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A Case Study of Pahuj River Basin, Jhansi District, UP, India

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A Case Study of Pahuj River Basin, Jhansi District, UP, India International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2019 www.ijasrm.com ISSN 2455-6378 Remote Sensing And GIS Based Morphometric Calculation: A Case Study of Pahuj River Basin, Jhansi District, U.P., India Atul Tiwari1, Shashank Tripathi2, Shashi Kant Tripathi3 1,2Department of Physical Science, MGCGV Chitrakoot, Satna, M.P. 485334, India 3Department of Energy and Environment, MGCGV Chitrakoot, Satna, M.P. 485334, India Abstract the vegetation of the area. The rock composition mostly consists of granitic gneisses, basic dykes The morphometric analysis of drainage basin has and quartzites lying as part of Bundelkhand become a study in understanding hydrological Granitic-Gnessic Complex. Typical tropical climate dynamics of the basin. The various parameters dominates the region having hotter summers to reflect the exact mathematics behind the water colder winters. The study area shows a general low dynamics relating river and groundwater. The study relief but at places having steep slopes. Drainage area lies under one of the complex nature of rock- pattern is parallel in nature aligned mostly in the water relationship due to the erroneous behavior of NE-SW direction and also at places enriched with hard rock reservoir. It is a part of Pahuj river basin dendritic pattern and trellis pattern. The tributaries located in the Jhansi district of Uttar Pradesh, flowing themselves suggest being on hard rock 2 India. It covers an area of 308.90 km . The terrain and are mostly structurally controlled. drainage pattern of the watershed is delineated Monsoon months are the only time of groundwater using LISS III-2014 on 1:50000 scale and Survey recharge, high water in streams and humid of India toposheets for a smooth blend of condition unlike dry conditions throughout the understanding the minute stream lines. The remote year. The study area receives rainfall an average of sensing and GIS have been proved to be efficient about 880.0 mm annually having the mean annual tools in drainage delineation and hence the temperature 38° C. The elevation varies between morphometric parameters were computed using 214 m in the North-East to 375 m above mean sea ArcGIS 10 software for a detailed study. The level in the center of the watershed at ridge, above drainage pattern of the study area is dendritic and 300 m above mean sea level at South-West. some part of the study area is trellis pattern with stream orders ranging from I to V orders. Drainage density ranges from <1 to >5 km/km2 suggesting coarse to moderate drainage texture. The values of bifurcation ratio ranging from 2.00 to 4.71 indicate that the Pahuj watershed fall under normal basin category. Keywords: Remote Sensing, GIS, Morphometric, Arc GIS, Basin, Circulatory ratio 1. Introduction The Pahuj river, a tributary of Chambal river, basin lies under a geographic location between 78°18’10.12” to 78°33’13”E longitudes and 25°19’15.85” to 25°31’45.26”N latitudes. Fig. 1 Location Map of the Study Are Lithology in the study area shows mostly hard rock terrain with some quaternary alluvial soil helping 67 International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2019 www.ijasrm.com ISSN 2455-6378 2. Review of Literature delineating the study area and exporting the information to DEM format. The SRTM DEM data Water, one of the vital natural resources for was imported to ArcGIS 10, based on these data agricultural, is becoming deficient because of over- slope, aspect and contour map for the watershed exploitation, poor groundwater recharge, was prepared. The drainage network of the immoderate use etc. Therefore, the study of watershed was prepared from Survey of India morphometric characteristics assumes greater toposheets through ArcGIS 10 software. Based on significance in developing the surface and the drainage order, the channels were classified groundwater resources more particularly in Central according to drainage order following (Strahler, India. (Sahu, et.al, 2017) 1964). Watershed parameters, such as, area, Development of a drainage system and the flowing perimeter, length, stream length, and stream order pattern over space and time are influenced by was also calculated. Later, these parameters were several variables (Horton 1945; Leopold and used to determine other influence factors, such as Maddock 1953; Abrahams 1984). bifurcation ratio, Stream length ratio, stream “Morphometry is the measurement and frequency, drainage density, elongation ratio, mathematical analysis of the configuration of the circulatory ratio, form factor. Table 1 provides a earth’s surface, shape and dimension of its list of the main parameters and, where appropriate, landforms” (Agarwal 1998; Obi Reddy et al. 2002). the formulae used to calculate them. The morphometric analysis is done successfully Table No. 1 Formulae adopted for Computation of through measurement of linear, aerial, relief, Morphometric Parameters gradient of channel network and contributing S.N. Morphometric Formula Reference ground slope of the basin (Nautiyal 1994; Nag and Parameters Chakraborty, 2003; Magesh et al. 2012). 