DOCSLIB.ORG

Thornhill Lake: Hunter-Gatherers, Monuments, and Memory

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thornhill Lake: Hunter-Gatherers, Monuments, and Memory THORNHILL LAKE: HUNTER-GATHERERS, MONUMENTS, AND MEMORY By JON C. ENDONINO A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Jon C. Endonino 2 To Heather 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals have contributed in innumerable ways to the successful completion of this dissertation. First, my committee chair Ken Sassaman deserves credit for guiding me throughout graduate school and believing in me and my abilities as an archaeologist, that confidence is the highest of compliments. My committee members Peter Schmidt, Mike Heckenberger, and Julianna Barr have my sincerest thanks for their willingness to serve and contributions great and small. Access to the Thornhill Lake Site and the Lake Monroe Conservation Area was provided by the St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD) through a Special Use Authorization. Archaeological research on SJRWMD lands was carried out under a 1A-32 permit allowing archaeological research on State lands by the Bureau of Archaeological Research, Florida Division of Historical Resources. Many thanks are owed to State Archaeologist Ryan Wheeler and Bureau employees Brenda Swann, Andrea White, and Briana Delano and Sharyn Heiland for all their assistance. Funding for field work was provided by a Lewis and Clark Travel and Research Grant from the American Philosophical Society and a Survey and Planning grant from the Florida Division of Historical Resources (Grant No. SO758). A John W. Griffin Award from the Florida Archaeological Council with matching funds from Southeastern Archaeological Research (SEARCH) and Jerald Milanich was used to conduct collections research at the Smithsonian curation facility in Suitland, Maryland. A stipend funding time off from work to write this dissertation and two additional AMS dates was provided by the Hyatt and Cici Brown Foundation for Florida Archaeology. Considerable thanks and credit are due my employer SEARCH, especially Anne Stokes and James Pochurek, for allowing me flexibility in scheduling, time off, for the 4 innumerable opportunities to develop and hone my archaeological skills, covering my tuition toward the end of my tenure in graduate school, and for loaning company equipment – all of this contributed to the successful completion of field work and, ultimately, this study. Special thanks are also owed to Bob Austin for guidance and advice that, over the years, has helped me grow as a professional. Debra Wells aided immeasurably in helping with the conservation of fragile and damaged artifacts. Were it not for the hard work of a group of dedicated volunteers this research would have taken considerably longer. Their contributions in time and talent can not be understated and they have my sincerest thanks: Dave Carlson, Chris “Big Ski” Sypniewski, Heather Endonino, Chuck Alexander, Cameron Alexander, Gavin Alexander, J. P. Petrencsik, Phil Guilford, Warren and Ruth Trager, JoAnne Cross, Jon Simon-Suarez, Jonathan Dupree, Jason Wenzel, Chris Borlas, Cletus Rooney, Micah Mones, Matt Watson, Mary Jo Morrow, Richard and Sherry Goolsby, Susan Trew, Elizabeth Beecher, Chris Altes, Jake Schidner, Johanna Talcott, Keith Edwards, and Josh Foster. Anyone who was omitted or overlooked has my sincerest apologies. Your contributions are valued and appreciated. My mother Mary Jo Morrow suggested taking Introduction to Anthropology and Introduction to Archaeology and unknowingly at the time set me on the course to a career that has been personally fulfilling and I consider myself lucky to have found my calling. My professor for these introductory courses, Gary Ellis, has been a mentor and friend over the years and I owe him so very much for encouraging me as a young undergraduate to pursue my interests – advice that has paid off in spades. I would like to thank the Crabtree and Goolsby families for all that they have done for me throughout 5 graduate school and personally over the years and that is saying a lot. Truly I am lucky to have such good people in my life. Finally I want to give special thanks to my wife Heather Kristen Goolsby-Endonino for sticking by me through the lean years, when it seemed like there was no end in sight, during all the long hours in the field or in front of a computer – thank you for your love, patience, support, and just for being there through it all. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................ 14 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND ORGANIZATION................................................................ 18 Research Questions and Contributions .................................................................. 20 Dissertation Case Study and Data.......................................................................... 23 Organization of the Dissertation.............................................................................. 26 2 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS: MONUMENTS AND MEMORY................... 31 Monuments ............................................................................................................. 31 Monuments Defined ......................................................................................... 31 Why Build Monuments?.................................................................................... 34 Ecological and functionalist explanations for monument construction ....... 34 Monuments as territorial markers............................................................... 36 The Effects of Monuments................................................................................ 