriziani, Pietro Zander Pietro Zander Traduzioni Translation Frank Dabell con la collaborazione di Mark Frank Dabell, with the assistance of Mark Roberts Roberts Progetto grafico Graphic design Ana Gabriela Llarin Ana Gabriela Llarin Impaginazione Layout Fabio Ferrari Fabio Ferrari Revisione Redazionale Copy editing Simona Andrisano Simona Andrisano Stampa Printing TMB Stampa S.r.l., Roma TMB Stampa S.r.l., Rome Referenze fotografiche Photographic references Città del Vaticano, Archivio fotografico - Musei Vatican City, Vatican Museums Photographic Vaticani: pp. 72-78 Archive: pp. 72-78 Tutte le altre fotografie sono dell’ Archivio Fotogra- All other photographs are from the Photographic fico della Fabbrica di San Pietro in Vaticano e sono Archive of the Fabbrica di San Pietro in Vaticano state eseguite da Mallio Falcioni, ad eccezione delle and are by Mallio Falcioni, with the exception immagini alle pp. 80-81; 130 (in alto), realizzate da of the images on pp. 80-81; 130 (above), by Marco Andreozzi Marco Andreozzi Volume promosso e sponsorizzato Volume supported and promoted dall’Ordine dei Cavalieri di Colombo through the Order of the Knights of Columbus Fondazione Cavalieri di Colombo Fondazione Cavalieri di Colombo Piazza della Città Leonina, 1 - 00193 Roma/ Piazza della Città Leonina, 1 - 00193 Rome/ 1 Columbus plaza - New Haven, CT - 06510 1 Columbus plaza - New Haven, CT - 06510 http://www.kofc.it http://www.kofc.org http://www.kofc.it http://www.kofc.org Copyright © 2016 Copyright © 2016 Fabbrica di San Pietro in Vaticano Fabbrica di San Pietro in Vaticano Tutti i diritti sono riservati All rights reserved È espressamente vietata ogni ulteriore riproduzione Any further reproduction or duplication, trans- o duplicazione, la traduzione e l’adattamento lation and even partial adaptation of the text, anche parziale o per estratti per qualsiasi uso con for offprints or any other use, by any other qualsiasi mezzo means, is expressly forbidden ISBN - 978-0-9837297-3-0 ISBN - 978-0-9837297-3-0 Restauro Conservation Fabbrica di San Pietro in Vaticano con il soste- Fabbrica di San Pietro in Vaticano, with the sup- gno dell’Ordine dei Cavalieri di Colombo port of the Order of Knights of Columbus Inizio lavori: 15 aprile 2013 Start of project: April 15, 2013 Fine lavori: 8 agosto 2013 Completion of project: August 8, 2013 Direzione scientifica dei lavori Project director Pietro Zander Pietro Zander (Fabbrica di San Pietro in Vaticano) (Fabbrica di San Pietro in Vaticano) Consulenza tecnico-scientifica Technical and scientific consultant Nazzareno Gabrielli Nazzareno Gabrielli Restauro del dipinto murale Conservation of the mural painting della Madonna “del Soccorso” of Our Lady of Help Lorenza D’Alessandro Lorenza D’Alessandro Restauro della pala d’altare in marmi policromi, Conservation of altarpiece in polychrome marble, delle corone e dei cherubini in bronzo dorato crowns and gilded bronze cherubs Giorgio Capriotti Giorgio Capriotti Documentazione fotografica Photographic documentation e indagini fotografiche multispettrali and multispectral photographic analysis Mallio Falcioni Mallio Falcioni Indagini diagnostiche e analisi di laboratorio Diagnostic investigation and laboratory analysis Marco Cardinali, Beatrice de Ruggieri, Marco Cardinali, Beatrice de Ruggieri, Matteo Positano (Emmebi s.r.l.) Matteo Positano (Emmebi s.r.l.) Analisi XRF X-ray fluorescence analysis Stefano Ridolfi (ArsMensurae s.r.l.) Stefano Ridolfi (ArsMensurae s.r.l.) Prove di pulitura laser Laser cleaning Pierpaolo Marcon (Lambda Scientifica s.r.l.) Pierpaolo Marcon (Lambda Scientifica s.r.l.) Opere provvisionali e illuminazione Temporary structures and lighting Fabbrica di San Pietro in Vaticano Fabbrica di San Pietro in Vaticano Realizzazione spilla Madonna “del Soccorso” Realization of the brooch on Our Lady of Help Ditta Arte Giusti di Giusti Adolfo, L’Aquila Giusti of Adolph Giusti Art Firm, L’Aquila Ringraziamenti Acknowledgements Per le attente ricerche d’Archivio si ringrazia la Thanks are due for archival research to Dr. Si- Dott.ssa Simona Turriziani dell’Archivio Storico mona Turriziani of the Historical Archive of the della Fabbrica di San Pietro e il Dott. Alexis Gau- Fabbrica di San Pietro and Dr. Alexis Gauvain of vain del Capitolo Vaticano. Si ringrazia infine il the Vatican Chapter. Final thanks go to the staff Personale della Fabbrica di San Pietro per l’assi- of the Fabbrica for the assistance received dur- stenza ricevuta nel corso del restauro ing the conservation project PREFAZIONE Sono felice di introdurre il lettore di questo libro alla riscoperta della più venerata immagine mariana della Basilica di San Pietro, che reca sul cuore, al posto di un perduto gioiello del XV secolo, un nuovo monile sul quale è stata incisa l’invoca- zione mariana “MARIA SVCCVRRE NOS” e il nome di Papa Francesco. Un omaggio