DOCSLIB.ORG

Polio Laboratory Manual

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Polio Laboratory Manual WHO/IVB/04.10 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Polio laboratory manual 4th edition, 2004 The World Health Organization has managed The evaluation of the impact of vaccine- cooperation with its Member States and preventable diseases informs decisions to provided technical support in the fi eld of introduce new vaccines. Optimal strategies vaccine-preventable diseases since 1975. and activities for reducing morbidity and In 2003, the offi ce carrying out this function mortality through the use of vaccines are was renamed the WHO Department of implemented (Vaccine Assessment and Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Monitoring). The Department’s goal is the achievement Efforts are directed towards reducing fi nancial of a world in which all people at risk are and technical barriers to the introduction protected against vaccine-preventable of new and established vaccines and diseases. Work towards this goal can be immunization-related technologies (Access to visualized as occurring along a continuum. Technologies). The range of activities spans from research, development and evaluation of vaccines Under the guidance of its Member States, to implementation and evaluation of WHO, in conjunction with outside world immunization programmes in countries. experts, develops and promotes policies and strategies to maximize the use and delivery WHO facilitates and coordinates research of vaccines of public health importance. and development on new vaccines and Countries are supported so that they immunization-related technologies for viral, acquire the technical and managerial skills, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Existing competence and infrastructure needed to life-saving vaccines are further improved and achieve disease control and/or elimination new vaccines targeted at public health crises, and eradication objectives (Expanded such as HIV/AIDS and SARS, are discovered Programme on Immunization). and tested (Initiative for Vaccine Research). The quality and safety of vaccines and other biological medicines is ensured through the development and establishment of global norms and standards (Quality Assurance and Safety of Biologicals). Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals I Family and Community Health World Health Organization Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland Fax: +41 22 791 4227 Email: [email protected] or visit our web site at: http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents VB WHO/IVB/04.10 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Polio laboratory manual I 4th edition, 2004 VImmunization,B VaccinesVaccines and Biologicals The Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals thanks the donors whose unspecified financial support has made the production of this document possible. Ordering code: WHO/IVB/04.10 Printed: November 2004 Copies may be requested from: World Health Organization Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland Fax: +41 22 791 4227; Email: [email protected] This document revises and replaces the Manual for the virological investigation of polio WHO/EPI/GEN/97.01. © World Health Organization 2004 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Printed by the WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland ii Polio laboratory manual Contents List of figures ..............................................................................................................v List of tables ............................................................................................................vii Abbreviations and acronyms ...........................................................................................ix 1. Introduction.............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 The Polio Eradication Initiative .................................................................. 1 1.2 History of poliomyelitis and polio vaccines............................................... 4 1.3 Characterization of the pathogen................................................................ 4 1.4 Transmission of poliovirus .......................................................................... 6 2. Role and function of the laboratory in polio eradication ................................ 10 2.1 Appropriate investigations......................................................................... 10 2.2 Structure and activities of the WHO polio laboratory network ............ 11 2.3 Coordination of the network .................................................................... 13 2.4 Accreditation of network laboratories...................................................... 15 3. Laboratory quality assurance .............................................................................. 22 3.1 The basis of laboratory quality assurance................................................. 22 3.2 Standard operating procedures (SOPs)..................................................... 24 3.3 Documentation ........................................................................................... 29 3.4 Equipment and instruments....................................................................... 29 3.5 Supplies........................................................................................................ 30 3.6 Laboratory safety........................................................................................ 34 3.7 Audits .......................................................................................................... 