37 Memory................................................................................................................... 37 Locating Memory.............................................................................................. 38 Memory Practices............................................................................................. 40 Incorporated practices ............................................................................... 40 Inscribed practices ..................................................................................... 43 Memory and Identity......................................................................................... 44 Memory and Materiality .................................................................................... 46 Citation ............................................................................................................. 48 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 49 3 PERSPECTIVES ON HUNTER-GATHERERS, MONUMENTS, AND MOUND- BUILDING............................................................................................................... 51 Hunter-Gatherers and Monuments ......................................................................... 52 Ethnographic and Ethnohistoric Evidence for Hunter-Gatherer Monuments .... 55 Archaeological Perspectives on Hunter-Gatherers and Monuments ................ 56 Gobekli, Turkey.......................................................................................... 56 Neolithic Britain and Atlantic Europe.......................................................... 58 Australian Aboriginal mounds .................................................................... 59 North American Monuments............................................................................. 61 7 Archaic origins ........................................................................................... 62 The maritime archaic of Subarctic Canada ................................................ 62 The American Midcontinent ....................................................................... 64 The southeastern United States................................................................. 65 The archaic mortuary mounds of the St. Johns River Valley and northeast Florida..................................................................................... 73 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 75 4 MOUNT TAYLOR ARCHAEOLOGY....................................................................... 78 The Archaeological Record of the St. Johns River Valley....................................... 79 Early Investigations .......................................................................................... 79 St. Johns Archaeology in the Twentieth Century.............................................. 80 Archaeological Context........................................................................................... 85 Middle Archaic (ca. 7500-5000 cal. B.P.) ......................................................... 85 Mount Taylor (7300-4500 cal. B.P.).................................................................. 89 Chronology................................................................................................. 90 Origins ......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Geospatial Analysis of Pre-Columbian Florida Log Boats
    A GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN FLORIDA LOG BOATS A Thesis by RAPHAEL FRANCA Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, Filipe Castro Committee Members, Cecilia Smith David Carlson Head of Department, Cynthia Werner August 2017 Major Subject: Maritime Archaeology and Conservation Copyright 2017 Raphael Franca ABSTRACT Log boats or dugout canoes are the earliest known watercraft in the global archaeological record. In pre-Columbian Florida, dugout canoes were used as early as 6,000 years ago. To date, more than 400 log boats have been recorded from archaeological contexts in Florida. Despite their antiquity and clear importance to indigenous populations, variation in their morphology is not well understood. Established typologies of log boat morphology in pre-Columbian Florida are examined here through geo-statistical analyses. Grouping and cluster analyses were implemented within ESRI ArcGIS in order to build a better understanding of variation in log boat size, form, and location of use. Potential relations were created using available characteristics of individual log boat finds and tested using cluster and outlier analyses. Though some correlations were found, characteristic data remains too incomplete for further interpretation. ii DEDICATION Aos meus pais, iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Florida Division of Historical Resources for allowing me access to their data and to my committee: Filipe Castro, Cecilia Smith, and David Carlson, for their guidance through the process of completing my master’s degree. The work could not have been completed without the unending support from the other students in the department, and special thanks to the OG MS cohort and the Riverside crew for suffering with me.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Hearing, Report