che vuole esprimere la rinnovata devozione alla Madonna “del Soccorso”, insieme al ri- cordo del restauro eseguito nella Basilica Vaticana, nell’Anno della Fede 2013, du- rante il pontificato di Papa Francesco. Le vicende di questa immagine, venerata per oltre tredici secoli nella Basilica di San Pietro, rappresentano una eloquente testimonianza di una ininterrotta e cre- scente devozione. Si tratta infatti di un’icona che era già raffigurata in un mosaico del VII secolo sopra l’altare “di San Leone”, presso il transetto meridionale dell’antica Basilica. Nel XIV secolo venne decorata e abbellita con nuovi ornamenti e, poco dopo la metà del secolo successivo, fu sostituita da un nuovo e raffinatissimo af- fresco, che, pur nell’artistica grazia del Quattrocento, riproponeva l’antica figura per conservarne i tratti iconografici e devozionali. Nel 1543, durante i lavori per l’erigenda chiesa rinascimentale, il venerato dipinto fu trasferito nella parte anteriore della vecchia Basilica, presso l’altare dei Santi Processo e Martiniano, a destra della navata centrale. La preziosa reliquia pittorica della Madonna “del Soccorso” venne infine traslata, il 12 febbraio 1578, sull’altare della Cappella Gregoriana con una so- lenne e commovente processione. Fu questa la prima immagine della nuova Basi- lica, che nei secoli successivi si arricchì di numerose altre figure e monumenti: capolavori d’arte di ogni epoca, nati e pensati per trasmettere un coerente messag- gio spirituale. L’inesorabile trascorrere del tempo coprì di polvere e nero fumo la venerata figura della Madonna col Bambino Gesù, tanto che fu più volte necessario rinforzarne i lineamenti con ripetuti interventi pittorici, che, anche se rispettosi, ne alterarono l’aspetto. La paziente opera dei restauratori, che hanno sapientemente rimosso lo sporco e le ridipinture sovrapposte all’opera originaria, ha restituito alla Basilica un’immagine così “diversa” dalla precedente da rendere necessaria questa pubbli- cazione, che vuole evidenziare l’importanza devozionale, storica e artistica della Madonna “del Soccorso” sulla base di fonti archivistiche, letterarie e iconografiche. Ringrazio dunque il benemerito Ordine dei Cavalieri di Colombo per aver sostenuto quest’ulteriore opera di restauro e per la realizzazione di questo libro, che costitui- sce un apprezzato dono alla Basilica dove è sepolto l’Apostolo Pietro, primo papa sempre vivo nella persona del pontefice suo successore nella guida della Chiesa. Angelo Card. Comastri Vicario Generale di Sua Santità per la Città del Vaticano Arciprete della Papale Basilica Vaticana Presidente della Fabbrica di San Pietro PREFACE I am delighted to introduce the reader of this volume to the rediscovery of the most venerated Marian image in Saint Peter’s Basilica. So as to replace a lost ornament of the fifteenth century, its heart is covered by a new jewel bearing the engraved Marian invocation “MARIA SVCCVRRE NOS” and the name of Pope Francis. This is a tribute that seeks to express renewed devotion to Our Lady of Help, as well as a record of the conservation carried out in the Vatican Basilica in the Year of Faith 2013, during the pontificate of Pope Francis. The story of this image, venerated for over thirteen centuries in the Basilica of Saint Peter, bears eloquent witness to uninterrupted and ever-increasing devotion. Indeed, this is an icon that was already depicted in a mosaic of the seventh century over the altar known as “of Saint Leo”, near the south transept of the Old Basilica. In the fourteenth century it was decorated and embellished with new ornaments, and not long after the middle of the following century, it was replaced by a new and highly refined fresco; notwithstanding its graceful fifteenth-century style, this new image retained the ancient figure as regards iconography and devotion. In 1543, during work for the ongoing building project of the Renaissance church, the venerated painting was moved closer to the front of the Old Basilica, near the altar of Saints Processus and Martinian, on the right of the nave. Finally, the invaluable pictorial relic of the Madonna “del Soccorso” - “Our Lady of Help” - was translated, on February 12, 1578, to the altar of the Gregorian Chapel, accompanied by a solemn and moving procession. It became the first image of the New Basilica, which was to be enriched with so many other figures and monuments over the subsequent centuries: masterpieces of art of every era, conceived and generated so as to convey a consistent spiritual message. The inexorable passage of time covered the venerated figure of the Virgin and Christ Child with dust and soot, and indeed on several occasions it became necessary to strengthen its contours with repeated overpainting, which even if it was always respectful, altered its appearance.
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