37 4. Cell culture techniques.............................................................................................. 39 4.1 Working in the cell culture laboratory ..................................................... 39 4.2 Cell culture procedures .............................................................................. 47 4.3 Composition of media and other reagents used in cell and virus culture ......................................................................................... 59 4.4 Cell culture problems: identification and elimination............................. 62 4.5 Hoechst 33258 direct DNA stain for Mycoplasma ................................. 65 4.6 MYCO-TEST immuno assay for Mycoplasma detection....................... 66 4.7 PCR assay for Mycoplasma detection ...................................................... 68 WHO/IVB/04.10 iii 5. Evaluating cell line sensitivity.............................................................................. 73 5.1 Selection of reference standard for quality control of cell lines.............. 73 5.2 Preparation of laboratory quality-control standards............................... 74 5.3 Titration of laboratory quality control standard ..................................... 75 5.4 Calculation of the virus titre by the Kärber formula .............................. 78 5.5 Interpreting data on cell-line sensitivity and troubleshooting................ 78 5.6 Procurement of reference poliovirus strains............................................. 79 6. Specimen receipt and processing.......................................................................... 81 6.1 Receipt of specimens .................................................................................. 81 6.2 Specimen preparation ................................................................................. 82 6.3 Composition of reagents used in specimen processing ........................... 85 7. Isolation and identification of polioviruses ........................................................ 87 7.1 Recommended cell lines for the isolation of polioviruses....................... 87 7.2 Isolation of polio and other enteroviruses................................................ 88 7.3 Identification of poliovirus isolates........................................................... 91 7.4 Identification of non-poliovirus enteroviruses ........................................ 98 8. Intratypic differentiation of polioviruses ......................................................... 101 8.1 ELISA method for intratypic differentiation........................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Meningitis Manual Text
    Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of MENINGITIS Caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae Centers for Disease Control and Prevention August, 1998 Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis Caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………….. 2 I. Epidemiology of Meningitis Caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae,…………………………………………… 3 II. General Considerations ......................................................................................................... 5 A. Record Keeping ................................................................................................................... 5 III. Collection and Transport of Clinical Specimens ................................................................... 6 A. Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)............................................................................... 6 A1. Lumbar Puncture ................................................................................................... 6 B. Collection of Blood .............................................................................................................. 7 B1. Precautions ............................................................................................................ 7 B2. Sensitivity of Blood Cultures ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SARS-Cov-2) (Coronavirus Disease [COVID-19]
    CPT® Category I and Proprietary Laboratory Analyses (PLA) Codes for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (coronavirus disease [COVID-19]) Most recent changes to this medium descriptor document: • Addition of 8 Category I codes (0004A, 0051A, 0052A, 0053A, 0054A, 0064A, 91305, 91306) accepted by the CPT Editorial Panel. Codes 0004A, 0051A, 0052A, 0053A, 0054A, 0064A, 91305, 91306 and all related references will be published in CPT 2023. • Deleted codes in this document appear with a strikethrough. It is important to note that further CPT Editorial Panel or Executive Committee actions may affect these codes and/or descriptors. For this reason, code numbers and/or descriptor language in the CPT code set may differ at the time of publication. In addition, further Panel actions may result in gaps in code number sequencing. The following code was accepted at the March 2020 CPT Editorial Panel meeting for the 2021 CPT production cycle. This code is effective immediately on March 13, 2020. Released to Code Medium Code Descriptor Effective Publication AMA website ⚫87635 IADNA SARS-COV-2 COVID-19 AMPLIFIED PROBE TQ March 13, 2020 March 13, 2020 CPT® 2021 The following codes were accepted and revised at the April 2020 CPT Editorial Panel meeting for the 2021 CPT production cycle. These codes are effective immediately on April 10, 2020. IMMUNOASSAY INFECTIOUS AGT ANTIBODY 86318 QUAL/SEMIQUAN 1 STEP METH April 10, 2020 April 10, 2020 CPT® 2021 #⚫86328 IA INFECTIOUS AGT ANTIBODY SARS-COV-2 COVID-19 April 10, 2020 April 10, 2020 CPT® 2021 ⚫86769 ANTB SEVERE AQT RESPIR SYND SARS-COV-2 COVID- April 10, 2020 April 10, 2020 CPT® 2021 19 The following code was accepted by the Executive Committee of the CPT Editorial Panel.