    AGENDA ITEM ST. JOHNS COUNTY BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS 4 Deadline for Submission - Wednesday 9 a.m. – Thirteen Days Prior to BCC Meeting 12/1/2020 BCC MEETING DATE TO: Hunter S. Conrad, County Administrator DATE: October 29, 2020 FROM: Justin Kelly, Senior Planner PHONE: 904 209-0728 SUBJECT OR TITLE: CPA (SS) 2020-04 Bell Covered Storage AGENDA TYPE: Business Item, Ordinance, Public Hearing, Report BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Adoption of CPA (SS) 2020-04 Bell Covered Storage, a request for a Small Scale Comprehensive Plan Amendment to change the Future Land Use designation of approximately 1.16 acres of land located along Old Dixie Highway, north of Cross Ridge Drive and south of the Nocatee Parkway, from Rural/Silviculture (R/S) to Mixed Use District (MD). This request was heard by the Planning and Zoning Agency at their regularly scheduled public hearing on November 5, 2020. Agency members voted 6-1 to recommend approval. 1. IS FUNDING REQUIRED? No 2. IF YES, INDICATE IF BUDGETED. No IF FUNDING IS REQUIRED, MANDATORY OMB REVIEW IS REQUIRED: INDICATE FUNDING SOURCE: SUGGESTED MOTION/RECOMMENDATION/ACTION: Motion to enact Ordinance 2020-_____, adopting CPA (SS) 2020-04 Bell Covered Storage, a request for a Small Scale Comprehensive Plan Amendment to change the Future Land Use designation of approximately 1.16 acres of land from Rural/Silviculture (R/S) to Mixed Use District (MD), based upon four (4) Findings of Fact, as provided in the Staff Report. Motion to deny CPA (SS) 2020-04 Bell Covered Storage, based upon four (4) Findings of Fact, as provided in the Staff Report.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Histories and North American Archaeology
    PAU01 9/17/2004 8:32 PM Page 1 1 Alternative Histories and North American Archaeology Timothy R. Pauketat and Diana DiPaolo Loren North America is one immense outdoor museum, telling a story that covers 9 million square miles and 25,000 years (Thomas 2000a:viii) The chapters in this volume highlight the story of a continent, from the Atlantic to Alaska, from the San Luis mission to Sonora, and from the Kennewick man of nine millennia ago to the Colorado coalfield strikes of nine decades ago (Figure 1.1). Given the considerable span of time and vastness of space, the reader might already be wondering: what holds North American archaeology together? Unlike other por- tions of the world, it is not the study of the sequential rise and fall of ancient states and empires that unified peoples into a people with a single writing system, calen- dar, or economy. No, North America is, and was, all about alternative histories. It is about peoples in the plural. Peoples did things differently in North America. They made their own histories, sometimes forgotten, subverted, and controversial but never outside the purview of archaeology. Yet, in their plurality, the North Americans of the past show us the commonalities of the human experience.The inimitable ways in which people made history in North America hold profound lessons for understanding the sweep of global history, if not also for comprehending the globalizing world in which we find ourselves today. That is, like all good yarns, there is a moral to this archaeological allegory: what people did do or could do matters significantly in the construction of the collective futures of all people.
    [Show full text]
  • View / Open Gregory Oregon 0171N 12796.Pdf
    CHUNKEY, CAHOKIA, AND INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION by ANNE GREGORY A THESIS Presented to the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science June 2020 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Anne Gregory Title: Chunkey, Cahokia, and Indigenous Conflict Resolution This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program by: Kirby Brown Chair Eric Girvan Member and Kate Mondloch Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2020. ii © 2020 Anne Gregory This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (United States) License. iii THESIS ABSTRACT Anne Gregory Master of Science Conflict and Dispute Resolution June 2020 Title: Chunkey, Cahokia, and Indigenous Conflicts Resolution Chunkey, a traditional Native American sport, was a form of conflict resolution. The popular game was one of several played for millennia throughout Native North America. Indigenous communities played ball games not only for the important culture- making of sport and recreation, but also as an act of peace-building. The densely populated urban center of Cahokia, as well as its agricultural suburbs and distant trade partners, were dedicated to chunkey. Chunkey is associated with the milieu surrounding the Pax Cahokiana (1050 AD-1200 AD), an era of reduced armed conflict during the height of Mississippian civilization (1000-1500 AD). The relational framework utilized in archaeology, combined with dynamics of conflict resolution, provides a basis to explain chunkey’s cultural impact.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Investigations Into the King George
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2010 Further investigations into the King George Island Mounds site (16LV22) Harry Gene Brignac Jr Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Brignac Jr, Harry Gene, "Further investigations into the King George Island Mounds site (16LV22)" (2010). LSU Master's Theses. 2720. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2720 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE KING GEORGE ISLAND MOUNDS SITE (16LV22) A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of Geography and Anthropology By Harry Gene Brignac Jr. B.A. Louisiana State University, 2003 May, 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to give thanks to God for surrounding me with the people in my life who have guided and supported me in this and all of my endeavors. I have to express my greatest appreciation to Dr. Rebecca Saunders for her professional guidance during this entire process, and for her inspiration and constant motivation for me to become the best archaeologist I can be.