1 Stream order Hierarchical rank Strahler (1964) A widely acknowledged principle of morphometry 2 Stream length Length of the stream Horton (1945) is that drainage basin morphology reflects various (Lu) geological and geomorphological processes over 3 Lsm =? Lu / Nu Mean stream Where, Lsm = Mean Strahler (1964) time, as indicated by various morphometric studies length (Lsm) stream length (Horton 1945; Strahler 1952, 1964; Muller 1968; ? Lu = Total stream Shreve 1969; Evans 1972, 1984; Ohmori 1993; length of order 'u' Cox 1994; Oguchi 1997; Hurtrez et al. 1999). It is Nu = Total no. of stream well established that the influence of drainage segments of order 'u' morphometry is very significant in understanding 4 RL = Lu / Lu – 1 the landform processes, soil physical properties and Stream length Where, RL = Stream erosional characteristics. ratio (RL) length ratio Horton (1945) The Geomorphic characteristics of a drainage basin Lu = The total stream length of the order 'u' are important for hydrological investigations Lu – 1 = The total involving the assessment of groundwater potential, stream length of its next watershed management and, environmental lower order assessment. (Tiwari and Tripathi, 2018) 5 Rb = Nu / Nu + 1 Drainage provides a basic to understand initial Bifurcation ratio Where, Rb = Bifurcation gradient, variation in rock resistance, structural (Rb) ratio Schumn control, geological and geomorphologic history of Nu = Total no. of stream (1956) the drainage basin or watershed. segments of order 'u' Evaluation of morphometric parameters requires Nu + 1 = Number of the analysis of various drainage parameters such as segments of the next higher order ordering of the various streams, measurement of 6 Mean bifurcation Rbm = Average of Strahler (1957) basin area and perimeter, length of drainage ratio (Rbm) bifurcation ratios of all channels, drainage density (Dd), bifurcation ratio orders (Rb), stream length ratio (RL), and relief ratio (Rh) 7 Rh = H / Lb (Rai et. al, 2017). Therefore, the present study aims Relief ratio (Rh) Where, Rh = Relief ratio Schumm at the morphometric analysis on watershed using H = Total relief (1956) Remote Sensing and GIS. (Relative relief) of the basin (km) 3. Materials and Methods Lb = Basin length 8 D = Lu / A The base map of the Pahuj watershed a part of Drainage density Where, D = Drainage Pahuj River basin was prepared based on Survey of (D) density Horton (1932) India Topographic Maps on a 1:50,000 scale and Lu = Total stream length also with IRS I C and ID (LISS-III), 2014 and of all orders SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission, A = Area of the basin USGS) data. Global Mapper 15 was used for (km2) 68 International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2019 www.ijasrm.com ISSN 2455-6378 9 Fs = Nu / A updated drainages have been used for Stream frequency Where, Fs = Stream morphometric analysis. (Fs) frequency Horton (1932) Nu = Total no. of streams of all orders A = Area of the basin Table No. 2 Stream Parameter of Pahuj Watershed (km2) 10 Rt = Nu / P S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 Texture Ratio Where, Rt = Texture Horton (1945) Stream Order I II III IV V (Rt) Ratio 592 140 32 4 1 Nu = Total no. of Number of Stream streams of all orders Length of Stream 339. 139. 89.8 31.4 29.8 P = Perimeter (km) (Km.) 05 48 8 5 3 11 Rf = A / Lb² Form factor (Rf) Where, Rf = Form factor Horton (1932) Table No.3 Calculation of different Morphometric A = Area of the basin Parameters of Pahuj Watershed 2 Pahuj (km ) Watershed Name Lb² = Square of basin Watershed length Area (Sq. Km.) 308.90 12 Rc = 4 * Pi * A / P² I 0.58 Circularity ratio Where, Rc = Circularity (Rc) ratio Miller (1953) II 0.99 Mean Stream Length in Km. Pi = 'Pi' value i.e., 3.14 (Lsm) III 2.81 A = Area of the basin (km2) IV 7.87 P² = Square of the V 29.83 perimeter (km) II/I 0.42 13 Re = 2(√A/Pi)/ Lb Elongation ratio Where, Re = Elongation Schumn III/II 0.65 (Re) ratio, A=Area (km2) (1956) Stream Length ratio (RL) IV/II Lb = Basin length I 0.35 14 Length of Lg = 1 / D * 2 V/I overland flow Where, Lg = Length of Horton (1945) V 0.95 (Lg) overland flow I/II 4.23 D = Drainage density II/III 4.38 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) III/I 4. Result and Discussion V 8 According to Clarke (1966), “Morphometry is the IV/ V 4 measurement and mathematical analysis of the configuration of the earth surface, shape and Mean Bifurcation Ratio (Rbm) 5.16 dimensions of its landforms”. The morphometric Perimeter (P) in Km. 785.53 analysis is carried out through measurement of Basin Length (Lb) in Km.
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