    [Show full text]
  • Poliomyelitis and Polio-Encephalitis
    POLIOMYELITIS AND POLIO-ENCEPHALITIS. 151 Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.2.22.151 on 1 July 1927. Downloaded from coryza, or gastro-intestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhoea. The lymphatic glands are POLIOMYELITIS enlarged. The temperature rises, often ranging AND POLIO-ENCEPHALITIS.* between 101° and 103°F., and there is general malaise often accompanied by profuse sweating. BY In some cases both local and general symptoms are E. A. COCKAYNE, M.D. OXF., F.R.C.P. LOND., so slight that they may be overlooked and the PHYSICIAN TO THE MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL; PHYSICIAN rise of temperature may be very small. After TO OUT-PATIENTS, HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN, lasting from one to four days the illness may end GREAT ORMOND-STREET. at this stage. If it continues headache, drowsiness POLIOMYELITIS, like other specific fevers, has its and irritability, pain and stiffness in the back, special age and seasonal incidence; it is commonest accompanied sometimes by twitching of the in the late summer and early autumn, and the limbs or retraction of the head, may develop, and majority of its victims are children between the these indicate involvement of the meninges. ages of 1 and 5 years. The earliest symptoms are Hyperssthesia of skin and muscles may also be constitutional, malaise and fever, and in some prominent. Then if the grey matter of the central cases the involvement of the nervous system, to nervous system becomes infected, weakness, paresis, which it owes its name, never occurs. Such and paralysis of muscles develops. Paralyses cases are usually regarded as abortive, but in may appear to be dramatically sudden, but my opinion this view is not the correct one.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Seed Testing in the Virology Section
    VIRSOP2007.04 Page 1 of 8 United States Department of Agriculture Center for Veterinary Biologics Standard Operating Policy/Procedure Master Seed Testing in the Virology Section Date: March 27, 2018 Number: VIRSOP2007.04 Supersedes: VIRSOP2007.03, October 10, 2014 Contact: Alethea M. Fry, (515) 337-7200 Sandra K. Conrad Peg A. Patterson Approvals: /s/Geetha B. Srinivas Date: 01Aug18 Geetha B. Srinivas, Section Leader Virology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service P. O. Box 844 Ames, IA 50010 Mention of trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by USDA and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable. Entered into CVB Quality Management System by: /s/Linda S. Snavely 02Aug18 Linda S. Snavely Date Quality Management Program Assistant UNCONTROLLED COPY Center for Veterinary Biologics VIRSOP2007.04 Standard Operating Policy/Procedure Page 2 of 8 Master Seed Testing in the Virology Section Table of Contents 1. Purpose/Scope 2. Prerequisites for Master Seed Extraneous Agent Testing 2.1 Master Seed historical information 2.2 Substrate purity requirements 2.3 Testing of Master Seed consisting of persistently infected master cell stock 3. Testing Procedures for Detection of Extraneous Agents in Master Seeds 3.1 Neutralization of Master Seed 3.2 Passage of Master Seed in permissive cells or culture system 3.3 Detection of extraneous agents by fluorescent antibody (FA) staining 3.4 Detection of hemadsorbing agents 3.5 Detection of viral intracellular inclusions and related cellular changes by the hematoxylin and eosin staining method 3.6 Detection of Seneca Virus A (SVA) 4.
    [Show full text]
  • SOS – Save Our Shoulders: a Guide for Polio Survivors
    1 • Save Our Shoulders: A Guide for Polio Survivors A Guide for Polio Survivors S.O.S. Save Our Shoulders: A Guide for Polio Survivors by Jennifer Kuehl, MPT Roberta Costello, MSN, RN Janet Wechsler, PT Funding for the production of this manual was made possible by: The National Institute for Disability and Rehabilitation Research Grant #H133A000101 and The U.S. Department of the Army Grant #DAMD17-00-1-0533 Investigators: Mary Klein, PhD Mary Ann Keenan, MD Alberto Esquenazi, MD Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the contributions and input provided from all of those who participated in our research. The time and effort of our participants was instrumental in the creation of this manual. Jennifer Kuehl, MPT Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Philadelphia Roberta Costello, MSN, RN Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Philadelphia Janet Wechsler, PT Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Philadelphia Mary Klein, PhD Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Philadelphia Mary Ann Keenan, MD University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Alberto Esquenazi, MD MossRehab Hospital, Philadelphia Cover and manual design by Ron Kalstein, MEd Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia Table of Contents 1. Introduction . .5 2. General Information About the Shoulder . .6 3. Facts About Shoulder Problems . .8 4. Treatment Options . .13 5. About Exercise . .16 6. Stretching Exercises . .19 7. Cane Stretches . .22 8. Strengthening Exercises . .25 9. Tips to Avoid Shoulder Problems . .29 10. Conclusion . .31 11. Resources . .31 The information contained within this manual is for reference only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Before beginning any exercise program consult your physician. Save Our Shoulders: A Guide for Polio Survivors • 4 Introduction Many polio survivors report new symptoms as they age.