    [Show full text]
  • A St. Johns II Pottery Assemblage from the Shields Site (8DU12) Vicki L
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2004 Measuring Tradition and Variation: A St. Johns II Pottery Assemblage from the Shields Site (8DU12) Vicki L. Rolland Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES MEASURING TRADITION AND VARIATION: A ST. JOHNS II POTTERY ASSEMBLAGE FROM THE SHIELDS SITE (8DU12) By VICKI L. ROLLAND A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2004 The members of the committee approve the thesis of Vicki L. Rolland defended on December 18, 2003. _____________________________ Rochelle Marrinan Professor Directing Thesis _____________________________ Rebecca A. Saunders Committee Member _____________________________ Glen Doran Committee Member Approved: __________________________________ Dean Falk, Chair, Department of Anthropology The office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii To Jeff and Meaghan Rolland, and Jeff one more time for good measure iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are three women who have been my excellent teachers and my excellent friends. They have always freely shared their time and offered me encouragement. The following pages resonate with their ideas, their knowledge, and their desire to uncover and understand the process of pottery construction, continuity, and change. Thank you to Rebecca Saunders, Rochelle Marrinan, and Ann Cordell. I thank Keith Ashley for his curiosity, patience, and energy, all of which have often provided me with ample inspiration and determination. No one places the bar higher than Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • An Archaeological Inventory of Alamance County, North Carolina
    AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY OF ALAMANCE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA Alamance County Historic Properties Commission August, 2019 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY OF ALAMANCE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA A SPECIAL PROJECT OF THE ALAMANCE COUNTY HISTORIC PROPERTIES COMMISSION August 5, 2019 This inventory is an update of the Alamance County Archaeological Survey Project, published by the Research Laboratories of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill in 1986 (McManus and Long 1986). The survey project collected information on 65 archaeological sites. A total of 177 archaeological sites had been recorded prior to the 1986 project making a total of 242 sites on file at the end of the survey work. Since that time, other archaeological sites have been added to the North Carolina site files at the Office of State Archaeology, Department of Natural and Cultural Resources in Raleigh. The updated inventory presented here includes 410 sites across the county and serves to make the information current. Most of the information in this document is from the original survey and site forms on file at the Office of State Archaeology and may not reflect the current conditions of some of the sites. This updated inventory was undertaken as a Special Project by members of the Alamance County Historic Properties Commission (HPC) and published in-house by the Alamance County Planning Department. The goals of this project are three-fold and include: 1) to make the archaeological and cultural heritage of the county more accessible to its citizens; 2) to serve as a planning tool for the Alamance County Planning Department and provide aid in preservation and conservation efforts by the county planners; and 3) to serve as a research tool for scholars studying the prehistory and history of Alamance County.
    [Show full text]
  • Ohio Archaeologist Volume 43 No
    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 43 NO. 2 SPRING 1993 Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first TERM of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS (one copy of publication) $18.50; Life membership $300.00. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included in the member­ 1994 President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East ship dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non­ Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 profit organization. 1994 Vice President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, OH 43130, (614)653-6642 BACK ISSUES 1994 Exec. Sect. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43130,(614)653-9477 Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H SE. East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse .$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614)861-0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43064,(614)873-5471 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gener­ ally out of print but copies are available from time to time.
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana Archaeology
    INDIANA ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 6 Number 1 2011 Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology (DHPA) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Indiana Department of Natural Resources Robert E. Carter, Jr., Director and State Historic Preservation Officer Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology (DHPA) James A. Glass, Ph.D., Director and Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer DHPA Archaeology Staff James R. Jones III, Ph.D., State Archaeologist Amy L. Johnson, Senior Archaeologist and Archaeology Outreach Coordinator Cathy L. Draeger-Williams, Archaeologist Wade T. Tharp, Archaeologist Rachel A. Sharkey, Records Check Coordinator Editors James R. Jones III, Ph.D. Amy L. Johnson Cathy A. Carson Editorial Assistance: Cathy Draeger-Williams Publication Layout: Amy L. Johnson Additional acknowledgments: The editors wish to thank the authors of the submitted articles, as well as all of those who participated in, and contributed to, the archaeological projects which are highlighted. The U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service is gratefully acknow- ledged for their support of Indiana archaeological research as well as this volume. Cover design: The images which are featured on the cover are from several of the individual articles included in this journal. This publication has been funded in part by a grant from the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service‘s Historic Preservation Fund administered by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. In addition, the projects discussed in several of the articles received federal financial assistance from the Historic Preservation Fund Program for the identification, protection, and/or rehabilitation of historic properties and cultural resources in the State of Indiana.