    [Show full text]
  • What Having Had Polio Causes, Might Cause and Does Not Cause Marny K
    What Having Had Polio Causes, Might Cause and Does Not Cause Marny K. Eulberg, MD, Family Practice, Denver, Colorado Introduction: As time has elapsed since the major poliomyelitis epi- demics ended, following the widespread introduction of the polio vaccines, persons affected by polio, their families and their health- care providers seem to have less and less clear understanding about what symptoms are caused by polio, which are associated with polio and which are not. Many healthcare providers in practice today have had little experience or training in the care of polio survivors, and they studied the basic pathology that the poliovirus causes years ago. Organizations, such as Post-Polio Health International, which exist to provide information to polio survivors, are frequently asked questions Marny K. Eulberg, MD about various symptoms and the relationship to the acute polio. Post-polio groups and expert professionals have indicated that many individuals have been given incorrect or confusing information. Attributing symptoms or changes in symptoms and try to understand them. functioning to one’s previous polio Often a symptom can be caused by when the symptom is, in fact, due to many different mechanisms and a disease or condition that should be sometimes even by a combination treated by an entirely different medi- of factors. cal regime than polio/post-polio is not This article is not meant to be all- only not helpful but may be danger- inclusive and list every possible cause/ ous. Polio clinics can help with symp- disease but to discuss the most com- toms that are polio related and can mon and most frequent conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 Eradication for Vaccine Equity in Low Income Countries
    Perspective COVID-19 Eradication for Vaccine Equity in Low Income Countries DHANYA DHARMAPALAN,1 T JACOB JOHN2 From 1Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Apollo Hospitals, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra; 2Chairman, Child Health Foundation, Vellore, Tamil Nadu. Correspondence to: Dr. Dhanya Dharmapalan, Consultant in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Apollo Hospitals, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai 400 614, Maharashtra. [email protected]. PII: S097475591600340 Note: This early-online version of the article is an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. It has been posted to the website for making it available to readers, ahead of its publication in print. This version will undergo copy-editing, typesetting, and proofreading, before final publication; and the text may undergo minor changes in the final version INDIAN PEDIATRICS 1 JUNE 09, 2021 [E-PUB AHEAD OF PRINT] DHANYA DHARMAPALAN, T JACOB JOHN COVID-19 ERADICATION ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic will transition into endemic phase with perpetual risk of severe disease and high mortality in vulnerable people – the elderly and those with co-morbidities, unless eradicated. Although several vaccines are already available to rich countries, low-income countries face gross vaccine inequity. We propose COVID-19 eradication to address both problems. An eradication program will ensure vaccine equity and international cooperation to establish public health surveillance and high quality laboratory diagnostic services in all countries. Eradication is biologically and technically feasible. We hope the World Health Organization will accept the proposition and design the necessary strategy without delay. Keywords: Herd effect, Herd immunity, SARS-CoV-2. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS Coronavirus type 1 (SARS-CoV-1) began spreading within China in November, 2002, became pandemic in March 2003, and affected 29 countries, with 8096 cases and 774 deaths [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Polio Fact Sheet
    Polio Fact Sheet 1. What is Polio? - Polio is a disease caused by a virus that lives in the human throat and intestinal tract. It is spread by exposure to infected human stool: e.g. from poor sanitation practices. The 1952 Polio epidemic was the worst outbreak in the nation's history. Of nearly 58,000 cases reported that year, 3,145 people died and 21,269 were left with mild to disabling paralysis, with most of the victims being children. The "public reaction was to a plague", said historian William O'Neill. "Citizens of urban areas were to be terrified every summer when this frightful visitor returned.” A Polio vaccine first became available in 1955. 2. What are the symptoms of Polio? - Up to 95 % of people infected with Polio virus are not aware they are infected, but can still transmit it to others. While some develop just a fever, sore throat, upset stomach, and/or flu-like symptoms and have no paralysis or other serious symptoms, others get a stiffness of the back or legs, and experience increased sensitivity. However, a few develop life-threatening paralysis of muscles. The risk of developing serious symptoms increases with the age of the ill person. 3. Is Polio still a disease seen in the United States? - The last naturally occurring cases of Polio in the United States were in 1979, when an outbreak occurred among the Amish in several states including Pennsylvania. 4. What kinds of Polio vaccines are used in the United States? - There is now only one kind of Polio vaccine used in the United States: the Inactivated Polio vaccine (IPV) is given as an injection (shot).