    [Show full text]
  • Program of the 75Th Anniversary Meeting
    PROGRAM OF THE 75 TH ANNIVERSARY MEETING April 14−April 18, 2010 St. Louis, Missouri THE ANNUAL MEETING of the Society for American Archaeology provides a forum for the dissemination of knowledge and discussion. The views expressed at the sessions are solely those of the speakers and the Society does not endorse, approve, or censor them. Descriptions of events and titles are those of the organizers, not the Society. Program of the 75th Anniversary Meeting Published by the Society for American Archaeology 900 Second Street NE, Suite 12 Washington DC 20002-3560 USA Tel: +1 202/789-8200 Fax: +1 202/789-0284 Email: [email protected] WWW: http://www.saa.org Copyright © 2010 Society for American Archaeology. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted in any form or by any means without prior permission from the publisher. Program of the 75th Anniversary Meeting 3 Contents 4............... Awards Presentation & Annual Business Meeting Agenda 5……….….2010 Award Recipients 10.................Maps of the America’s Center 12 ................Maps of Renaissance Grand St. Louis 14 ................Meeting Organizers, SAA Board of Directors, & SAA Staff 15 .............. General Information 18. ............. Featured Sessions 20 .............. Summary Schedule 25 .............. A Word about the Sessions 27............... Program 161................SAA Awards, Scholarships, & Fellowships 167............... Presidents of SAA . 168............... Annual Meeting Sites 169............... Exhibit Map 170................Exhibitor Directory 180................SAA Committees and Task Forces 184………….Index of participants 4 Program of the 75th Anniversary Meeting Awards Presentation & Annual Business Meeting America’s Center APRIL 16, 2010 5 PM Call to Order Call for Approval of Minutes of the 2009 Annual Business Meeting Remarks President Margaret W.
    [Show full text]
  • Sacred Smoking
    FLORIDA’SBANNER INDIAN BANNER HERITAGE BANNER TRAIL •• BANNERPALEO-INDIAN BANNER ROCK BANNER ART? • • THE BANNER IMPORTANCE BANNER OF SALT american archaeologySUMMER 2014 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 18 No. 2 SACRED SMOKING $3.95 $3.95 SUMMER 2014 americana quarterly publication of The Archaeological archaeology Conservancy Vol. 18 No. 2 COVER FEATURE 12 HOLY SMOKE ON BY DAVID MALAKOFF M A H Archaeologists are examining the pivitol role tobacco has played in Native American culture. HLEE AS 19 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SALT BY TAMARA STEWART , PHOTO BY BY , PHOTO M By considering ethnographic evidence, researchers EU S have arrived at a new interpretation of archaeological data from the Verde Salt Mine, which speaks of the importance of salt to Native Americans. 25 ON THE TRAIL OF FLORIDA’S INDIAN HERITAGE TION, SOUTH FLORIDA MU TION, SOUTH FLORIDA C BY SUSAN LADIKA A trip through the Tampa Bay area reveals some of Florida’s rich history. ALLANT COLLE ALLANT T 25 33 ROCK ART REVELATIONS? BY ALEXANDRA WITZE Can rock art tell us as much about the first Americans as stone tools? 38 THE HERO TWINS IN THE MIMBRES REGION BY MARC THOMPSON, PATRICIA A. GILMAN, AND KRISTINA C. WYCKOFF Researchers believe the Mimbres people of the Southwest painted images from a Mesoamerican creation story on their pottery. 44 new acquisition A PRESERVATION COLLABORATION The Conservancy joins forces with several other preservation groups to save an ancient earthwork complex. 46 new acquisition SAVING UTAH’S PAST The Conservancy obtains two preserves in southern Utah. 48 point acquisition A TIME OF CONFLICT The Parkin phase of the Mississippian period was marked by warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • National Landmarks at Risk How Rising Seas, Floods, and Wildfires Are Threatening the United States’ Most Cherished Historic Sites
    National Landmarks at Risk How Rising Seas, Floods, and Wildfires Are Threatening the United States’ Most Cherished Historic Sites National Landmarks at Risk How Rising Seas, Floods, and Wildfires Are Threatening the United States’ Most Cherished Historic Sites Debra Holtz Adam Markham Kate Cell Brenda Ekwurzel May 2014 © 2014 Union of Concerned Scientists All rights reserved Debra Holtz is a communications consultant for the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS). She is also a professional journalist whose work includes the book Of Unknown Origin and many articles for publications including the San Francisco Chronicle. Adam Markham is director of the Climate Impacts Initiative at UCS. He has more than 20 years of experience working on conservation and climate change issues in the United States and Europe. Kate Cell is a senior campaign organizer at UCS. She specializes in involving new expert constituencies such as economists, social scientists, and health professionals in the work of the UCS Climate & Energy Program. Brenda Ekwurzel is a senior climate scientist with the UCS Climate & Energy Program. She is leading the organization’s climate science education work aimed at strengthening support for sound U.S. climate policies. The Union of Concerned Scientists puts rigorous, independent science to work to solve our planet’s most pressing problems. Joining with citizens across the country, we combine technical analysis and effective advocacy to create innovative, practical solutions for a healthy, safe, and sustainable future. More information about UCS is available on the UCS website (www.ucsusa.org). Designed by: Tyler Kemp-Benedict, Bangkok, Thailand www.hardworkingtype.com Cover photo: © William Trinkle Photography North America’s oldest masonry fort, the Castillo de San Marcos in St.
    [Show full text]