    [Show full text]
  • Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Weekly February 13, 2004 / Vol. 53 / No. 5 Outbreaks of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) in Asia and Interim Recommendations for Evaluation and Reporting of Suspected Cases — United States, 2004 During December 2003–February 2004, outbreaks of highly In Thailand, influenza A (H5N1) infection was confirmed pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) among poultry were in four males, aged 6–7 years, and one female, aged 58 years. reported in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, South All five patients died (1). Other cases are under investigation. Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam. As of February 9, 2004, a total of 23 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza A (H5N1) virus Analysis of Viruses infections in humans, resulting in 18 deaths, had been reported Antigenic analysis and genetic sequencing distinguish in Thailand and Vietnam. In addition, approximately 100 sus- between influenza viruses that usually circulate among birds pected cases in humans are under investigation by national and those that usually circulate among humans. Sequencing health authorities in Thailand and Vietnam. CDC, the World of the H5N1 viruses obtained from five persons in Vietnam Health Organization (WHO), and national health authorities and Thailand, including one sister from the cluster in Viet- in Asian countries are working to assess and monitor the situ- nam, has indicated that all of the genes of these viruses are of ation, provide epidemiologic and laboratory support, and avian origin. No evidence of genetic reassortment between assist with control efforts. This report summarizes informa- avian and human influenza viruses has been identified. If tion about the human infections and avian outbreaks in Asia reassortment occurs, the likelihood that the H5N1 virus can and provides recommendations to guide influenza A (H5N1) be transmitted more readily from person to person will surveillance, diagnosis, and testing in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental Sequence and Intracellular Sites of Synthesis of Three Structural Protein Antigens of Influenza A2 Virus
    JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Feb. 1970, p. 153-164 Vol. 5, No. 2 Copyright © 1970 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Developmental Sequence and Intracellular Sites of Synthesis of Three Structural Protein Antigens of Influenza A2 Virus KOICHIRO MAENO1 AND EDWIN D. KILBOURNE Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of The City U iversity of New York, New York, New York 10049 Received for publication 17 September 1969 Specific antisera for hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase antigens of in- fluenza A2 virus (A2E) were produced through the segregation of the two pro- teins in reciprocal viral recombinants of A2E and Aoe viruses. Gamma globulin frac- tions of these specific antisera and of antiserum specific for the nucleoprotein (NP) antigen of Aoe virus were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and employed to follow the synthesis of the three structural proteins in clone 1-5C-4 human aneuploid cells, with parallel measurement of serological and biological activity of the antigens by other techniques. In this system, NP antigen appeared first (at 3 hr) in the cell nucleus, whereas HA and neuraminidase appeared coincidentally, at 4 hr after infection, in the cytoplasm. The initial detectability of biological or complement-fixing activity of the proteins coincided with their demonstrability as stainable antigens. Late in infection, all three antigens were detected at the cell surface. Antibody specific for HA partially blocked the intracellular staining of neuraminidase and inhibited the enzymatic activity of both extracted and intact extracellular virus. These observations suggest the close intracytoplasmic proximity of the two envelope antigens and perhaps their initial association in a larger protein.
    [Show full text]
  • An Epidemic of Acute Encephalitis in Young Children
    Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.9.51.153 on 1 June 1934. Downloaded from AN EPIDEMIC OF ACUTE ENCEPHALITIS IN YOUNG CHILDREN BY AGNES R. MACGREGOR, M.B., F.R.C.P.E., AND W. S. CRAIG, B.Sc., M.D., M.R.C.P.E. (From the Departments of Pathology and Child Life and Health, Univer- sity of Edinburgh, and the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh.) This paper is concerned with a small outbreak of illness of an unusual nature occurring in the Children's Unit of the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh. In addition to the clinical interest of the cases, there are features of considerable pathological and epidemiological importance con- nected with the outbreak. Clinical Records. Case 1. I.M.S., female, aged 1 year 7 months, was admitted to the Western General Hospital in March, 1933, at the age of 1 year 3 months. - At this time http://adc.bmj.com/ she was noted as being slightly undersized but well nourished and the liver showed moderate enlargement. Prior to admission she had been treated elsewhere for gonococcal vaginitis: during the three succeeding months her health was good and progress uninterrupted, but a positive Wassermann reaction, present on admission, persisted. On the evening of July 22, 1933, the patient was noticed to be less active than usual and generally ' out of sorts ': her conditiQn remained unchanged throughout the rest of the day, and on the 23rd she was 'Ptill quieter and less responsive to all forms of attention and refused food. By the afternoon on October 2, 2021 by guest.
    [Show full text]
  • August 2021 Factsheet Access to Vaccines
    ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AND PRICING ACCESS TO VACCINES GRI Standards : 416-1, 416-2 : Customer Health and Safety EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Vaccines have a great impact on public health. The World Health Organization considers immunization to be one of the most effective and cost-effective health interventions. It has eradicated smallpox, reduced the global incidence of polio by 99% to date,1 and dramatically reduced morbidity, disability and mortality due to diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, tuberculosis and measles. Despite these important achievements, there is still a long way to go: 19.7 million children worldwide still have no access to a full cycle of basic vaccines.2 Due to lower immunization coverage in some countries, we are witnessing a resurgence of diseases that had almost disappeared, such as measles or pertussis. This affects people around the world, including in high-income countries. True to its vision of a world where no one suffers or dies from a vaccine-preventable disease, Sanofi Pasteur is committed to improve sustainable access to vaccines, with the help of key partnerships to provide effective and affordable vaccines and protection for all populations. This document presents some of our key commitments and initiatives illustrating our longstanding dedication to global access to health through prevention and vaccination. 1 WHO Factsheet on Poliomyelitis, last updated July 2019. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis 2 WHO Factsheet on Immunization, last updated July 2020. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage Access to Vaccines Factsheet 1 Published August 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.
    [Show full text]